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Islam A, Munro S, Hassan MM, Epstein JH, Klaassen M. The role of vaccination and environmental factors on outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 in Bangladesh. One Health 2023; 17:100655. [PMID: 38116452 PMCID: PMC10728328 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks continue to wreak havoc on the global poultry industry and threaten the health of wild bird populations, with sporadic spillover in humans and other mammals, resulting in widespread calls to vaccinate poultry. Bangladesh has been vaccinating poultry since 2012, presenting a prime opportunity to study the effects of vaccination on HPAI H5N1circulation in both poultry and wild birds. We investigated the efficacy of vaccinating commercial poultry against HPAI H5N1 along with climatic and socio-economic factors considered potential drivers of HPAI H5N1 outbreak risk in Bangladesh. Using a multivariate modeling approach, we estimated that the rate of outbreaks was 18 times higher before compared to after vaccination, with winter months having a three times higher chance of outbreaks than summer months. Variables resulting in small but significant increases in outbreak rate were relatively low ambient temperatures for the time of year, literacy rate, chicken and duck density, crop density, and presence of highways; this may be attributable to low temperatures supporting viral survival outside the host, higher literacy driving reporting rate, density of the host reservoir, and spread of the virus through increased connectivity. Despite the substantial impact of vaccination on outbreaks, we note that HPAI H5N1 is still enzootic in Bangladesh; vaccinated poultry flocks have high rates of H5N1 prevalence, and spillover to wild birds has increased. Vaccination in Bangladesh thus bears the risk of supporting "silent spread," where the vaccine only provides protection against disease and not also infection. Our findings underscore that poultry vaccination can be part of holistic HPAI mitigation strategies when accompanied by monitoring to avoid silent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Honda-Okubo Y, Sakala IG, André G, Tarbet EB, Hurst BL, Petrovsky N. An Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted recombinant hemagglutinin vaccine provides immunity against H7N9 influenza in adult and neonatal mice. Vaccine 2023; 41:5592-5602. [PMID: 37532610 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a major unmet need for strategies to improve the immunogenicity and effectiveness of pandemic influenza vaccines, particularly in poor responder populations such as neonates. Recombinant protein approaches to pandemic influenza offer advantages over more traditional inactivated virus approaches, as they are free of problems such as egg adaptation or need for high level biosecurity containment for manufacture. However, a weakness of recombinant proteins is their low immunogenicity. We asked whether the use of an inulin polysaccharide adjuvant (Advax) alone or combined with a TLR9 agonist (CpG55.2) would enhance the immunogenicity and protection of a recombinant hemagglutinin vaccine against H7N9 influenza (rH7HA), including in neonatal mice. Advax adjuvant induced predominantly IgG1 responses against H7HA, whereas Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvant also induced IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 responses, consistent with the TLR9 agonist component inducing a Th1 bias. Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted rH7HA induced high serum neutralizing antibody titers in adult mice. In newborns it similarly overcame immune hypo-responsiveness and enhanced serum anti-rH7HA IgG levels in 7-day-old BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice. Immunized adult mice were protected against a lethal H7N9 virus challenge. When formulated with Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvant, greater protection was seen with rH7HA than with inactivated H7 whole virus antigen. Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted rH7HA represents a promising influenza vaccine platform for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Isaac G Sakala
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Qin J, Hu B, Song Q, Wang R, Zhang X, Yu Y, Wang JH. The transmembrane replacement H7N9-VLP vaccine displays high levels of protection in mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003714. [PMID: 36274725 PMCID: PMC9582854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infections caused by the H7N9 subtype of the influenza virus has expanded rapidly in China in recent decades, generating massive economic loss and posing a significant threat to public health. In the absence of specialized antiviral treatments or long-term effective preventative vaccinations, it is critical to constantly enhance vaccines and create effective antiviral drugs to prevent the recurrence of pandemics. In the present study, a transmembrane-substituted (TM) virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine was created by replacing the transmembrane region of hemagglutinin (HA) protein with the transmembrane region of the H3 HA protein and then used to immunize BALB/c mice. Sera and T cells were collected from the immunized mice to evaluate the passive immune effects. Our results showed that naïve mice achieved 80–100% protection against homologous and heterologous H7N9 influenza strains after receiving passive serum immunization; the protective effect of the TM VLPs was more evident than that of the wild-type HA VLPs. In contrast, mice immunized with passive T cells achieved only 20 to 80% protection against homologous or heterologous strains. Our findings significantly contribute to understanding the control of the H7N9 virus and the development of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bing Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qiqi Song
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ruijuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiangfei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yaqi Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Hua Wang,
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Storr VH, Haeffele S, Lofthouse JK, Hobson A. Entrepreneurship during a pandemic. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LAW AND ECONOMICS 2021; 54:83-105. [PMID: 35924086 PMCID: PMC8563354 DOI: 10.1007/s10657-021-09712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Commercial and social entrepreneurs are likely to help communities combat public health crises. Research on responses to pandemics has underappreciated the critical role of entrepreneurs. In the context of post-disaster response and recovery, entrepreneurs provide needed goods and services, repair and rebuild disrupted social networks, and can act as focal points for disaster survivors as they develop their plans to rebuild. During a pandemic, entrepreneurs perform similarly important economic and social functions. This article highlights these functions, including (1) providing the goods needed to survive and combat the pandemic, (2) performing the services needed so that people can stay productive and connected during the pandemic, and (3) acting as a source of community support and leadership. It also discusses how entrepreneurs are able to perform these roles despite operating in an environment that constricts the range and nature of entrepreneurial activity. Finally, this article describes a legal regime that will promote entrepreneurship during a pandemic.
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Evaluation of a New Viral Vaccine Vector in Mice and Rhesus Macaques: J Paramyxovirus Expressing Hemagglutinin of Influenza A Virus H5N1. J Virol 2021; 95:e0132121. [PMID: 34469242 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01321-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1, an avian influenza virus, is known to circulate in many Asian countries, such as Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. The current FDA-approved H5N1 vaccine has a moderate level of efficacy. A safe and effective vaccine is needed to prevent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in humans. Nonsegmented negative-sense single-stranded viruses (NNSVs) are widely used as a vector to develop vaccines for humans, animals, and poultry. NNSVs stably express foreign genes without integrating with the host genome. J paramyxovirus (JPV) is a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus and a member of the proposed genus Jeilongvirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. JPV-specific antibodies have been detected in rodents, bats, humans, and pigs, but the virus is not associated with disease in any species other than mice. JPV replicates in the respiratory tract of mice and efficiently expresses the virus-vectored foreign genes in tissue culture cells. In this work, we explored JPV as a vector for developing an H5N1 vaccine using intranasal delivery. We incorporated hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 into the JPV genome by replacing the small hydrophobic (SH) gene to generate a recombinant JPV expressing HA (rJPV-ΔSH-H5). A single intranasal administration of rJPV-ΔSH-H5 protected mice from a lethal HPAI H5N1 challenge. Intranasal vaccination of rJPV-ΔSH-H5 in rhesus macaques elicited antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. This work demonstrates that JPV is a promising vaccine vector. IMPORTANCE A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in Southeast Asia destroyed millions of birds. Transmission of H5N1 into humans resulted in deaths in many countries. In this work, we developed a novel H5N1 vaccine candidate using J paramyxovirus (JPV) as a vector and demonstrated that JPV is an efficacious vaccine vector in animals. Nonsegmented negative-sense single-stranded viruses (NNSVs) stably express foreign genes without integrating into the host genome. JPV, an NNSV, replicates efficiently in the respiratory tract and induces robust immune responses.
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zou P, Wang M, Fu W, She J, Song Z, Xu J, Huang J, Wu F. Self-Assembly M2e-Based Peptide Nanovaccine Confers Broad Protection Against Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32922379 PMCID: PMC7457018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of influenza M2 protein (M2e) is highly conserved and is a promising target for development of universal influenza vaccines. Here, we synthesized a peptide vaccine consisting of M2e epitope linked to a fibrillizing peptide, which could self-assemble into nanoparticle in physiological salt solutions. When administrated into mice without additional adjuvant, the influenza A M2e epitope-bearing nanoparticles induced antibodies against M2e of different influenza subtypes. Comparing with other M2e-based vaccine, these M2e nanoparticles did not induce immune response against the fibrillizing peptide, demonstrating minimal immunogenicity of vaccine carrier. Furthermore, vaccination with M2e-based nanoparticles did not only protect mice against homologous challenge of influenza PR8 H1N1 virus, but also provide protection against heterologous challenge of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 virus. These results indicated that M2e-based self-assembled nanoparticle vaccine is safe and can elicit cross-protection, therefore is a promising candidate of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meixiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Fu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialei She
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghe Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Farahmand B, Taheri N, Shokouhi H, Soleimanjahi H, Fotouhi F. Chimeric protein consisting of 3M2e and HSP as a universal influenza vaccine candidate: from in silico analysis to preliminary evaluation. Virus Genes 2018; 55:22-32. [PMID: 30382564 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 23-amino acid ectodomain of influenza virus M2 protein (M2e) is highly conserved among human influenza virus variants and represents an attractive target for developing a universal vaccine. Although this peptide has limited potency and low immunogenicity, the degree of M2e density has been shown to be a critical factor influencing the magnitude of epitope-specific responses. The aim of this study was to design a chimer protein consisting of three tandem repeats of M2e peptide sequence fused to the Leishmania major HSP70 gene and evaluate its characteristics and immunogenicity. The structure of the deduced protein and its stability, aliphatic index, biocomputed half-life and the anticipated immunogenicity were analyzed by bioinformatics software. The oligonucleotides encoding 3M2e and chimer 3M2e-HSP70 were expressed in Escherichia coli and affinity purified. The immunogenicity of the purified recombinant proteins was preliminary examined in mouse model. It was predicted that fusion of HSP70 to the C-terminal of 3M2e peptide led to increased stability, hydropathicity, continuous B cell epitopes and antigenic propensity score of chimer protein. Also, the predominant 3M2e epitopes were not hidden in the chimer protein. The initial in vivo experiment showed that 3M2e-HSP chimer protein stimulates specific immune responses. In conclusion, the results of the current study suggest that 3M2e-HSP chimer protein would be an effective universal subunit vaccine candidate against influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrokh Farahmand
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Najmeh Taheri
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Shokouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.
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Moise L, M Biron B, Boyle CM, Kurt Yilmaz N, Jang H, Schiffer C, M Ross T, Martin WD, De Groot AS. T cell epitope engineering: an avian H7N9 influenza vaccine strategy for pandemic preparedness and response. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2203-2207. [PMID: 30015562 PMCID: PMC6183197 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1495303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The delayed availability of vaccine during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic created a sense of urgency to better prepare for the next influenza pandemic. Advancements in manufacturing technology, speed and capacity have been achieved but vaccine effectiveness remains a significant challenge. Here, we describe a novel vaccine design strategy called immune engineering in the context of H7N9 influenza vaccine development. The approach combines immunoinformatic and structure modeling methods to promote protective antibody responses against H7N9 hemagglutinin (HA) by engineering whole antigens to carry seasonal influenza HA memory CD4+ T cell epitopes – without perturbing native antigen structure – by galvanizing HA-specific memory helper T cells that support sustained antibody development against the native target HA. The premise for this vaccine concept rests on (i) the significance of CD4+ T cell memory to influenza immunity, (ii) the essential role CD4+ T cells play in development of neutralizing antibodies, (iii) linked specificity of HA-derived CD4+ T cell epitopes to antibody responses, (iv) the structural plasticity of HA and (v) an illustration of improved antibody response to a prototype engineered recombinant H7-HA vaccine. Immune engineering can be applied to development of vaccines against pandemic concerns, including avian influenza, as well as other difficult targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moise
- a EpiVax, Inc ., Providence , RI , USA.,b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA.,c Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
| | | | | | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , UMass Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Hyesun Jang
- e Center for Vaccines and Immunology , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Celia Schiffer
- d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , UMass Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- e Center for Vaccines and Immunology , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.,f Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | | | - Anne S De Groot
- a EpiVax, Inc ., Providence , RI , USA.,b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA.,c Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
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Developing a platform system for gene delivery: amplifying virus-like particles (AVLP) as an influenza vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:32. [PMID: 29263887 PMCID: PMC5696535 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of a gene of interest to target cells is highly desirable for translational medicine, such as gene therapy, regenerative medicine, vaccine development, and studies of gene function. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), a paramyxovirus with a negative-sense RNA genome, normally infects cells without causing obvious cytopathic effect, and it can infect many cell types. To exploit these features of PIV5, we established a system generating self-amplifying, virus-like particles (AVLP). Using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a reporter, AVLP encoding EGFP (AVLP–EGFP) successfully delivered and expressed the EGFP gene in primary human cells, including stem cells, airway epithelial cells, monocytes, and T cells. To demonstrate the application of this system for vaccine development, we generated AVLPs to express the HA and M1 antigens from the influenza A virus strain H5N1 (AVLP–H5 and AVLP–M1H5). Immunization of mice with AVLP–H5 and AVLP–M1H5 generated robust antibody and cellular immune responses. Vaccination with a single dose of AVLP–H5 and M1H5 completely protected mice against lethal H5N1 challenge, suggesting that the AVLP-based system is a promising platform for delivery of desirable genes. An ‘imitation virus’ can be used to deliver genetic material to target cells, with farreaching potential for medical application. The capacity to safely and affordably introduce genes into cells is highly-sought. A team led by the University of Georgia’s Biao He created a protein shell using parainfluenza virus 5 proteins, with the resultant particles possessing the ability to infect multiple types of cell and deliver desired genetic material. The team proved the utility of their system by using it to express immunity-promoting components of avian influenza virus in live mice—successfully vaccinating the animals, and enabling them to survive a subsequent lethal infection. His group also showed that their system is also able to deliver and express genes in human cells, prompting further research into this useful tool.
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Laskowski M, Xiao Y, Charland N, Moghadas SM. Strategies for Early Vaccination During Novel Influenza Outbreaks. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18062. [PMID: 26658016 PMCID: PMC4677284 DOI: 10.1038/srep18062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing research and technology developments hold the promise of rapid production and large-scale deployment of strain-specific or cross-protective vaccines for novel influenza viruses. We sought to investigate the impact of early vaccination on age-specific attack rates and evaluate the outcomes of different vaccination strategies that are influenced by the level of single or two-dose vaccine-induced protections. We developed and parameterized an agent-based model for two population demographics of urban and remote areas in Canada. Our results demonstrate that there is a time period before and after the onset of epidemic, during which the outcomes of vaccination strategies may differ significantly and are highly influenced by demographic characteristics. For the urban population, attack rates were lowest for children younger than 5 years of age in all vaccination strategies. However, for the remote population, the lowest attack rates were obtained for adults older than 50 years of age in most strategies. We found that the reduction of attack rates following the start of vaccination campaigns during the epidemic depends critically on the disease transmissibility, suggesting that for a sufficiently high transmissibility, vaccine delivery after the onset of epidemic has little or no effect, regardless of the population demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Laskowski
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Y. Xiao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, 45221 USA
| | - N. Charland
- Medicago Inc., 1020 Route de l’Église, Bureau 600, Quebec, Quebec, Canada GIV 3V9
| | - S. M. Moghadas
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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Wiley CA, Bhardwaj N, Ross TM, Bissel SJ. Emerging Infections of CNS: Avian Influenza A Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus and Human Parechovirus. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:634-50. [PMID: 26276027 PMCID: PMC4538697 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
History is replete with emergent pandemic infections that have decimated the human population. Given the shear mass of humans that now crowd the earth, there is every reason to suspect history will repeat itself. We describe three RNA viruses that have recently emerged in the human population to mediate severe neurological disease. These new diseases are results of new mutations in the infectious agents or new exposure pathways to the agents or both. To appreciate their pathogenesis, we summarize the essential virology and immune response to each agent. Infection is described in the context of known host defenses. Once the viruses evade immune defenses and enter central nervous system (CNS) cells, they rapidly co-opt host RNA processing to a cataclysmic extent. It is not clear why the brain is particularly susceptible to RNA viruses; but perhaps because of its tremendous dependence on RNA processing for physiological functioning, classical mechanisms of host defense (eg, interferon disruption of viral replication) are diminished or not available. Effectiveness of immunity, immunization and pharmacological therapies is reviewed to contextualize the scope of the public health challenge. Unfortunately, vaccines that confer protection from systemic disease do not necessarily confer protection for the brain after exposure through unconventional routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitin Bhardwaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Present address:
Sanofi Pasteur1755 Steeles Avenue WestTorontoOntarioCanadaM2R 3T4
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccine DevelopmentUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
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Bitrus Y, Andrew JN, Owolodun OA, Luka PD, Umaru DA. The reoccurrence of H5N1 outbreaks necessitates the development of safe and effective influenza vaccine technologies for the prevention and control of avian influenza in Sub-Saharan Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/bmbr2015.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Reisinger KS, Holmes SJ, Pedotti P, Arora AK, Lattanzi M. A dose-ranging study of MF59(®)-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in young to middle-aged and older adult populations to assess safety, immunogenicity, and antibody persistence one year after vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2395-407. [PMID: 25424947 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During development of an A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine, this study was performed to identify the antigen and adjuvant content which would provide optimal antibody response and persistence in adults and the elderly. Dose-sparing strategies, such as inclusion of adjuvants, are critical in ensuring the widest possible population coverage in the event of an influenza pandemic, despite a limited global capacity for vaccine manufacture. METHODS Healthy subjects aged 18-64 years (n = 1240) and ≥65 years (n = 1352) were vaccinated with 1 of 8 investigational vaccine formulations varying in antigen quantity (3.75 µg to 30 µg of hemagglutinin) and MF59(®) adjuvant (none, half dose, or full dose). All subjects received 2 vaccine doses administered 3 weeks apart. Antibody response was assessed by hemagglutination inhibition assay 1 and 3 weeks after administration of first and second doses. Antibody persistence was assessed after 6 and 12 mo. Vaccine safety was monitored over 12 mo. RESULTS All 8 investigational A/H1N1 vaccine formulations were well tolerated, and rapidly induced high antibody titers which met all of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) and Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) licensure criteria 3 weeks after one dose. The highest antibody titers were observed in participants vaccinated with higher quantities of antigen and adjuvant. CONCLUSION A single vaccine dose containing 3.75 µg of A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) antigen with MF59 adjuvant was identified as optimal for young to middle-aged (18-64 years) and older (≥65 years) adult populations.
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Johnson C, Hohenboken M, Poling T, Jaehnig P, Kanesa-thasan N. Safety and Immunogenicity of Cell Culture-Derived A/H3N2 Variant Influenza Vaccines: A Phase I Randomized, Observer-Blind, Dose-Ranging Study. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:72-80. [PMID: 25538277 PMCID: PMC4542591 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A/H3N2 variant (H3N2v) influenza may sustain human-to-human transmission, and an available candidate vaccine would be important. METHODS In this phase I, randomized, observer-blind, dose-ranging study, 627 healthy subjects ≥ 3 years of age were randomized to receive 2 vaccinations with H3N2c cell-culture-derived vaccine doses containing 3.75 µg, 7.5 µg, or 15 µg hemagglutinin antigen of H3N2v with or without MF59 (registered trademark of Novartis AG) adjuvant (an oil-in-water emulsion). This paper reports Day 43 planned interim data. RESULTS Single MF59-adjuvanted H3N2c doses elicited immune responses in almost all subjects regardless of antigen and adjuvant dose; the Center for Biologics Evaluation Research and Review (CBER) licensure criteria were met for all groups. Subjects with prevaccination hemagglutination inhibition titers <10 and children 3-<9 years achieve CBER criteria only after receiving 2 doses of nonadjuvanted H3N2c vaccine. Highest antibody titers were observed in the 7.5 µg + 0.25 mL MF59 groups in all age cohorts. MF59-adjuvanted H3N2c vaccines showed the highest rates of solicited local and systemic events, predominately mild or moderate. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of H3N2c vaccine may be immunogenic and supports further development of MF59-adjuvanted H3N2c vaccines, especially for pediatric populations. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01855945 (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01855945).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terry Poling
- Heartland Research Associates LLC, Wichita, Kansas
| | - Peter Jaehnig
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GmbH, Marburg, Germany
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Lei H, Peng X, Ouyang J, Zhao D, Jiao H, Shu H, Ge X. Protective immunity against influenza H5N1 virus challenge in chickens by oral administration of recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing neuraminidase. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:85. [PMID: 25880824 PMCID: PMC4389297 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses pose a debilitating pandemic threat in poultry. Current influenza vaccines predominantly focus on hemagglutinin (HA) which anti-HA antibodies are often neutralizing, and are used routinely to assess vaccine immunogenicity. However, Neuraminidase (NA), the other major glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus, has historically served as the target for antiviral drug therapy and is much less studied in the context of humoral immunity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective immunity of NA based on Lactococcus lactis (L.lactis) expression system against homologous H5N1 virus challenge in a chicken model. RESULTS L.lactis/pNZ2103-NA which NA is derived from A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) (VN/1203/04) was constructed based on L.lactis constitutive expression system in this study. Chickens vaccinated orally with 10(12) colony-forming unit (CFU) of L.lactis/pNZ2103-NA could elicit significant NA-specific serum IgG and mucosa IgA antibodies, as well as neuraminidase inhibition (NI) titer compared with chickens administered orally with saline or L.lactis/pNZ2103 control. Most importantly, the results revealed that chickens administered orally with L.lactis/pNZ2103-NA were completely protected from a lethal H5N1 virus challenge. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in the present study indicate that recombinant L.lactis/pNZ2103-NA in the absence of adjuvant can be considered an effective mucosal vaccine against H5N1 infection in chickens via oral administration. Further, these findings support that recombinant L.lactis/pNZ2103-NA can be used to perform mass vaccination in poultry during A/H5N1 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lei
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 6111756, China. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York, Binghamton, 13902, USA. .,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
| | - Xiaojue Peng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
| | - Jiexiu Ouyang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
| | - Daxian Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
| | - Huifeng Jiao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
| | - Handing Shu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
| | - Xinqi Ge
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
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Subathra M, Santhakumar P, Narasu ML, Beevi SS, Lal SK. Evaluation of antibody response in mice against avian influenza A (H5N1) strain neuraminidase expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris. J Biosci 2015; 39:443-51. [PMID: 24845508 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-014-9422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza has raised many apprehension in the recent years because of its potential transmitability to humans. With the increasing emergence of drug-resistant avian influenza strains, development of potential vaccines are imperative to manage this disease. Two structural antigens, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, have been the target candidates for the development of subunit vaccine against influenza. In an effort to develop a faster and economically beneficial vaccine, the neuraminidase gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza isolate was cloned and expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The recombinant neuraminidase (rNA) antigen was purified, and its bioactivity was analysed. The rNA was found to be functional, as determined by the neuraminidase assay. Four groups of mice were immunized with different concentrations of purified rNA antigen, which were adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide. The immune response against rNA was analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neuraminidase inhibition assay. The mice groups immunized with 25 (mu) g and 10 (mu) g of antigen had a significant immune response against rNA. This method can be utilized for faster and cost-effective development of vaccines for a circulating and newer strain of avian influenza, and would aid in combating the disease in a pandemic situation, in which production time matters greatly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Subathra
- Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
Whereas active immunity refers to the process of exposing the individual to an antigen to generate an adaptive immune response, passive immunity refers to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. Passive immunity provides immediate but short-lived protection, lasting several weeks up to 3 or 4 months. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta or from breast milk to the gut of the infant. It can also be produced artificially, when antibody preparations derived from sera or secretions of immunized donors or, more recently, different antibody producing platforms are transferred via systemic or mucosal route to nonimmune individuals. Passive immunization has recently become an attractive approach because of the emergence of new and drug-resistant microorganisms, diseases that are unresponsive to drug therapy and individuals with an impaired immune system who are unable to respond to conventional vaccines. This chapter addresses the contributions of natural and artificial acquired passive immunity in understanding the concept of passive immunization. We will mainly focus on administration of antibodies for protection against various infectious agents entering through mucosal surfaces.
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Immunogenicity and tolerability of an MF59-adjuvanted, egg-derived, A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in children 6-35 months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:e320-9. [PMID: 24978857 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines against pandemic A/H1N1 influenza should provide protective immunity in children, because they are at greater risk of disease than adults. This study was conducted to identify the optimal dose of an MF59®-adjuvanted, egg-derived, A/H1N1 influenza vaccine for young children. METHODS Children 6-11 months (N = 144) and 12-35 months (N = 186) of age received vaccine formulations containing either 3.75 μg antigen with half the standard dose of MF59 or 7.5 μg antigen with a standard dose of MF59, or a nonadjuvanted formulation containing 15 μg antigen (children 12-35 months only). Participants were given 2 primary vaccine doses 3 weeks apart, followed by 1 booster dose of MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine 1 year later. Immunogenicity was assessed by hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization assays. RESULTS All vaccine formulations were highly immunogenic and met all 3 European licensure criteria after 2 doses. MF59-adjuvanted vaccines met all licensure criteria after 1 dose in both age cohorts, while nonadjuvanted vaccine did not meet all criteria after 1 dose in children 12-35 months. A single booster dose was highly immunogenic, and stable antibody persistence was observed in response to all vaccines. All vaccines were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a single dose of 3.75 μg antigen with half the standard dose of MF59 was shown to be optimal, providing adequate levels of immediate and long-term antibodies in pediatric subjects 6-35 months of age. These data demonstrated that MF59 adjuvant allowed for reduced antigen content and promoted significant long-term antibody persistence in children, with a satisfactory safety profile.
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Wei SH, Liu MT, Tsai YC, Liao CH, Chen CM, Wang WY, Huang YL, Chang FY, Chou P. The safety and immunogenicity of a MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 prepandemic influenza vaccine in healthy adults primed with homologous or heterologous H5N1 vaccines: an observational study. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:587. [PMID: 25394941 PMCID: PMC4236496 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended individuals with increased risk of contracting influenza A H5N1 infection to be immunized against the virus during the inter-pandemic period. Safety and immunogenicity of H5N1 vaccine among participants primed with homologous or heterologous H5N1 vaccines produced by diverse manufactures have not been reported. Methods Healthy individuals aged 20 to 60 years old were recruited and stratified into three groups: participants without priming (control group), participants primed with A/Indonesia/05/2005 vaccine, participants primed with A/Vietnam/1194/2004 vaccine and A/Indonesia/05/2005 vaccine. Enrolled participants received two doses of MF59-adjuvanted A/Vietnam/1194/2004 vaccine (study vaccine). Solicited reactions were recorded by vaccine recipients. Blood samples were obtained for hemagglutination inhibition test. Results A total of 131 participants were enrolled. No significant adverse events were recorded. Tenderness, fatigue and general muscle ache were the most common solicited reactions which alleviated within one week of immunization. Three weeks after two doses of the study vaccine, 63%, 68% and 88% were in seroprotective status in the control group, A/Indonesia/05/2005 primed group and A/Vietnam/1194/2004 and A/Indonesia/05/2005 primed group, respectively. Participants primed with A/Vietnam/1194/2004 and A/Indonesia/05/2005 showed high immune response after booster with one dose of the study vaccine. Conclusion The study vaccine did not cause severe adverse events. It elicited mostly mild to moderate reactions among participants. Participants primed with A/Vietnam/1194/2004 and A/Indonesia/05/2005 vaccine showed higher immune response than those without priming or primed with A/Indonesia/05/2005 vaccine. The report suggested those with an increased risk of influenza A H5N1 virus exposure may benefit from receiving influenza A H5N1 priming during the inter-pandemic period if the antigenicity of the pandemic influenza strain is similar to that of the priming strain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0587-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hsi Wei
- Community Medicine Research Center and Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, No 155, Sec 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan. .,Centers for Disease Control, No.6, Linsen S Rd, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 10050, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsan Liu
- Centers for Disease Control, No.6, Linsen S Rd, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 10050, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Chou Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No 80, Sec 2, Zhongzheng Rd, Puxin Township, Changhua County, 513, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Hsin Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No 80, Sec 2, Zhongzheng Rd, Puxin Township, Changhua County, 513, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ming Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, No 699, Sec 8, Taiwan Blvd, Wuqi Dist, Taichung City, 435, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yao Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Feng Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.100, Ankang Rd., Fengyuan Dist, Taichung City, 420, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Lung Huang
- Centers for Disease Control, No.6, Linsen S Rd, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 10050, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Yee Chang
- Centers for Disease Control, No.6, Linsen S Rd, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 10050, Taiwan. .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Rd, Neihu, Taipei City, 114, Taiwan.
| | - Pesus Chou
- Community Medicine Research Center and Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, No 155, Sec 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist, Taipei City, 112, Taiwan.
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Knuf M, Leroux-Roels G, Rümke HC, Abarca K, Rivera L, Lattanzi M, Pedotti P, Arora A, Kieninger-Baum D, Della Cioppa G. Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in children from three to seventeen years of age. Vaccine 2014; 33:174-81. [PMID: 25444803 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to identify the optimal dose of an MF59-adjuvanted, monovalent, A/H1N1 influenza vaccine in healthy paediatric subjects. METHODS Subjects aged 3-8 years (n=194) and 9-17 years (n=160) were randomized to receive two primary doses of A/H1N1 vaccine containing either 3.75 μg antigen with half a standard dose of MF59 adjuvant, 7.5 μg antigen with a full dose of MF59, or (children 3-8 years only), a non-adjuvanted 15 μg formulation. A booster dose of MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine including homologous A/H1N1 strain was given one year after priming. Immunogenicity was assessed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization assays. Vaccine safety was assessed throughout the study (up to 18 months). RESULTS A single priming dose of either MF59-adjuvanted formulation was sufficient to meet the European licensure criteria for pandemic influenza vaccines (HI titres ≥1:40>70%; seroconversion>40%; and GMR>2.5). Two non-adjuvanted vaccine doses were required to meet the same licensure criteria. After first and second doses, percentage of subjects with HI titres ≥1:40 were between 97% and 100% in the adjuvanted vaccine groups compared with 68% and 91% in the non-adjuvanted group, respectively. Postvaccination seroconversion rates ranged from 91% to 98% in adjuvanted groups and were 68% (first dose) and 98% (second dose) in the non-adjuvanted group. HI titres ≥1:330 after primary doses were achieved in 69% to 90% in adjuvanted groups compared with 41% in the non-adjuvanted group. Long-term antibody persistence after priming and a robust antibody response to booster immunization were observed in all vaccination groups. All A/H1N1 vaccine formulations were generally well tolerated. No vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred, and no subjects were withdrawn from the study due to an adverse event. CONCLUSIONS An MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine containing 3.75 μg of A/H1N1 antigen was well tolerated and sufficiently immunogenic to meet all the European licensure criteria after a single dose in healthy children 3-17 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Knuf
- Zentrum für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Hans C Rümke
- Vaxinostics BV, University Vaccine Center Rotterdam Nijmegen, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katia Abarca
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Luis Rivera
- Hospital Maternidad Ntra Sra. de la Altagracia, Gazcue, Santo Domingo, The Dominican Republic
| | | | - Paola Pedotti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Ashwani Arora
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Siena, Italy
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Vesikari T, Forstén A, Borkowski A, Gaitatzis N, Banzhoff A, Clemens R. Homologous and heterologous antibody responses to a one-year booster dose of an MF59®: Adjuvanted A/H5N1 pre-pandemic influenza vaccine in pediatric subjects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 8:921-8. [DOI: 10.4161/hv.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Subathra M, Santhakumar P, Satyam Naidu S, Lakshmi Narasu M, Senthilkumar TMA, Lal SK. Expression of avian influenza virus (H5N1) hemagglutinin and matrix protein 1 in Pichia pastoris and evaluation of their immunogenicity in mice. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3635-45. [PMID: 24562978 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The conventional avian influenza vaccines rely on development of neutralizing antibodies against the HA and NA antigens. However, these antigens are highly variable, and hence there is a need for better vaccine candidates which would offer broader protection in animals. The M1 of avian influenza is another major structural protein that has conserved epitopes that are reported to induce CD8+ T cells and can contribute to protection against morbidity and mortality from influenza. Hence in an effort to study the immune response of rM1 either alone or in combination with rHA, the hemagglutinin (HA) and matrix protein (M1) of A/Hatay/2004/H5N1 strain of avian influenza were expressed in Pichia pastoris as his-tagged proteins and purified through Ni-NTA chromatography. The His-tag was removed using TEV protease cleavage site and the immunogenicity of purified rHA and rM1 either alone or in combination was determined in mice. One group of mice was immunized with 5 μg of purified rHA, the other group was immunized with rM1, and a third group of mice were immunized with 5 μg of rHA and rM1. All the animals were boosted twice, once on 28 days postimmunization (dpi) and the second on 42 dpi. The immune response was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The group of mice immunized with rHA and rM1 together showed significantly higher immune response against rHA and rM1 than mice immunized with either HA or M1 antigens. The addition of rM1 with rHA resulted in increased HI titer in animals immunized with both the antigens. These results suggest that the HA and M1 expressed in P. pastoris can be utilized in combination for the development of faster and cost-effective vaccines for circulating and newer strains of avian influenza and would aid in combating the disease in a pandemic situation, in which production time matters greatly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Subathra
- Centre for Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, 500085, India
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Diaz RS, Tenore SB, da Silva MMG, da Cunha CA. A Phase III, randomized study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of an MF59®-adjuvanted A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in HIV-positive adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Liu Y, Wu JY, Wang X, Chen JT, Xia M, Hu W, Zou Y, Yin WD. Review of 10 years of clinical experience with Chinese domestic trivalent influenza vaccine Anflu®. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:73-82. [PMID: 24104060 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual winter epidemics globally and influenza vaccination is most effective way to prevent the disease or severe outcomes from the illness, especially in developing countries. However, the majority of the world's total production capacity of influenza vaccine is concentrated in several large multinational manufacturers. A safe and effective preventive vaccine for the developing countries is urgent. Anflu®, a Chinese domestic preservative-free, split-virus trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV), was introduced by Sinovac Biotech Ltd. in 2006. Until now, 20.6 million doses worldwide of Anflu® were sold. Since 2003, 13 company-sponsored clinical studies investigating the immunogenicity and safety of Anflu® have been completed, in which 6642 subjects participated and were vaccinated by Anflu®. Anflu® was generally well tolerated in all age groups, and highly immunogenic in healthy adults and elderly and exceeded the licensure criteria in Europe. This review presents and discusses the experience with Anflu® during the past decade. A new Chinese domestic, preservative-free, unadjuvanted, inactivated split-virus trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV), Anflu®, was introduced into human clinical trials in 2003 and then licensed in China in 2006. The vaccine contains 15 µg/0.5 ml hemagglutinin from each of the 3 influenza virus strains (including an H1N1 influenza A virus subtype, an H3N2 influenza A virus subtype, and an influenza B virus) that are expected to be circulating in the up-coming influenza season. The clinical data pertaining to Anflu® will be reviewed and compared with other TIVs available at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd.; Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun-Yu Wu
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd.; Beijing, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd.; Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Ming Xia
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd.; Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Hu
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd.; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yong Zou
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd.; Beijing, PR China
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Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza. Nat Med 2013; 19:1305-12. [PMID: 24056771 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of T cells in mediating heterosubtypic protection against natural influenza illness in humans is uncertain. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic (pH1N1) provided a unique natural experiment to determine whether crossreactive cellular immunity limits symptomatic illness in antibody-naive individuals. We followed 342 healthy adults through the UK pandemic waves and correlated the responses of pre-existing T cells to the pH1N1 virus and conserved core protein epitopes with clinical outcomes after incident pH1N1 infection. Higher frequencies of pre-existing T cells to conserved CD8 epitopes were found in individuals who developed less severe illness, with total symptom score having the strongest inverse correlation with the frequency of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)(+) interleukin-2 (IL-2)(-) CD8(+) T cells (r = -0.6, P = 0.004). Within this functional CD8(+)IFN-γ(+)IL-2(-) population, cells with the CD45RA(+) chemokine (C-C) receptor 7 (CCR7)(-) phenotype inversely correlated with symptom score and had lung-homing and cytotoxic potential. In the absence of crossreactive neutralizing antibodies, CD8(+) T cells specific to conserved viral epitopes correlated with crossprotection against symptomatic influenza. This protective immune correlate could guide universal influenza vaccine development.
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Chan CYY, Tambyah PA. Preflucel®: a Vero-cell culture-derived trivalent influenza vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:759-73. [PMID: 22913252 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the principal means to reduce the impact of influenza infection. Effective vaccination programs require a reliable and safe production system. Traditionally, influenza vaccines are produced in embryonated chicken eggs. Over the last two decades, new cell culture-derived vaccines have been licensed and manufactured, and other vaccines are still in various phases of development. Vero cells have been used for the development of a wide variety of vaccines including influenza vaccines. Pandemic and avian influenza vaccines derived from Vero cells have been shown to be well tolerated and immunogenic in animal and Phase I-II clinical studies. A Phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a trivalent influenza vaccine produced in Vero-cell culture was conducted in 7250 adults aged 18-49 years. Overall protective efficacy for antigenically matched influenza vaccine was 78.5%. The vaccine was well tolerated with no treatment-related serious adverse events and compared favorably with egg-derived vaccines from previous trials. Vero-cell-derived influenza vaccines have the potential to be an important parts of the influenza vaccine strategy, especially if an avian-derived strain becomes predominant or the demand outstrips the capacity of egg-based production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Yuen-Yue Chan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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Recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 expressing hemagglutinin of influenza A virus H5N1 protected mice against lethal highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 challenge. J Virol 2012; 87:354-62. [PMID: 23077314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02321-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A safe and effective vaccine is the best way to prevent large-scale highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in the human population. The current FDA-approved H5N1 vaccine has serious limitations. A more efficacious H5N1 vaccine is urgently needed. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), a paramyxovirus, is not known to cause any illness in humans. PIV5 is an attractive vaccine vector. In our studies, a single dose of a live recombinant PIV5 expressing a hemagglutinin (HA) gene of H5N1 (rPIV5-H5) from the H5N1 subtype provided sterilizing immunity against lethal doses of HPAI H5N1 infection in mice. Furthermore, we have examined the effect of insertion of H5N1 HA at different locations within the PIV5 genome on the efficacy of a PIV5-based vaccine. Interestingly, insertion of H5N1 HA between the leader sequence, the de facto promoter of PIV5, and the first viral gene, nucleoprotein (NP), did not lead to a viable virus. Insertion of H5N1 HA between NP and the next gene, V/phosphorprotein (V/P), led to a virus that was defective in growth. We have found that insertion of H5N1 HA at the junction between the small hydrophobic (SH) gene and the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene gave the best immunity against HPAI H5N1 challenge: a dose as low as 1,000 PFU was sufficient to protect against lethal HPAI H5N1 challenge in mice. The work suggests that recombinant PIV5 expressing H5N1 HA has great potential as an HPAI H5N1 vaccine.
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Assessment of antigen-specific and cross-reactive antibody responses to an MF59-adjuvanted A/H5N1 prepandemic influenza vaccine in adult and elderly subjects. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1943-8. [PMID: 23081815 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00373-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Preparedness against an A/H5N1 influenza pandemic requires well-tolerated, effective vaccines which provide both vaccine strain-specific and heterologous, cross-clade protection. This study was conducted to assess the immunogenicity and safety profile of an MF59-adjuvanted, prepandemic influenza vaccine containing A/turkey/Turkey/01/2005 (H5N1) strain viral antigen. A total of 343 participants, 194 adults (18 to 60 years) and 149 elderly individuals (≥61 years), received two doses of the investigational vaccine given 3 weeks apart. Homologous and heterologous antibody responses were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial hemolysis (SRH), and microneutralization (MN) assays 3 weeks after administration of the first vaccine dose and 3 weeks and 6 months after the second dose. Immunogenicity was assessed according to European licensure criteria for pandemic influenza vaccines. After two vaccine doses, all three European licensure criteria were met for adult and elderly subjects against the homologous vaccine strain, A/turkey/Turkey/1/2005, when analyzed by HI and SRH assays. Cross-reactive antibody responses were observed by HI and SRH analyses against the heterologous H5N1 strains, A/Indonesia/5/2005 and A/Vietnam/1194/2004, in adult and elderly subjects. Solicited local and systemic reactions were mostly mild to moderate in severity and occurred less frequently in the elderly than in adult vaccinees. In both adult and elderly subjects, MF59-adjuvanted vaccine containing 7.5 μg of A/Turkey strain influenza virus antigen was highly immunogenic, well tolerated, and able to elicit cross-clade, heterologous antibody responses against A/Indonesia and A/Vietnam strains 6 weeks after the first vaccination.
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Dose-range study of MF59-adjuvanted versus nonadjuvanted monovalent A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in six- to less than thirty-six-month-old children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:e92-8. [PMID: 22481427 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e318257644f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The successful vaccination of children 6 to 36 months of age against 2009 A/H1N1 influenza was essential to help reduce the burden of pandemic disease in both the pediatric and adult populations. OBJECTIVES We compared the immunogenicity and safety of 4 alternative monovalent vaccine formulations to identify which provided optimal levels of seroprotection according to the US and European Union (EU) licensure criteria. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 654 healthy subjects (6 to <36 months old) were given 2 vaccine doses 3 weeks apart. Participants were assigned to 1 of the 4 immunization groups, receiving MF59-adjuvanted (Novartis Vaccines, Marburg, Germany) vaccine either containing 3.75 μg or 7.5 μg of A/H1N1 California/7/2009 antigen, or nonadjuvanted vaccine containing 7.5 μg or 15 μg of antigen. Antibody titers were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition assay 3 weeks, 3 months and 1 year after immunization. Vaccine safety was monitored throughout the study. RESULTS After 1 dose, both adjuvanted formulations met the US and EU criteria for seroconversion; the 15 μg nonadjuvanted vaccine met the EU criterion for seroconversion alone. The US and EU criteria for seroprotection were only met by adjuvanted groups. MF59-adjuvanted formulations alone resulted in clinically significant persisting antibody titers after 12 months. All vaccines were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of MF59-adjuvanted vaccine containing 3.75 μg A/H1N1 antigen was highly immunogenic, met both the US and EU licensure criteria and was well tolerated. These data support the suitability of this monovalent vaccine formulation for pandemic use in children 6 to <36 months of age.
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Hatz C, Cramer JP, Vertruyen A, Schwarz TF, von Sonnenburg F, Borkowski A, Lattanzi M, Hilbert AK, Cioppa GD, Leroux-Roels G. A randomised, single-blind, dose-range study to assess the immunogenicity and safety of a cell-culture-derived A/H1N1 influenza vaccine in adult and elderly populations. Vaccine 2012; 30:4820-7. [PMID: 22626675 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern cell-culture production techniques and the use of adjuvants helps to ensure that the global demand for pandemic influenza vaccine can be met. This study aimed to assess the immunogenicty and safety profiles of various cell-culture-derived A/H1N1 pandemic vaccine formulations in healthy adult and elderly subjects. METHODS Adult (18-60 years) subjects (n=544) received vaccine either containing 3.75 μg of antigen with half the standard dose of MF59 (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics) adjuvant, 7.5 μg antigen with a full dose of MF59, or a non-adjuvanted vaccine containing 15 μg of antigen. Elderly (≥ 61 years) subjects (n=268) received either the 3.75 μg or 7.5 μg adjuvanted formulations. Two priming vaccine doses were administered 3 weeks apart, followed by a single booster dose of seasonal influenza vaccine 1 year later. Immunogenicity was assessed 3 weeks after each vaccination. The safety profile of each formulation was evaluated throughout the study. RESULTS A single primary dose of each A/H1N1 vaccine formulation was sufficient to meet all three European (CHMP) licensure criteria for pandemic influenza vaccines in adult subjects. Two licensure criteria were met after one vaccine dose in elderly subjects; two primary doses were required to meet all three criteria in this age group. The highest antibody titres were observed in response to the 7.5 μg vaccine containing a full dose of MF59 adjuvant. All subjects rapidly generated seroprotective antibody titres in response to booster vaccination. CONCLUSION This study identified one 3.75 μg vaccine dose containing half the standard dose of MF59 adjuvant as optimal for adults, two doses were optimal for elderly subjects. The antigen-sparing properties of MF59, and rapid, modern, cell-culture production techniques represent significant steps towards meeting the global demand for influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hatz
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Identification of antigen and adjuvant doses resulting in optimal immunogenicity and antibody persistence up to 1 year after immunization with a pandemic A/H1N1 influenza vaccine in children 3 to < 9 years of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:e59-65. [PMID: 22418661 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31824b9545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the development of pediatric A/H1N1 influenza vaccines, this study was performed to identify antigen and adjuvant doses providing optimal immunogenicity and antibody persistence to ensure long-term immunity after immunization with an adjuvanted A/H1N1 vaccine in children 3 to <9 years of age. METHODS Healthy children (N = 1357) were immunized with 1 of 8 investigational vaccine formulations ranging in antigen (3.75-30 µg) and MF59 adjuvant (Novartis Vaccines, Marburg, Germany; 0, 50 and 100% of standard dose). Each participant received 2 vaccine doses given 3 weeks apart. Immunogenicity was analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition assay in sera drawn 3, 4 and 6 weeks after first vaccination. Long-term antibody persistence was assessed 6 and 12 months after immunization. Vaccine safety was monitored throughout the study. RESULTS All MF59-adjuvanted vaccines were well tolerated and highly immunogenic, with adjuvanted formulations inducing antibody titers statistically superior to those of the nonadjuvanted vaccines. Each MF59-adjuvanted vaccine met all the US and European licensure criteria for influenza vaccines 3 weeks after the administration of a single dose; all nonadjuvanted formulations failed to meet licensure criteria at this time point. Antibody titers in response to a single vaccination with 7.5 µg antigen and a full dose of MF59 continued to meet all US and European licensure criteria up to 1 year after immunization. CONCLUSION A single dose of vaccine containing 7.5 µg A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) antigen and a full dose of MF59 adjuvant was found to be optimal for children 3 to <9 years of age.
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Iyer V, Liyanage MR, Shoji Y, Chichester JA, Jones RM, Yusibov V, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR. Formulation development of a plant-derived H1N1 influenza vaccine containing purified recombinant hemagglutinin antigen. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:453-64. [PMID: 22370514 DOI: 10.4161/hv.19106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a prevalent, highly contagious and sometimes fatal respiratory disease. Vaccination provides an effective approach to control the disease, but because of frequent changes in the structure of the major surface proteins, there is great need for a technology that permits rapid preparation of new forms of the vaccine each year in sufficient quantities. Recently, using a safe, simple, time- and cost-effective plant viral vector-based transient expression system, the hemagglutinin antigen of H1N1 influenza A strain (HAC1), an H1N1 influenza vaccine candidate, has been produced in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. As a step toward the generation of a commercially viable subunit influenza vaccine, we developed HAC1 formulations in the presence and absence of an aluminum salt adjuvant (Alhydrogel(®)), analyzed their properties, and assessed immunogenicity in an animal model. Biophysical properties of HAC1 were evaluated using several spectroscopic and light scattering techniques as a function of pH and temperature combined with data analysis using an empirical phase diagram approach. Excipients that were potent stabilizers of the recombinant protein were identified using intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. The adsorptive capacity and thermal stability of the protein on the surface of Alhydrogel(®) were then examined in the presence and absence of selected stabilizers using UV absorbance after centrifugation and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. Immunogenicity studies conducted in mice demonstrated that the highest level of serum immune responses (hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers), with a 100% seropositive rates, were induced by HAC1 in the presence of Alhydrogel(®), and this response was elicited regardless of the solution conditions of the formulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Aluminum Hydroxide/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Excipients/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Plant Viruses/genetics
- Protein Stability
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Spectrum Analysis
- Temperature
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyashankara Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Swaminathan K, Downard KM. Anti-Viral Inhibitor Binding to Influenza Neuraminidase by MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3725-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300291c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Swaminathan
- School of Molecular Bioscience University
of Sydney,
Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kevin M. Downard
- School of Molecular Bioscience University
of Sydney,
Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Hatz C, von Sonnenburg F, Casula D, Lattanzi M, Leroux-Roels G. A randomized clinical trial to identify the optimal antigen and MF59(®) adjuvant dose of a monovalent A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in healthy adult and elderly subjects. Vaccine 2012; 30:3470-7. [PMID: 22446638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines against pandemic A/H1N1 influenza are required to protect the entire population. This dose range study aimed to identify priming antigen and adjuvant doses resulting in optimal levels of antibody-mediated protection after primary and one-year booster immunizations. METHODS This randomised trial enrolled 410 healthy adult (18-60 years) and 251 healthy elderly (>60 years) participants. Subjects received vaccine containing either 3.75 μg or 7.5 μg antigen, adjuvanted with half the standard dose, or a standard dose of MF59(®) (Novartis Vaccines) adjuvant, respectively. An additional adult cohort received non-adjuvanted vaccine containing 15 μg antigen. Two doses of investigational vaccine were administered three weeks apart, followed by a single booster dose of adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine one year after priming. Immunogenicity was assessed by haemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization assays pre- and post-immunization, the safety profile of each vaccine was also evaluated. RESULTS All of the vaccine formulations investigated were highly immunogenic and well tolerated in both adult and elderly subjects. The 7.5 μg formulation induced the highest antibody titres after primary and booster immunizations, and resulted in better long-term antibody persistence, in both age groups. Assessment according to European licensure criteria for influenza vaccines concluded that single adjuvanted priming doses containing 3.75 μg and 7.5 μg antigen were optimal for the adult and elderly populations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that one priming dose of MF59-adjuvanted A/H1N1 vaccine provided healthy adult (3.75 μg or 7.5 μg formulations) and healthy elderly (7.5 μg formulation) individuals with adequate levels of seroprotection. Booster administration after two priming doses of either vaccine formulation resulted in the rapid development of seroprotective antibody titres. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00971906).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hatz
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Barbier D, Garcia-Verdugo I, Pothlichet J, Khazen R, Descamps D, Rousseau K, Thornton D, Si-Tahar M, Touqui L, Chignard M, Sallenave JM. Influenza A induces the major secreted airway mucin MUC5AC in a protease-EGFR-extracellular regulated kinase-Sp1-dependent pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:149-57. [PMID: 22383584 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0405oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins, the main glycoproteins present within mucus, modulate the rheologic properties of airways and participate in lung defense. They are thought to be able to trap and eliminate microorganisms from the lung. Among the mucins secreted in the lung, MUC5AC is the most prominent factor secreted by surface epithelial cells. Although much is known about the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of MUC5AC by host factors such as cytokines or proteases, less is known about the pathways triggered by microorganisms and, specifically, by influenza A virus (IAV). We therefore set up experiments to dissect the molecular mechanisms responsible for the potential modulation of MUC5AC by IAV. Using epithelial cells, C57/Bl6 mice, and IAV strains, we measured MUC5AC expression at the RNA and protein levels, specificity protein 1 (Sp1) activation, and protease activity. Intermediate molecular partners were confirmed using pharmacological inhibitors, blocking antibodies, and small interfering (si)RNAs. We showed in vitro and in vivo that IAV up-regulates epithelial cell-derived MUC5AC and Muc5ac expression in mice, both at transcriptional (through the induction of Sp1) and translational levels. In addition, we determined that this induction was dependent on a protease-epithelial growth factor receptor-extracellular regulated kinase-Sp1 signaling cascade, involving in particular the human airway trypsin. Our data point to MUC5AC as a potential modulatory mechanism by which the lung epithelia respond to IAV infection, and we dissect, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the molecular partners involved. Future experiments using MUC5AC-targeted strategies should help further unravel the pathophysiological consequences of IAV-induced MUC5AC expression for lung homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Barbier
- Unité Défense Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Vesikari T, Forstén A, Herbinger KH, Cioppa GD, Beygo J, Borkowski A, Groth N, Bennati M, von Sonnenburg F. Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59®-adjuvanted A/H5N1 pre-pandemic influenza vaccine in adults and the elderly. Vaccine 2012; 30:1388-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Seidman JC, Richard SA, Viboud C, Miller MA. Quantitative review of antibody response to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:52-62. [PMID: 21668661 PMCID: PMC3175249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal influenza epidemics are associated with significant morbidity and mortality each year, particularly amongst young children and the elderly. Seasonal influenza vaccines have been available for decades, yet influenza remains a major public health threat in the US, sparking interest in studies evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify determinants of serological responses to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines including number of doses, adjuvant, and subject characteristics. METHODS We reviewed 60 articles published between 1987 and 2006. We used weighted multiple logistic regression and random-effects models to evaluate how seroconversion and seroprotection rates varied with host and vaccine factors. RESULTS Both children and seniors tended to have poorer immune responses compared to adults whereas use of adjuvant and a second vaccine dose tended to improve immune response. Pre-vaccination serological status had a large impact on the immune response to vaccination. We found substantial heterogeneity among studies, even with similar population settings and vaccination regimen. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should stratify their results by pre-vaccination serological status in an effort to produce more precise summary estimates of vaccine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Seidman
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Watanabe Y, Ibrahim MS, Suzuki Y, Ikuta K. The changing nature of avian influenza A virus (H5N1). Trends Microbiol 2011; 20:11-20. [PMID: 22153752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N1 has been endemic in some bird species since its emergence in 1996 and its ecology, genetics and antigenic properties have continued to evolve. This has allowed diverse virus strains to emerge in endemic areas with altered receptor specificity, including a new H5 sublineage with enhanced binding affinity to the human-type receptor. The pandemic potential of H5N1 viruses is alarming and may be increasing. We review here the complex dynamics and changing nature of the H5N1 virus that may contribute to the emergence of pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Belser JA, Snider CB, Cox NJ, Hayden FG. XIth International Symposium on Respiratory Viral Infections. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 5:443-52, e455-7. [PMID: 21668671 PMCID: PMC5780661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Belser et al. (2011) XIth International Symposium on Respiratory Viral Infections. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(6), 443–e457.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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Cox RJ, Pedersen G, Madhun AS, Svindland S, Sævik M, Breakwell L, Hoschler K, Willemsen M, Campitelli L, Nøstbakken JK, Weverling GJ, Klap J, McCullough KC, Zambon M, Kompier R, Sjursen H. Evaluation of a virosomal H5N1 vaccine formulated with Matrix M™ adjuvant in a phase I clinical trial. Vaccine 2011; 29:8049-59. [PMID: 21864624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza H5 virus epizootic continues to cause zoonosis with human fatalities, highlighting the continued need for pandemic preparedness against this subtype. This study evaluated the tolerability and immunogenicity of a Matrix M™ adjuvanted virosomal H5N1 vaccine in a phase I clinical trial. Sixty healthy adults were vaccinated intramuscularly with two doses of influenza H5N1 (NIBRG-14) virosomal vaccine alone (30 μg haemagglutinin (HA)) or 1.5, 7.5 or 30 μg HA formulated with 50 μg Matrix M™ adjuvant. The antibody response was analysed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralisation (MN) and single radial haemolysis (SRH) assays. The vaccine was well tolerated in all groups but injection site pain was more frequently observed in the Matrix M™ adjuvanted groups. The vaccine elicited homologous and heterologous H5N1-specific antibody responses and the Matrix M™ adjuvanted formulations met all the EU regulatory criteria. In conclusion, Matrix M™ adjuvant was well tolerated and augmented the antibody response allowing considerable dose sparing down to 1.5 μg HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Beran J, Abdel-Messih IA, Raupachova J, Hobzova L, Fragapane E. A phase III, randomized, open-label study to assess the tolerability and immunogenicity of an H5N1 influenza vaccine administered to healthy adults with a 1-, 2-, 3-, or 6-week interval between first and second doses. Clin Ther 2011; 32:2186-97. [PMID: 21316535 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(11)00024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preparedness for an H5N1 influenza pre-pandemic requires effective and well-tolerated emergency vaccination strategies that provide both pandemic strain-specific and heterologous protection. OBJECTIVES This was a pivotal study for the regulatory approval process for a candidate MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine. Its goals were to identify the preferred primary 2-dose vaccination schedule in adults and to assess whether the vaccine met European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) licensure criteria. METHODS Healthy volunteers aged 18 to 60 years received 1 of 4 randomized schedules in which the 2 doses of vaccine were separated by a 1-, 2-, 3-, or 6-week interval. Three blood samples (~20 mL(-1)) were obtained from each subject: the first sample, immediately before administration of the first dose of vaccine; the second, immediately before administration of the second dose; and the third, 21 days after administration of the second dose. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization (MN), and single radial hemolysis (SRH) were assayed after each dose. Immunogenicity was assessed based on the CHMP licensure criteria for annual influenza vaccines (number of seroconversions or significant increase in HI titer >40%; mean geometric increase >2.5; and proportion of subjects achieving an HI titer ≥40 or SRH titer >25 mm(2) should be >70% [seroprotection]). Subjects recorded all adverse events occurring within 7 days of vaccine administration; information on any serious adverse events was collected throughout the study (duration, 202 days). RESULTS All study participants (N = 240) were white, with a mean age of 33 years and a mean body mass index of 24.6 kg/m(2). Equal numbers of men and women were assigned to each vaccination schedule. The CHMP criterion for seroprotection was achieved when the 2 doses of vaccine were separated by 2 (76%), 3 (72%), and 6 (79%) weeks; similar results were obtained on MN and SRH analysis. On the SRH analysis, the candidate vaccine showed a heterologous immune response to the H5N1/turkey/Turkey/1/05 (NIBRG-23; clade 2) influenza antigen. The vaccine met 2 of the 3 European licensure criteria, with seroconversion rates of 69% and 65% in the groups assigned to a 2- and 3-week interval between doses, respectively, and geometric mean ratios of 4.3 and 4.5. There were no serious adverse events related to vaccination. The most common adverse events reported within 7 days of the first and second doses of vaccine were mild to moderate injection-site pain (63%-73% and 34%-48%, respectively) and fatigue (25%-30% and 13%-24%). CONCLUSIONS Two 7.5-μg doses of MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine given 2, 3, or 6 weeks apart afforded H5N1-specific immunity and met the CHMP licensure criterion for seroprotection in these healthy volunteers. Clinically relevant levels of heterologous immunity were observed when the 2 doses of vaccine were administered either 2 or 3 weeks apart; however, the licensure criterion for seroprotection was not met in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Beran
- Vaccination and Travel Medicine Center, Poliklinika II, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Luo M, Qu X, Pan R, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Wu J, Pan Z. The virus-induced signaling adaptor molecule enhances DNA-raised immune protection against H5N1 influenza virus infection in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:2561-7. [PMID: 21303708 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As an adaptor molecule in the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) signaling pathway, the virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA) molecule activates NF-κB and IRF3 and thereby leads to the production of type I interferons (IFNs). To explore the potential of VISA as a genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccines, a eukaryotic expression plasmid, pVISA, was generated by cloning the VISA gene into the pVAX1vector. For comparison, the pTRIF plasmid was similarly constructed, encoding the known genetic adjuvant TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β), an adapter in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Mice were immunized with the chimeric DNA vaccine pHA/NP(147-155), which encodes the HA (hemagglutinin) fused with NP (nucleoprotein) CTL epitope (NP(147-155)) of H5N1 influenza virus, either alone or in combination with pVISA or pTRIF. Antigen-specific immune responses were examined in immunized mice. Our results demonstrate that co-immunization of the pHA/NP(147-155) plasmid with the VISA adjuvant augmented DNA-raised cellular immune responses and provided protection against H5N1 influenza virus challenge in mice. In addition, our data suggest that VISA acts as a stronger adjuvant for DNA immunization than TRIF. We conclude that co-inoculation with a vector expressing the adaptor molecule VISA enhanced the protective immunity against H5N1 infection induced by pHA/NP(147-155) and that VISA could be developed as a novel genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Lin Y, Heffernan C. Accessible and inexpensive tools for global HPAI surveillance: A mobile-phone based system. Prev Vet Med 2010; 98:209-14. [PMID: 21167614 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) disproportionately impacts poor livestock keepers in southern countries. Although the estimated cost of the disease in the billions, response to the epidemic remains fragmented and information channels slow. Given the continuing threat of outbreaks, and what appears to be the politicisation of outbreak reporting, new tools are needed to enforce transparency in stakeholder communication. In response to this need, we created a mobile-phone based surveillance system to aid critical information transfer among policy makers, practitioners and the poor themselves. The tool operates at the local, national and global levels and further links decision-makers to international databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Lin
- The Livestock Development Group, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, PO Box 237, Reading RG6 6AT, UK
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Vesikari T, Karvonen A, Tilman S, Borkowski A, Montomoli E, Banzhoff A, Clemens R. Immunogenicity and safety of MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine from infancy to adolescence. Pediatrics 2010; 126:e762-70. [PMID: 20819892 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of a MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine in a population 6 months through 17 years of age. METHODS Healthy subjects 6 to <36 months, 3 to <9 months, and 9 to <18 years of age were assigned randomly to receive 2 doses of either a MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine (7.5 μg/dose) or a MF59-adjuvanted trivalent seasonal influenza control vaccine (15 μg/dose for each antigen). Immunogenicity against the A/Vietnam/1194/2004-like vaccine strain was measured before and 3 weeks after the 2-dose primary series, through hemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial hemolysis (SRH), and microneutralization. Local and systemic reactions were recorded. RESULTS A total of 335 subjects received the H5N1 vaccine, and 137 subjects received the seasonal vaccine. Rates of seroprotection (HI titer of ≥40) against the H5N1 vaccine antigen were 97% for children 6 to 36 months and 3 to 9 years of age and 89% for older children. All subjects seroconverted in the SRH assay. Microneutralization titers of ≥40 were achieved by 99% of subjects, and ≥98% of subjects, respectively. Local reactions, particularly injection site pain in older children, were common, generally mild to moderate in nature, and transient and resolved spontaneously. Up to 5% of participants. There were no vaccine-related serious adverse events in either group. CONCLUSIONS In this pediatric population, MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine was highly immunogenic, had a good safety profile, reactogenicity comparable with that of an adjuvanted seasonal influenza control vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Vesikari
- University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Vaccine Research Center, FM3, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
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Petersson P, Hedenskog M, Alves D, Brytting M, Schröder U, Linde A, Lundkvist Å. The Eurocine® L3 adjuvants with subunit influenza antigens induce protective immunity in mice after intranasal vaccination. Vaccine 2010; 28:6491-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Quan FS, Kim YC, Compans RW, Prausnitz MR, Kang SM. Dose sparing enabled by skin immunization with influenza virus-like particle vaccine using microneedles. J Control Release 2010; 147:326-32. [PMID: 20692307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To address the limitations of conventional influenza vaccine manufacturing and delivery, this study investigated administration of virus-like particle (VLP) influenza vaccine using a microneedle patch. The goal was to determine if skin immunization with influenza VLP vaccine using microneedles enables dose sparing. We found that low-dose influenza (A/PR/8/34 H1N1) VLP vaccination using microneedles was more immunogenic than low-dose intramuscular (IM) vaccination and similarly immunogenic as high-dose IM vaccination in a mouse model. With a 1μg dose of vaccine, both routes showed similar immune responses and protective efficacy, with microneedle vaccination being more effective in inducing recall antibody responses in lungs and antibody secreting cells in bone marrow. With a low dose of vaccine (0.3μg), microneedle vaccination induced significantly superior protective immunity, which included binding and functional antibodies as well as complete protection against a high dose lethal infection with A/PR/8/34 virus, whereas IM immunization provided only partial (40%) protection. Therefore, this study demonstrates that microneedle vaccination in the skin confers more effective protective immunity at a lower dose, thus providing vaccine dose-sparing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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48
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Ilyushina NA, Seiler JP, Rehg JE, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Effect of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant mutations on pathogenicity of clade 2.2 A/Turkey/15/06 (H5N1) influenza virus in ferrets. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000933. [PMID: 20523902 PMCID: PMC2877746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor resistance by H5N1 influenza viruses has serious clinical implications, as this class of drugs can be an essential component of pandemic control measures. The continuous evolution of the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses results in the emergence of natural NA gene variations whose impact on viral fitness and NA inhibitor susceptibility are poorly defined. We generated seven genetically stable recombinant clade 2.2 A/Turkey/15/06-like (H5N1) influenza viruses carrying NA mutations located either in the framework residues (E119A, H274Y, N294S) or in close proximity to the NA enzyme active site (V116A, I117V, K150N, Y252H). NA enzyme inhibition assays showed that NA mutations at positions 116, 117, 274, and 294 reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir carboxylate (IC(50)s increased 5- to 940-fold). Importantly, the E119A NA mutation (previously reported to confer resistance in the N2 NA subtype) was stable in the clade 2.2 H5N1 virus background and induced cross-resistance to oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir. We demonstrated that Y252H NA mutation contributed for decreased susceptibility of clade 2.2 H5N1 viruses to oseltamivir carboxylate as compared to clade 1 viruses. The enzyme kinetic parameters (V(max), K(m) and K(i)) of the avian-like N1 NA glycoproteins were highly consistent with their IC(50) values. None of the recombinant H5N1 viruses had attenuated virulence in ferrets inoculated with 10(6) EID(50) dose. Most infected ferrets showed mild clinical disease signs that differed in duration. However, H5N1 viruses carrying the E119A or the N294S NA mutation were lethal to 1 of 3 inoculated animals and were associated with significantly higher virus titers (P<0.01) and inflammation in the lungs compared to the wild-type virus. Our results suggest that highly pathogenic H5N1 variants carrying mutations within the NA active site that decrease susceptibility to NA inhibitors may possess increased virulence in mammalian hosts compared to drug-sensitive viruses. There is a need for novel anti-influenza drugs that target different virus/host factors and can limit the emergence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Ilyushina
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Laboratory of Virus Physiology, The D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jon P. Seiler
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jerold E. Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang G, Zhang P, Tian G, Bu Z, Chen H. Protective Efficacy of H7 Subtype Avian Influenza DNA Vaccine. Avian Dis 2010; 54:290-3. [DOI: 10.1637/8723-032409-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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Lee PI, Lin TY, Hsieh KS, Shyur SD, Hsia SH, Huang YF, Lul FL, Hwang B, Chiu NC, Lu CY, Chi CS, Chen PY, Chang LY, Chen JM, Chiang BL, Huang YC, Lee CY. Recommendations for the management of children with H1N1 novel influenza infection. Pediatr Neonatol 2010; 51:1-4. [PMID: 20225530 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-9572(10)60001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ing Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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