1
|
Padilla‐Flores T, Sampieri A, Vaca L. Incidence and management of the main serious adverse events reported after COVID-19 vaccination. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1224. [PMID: 38864106 PMCID: PMC11167235 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2n first appeared in Wuhan, China in 2019. Soon after, it was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The health crisis imposed by a new virus and its rapid spread worldwide prompted the fast development of vaccines. For the first time in human history, two vaccines based on recombinant genetic material technology were approved for human use. These mRNA vaccines were applied in massive immunization programs around the world, followed by other vaccines based on more traditional approaches. Even though all vaccines were tested in clinical trials prior to their general administration, serious adverse events, usually of very low incidence, were mostly identified after application of millions of doses. Establishing a direct correlation (the cause-effect paradigm) between vaccination and the appearance of adverse effects has proven challenging. This review focuses on the main adverse effects observed after vaccination, including anaphylaxis, myocarditis, vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and transverse myelitis reported in the context of COVID-19 vaccination. We highlight the symptoms, laboratory tests required for an adequate diagnosis, and briefly outline the recommended treatments for these adverse effects. The aim of this work is to increase awareness among healthcare personnel about the serious adverse events that may arise post-vaccination. Regardless of the ongoing discussion about the safety of COVID-19 vaccination, these adverse effects must be identified promptly and treated effectively to reduce the risk of complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Padilla‐Flores
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología CelularUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Alicia Sampieri
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología CelularUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Luis Vaca
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología CelularUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bellanti R, Rinaldi S. Guillain-Barré syndrome: A comprehensive review. Eur J Neurol 2024:e16365. [PMID: 38813755 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a potentially devastating yet treatable disorder. A classically postinfectious, immune-mediated, monophasic polyradiculoneuropathy, it is the leading global cause of acquired neuromuscular paralysis. In most cases, the immunopathological process driving nerve injury is ill-defined. Diagnosis of GBS relies on clinical features, supported by laboratory findings and electrophysiology. Although previously divided into primary demyelinating or axonal variants, this dichotomy is increasingly challenged, and is not endorsed by the recent European Academy of Neurology (EAN)/Peripheral Nerve Society (PNS) guidelines. Intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange remain the primary modalities of treatment, regardless of the electrophysiological subtype. Most patients recover, but approximately one-third require mechanical ventilation, and 5% die. Disease activity and treatment response are currently monitored through interval neurological examination and outcome measures, and the potential role of fluid biomarkers is under ongoing scrutiny. Novel potential therapies for GBS are being explored but none have yet modified clinical practice. This review provides a comprehensive update on the pathological and clinical aspects of GBS for clinicians and scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bellanti
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sankaranarayanapillai M, Wang S, Ji H, Song HY, Tao C. Lessons learned from annotation of VAERS reports on adverse events following influenza vaccination and related to Guillain-Barré syndrome. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2024; 23:298. [PMID: 38183034 PMCID: PMC10770878 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine Adverse Events ReportingSystem (VAERS) is a promising resource of tracking adverse events following immunization. Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terminology used for coding adverse events in VAERS reports has several limitations. We focus on developing an automated system for semantic extraction of adverse events following vaccination and their temporal relationships for a better understanding of VAERS data and its integration into other applications. The aim of the present studyis to summarize the lessons learned during the initial phase of this project in annotating adverse events following influenza vaccination and related to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). We emphasize on identifying the limitations of VAERS and MedDRA. RESULTS We collected 282 VAERS reports documented between 1990 and 2016 and shortlisted those with at least 1,100 characters in the report. We used a subset of 50 reports for the preliminary investigation and annotated all adverse events following influenza vaccination by mapping to representative MedDRA terms. Associated time expressions were annotated when available. We used 16 System Organ Class (SOC) level MedDRA terms to map GBS related adverse events and expanded some SOC terms to Lowest Level Terms (LLT) for granular representation. We annotated three broad categories of events such as problems, clinical investigations, and treatments/procedures. The inter-annotator agreement of events achieved was 86%. Incomplete reports, typographical errors, lack of clarity and coherence, repeated texts, unavailability of associated temporal information, difficulty to interpret due to incorrect grammar, use of generalized terms to describe adverse events / symptoms, uncommon abbreviations, difficulty annotating multiple events with a conjunction / common phrase, irrelevant historical events and coexisting events were some of the challenges encountered. Some of the limitations we noted are in agreement with previous reports. CONCLUSIONS We reported the challenges encountered and lessons learned during annotation of adverse events in VAERS reports following influenza vaccination and related to GBS. Though the challenges may be due to the inevitable limitations of public reporting systems and widely reported limitations of MedDRA, we emphasize the need to understand these limitations and extraction of other supportive information for a better understanding of adverse events following vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Su Wang
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hangyu Ji
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hsing-Yi Song
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cui Tao
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of AI and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Froes F, Timóteo A, Almeida B, Raposo JF, Oliveira J, Carrageta M, Duque S, Morais A. Influenza vaccination in older adults and patients with chronic disorders: A position paper from the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology, the Portuguese Society of Diabetology, the Portuguese Society of Cardiology, the Portuguese Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology, the Study Group of Geriatrics of the Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine, and the Portuguese Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology. Pulmonology 2023:S2531-0437(23)00201-5. [PMID: 38129238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza affects millions of people worldwide each year and can lead to severe complications, hospitalizations, and even death, especially among vulnerable populations such as older adults and those with chronic medical conditions. Annual vaccination is considered the most effective measure for preventing influenza and its complications. Despite the widespread availability of influenza vaccines, however, vaccination coverage rates remain suboptimal in several countries. Based on the latest scientific evidence and expert opinions on influenza vaccination in older people and patients with chronic disease, the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology (SPP), the Portuguese Society of Diabetology (SPD), the Portuguese Society of Cardiology (SPC), the Portuguese Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology (SPGG), the Study Group of Geriatrics of the Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine (NEGERMI-SPMI), and the Portuguese Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SPDIMC) discussed best practices for promoting vaccination uptake and coverage and drew up several recommendations to mitigate the impact of influenza. These recommendations focus on the efficacy and safety of available vaccines; the impact of influenza vaccination on older adults; patients with chronic medical conditions, namely cardiac and respiratory conditions, diabetes, and immunosuppressive diseases; and health care professionals, optimal vaccination timing, and strategies to increase vaccination uptake and coverage. The resulting position paper highlights the critical role that vaccinations play in promoting public health, raising awareness, and encouraging more people to get vaccinated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Froes
- Torax Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal; Portuguese Society of Pulmonology (SPP), Portugal
| | - A Timóteo
- Cardiology Department, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal; NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal; Portuguese Society of Cardiology (SPC), Portugal
| | - B Almeida
- APDP Diabetes, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J F Raposo
- NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal; APDP Diabetes, Lisbon, Portugal; Portuguese Society of Diabetology (SPD), Portugal
| | - J Oliveira
- Infection Control and Prevention and Antimicrobial Resistance Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Portuguese Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SPDIMC), Portugal
| | - M Carrageta
- Institute of Preventive Cardiology, Almada, Portugal; Portuguese Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology (SPGG), Portugal
| | - S Duque
- Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal; Study Group of Geriatrics of the Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine (NEGERMI-SPMI), Portugal
| | - A Morais
- Portuguese Society of Pulmonology (SPP), Portugal; Nova Medical School, Lisbon Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Pulmonology Department, Hospital de São João, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song Y, Zheng X, Fang Y, Liu S, Liu K, Zhu J, Wu X. Current status of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in China: a 10-year comprehensive overview. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:869-897. [PMID: 37145885 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy; a disease involving the peripheral nervous system which is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. So far, it is still lack of a comprehensive overview and understanding of the national epidemiological, clinical characteristics, and the risk factors of GBS in China, as well as differences between China and other countries and regions in these respects. With the global outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an epidemiological or phenotypic association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and GBS has attracted great attention. In this review, we outlined the current clinical data of GBS in China by retrieving literature, extracting and synthesizing the data of GBS in China from 2010 to 2021. Besides, we compared the characteristics of epidemiology, preceding events and clinical profiles of GBS between China and other countries and regions. Furthermore, in addition to conventional intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasma exchange (PE) therapy, the potential therapeutic effects with novel medications in GBS, such as complement inhibitors, etc., have become the research focus in treatments. We found that epidemiological and clinical findings of GBS in China are approximately consistent with those in the International GBS Outcome Study (IGOS) cohort. We provided an overall picture of the present clinical status of GBS in China and summarized the global research progress of GBS, aiming to further understand the characteristics of GBS and improve the future work of GBS worldwide, especially in countries with the middle and low incomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Song
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zheng
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, 130021 Changchun, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, 130021 Changchun, China
| | - Shan Liu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Ziqiang Street 218, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Kangding Liu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, 130021 Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, 130021 Changchun, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1, 130021 Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lillis T, Botsis C, Fotopoulos I, Dabarakis N. Mental and Lingual Nerve Paresthesia Following Infiltration Anesthesia for Dental Implant Placement in a Patient With Guillain-Barré Syndrome. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2023; 49:389-392. [PMID: 37527150 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-22-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare rapid onset autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy, most commonly characterized by inflammatory demyelination of peripheral nerves. Patients with GBS are considered higher risk for anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity caused by demyelination. In the present report, a case is described of a 56-year-old man with GBS who experienced mental and lingual nerve paresthesia following infiltration anesthesia for dental implant placement in the posterior mandible. The pareshesia lasted 5 months postoperatively and subsided spontaneously without any intervention. The patient was successfully restored with fixed partial dental prosthesis without any other complication. This is considered the first report of such complication in patient with GBS after local anesthesia in the oral and maxillofacial region. Possible pathogenic mechanism of the complication and clinical implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Lillis
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Implantology and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charis Botsis
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Implantology and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Fotopoulos
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Implantology and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Dabarakis
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Implantology and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Acuña-Rocha VD, González-Torres LA, Gómez-Hernández CE, Martínez-Scweinfurth RA. Beyond the Ordinary: An Atypical Guillain-Barré Syndrome Case With Unique Characteristics. Cureus 2023; 15:e44008. [PMID: 37746509 PMCID: PMC10517181 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a patient with pharyngeal-cervical-brachial Guillain-Barré syndrome (PCB-GBS) that progressed to a severe state followed by a quick recovery after treatment. This unique clinical course has not been documented previously and provides a potentially invaluable description of a novel GBS variant. A 42-year-old man arrived at the emergency department with a 24-hour history of dysphagia, weakness in his right arm, and bilateral shoulder weakness. Nerve conduction velocity testing revealed bilateral sensory and motor polyneuropathy, leading to the diagnosis of GBS with the PCB variant. Timely diagnosis and plasmapheresis treatment contributed to a complete recovery of muscle strength and reflexes. In cases resembling ours, it is imperative to contemplate the existence of rare Guillain-Barré variants. This case underscores the necessity of recognizing and addressing rare Guillain-Barré variants in clinical settings with similar presentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Acuña-Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, MEX
| | - Luis A González-Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, MEX
| | - Claudia E Gómez-Hernández
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, MEX
| | - Ramon A Martínez-Scweinfurth
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, MEX
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sanchez-Boluarte SS, Aguirre-Quispe W, Tacunan-Cuellar J, Sanchez-Boluarte AN, Segura-Chavez D. Disability evaluation in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1191520. [PMID: 37483451 PMCID: PMC10356584 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1191520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Several cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been described. This study illustrated the demographic, clinical, and neurophysiological characteristics of patients with GBS and COVID-19, as well as associated factors with disability at discharge. Materials and methods A retrospective analytical observational study was conducted. It included patients diagnosed with GBS admitted in a national reference center in Peru between 2019 and 2021. Epidemiological, clinical, neurophysiological, and cerebrospinal fluid data were analyzed. A multivariate analysis, using the generalized linear model, was performed, considering the presence of disability at discharge as the dependent variable. Results Eight-one subjects diagnosed with GBS were included. The mean age was 46.8 years (SD: 15.2), with a predominance of males (61.73%). The most frequent clinical presentation was the classic sensory-motor form in 74 cases (91.36%) with AIDP (82.35%) as the most frequent neurophysiological pattern in the group with COVID-19, while AMAN pattern predominated (59.26%) in those without COVID-19 (p = <0.000). The disability prevalence ratio at discharge between subjects with COVID-19 and those without COVID-19 was 1.89 (CI 1.06-3.34), p = 0.030, adjusted for age, sex, and neurophysiological subtype. Conclusion The neurophysiologic subtype AIDP, and a higher disability were associated with the presence of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilfor Aguirre-Quispe
- Neurosciences, Clinical Effectiveness and Public Health Research Group, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Jhon Tacunan-Cuellar
- Department of Neurophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Darwin Segura-Chavez
- Department of Neurophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gupta M, Monjazeb S, Rosser T, Santoro JD, Ahsan N. A Case of Pediatric Guillain-Barré Syndrome After Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 146:129-131. [PMID: 37481934 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
We report a two-year-old girl whose progressive lower extremity weakness was masked by a respiratory presentation, only to be identified as having Guillain-Barré syndrome in the context of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. This case adds to the expanding literature of postinfectious demyelinating disorders in very young children, which seem to be unrelated to particular antigenic triggers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Gupta
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sanaz Monjazeb
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tena Rosser
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan D Santoro
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nusrat Ahsan
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McKenzie I, Tsarfati EM. Lyme radiculopathy in a septuagenarian. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e251982. [PMID: 37270176 PMCID: PMC10255208 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-251982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A man in his 70s presented to hospital in early summer with a 5-week history of progressive lower back and right thigh pain, sensory deficit and right leg weakness. There had been limited response to analgesics in the community. Primary investigations on admission revealed no cause for his symptoms. Five days into admission, history emerged of a possible tick bite with subsequent rash sustained 3 months earlier, raising the possibility of neuroborreliosis leading to radiculopathy. Cerebrospinal fluid demonstrated a lymphocytic pleocytosis. An elevated Borrelia burgdorferi antibody index confirmed a diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis. The patient was treated successfully with 28 days of intravenous ceftriaxone, analgesia and physiotherapy. Within the literature, Lyme radiculopathy is a common presentation of neuroborreliosis and should be considered and investigated in patients without radiological evidence of a mechanical cause of worsening lower back pain in settings with endemic Lyme disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shastri A, Al Aiyan A, Kishore U, Farrugia ME. Immune-Mediated Neuropathies: Pathophysiology and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7288. [PMID: 37108447 PMCID: PMC10139406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the immune system can result in damage of the peripheral nervous system. The immunological mechanisms, which include macrophage infiltration, inflammation and proliferation of Schwann cells, result in variable degrees of demyelination and axonal degeneration. Aetiology is diverse and, in some cases, may be precipitated by infection. Various animal models have contributed and helped to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms in acute and chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathies (Guillain-Barre Syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, respectively). The presence of specific anti-glycoconjugate antibodies indicates an underlying process of molecular mimicry and sometimes assists in the classification of these disorders, which often merely supports the clinical diagnosis. Now, the electrophysiological presence of conduction blocks is another important factor in characterizing another subgroup of treatable motor neuropathies (multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block), which is distinct from Lewis-Sumner syndrome (multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy) in its response to treatment modalities as well as electrophysiological features. Furthermore, paraneoplastic neuropathies are also immune-mediated and are the result of an immune reaction to tumour cells that express onconeural antigens and mimic molecules expressed on the surface of neurons. The detection of specific paraneoplastic antibodies often assists the clinician in the investigation of an underlying, sometimes specific, malignancy. This review aims to discuss the immunological and pathophysiological mechanisms that are thought to be crucial in the aetiology of dysimmune neuropathies as well as their individual electrophysiological characteristics, their laboratory features and existing treatment options. Here, we aim to present a balance of discussion from these diverse angles that may be helpful in categorizing disease and establishing prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shastri
- Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 3AX, UK
| | - Ahmad Al Aiyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria Elena Farrugia
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Goetz V, Yang DD, Abid H, Roux CJ, Levy R, Kossorotoff M, Desguerre I, Angoulvant F, Aubart M. Neurological features related to influenza virus in the pediatric population: a 3-year monocentric retrospective study. Eur J Pediatr 2023:10.1007/s00431-023-04901-9. [PMID: 36947244 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-04901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus is generally characterized by fever, myalgia, and respiratory symptoms. Neurological entities have already been described, such as acute necrotizing encephalitis (ANE). We aimed to highlight the non-exceptional nature and explore the clinical spectrum and evolution of neurological features related to influenza virus in children. This monocentric observational study included patients under 18 years old, positive for influenza virus, between January 2017 and April 2019 in a pediatric university hospital. Patients were classified into two groups: those with or without a previous significant neurological or metabolic disorder. Two hundred eighty-nine children were identified with influenza infection. Thirty seven had a neurological manifestation: 14 patients who had previous significant neurological or metabolic disorder and 23 patients with no medical history. We identified several clinical patterns: 22 patients had seizures, 7 behavior disorders, 5 disturbances of consciousness, and 3 motor deficits. Four were diagnosed with a known influenza-associated neurological syndrome: 1 ANE, 1 cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum, 1 hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsia syndrome, and 1 recurrent encephalitis in the context of a RANBP2 mutation. The neurological outcome was favorable in most cases. None of the patients with previous significant disorder retained sequalae or had a recurrence. Two patients had a fatal outcome, and both had a predisposing disorder. CONCLUSION Various neurological manifestations can be associated with influenza virus. Certain entities led to a poor prognosis, but in most cases, symptoms improved within a few days. The severity of the neurological manifestations correlated with previous neurological or metabolic disorders. WHAT IS KNOWN • Influenza viruses are well known pathogens with a seasonal epidemic evolution, particularly affecting children. These viruses cause acute fever with respiratory symptoms, associated with myalgia and headaches. Neurological presentation in influenza-virus infection is a well-established possibility as influenza virus is considered to be responsible for 27 to 36% of childhood encephalitis. Some specific and severe entity as acute necrotizing encephalitis, cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum, or Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome are well described. WHAT IS NEW • In a French monocentric cohort of 37 children with influenza-related neurologic manifestations, the majority of these manifestations, including seizure, drowsiness, motor deficiency, hallucination… are self limiting and do not lead to after-effects. In rare cases (4/37), they may reveal severe encephalitis requiring rapid and appropriate treatment. Otherwise, comparison of a group of 14 children with underlying neurological or metabolic disorder with a group of 23 children free of any significant disorder show that the severity of the neurological manifestations was largely related to previous neurological or metabolic disorders highlighting the importance of vaccination in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violette Goetz
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David-Dawei Yang
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Necker-Enfants alades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris Citém, Paris, France
| | - Hanene Abid
- Virology Laboratory, Necker-Enfants alades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris Citém, Paris, France
| | - Charles-Joris Roux
- Paediatric Radiology Department, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Levy
- Paediatric Radiology Department, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Manoelle Kossorotoff
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - François Angoulvant
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Necker-Enfants alades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris Citém, Paris, France.
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Mélodie Aubart
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- INSERM U1163 Institut HU Imagine, Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Disease, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ha J, Park S, Kang H, Kyung T, Kim N, Kim DK, Kim H, Bae K, Song MC, Lee KJ, Lee E, Hwang BS, Youn J, Seok JM, Park K. Real-world data on the incidence and risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a prospective surveillance study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3773. [PMID: 36882454 PMCID: PMC9989583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests an association between SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Nevertheless, little is understood about the contributing risk factors and clinical characteristics of GBS post SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. In this prospective surveillance study of 38,828,691 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses administered from February 2021 to March 2022 in the Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, 55 cases of GBS were reported post vaccination. We estimated the incidence rate of GBS per million doses and the incidence rate ratio for the vaccine dose, mechanism, age, and sex. Additionally, we compared the clinical characteristics of GBS following mRNA-based and viral vector-based vaccinations. The overall incidence of GBS following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was 1.42 per million doses. Viral vector-based vaccines were associated with a higher risk of GBS. Men were more likely to develop GBS than women. The third dose of vaccine was associated with a lower risk of developing GBS. Classic sensorimotor and pure motor subtypes were the predominant clinical subtypes, and demyelinating type was the predominant electrodiagnostic subtype. The initial dose of viral-vector based vaccine and later doses of mRNA-based vaccine were associated with GBS, respectively. GBS following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may not be clinically distinct. However, physicians should pay close attention to the classic presentation of GBS in men receiving an initial dose of viral vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongmok Ha
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Suyeon Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwook Kang
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Taeeun Kyung
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Namoh Kim
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyeonjoon Kim
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kihoon Bae
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Min Cheol Song
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang June Lee
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Euiho Lee
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Beom Seuk Hwang
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Youn
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea. .,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jin Myoung Seok
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Cheonan, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
| | - Kunhee Park
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Levison LS, Thomsen RW, Andersen H. Guillain-Barré syndrome following influenza vaccination: A 15-year nationwide population-based case-control study. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:3389-3394. [PMID: 35913431 PMCID: PMC9804417 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Influenza vaccination may increase the risk of developing Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) due to an elicited immune response, but the exact magnitude and duration of risk is unclear and hence the aim of this study. METHODS We conducted a retrospective nationwide population-based case-control study of prospectively collected data on all patients with first-time hospital-diagnosed GBS in Denmark between 2002 and 2016 and 10 age-, sex- and index date-matched population controls per case. The primary exposure was incident influenza vaccination 1 month prior to admission with GBS. We used medical registries to ascertain a complete hospital contact history of pre-existing morbidities. To examine duration of GBS risk, we repeated the analysis for five consecutive 1-month risk periods following vaccination. RESULTS Of the 1295 GBS cases and 12,814 controls, 20 cases (1.5%) and 119 controls (0.9%) had received an influenza vaccination within the last month, yielding a comorbidity-adjusted odds ratio of 1.9 (95% confidence interval 1.1-3.2) for GBS. Stratified analyses by calendar time, gender and age showed similar results. The increased risk of GBS was largely confined to 1 month following influenza vaccination. The population-attributable fraction of GBS from influenza vaccination in Denmark was 0.4%. CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccination was associated with a slightly elevated risk of GBS occurrence within 1 month after vaccination. However, only 1.5% of GBS cases in Denmark are associated with recent influenza vaccination. Thus, the benefit of influenza vaccines in preventing influenza infections and associated morbidity and mortality needs to be weighed against the small absolute risk of GBS.
Collapse
|
15
|
Filosto M, Cotti Piccinelli S, Gazzina S, Foresti C, Frigeni B, Servalli MC, Sessa M, Cosentino G, Marchioni E, Ravaglia S, Briani C, Castellani F, Zara G, Bianchi F, Del Carro U, Fazio R, Filippi M, Magni E, Natalini G, Palmerini F, Perotti AM, Bellomo A, Osio M, Nascimbene C, Carpo M, Rasera A, Squintani G, Doneddu PE, Bertasi V, Cotelli MS, Bertolasi L, Fabrizi GM, Ferrari S, Ranieri F, Caprioli F, Grappa E, Manganotti P, Bellavita G, Furlanis G, De Maria G, Leggio U, Poli L, Rasulo F, Latronico N, Nobile-Orazio E, Beghi E, Padovani A, Uncini A. Guillain-Barré Syndrome and COVID-19: a one-year observational multicenter study. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:3358-3367. [PMID: 35837806 PMCID: PMC9349567 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and purpose Many single cases and small series of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection were reported during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) outbreak worldwide. However, the debate regarding the possible role of infection in causing GBS is still ongoing. This multicenter study aimed to evaluate epidemiological and clinical findings of GBS diagnosed during the COVID‐19 pandemic in northeastern Italy in order to further investigate the possible association between GBS and COVID‐19. Methods Guillain–Barré syndrome cases diagnosed in 14 referral hospitals from northern Italy between March 2020 and March 2021 were collected and divided into COVID‐19‐positive and COVID‐19‐negative. As a control population, GBS patients diagnosed in the same hospitals from January 2019 to February 2020 were considered. Results The estimated incidence of GBS in 2020 was 1.41 cases per 100,000 persons/year (95% confidence interval 1.18–1.68) versus 0.89 cases per 100,000 persons/year (95% confidence interval 0.71–1.11) in 2019. The cumulative incidence of GBS increased by 59% in the period March 2020–March 2021 and, most importantly, COVID‐19‐positive GBS patients represented about 50% of the total GBS cases with most of them occurring during the two first pandemic waves in spring and autumn 2020. COVID‐19‐negative GBS cases from March 2020 to March 2021 declined by 22% compared to February 2019–February 2020. Conclusions Other than showing an increase of GBS in northern Italy in the “COVID‐19 era” compared to the previous year, this study emphasizes how GBS cases related to COVID‐19 represent a significant part of the total, thus suggesting a relation between COVID‐19 and GBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Foresti
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Barbara Frigeni
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Maria Sessa
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Marchioni
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Neurooncology and Neuroinflammation Unit, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Ravaglia
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Zara
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Eugenio Magni
- Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Natalini
- Unit of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Bellomo
- "Luigi Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Osio
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano
| | | | | | | | | | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Bertolasi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fabrizi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Ranieri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Elena Grappa
- Intensive Care Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Bellavita
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Furlanis
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ugo Leggio
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Loris Poli
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Frank Rasulo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Latronico
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonino Uncini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jacob S, Kapadia R, Soule T, Luo H, Schellenberg KL, Douville RN, Pfeffer G. Neuromuscular Complications of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections. Front Neurol 2022; 13:914411. [PMID: 35812094 PMCID: PMC9263266 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.914411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we review complications to the peripheral nervous system that occur as a consequence of viral infections, with a special focus on complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). We discuss neuromuscular complications in three broad categories; the direct consequences of viral infection, autoimmune neuromuscular disorders provoked by viral infections, and chronic neurodegenerative conditions which have been associated with viral infections. We also include discussion of neuromuscular disorders that are treated by immunomodulatory therapies, and how this affects patient susceptibility in the current context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 is associated with direct consequences to the peripheral nervous system via presumed direct viral injury (dysgeusia/anosmia, myalgias/rhabdomyolysis, and potentially mononeuritis multiplex) and autoimmunity (Guillain Barré syndrome and variants). It has important implications for people receiving immunomodulatory therapies who may be at greater risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19. Thus far, chronic post-COVID syndromes (a.k.a: long COVID) also include possible involvement of the neuromuscular system. Whether we may observe neuromuscular degenerative conditions in the longer term will be an important question to monitor in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jacob
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ronak Kapadia
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tyler Soule
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kerri L. Schellenberg
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Renée N. Douville
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Biology, Albrechtsen St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Child Health Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Gerald Pfeffer
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bijoy George T, Kainat A, Pachika PS, Arnold J. Rare occurrence of Guillain-Barré syndrome after Moderna vaccine. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:15/5/e249749. [PMID: 35534045 PMCID: PMC9086602 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-249749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A Caucasian man in his 60s with a medical history significant for ruptured left middle cerebral artery aneurysm status post clipping 2005 with residual right eye blindness and right leg weakness with gait instability presented with loss of balance, weakness of his legs and fatigue for 3 days. No other antecedent event was identified other than receiving Moderna COVID-19 vaccine 4 weeks before the presentation and 3 days before symptom onset. CT head and CT angiogram of the head and neck were performed and demonstrated no acute intracranial bleeding and no vascular abnormalities. With the findings of diffuse hyporeflexia and cerebrospinal fluid showing albumino-cytological dissociation, Guillain-Barré syndrome was high on the differentials. Electromyogram showed evidence of demyelination. He was treated with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) and was discharged to rehab with complete symptom resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tissa Bijoy George
- Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System, McKeesport, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aleesha Kainat
- Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System, McKeesport, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Arnold
- Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System, McKeesport, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Neuroimmunological diseases and their treatment compromise the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of infections and serious illness. Consequently, vaccinations to protect against infections are an important part of the clinical management of these diseases. However, the wide variety of immunotherapies that are currently used to treat neuroimmunological disease — particularly multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders — can also impair immunological responses to vaccinations. In this Review, we discuss what is known about the effects of various immunotherapies on immunological responses to vaccines and what these effects mean for the safe and effective use of vaccines in patients with a neuroimmunological disease. The success of vaccination in patients receiving immunotherapy largely depends on the specific mode of action of the immunotherapy. To minimize the risk of infection when using immunotherapy, assessment of immune status and exclusion of underlying chronic infections before initiation of therapy are essential. Selection of the required vaccinations and leaving appropriate time intervals between vaccination and administration of immunotherapy can help to safeguard patients. We also discuss the rapidly evolving knowledge of how immunotherapies affect responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and how these effects should influence the management of patients on these therapies during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this Review, the authors discuss how various immunotherapies for neuroimmunological diseases interact with vaccination responses, including responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, and the implications for the safe and effective use of vaccines in patients with these diseases. Vaccination against infection is an essential part of the management of neuroimmunological diseases. All indicated vaccinations should be administered before initiation of immunotherapy whenever possible; appropriate intervals between vaccination and treatment vary with treatment and vaccination. Inactivated vaccines are considered safe in neuroimmunological diseases but live vaccines are generally contraindicated during immunotherapy. Vaccination responses during immunotherapy can be diminished or abrogated, depending on the treatment and vaccination; antibody titre testing to monitor responses can be considered where appropriate. Vaccinations must be avoided during relapses or exacerbations of neuroimmunological diseases. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is recommended for patients with neuroimmunological disease but some immunotherapies limit the immune response; therefore, timing should be considered carefully.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hot Topics on COVID-19 and Its Possible Association with Guillain-Barré Syndrome. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ctn6010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, reports of neurological manifestations are increasing. However, despite a high number of case reports and case series on COVID-19 and Guillain-Barré-Syndrome (GBS), a causal association is still highly debated, due to the lack of case-control studies. In this opinion paper, we focus on a few clinically relevant questions regarding the possible link between GBS and SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination based on our personal clinical experience and literature review.
Collapse
|
20
|
Laman JD, Huizinga R, Boons GJ, Jacobs BC. Guillain-Barré syndrome: expanding the concept of molecular mimicry. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:296-308. [PMID: 35256276 PMCID: PMC9016725 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapidly progressive, monophasic, and potentially devastating immune-mediated neuropathy in humans. Preceding infections trigger the production of cross-reactive antibodies against gangliosides concentrated in human peripheral nerves. GBS is elicited by at least five distinct common bacterial and viral pathogens, speaking to the notion of polymicrobial disease causation. This opinion emphasizes that GBS is the best-supported example of true molecular mimicry at the B cell level. Moreover, we argue that mechanistically, single and multiplexed microbial carbohydrate epitopes induce IgM, IgA, and IgG subclasses in ways that challenge the classic concept of thymus-dependent (TD) versus thymus-independent (TI) antibody responses in GBS. Finally, we discuss how GBS can be exemplary for driving innovation in diagnostics and immunotherapy for other antibody-driven neurological diseases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim Y, Zhu Z, Kochar P, Gavigan P, Kaur D, Kumar A. A Pediatric Case of Sensory Predominant Guillain-Barré Syndrome Following COVID-19 Vaccination. Child Neurol Open 2022; 9:2329048X221074549. [PMID: 35097156 PMCID: PMC8793378 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x221074549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over six billion doses of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have been administered worldwide. Amidst the global COVID-19 vaccination campaign, vaccine-related side effects are of ongoing concern and investigation. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United States Department of Health and Human Services, three main conditions in adults have surfaced in association with receiving the COVID-19 vaccines. These include thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), a rare syndrome involving venous or arterial thrombosis and thrombocytopenia, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), and myocarditis. While a number of GBS cases in adults have been published, to our knowledge, only one pediatric case of COVID-19 vaccine-related GBS has been reported. Herein we describe a case of sensory predominant GBS following the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in a 16-year-old female presenting with bilaterally ascending upper and lower extremity numbness and paresthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunsung Kim
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zahra Zhu
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Puneet Kochar
- Department of Radiology, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Gavigan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Divpreet Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
[Pathophysiological and diagnostic aspects of Guillain-Barré syndrome]. Rev Med Interne 2022; 43:419-428. [PMID: 34998626 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most common cause of acute neuropathy. It usually onset with a rapidly progressive ascending bilateral weakness with sensory disturbances, and patients may require intensive treatment and close monitoring as about 30% have a respiratory muscle weakness and about 10% have autonomic dysfunction. The diagnosis of GBS is based on clinical history and examination. Complementary examinations are performed to rule out a differential diagnosis and to secondarily confirm the diagnosis. GBS is usually preceded by an infectious event in ≈ 2/3 of cases. Infection leads to an immune response directed against carbohydrate antigens located on the infectious agent and the formation of anti-ganglioside antibodies. By molecular mimicry, these antibodies can target structurally similar carbohydrates found on host's nerves. Their binding results in nerve conduction failure or/and demyelination which can lead to axonal loss. Some anti-ganglioside antibodies are associated with particular variants of GBS: the Miller-Fisher syndrome, facial diplegia and paresthesias, the pharyngo-cervico-brachial variant, the paraparetic variant, and the Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis. Their semiological differences might be explained by a distinct expression of gangliosides among nerves. The aim of this review is to present pathophysiological aspects and the diagnostic approach of GBS and its variants.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hughes DL, Brunn JA, Jacobs J, Todd PK, Askari FK, Fontana RJ. Guillain-Barré Syndrome After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in a Liver Transplantation Recipient With Favorable Treatment Response. Liver Transpl 2022; 28:134-137. [PMID: 34431208 PMCID: PMC8661837 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dempsey L. Hughes
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Jenna A. Brunn
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Jansen Jacobs
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Peter K. Todd
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Fredrick K. Askari
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Koike H, Chiba A, Katsuno M. Emerging Infection, Vaccination, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Review. Neurol Ther 2021; 10:523-537. [PMID: 34117994 PMCID: PMC8196284 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system that typically develops within 4 weeks after infection. In addition to conventional infectious diseases with which we are familiar, emerging infectious diseases, such as Zika virus infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have also been suggested to be associated with GBS. GBS is mainly categorized into a demyelinating subtype known as acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) and an axonal subtype known as acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN). Most patients who develop GBS after Zika virus infection or COVID-19 have AIDP. The concept of molecular mimicry between pathogens and human peripheral nerve components was established through studies of AMAN with anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies occurring after Campylobacter jejuni infection. Although such mimicry between specific pathogens and myelin or Schwann cell components has not been clearly demonstrated in AIDP, a similarity of Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2 proteins to human proteins has been suggested. With the development of global commerce and travel, emerging infectious diseases will continue to threaten public health. From this viewpoint, the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs is important to prepare for and control emerging infectious diseases. Although a decrease in the number of patients after the 2015-2016 Zika epidemic increased the difficulty in conducting phase 3 trials for Zika virus vaccines, the efficacy and safety of new vaccines have recently been demonstrated for COVID-19. In general, vaccines can decrease the risk of infectious disease by stimulating the immune system, and discussions regarding an increased risk of autoimmune disorders, such as GBS, have been ongoing for many years. However, the risk of GBS is not considered a legitimate reason to limit the administration of currently available vaccines, as only a trivial association or no association with GBS has been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Koike
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Atsuro Chiba
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Holtz B, Grimm A, Axer H. Patients' attitude towards vaccination after Guillain Barré syndrome. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e469. [PMID: 34984239 PMCID: PMC8691489 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) could be triggered by an infectious disease but by vaccination as well. Thus, suffering GBS may influence patients' attitudes towards vaccination. METHODS An anonymous questionnaire consisting of the Overall Neuropathy Limitations Score (ONLS), the short form-36 health survey (SF-36), and questions addressing patients' attitude towards vaccination was sent to members of a German GBS support group and to patients with GBS diagnosis who were treated at Jena University Hospital. RESULTS Ninety-seven questionnaires clearly stated GBS as a diagnosis and were included in the analysis. Although 19.6% of the GBS patients reported having no disability in the long-time follow-up, a considerable number of patients still had persistent neurological symptoms; 74.2% of the GBS patients reported being able to walk at least 10 m independently. However, 5.2% were restricted to wheelchair. The patients reached lower scores in all domains of quality of life compared to German controls. Moreover, patients showed a more critical attitude towards vaccination compared to a German representative survey. Fewer patients (58.8%) received a vaccination after suffering from GBS than before (77.3%). Every tenth patient believed that vaccination was the trigger for the GBS. 32% of the patients did not receive a vaccination in the last 5 years mainly because of the fear of adverse effects (32%) or disadvise of the general practitioners (25.8%). DISCUSSION Although the risk of relapse following immunization may be rather low, uncertainties and fears still impair the counseling of these patients by their medical practitioner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben‐Ole Holtz
- Department of NeurologyJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Alexander Grimm
- Department of NeurologyTuebingen University HospitalTuebingenGermany
| | - Hubertus Axer
- Department of NeurologyJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Oo WM, Giri P, de Souza A. AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and Guillain- Barré Syndrome in Tasmania: A causal link? J Neuroimmunol 2021; 360:577719. [PMID: 34560365 PMCID: PMC8447540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has presented an unprecedented global challenge. Vaccines against COVID have been developed to date. Covid-19 has been linked with the development of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), a rare immune-mediated demyelinating neuropathy. We report three cases of Guillain-Barre Syndrome and one case of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), presenting to a Tasmanian hospital, and review 15 other reported cases and discuss likely immunopathology. Nearly all reported cases of post-COVID-19 vacciation inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy are linked to AstraZeneca vaccination and a variant with bifacial weakness is the most reported form of GBS globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai M Oo
- Department of Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Tasmania, Australia; Department of Neurology, Launceston General Hospital, Tasmania, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Pradeep Giri
- Department of Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Tasmania, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Launceston General Hospital, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Aaron de Souza
- Department of Neurology, Launceston General Hospital, Tasmania, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics of variable severity pose challenges to public health. Annual vaccination is the primary way to prevent influenza, and a wide range of vaccines are available, including inactivated or live attenuated standard-dose, recombinant vaccines, as well as adjuvanted or high-dose vaccines for persons aged 65 years or older. Persons at increased risk for influenza complications include young children, persons with underlying medical conditions, and older adults. Prompt diagnosis of influenza can facilitate early initiation of antiviral treatment that provides the greatest clinical benefit. This article summarizes recommendations for providers on influenza vaccination, diagnostic testing, and antiviral treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marsh EB, Kornberg M, Kessler K, Haq I, Patel AD, Nath A, Schierman B, Jones LK. COVID-19 and Vaccination in the Setting of Neurologic Disease: An Emerging Issue in Neurology. Neurology 2021; 97:720-728. [PMID: 34326180 PMCID: PMC8575134 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has left many unanswered questions for patients with neurological disorders and the providers caring for them. Elderly and immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for severe symptoms due to COVID-19, and the virus may increase symptoms of underlying neurological illness, particularly for those with significant bulbar and respiratory weakness or other neurologic disability. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 vaccines offer substantial protection from symptomatic infection, but both patients and providers may have concerns regarding theoretical risks of vaccination, including vaccine safety and efficacy in the context of immunotherapy and the potential for precipitating or exacerbating neurological symptoms. In this statement on behalf of the Quality Committee of the AAN we review the current literature, focusing on COVID-19 infection in adults with neurological disease, in order to elucidate risks and benefits of vaccination in these individuals. Based on existing evidence, neurologists should recommend COVID-19 vaccination to their patients. For those patients being treated with immunotherapies, attention should be paid to timing of vaccination with respect to treatment and the potential for an attenuated immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin Kessler
- The University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Ihtsham Haq
- The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Goedee HS, Attarian S, Kuntzer T, Van den Bergh P, Rajabally YA. Iatrogenic immune-mediated neuropathies: diagnostic, epidemiological and mechanistic uncertainties for causality and implications for clinical practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:975-982. [PMID: 34103346 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-321663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic immune-mediated neuropathies have been widely reported with medical intervention. Although causal relationship may be uncertain in many cases, a variety of drugs, several vaccination types, surgical procedures and bone marrow transplants have been reported as possible cause or trigger of a putative immune-mediated response resulting in acute and chronic neuropathies. We conducted a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 2020 on reported cases of possible iatrogenic immune-mediated neuropathies. We determined in each case the likelihood of causality based on frequency of the association, focusing primarily on clinical presentation and disease course as well as available ancillary investigations (electrophysiology, blood and cerebrospinal fluid and neuropathology). The response to immunotherapy and issue of re-exposure were also evaluated. We also considered hypothesised mechanisms of onset of immune-mediated neuropathy in the specific iatrogenic context. We believe that a likely causal relationship exists for only few drugs, mainly antitumour necrosis factor alpha agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, but remains largely unsubstantiated for most other suggested iatrogenic causes. Unfortunately, given the lack of an accurate diagnostic biomarker for most immune-mediated neuropathies, clinical assessment will often override ancillary investigations, resulting in lower levels of certainty that may continue to cast serious doubts on reliability of their diagnosis. Consequently, future reports of suspected cases should collect and exhaustively assess all relevant data. At the current time, besides lack of evidence for causality, the practical implications on management of suspected cases is extremely limited and therapeutic decisions appear likely no different to those made in non-iatrogenic cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Stephan Goedee
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thierry Kuntzer
- Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Van den Bergh
- Centre de Référence Neuromusculaire, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yusuf A Rajabally
- Inflammatory Neuropathy Clinic, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK .,Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the clinical features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, prognosis, pathogenesis, and current and upcoming treatments of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). RECENT FINDINGS GBS is an acute inflammatory neuropathic illness with striking clinical manifestations and significant morbidity. A substantial proportion of patients with GBS do not respond to current immunomodulatory therapies (ie, plasma exchange and IV immunoglobulin [IVIg]), highlighting the need for new therapies. Prognostic models that can accurately predict functional recovery and the need for artificial ventilation have emerged. These models are practical, and online calculators are available for clinical use, facilitating early recognition of patients with poor outcome and the opportunity to personalize management decisions. Clinical and experimental studies have identified innate immune effectors (complement, macrophage lineage cells, and activating Fcγ receptors) as important mediators of inflammatory nerve injury. Two complement inhibitors are undergoing clinical testing for efficacy in GBS. SUMMARY GBS is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis in the United States and worldwide. New treatments for GBS have not emerged since the 1990s. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder has progressed, particularly over the past decade; as a result, new therapeutic agents targeting different components of the complement cascade are at advanced stages of clinical development.
Collapse
|
31
|
Haidary AM, Noor S, Hamed E, Baryali T, Rahmani S, Ahmad M, Erfani F, Azimi H, Habib HUR, Tahiri GA, Saadaat R, Ibrahimkhil AS, Esmat E, Malakzai HA. Acute motor-sensory axonal polyneuropathy variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome complicating the recovery phase of coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:379. [PMID: 34271989 PMCID: PMC8283095 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The novel coronavirus, since its first identification in China, in December 2019, has shown remarkable heterogeneity in its clinical behavior. It has affected humans on every continent. Clinically, it has affected every organ system. The outcome has also been variable, with most of the older patients showing grave outcomes as compared with the younger individuals. Here we present a rare and severe variant of Guillain–Barre syndrome that complicated the disease in recovery phase. Case presentation A 60-year-old Afghan man, who had been recovering from symptoms related to novel coronavirus associated disease, presented with sudden onset of progressive muscle weakness and oxygen desaturation. Electrophysiological workup confirmed the diagnosis of Guillain–Barre syndrome, and early institution of intravenous immunoglobulin resulted in complete resolution. Conclusion Guillain–Barre syndrome has recently been reported in many patients diagnosed with novel coronavirus associated disease. While clinical suspicion is mandatory to guide towards an effective diagnostic workup, early diagnosis of this complication and timely institution of therapeutic interventions are indispensable and lifesaving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Maseh Haidary
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, French medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan.
| | - Sarah Noor
- Department of Medicine, Jumhoriat Hospital, Afghan Ministry of Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Esmatullah Hamed
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Tawab Baryali
- Department of Quality, French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Soma Rahmani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, French medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Maryam Ahmad
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, French medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Farahnaz Erfani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, French medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Hashmatullah Azimi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, French medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Habib Ul Rahman Habib
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Gul Ahmad Tahiri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Ramin Saadaat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, French medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Abdul Sami Ibrahimkhil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, French medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Esmatullah Esmat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, French medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Haider Ali Malakzai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, French medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Johansson A, Mohamed MS, Moulin TC, Schiöth HB. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: A comprehensive literature review and discussion of mechanisms. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577658. [PMID: 34304141 PMCID: PMC8272134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several neurological symptoms and complications have been described in association with COVID-19, such as anosmia, ageusia, encephalitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Here, we review the literature describing SARS-CoV-2-induced neurological manifestations and provide a comprehensive discussion of proposed mechanisms underlying the neurological pathophysiology. First, we analyse the neuroinvasiveness potential of the coronavirus family based on previous SARS-CoV-1 studies. Then, we describe the current evidence on COVID-19-induced nervous tissue damage, including processes behind brain vasculopathy and cytokine storm. We also discuss in detail anosmia and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Finally, we provide a summarised timeline of the main findings in the field. Future perspectives are presented, and suggestions of further investigations to clarify how SARS-COV-2 can affect the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Johansson
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohamed S Mohamed
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thiago C Moulin
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Filosto M, Cotti Piccinelli S, Gazzina S, Foresti C, Frigeni B, Servalli MC, Sessa M, Cosentino G, Marchioni E, Ravaglia S, Briani C, Castellani F, Zara G, Bianchi F, Del Carro U, Fazio R, Filippi M, Magni E, Natalini G, Palmerini F, Perotti AM, Bellomo A, Osio M, Scopelliti G, Carpo M, Rasera A, Squintani G, Doneddu PE, Bertasi V, Cotelli MS, Bertolasi L, Fabrizi GM, Ferrari S, Ranieri F, Caprioli F, Grappa E, Broglio L, De Maria G, Leggio U, Poli L, Rasulo F, Latronico N, Nobile-Orazio E, Padovani A, Uncini A. Guillain-Barré syndrome and COVID-19: an observational multicentre study from two Italian hotspot regions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:751-756. [PMID: 33158914 PMCID: PMC7650204 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Single cases and small series of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) have been reported during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak worldwide. We evaluated incidence and clinical features of GBS in a cohort of patients from two regions of northern Italy with the highest number of patients with COVID-19. METHODS GBS cases diagnosed in 12 referral hospitals from Lombardy and Veneto in March and April 2020 were retrospectively collected. As a control population, GBS diagnosed in March and April 2019 in the same hospitals were considered. RESULTS Incidence of GBS in March and April 2020 was 0.202/100 000/month (estimated rate 2.43/100 000/year) vs 0.077/100 000/month (estimated rate 0.93/100 000/year) in the same months of 2019 with a 2.6-fold increase. Estimated incidence of GBS in COVID-19-positive patients was 47.9/100 000 and in the COVID-19-positive hospitalised patients was 236/100 000. COVID-19-positive patients with GBS, when compared with COVID-19-negative subjects, showed lower MRC sum score (26.3±18.3 vs 41.4±14.8, p=0.006), higher frequency of demyelinating subtype (76.6% vs 35.3%, p=0.011), more frequent low blood pressure (50% vs 11.8%, p=0.017) and higher rate of admission to intensive care unit (66.6% vs 17.6%, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS This study shows an increased incidence of GBS during the COVID-19 outbreak in northern Italy, supporting a pathogenic link. COVID-19-associated GBS is predominantly demyelinating and seems to be more severe than non-COVID-19 GBS, although it is likely that in some patients the systemic impairment due to COVID-19 might have contributed to the severity of the whole clinical picture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Foresti
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Barbara Frigeni
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Maria Sessa
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Marchioni
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Neurooncology and Neuroinflammation Unit, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Ravaglia
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Zara
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute SanRaffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute SanRaffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute SanRaffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute SanRaffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Eugenio Magni
- Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Natalini
- Unit of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Bellomo
- ''Luigi Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Osio
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scopelliti
- ''Luigi Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine,Milan University, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Bertolasi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fabrizi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Ranieri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Elena Grappa
- Intensive Care Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Laura Broglio
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Ugo Leggio
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Loris Poli
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Frank Rasulo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, ASST Spedali Civili;Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health,University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Latronico
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, ASST Spedali Civili;Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health,University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine,Milan University, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonino Uncini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Manganotti P, Bellavita G, Tommasini V, D Acunto L, Fabris M, Cecotti L, Furlanis G, Sartori A, Bonzi L, Buoite Stella A, Pesavento V. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum interleukins 6 and 8 during the acute and recovery phase in COVID-19 neuropathy patients. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5432-5437. [PMID: 33951196 PMCID: PMC8242417 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This case series describes three patients affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, who developed polyradiculoneuritis as a probable neurological complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A diagnosis of Guillain Barré syndrome was made on the basis of clinical symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and electroneurography. In all of them, the therapeutic approach included the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 gr/kg for 5 days), which resulted in the improvement of neurological symptoms. Clinical neurophysiology revealed the presence of conduction block, absence of F waves, and in two cases, a significant decrease in amplitude of compound motor action potential cMAP. Due to the potential role of inflammation on symptoms development and prognosis, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 levels were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid during the acute phase, while only serum was tested after recovery. Both IL-6 and IL-8 were found increased during the acute phase, both in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid, whereas 4 months after admission (at complete recovery), only IL-8 remained elevated in the serum. These results confirm the inflammatory response that might be linked to peripheral nervous system complications and encourage the use of IL-6 and IL-8 as prognostic biomarkers in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Manganotti
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Bellavita
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Tommasini
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura D Acunto
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Fabris
- Lab. Malattie Autoimmuni, SOC Istituto di Patologia Clinica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Cecotti
- Rehabilitation Unit of Severe cerebrovascular lesion, Gervasutta Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanni Furlanis
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Arianna Sartori
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucia Bonzi
- Rehabilitation Unit, Maggiore City Hospital Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, ASUGI, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alex Buoite Stella
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Pesavento
- Rehabilitation Unit, Maggiore City Hospital Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, ASUGI, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Grisanti SG, Franciotta D, Garnero M, Zuppa A, Massa F, Mobilia EM, Pesce G, Schenone A, Benedetti L. A case series of parainfectious Guillain-Barré syndrome linked to influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 357:577605. [PMID: 34058509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy characterized by a typical post-infectious profile. Some post-Zika virus and post-severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 GBS cases have been reported to occur with very short intervals between the infection and GBS onset. Evaluating 161 GBS patients consecutively admitted to two Italian Regional Hospitals between 2003 and 2019, we found that the only three with an antecedent influenza A (H1N1) virus infection developed GBS within an interval of less than 10 days from the influenza illness. The two of them with a demyelinating subtype promptly recovered without therapy. Overall, the parainfectious cases add heterogeneity to the GBS category, warranting pathogenetic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giuseppe Grisanti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI, Department of Excellence of the Italian Ministry of University and Research), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Diego Franciotta
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI, Department of Excellence of the Italian Ministry of University and Research), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Autoimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Angela Zuppa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI, Department of Excellence of the Italian Ministry of University and Research), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Massa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI, Department of Excellence of the Italian Ministry of University and Research), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Giampaola Pesce
- Autoimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI, Department of Excellence of the Italian Ministry of University and Research), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Javanian M, Barary M, Ghebrehewet S, Koppolu V, Vasigala V, Ebrahimpour S. A brief review of influenza virus infection. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4638-4646. [PMID: 33792930 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is an acute viral respiratory infection that affects all age groups and is associated with high mortality during pandemics, epidemics, and sporadic outbreaks. Nearly 10% of the world's population is affected by influenza annually, with about half a million deaths each year. Influenza vaccination is the most effective method for preventing influenza infection and its complications. The influenza vaccine's efficacy varies each season based on the circulating influenza strains and vaccine uptake rates. Currently, three antiviral drugs targeting the influenza virus surface glycoprotein neuraminidase are available for treatment and prophylaxis of disease. Given the significant burden of influenza infection globally, this review is focused on the latest findings in the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Javanian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barary
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sam Ghebrehewet
- Cheshire and Merseyside Health Protection Team, Public Health England North West, Liverpool, UK
| | - Veerendra Koppolu
- Scientist, Department of Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune/AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | - VeneelaKrishnaRekha Vasigala
- Department of General Medicine, Rangaraya Medical College, NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Molecules Induced by Respiratory Virus Infections to Neurological Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040340. [PMID: 33917837 PMCID: PMC8068239 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobehavioral alterations and cognitive impairment are common phenomena that represent neuropsychiatric disorders and can be triggered by an exacerbated immune response against pathogens, brain injury, or autoimmune diseases. Pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, are produced in the brain by resident cells, mainly by microglia and astrocytes. Brain infiltrating immune cells constitutes another source of these molecules, contributing to an impaired neurological synapse function, affecting typical neurobehavioral and cognitive performance. Currently, there is increasing evidence supporting the notion that behavioral alterations and cognitive impairment can be associated with respiratory viral infections, such as human respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, and SARS-COV-2, which are responsible for endemic, epidemic, or pandemic outbreak mainly in the winter season. This article will review the brain′s pro-inflammatory response due to infection by three highly contagious respiratory viruses that are the leading cause of acute respiratory illness, morbidity, and mobility in infants, immunocompromised and elderly population. How these respiratory viral pathogens induce increased secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and their relationship with the alterations at a behavioral and cognitive level will be discussed.
Collapse
|
38
|
Shahrizaila N, Lehmann HC, Kuwabara S. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 2021; 397:1214-1228. [PMID: 33647239 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. Most patients present with an antecedent illness, most commonly upper respiratory tract infection, before the onset of progressive motor weakness. Several microorganisms have been associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome, most notably Campylobacter jejuni, Zika virus, and in 2020, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In C jejuni-related Guillain-Barré syndrome, there is good evidence to support an autoantibody-mediated immune process that is triggered by molecular mimicry between structural components of peripheral nerves and the microorganism. Making a diagnosis of so-called classical Guillain-Barré syndrome is straightforward; however, the existing diagnostic criteria have limitations and can result in some variants of the syndrome being missed. Most patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome do well with immunotherapy, but a substantial proportion are left with disability, and death can occur. Results from the International Guillain-Barré Syndrome Outcome Study suggest that geographical variations exist in Guillain-Barré syndrome, including insufficient access to immunotherapy in low-income countries. There is a need to provide improved access to treatment for all patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome, and to develop effective disease-modifying therapies that can limit the extent of nerve injury. Clinical trials are currently underway to investigate some of the potential therapeutic candidates, including complement inhibitors, which, together with emerging data from large international collaborative studies on the syndrome, will contribute substantially to understanding the many facets of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nortina Shahrizaila
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lehmann HC, Schoser B, Wunderlich G, Berlit P, Fink GR. [Neuromuscular complications of SARS-CoV-2 infections-Part 1: peripheral nerves]. DER NERVENARZT 2021; 92:540-547. [PMID: 33770191 PMCID: PMC7994351 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-021-01094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent months various disorders and diseases of the peripheral nerves (including cranial nerves) and the musculature have been described in association with the pulmonary disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the first part of our review the current knowledge about a potential association of a SARS-CoV‑2 infection with dysfunction and diseases of cranial and peripheral nerves is discussed. Anosmia, ageusia, motor cranial nerve involvement and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) were described in a temporal association with a SARS-CoV‑2 infection. Several studies could show that anosmia and ageusia were frequent symptoms of a SARS-CoV‑2 infection. In contrast the failure of other cranial nerves has so far only been sporadically described. A number of case reports and case series indicate a causal association between a SARS-CoV‑2 infection and GBS but epidemiological evidence is still lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmar C Lehmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland.
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- LMU Klinikum, Friedrich-Baur-Institut, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Gilbert Wunderlich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland
- Zentrum für Seltene Erkrankungen, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Peter Berlit
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN), Reinhardtstr. 27C, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute autoimmune neuropathy that can cause motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Although GBS primarily is a neuropathic disorder, multiple organ systems can be affected during the disease course, and older patients may be more vulnerable to systemic complications. Close clinical monitoring and early interventions using pharmacologic and nonpharmacological treatments may lead to an improved long-term outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kwan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 1D45, MSC 1140, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Suur Biliciler
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street MSE#466, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Keddie S, Pakpoor J, Mousele C, Pipis M, Machado PM, Foster M, Record CJ, Keh RYS, Fehmi J, Paterson RW, Bharambe V, Clayton LM, Allen C, Price O, Wall J, Kiss-Csenki A, Rathnasabapathi DP, Geraldes R, Yermakova T, King-Robson J, Zosmer M, Rajakulendran S, Sumaria S, Farmer SF, Nortley R, Marshall CR, Newman EJ, Nirmalananthan N, Kumar G, Pinto AA, Holt J, Lavin TM, Brennan KM, Zandi MS, Jayaseelan DL, Pritchard J, Hadden RDM, Manji H, Willison HJ, Rinaldi S, Carr AS, Lunn MP. Epidemiological and cohort study finds no association between COVID-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Brain 2021; 144:682-693. [PMID: 33313649 PMCID: PMC7799186 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) have emerged during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This epidemiological and cohort study sought to investigate any causative association between COVID-19 infection and GBS. The epidemiology of GBS cases reported to the UK National Immunoglobulin Database was studied from 2016 to 2019 and compared to cases reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were stratified by hospital trust and region, with numbers of reported cases per month. UK population data for COVID-19 infection were collated from UK public health bodies. In parallel, but separately, members of the British Peripheral Nerve Society prospectively reported incident cases of GBS during the pandemic at their hospitals to a central register. The clinical features, investigation findings and outcomes of COVID-19 (definite or probable) and non-COVID-19 associated GBS cases in his cohort were compared. The incidence of GBS treated in UK hospitals from 2016 to 2019 was 1.65–1.88 per 100 000 individuals per year. In 2020, GBS and COVID-19 incidences varied between regions and did not correlate with one another (r = 0.06, 95% confidence interval: −0.56 to 0.63, P = 0.86). GBS incidence fell between March and May 2020 compared to the same months of 2016–19. In an independent cohort study, 47 GBS cases were reported (COVID-19 status: 13 definite, 12 probable, 22 non-COVID-19). There were no significant differences in the pattern of weakness, time to nadir, neurophysiology, CSF findings or outcome between these groups. Intubation was more frequent in the COVID-19 affected cohort (7/13, 54% versus 5/22, 23% in COVID-19-negative) likely related to COVID-19 pulmonary involvement. Although it is not possible to entirely rule out the possibility of a link this study finds no epidemiological or phenotypic clues of SARS-CoV-2 being causative of GBS. GBS incidence has fallen during the pandemic, which may be the influence of lockdown measures reducing transmission of GBS inducing pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni and respiratory viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Keddie
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Christina Mousele
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Menelaos Pipis
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Pedro M Machado
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Foster
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Ryan Y S Keh
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Janev Fehmi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ross W Paterson
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, UK
| | - Viraj Bharambe
- The Walton Centre National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Olivia Price
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospital Trust, Basildon, UK
| | - Jasmine Wall
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | | | - Ruth Geraldes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | - Maya Zosmer
- North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sanjeev Rajakulendran
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sheetal Sumaria
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon F Farmer
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ross Nortley
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ashwin A Pinto
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - James Holt
- The Walton Centre National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tim M Lavin
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Michael S Zandi
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dipa L Jayaseelan
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, UK
| | | | | | - Hadi Manji
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Simon Rinaldi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aisling S Carr
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael P Lunn
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Živković SA, Gruener G, Narayanaswami P. Doctor-Should I get the COVID-19 vaccine? Infection and immunization in individuals with neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve 2021; 63:294-303. [PMID: 33471383 PMCID: PMC8013955 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clinical course of neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) can be affected by infections, both in immunocompetent individuals, and in those with reduced immunocompetence due to immunosuppressive/immunomodulating therapies. Infections and immunizations may also trigger NMDs. There is a potential for reduced efficacy of immunizations in patients with reduced immunocompetence. The recent vaccination program for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) raises several questions regarding the safety and efficacy of this vaccine in individuals with NMDs. In this Practice Topic article, we address the role of vaccine-preventable infections in NMDs and the safety and efficacy of immunization in individuals with NMDs, with emphasis on vaccination against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha A. Živković
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Gregory Gruener
- Department of Neurology, Stritch School of MedicineLoyola UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Pushpa Narayanaswami
- Department of NeurologyHarvard Medical School/Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lighting Strikes Twice: Recurrent Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) after Influenza Vaccination. Case Rep Neurol Med 2021; 2021:6690643. [PMID: 33614175 PMCID: PMC7875645 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6690643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare acute demyelinating syndrome of the peripheral nervous system that is commonly preceded by infection. Vaccinations have also been associated with an increased incidence of GBS, though the risk is low. Caution with revaccination is recommended in patients with a history of GBS. Risks of revaccination compared with the risks of influenza complications should be considered. Patients who experience GBS after vaccination have not been shown to have an increased incidence of recurrent GBS after the influenza vaccine, though evidence is limited. We report a case of recurrent GBS in a patient following the influenza vaccine.
Collapse
|
44
|
McEntire CRS, Song KW, McInnis RP, Rhee JY, Young M, Williams E, Wibecan LL, Nolan N, Nagy AM, Gluckstein J, Mukerji SS, Mateen FJ. Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization's List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases. Front Neurol 2021; 12:634827. [PMID: 33692745 PMCID: PMC7937722 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.634827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) monitors the spread of diseases globally and maintains a list of diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. Currently listed diseases include Chikungunya, cholera, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Hendra virus infection, influenza, Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease, Neisseria meningitis, MERS-CoV, monkeypox, Nipah virus infection, novel coronavirus (COVID-19), plague, Rift Valley fever, SARS, smallpox, tularemia, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease. The associated pathogens are increasingly important on the global stage. The majority of these diseases have neurological manifestations. Those with less frequent neurological manifestations may also have important consequences. This is highlighted now in particular through the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and reinforces that pathogens with the potential to spread rapidly and widely, in spite of concerted global efforts, may affect the nervous system. We searched the scientific literature, dating from 1934 to August 2020, to compile data on the cause, epidemiology, clinical presentation, neuroimaging features, and treatment of each of the diseases of epidemic or pandemic potential as viewed through a neurologist's lens. We included articles with an abstract or full text in English in this topical and scoping review. Diseases with epidemic and pandemic potential can be spread directly from human to human, animal to human, via mosquitoes or other insects, or via environmental contamination. Manifestations include central neurologic conditions (meningitis, encephalitis, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, seizures), peripheral and cranial nerve syndromes (sensory neuropathy, sensorineural hearing loss, ophthalmoplegia), post-infectious syndromes (acute inflammatory polyneuropathy), and congenital syndromes (fetal microcephaly), among others. Some diseases have not been well-characterized from a neurological standpoint, but all have at least scattered case reports of neurological features. Some of the diseases have curative treatments available while in other cases, supportive care remains the only management option. Regardless of the pathogen, prompt, and aggressive measures to control the spread of these agents are the most important factors in lowering the overall morbidity and mortality they can cause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R. S. McEntire
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kun-Wei Song
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert P. McInnis
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John Y. Rhee
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Young
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erika Williams
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leah L. Wibecan
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Pediatric Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Neal Nolan
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amanda M. Nagy
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Pediatric Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Gluckstein
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shibani S. Mukerji
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Farrah J. Mateen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yoon HH, Park JY, Kim SY, Lee NM, Yi DY, Yun SW, Lim IS, Chae SA. Epidemiology of Demyelinating Diseases in Korean Pediatric Patients. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:141-147. [PMID: 32988277 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820959543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of demyelinating diseases in the Korean pediatric population has not been reported to date. This study aimed to identify the epidemiology of demyelinating diseases in Korean children by using big data. The subjects were children (0-17 years old) diagnosed with acute-disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and Guillain-Barré syndrome enrolled in the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) from January 2010 to December 2017.Of 1722 enrolled children, 553 (32.1%) had acute-disseminated encephalomyelitis, 170 (9.9%) had multiple sclerosis, 68 (3.9%) had neuromyelitis optica, and 931 (54.1%) had Guillain-Barré syndrome. The male-female ratios were 1.47:1 in acute-disseminated encephalomyelitis, 1.43:1 in Guillain-Barré syndrome, 1:1.66 in multiple sclerosis, and 1:1.62 in neuromyelitis optica. Demyelinating diseases were most prevalent in summer. The prevalence differed by region, with 545 (31.6%) in Seoul and 298 (17.3%) in Gyeonggi. This study is the first to identify the incidence of demyelinating diseases in South Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Hyun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, 65542Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, 65542Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, 65542Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Mi Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, 65542Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Yong Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, 65542Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Weon Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, 65542Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Seok Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, 65542Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Ahn Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, 65542Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen J, Ma JX, Zuo CH, Zhang Q, Chen HT, Ma XL. Severe Guillain-Barré syndrome after surgery for multiple fractures: a rare case report with a 5-year follow-up and a brief review of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:8. [PMID: 33397348 PMCID: PMC7781168 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most common and serious acute paralytic neuropathy and is usually caused by infection. It is thought to be the result of an aberrant response of the immune system. To our knowledge, GBS, especially severe GBS, after orthopaedic surgery has rarely been reported. Case presentation We herein report the case of a 58-year-old man who developed quadriplegia and respiratory failure on the 6th day after surgery for multiple fractures. The patient had no symptoms of respiratory or gastrointestinal tract infection within 4 weeks before the onset. The white blood cell count was normal, and there was no redness, swelling, heat or pain in the surgical incision. Brain, cervical and thoracic magnetic resonance imaging were normal, albuminocytological dissociation was found on cerebrospinal fluid examination, and electrophysiological examination showed that sensory and motor nerve evoked potentials could not be elicited. A diagnosis of post-traumatic GBS was made, and the patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange, as well as supportive care and rehabilitation exercise. The length of stay was 18 months, and the in-hospital-related costs amounted to $127,171. At the last follow-up, the patient had recovered only grade 3 power in the upper limbs and grade 2 power in the lower limbs. Conclusions Severe GBS is a rare complication after orthopaedic surgery. When progressive weakness occurs in trauma patients, the possibility of GBS should be considered, and cerebrospinal fluid and electrophysiological examinations should be performed in a timely manner. For patients with severe GBS after trauma, the treatment costs may be high, and the prognosis may be poor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Xuancheng City, Xuancheng, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Ma
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cai-Hong Zuo
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Xuancheng City, Xuancheng, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Xuancheng City, Xuancheng, China
| | - Heng-Ting Chen
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Long Ma
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Asthana P, Zhang G, Sheikh KA, Him Eddie Ma C. Heat shock protein is a key therapeutic target for nerve repair in autoimmune peripheral neuropathy and severe peripheral nerve injury. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:48-64. [PMID: 32858161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune peripheral neuropathy and a common cause of neuromuscular paralysis. Preceding infection induces the production of anti-ganglioside (GD) antibodies attacking its own peripheral nerves. In severe proximal peripheral nerve injuries that require long-distance axon regeneration, motor functional recovery is virtually nonexistent. Damaged axons fail to regrow and reinnervate target muscles. In mice, regenerating axons must reach the target muscle within 35 days (critical period) to reform functional neuromuscular junctions and regain motor function. Successful functional recovery depends on the rate of axon regeneration and debris removal (Wallerian degeneration) after nerve injury. The innate-immune response of the peripheral nervous system to nerve injury such as timing and magnitude of cytokine production is crucial for Wallerian degeneration. In the current study, forced expression of human heat shock protein (hHsp) 27 completely reversed anti-GD-induced inhibitory effects on nerve repair assessed by animal behavioral assays, electrophysiology and histology studies, and the beneficial effect was validated in a second mouse line of hHsp27. The protective effect of hHsp27 on prolonged muscle denervation was examined by performing repeated sciatic nerve crushes to delay regenerating axons from reaching distal muscle from 37 days up to 55 days. Strikingly, hHsp27 was able to extend the critical period of motor functional recovery for up to 55 days and preserve the integrity of axons and mitochondria in distal nerves. Cytokine array analysis demonstrated that a number of key cytokines which are heavily involved in the early phase of innate-immune response of Wallerian degeneration, were found to be upregulated in the sciatic nerve lysates of hHsp27 Tg mice at 1 day postinjury. However, persistent hyperinflammatory mediator changes were found after chronic denervation in sciatic nerves of littermate mice, but remained unchanged in hHsp27 Tg mice. Taken together, the current study provides insight into the development of therapeutic strategies to enhance muscle receptiveness (reinnervation) by accelerating axon regeneration and Wallerian degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Asthana
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Kazim A Sheikh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vitner EB. The role of brain innate immune response in lysosomal storage disorders: fundamental process or evolutionary side effect? FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3619-3631. [PMID: 33131047 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are diseases caused by mutations in genes responsible for sphingolipid degradation and thereby lead to sphingolipid accumulation. Most sphingolipidoses have a neurodegenerative manifestation characterized by innate immune activation in the brain. However, the role of the immune response in disease progression is ill-understood. In contrast to infectious diseases, immune activation is unable to eliminate the offending agent in sphingolipidoses resulting in ineffective, chronic inflammation. This paradox begs two fundamental questions: Why has this immune response evolved in sphingolipidoses? What role does it play in disease progression? Here, starting from the observation that sphingolipids (SLs) are elevated also in infectious diseases, I discuss the possibility that the activation of the brain immune response by SLs has evolved as a part of the immune response against pathogens and plays no major role in sphingolipidoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Huang Y, Luo C, Jiang Y, Du J, Tao C, Chen Y, Hao Y. Bayesian Network to Predict the Risk of Post Influenza Vaccination Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Development and Validation Study (Preprint). JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 8:e25658. [PMID: 35333192 PMCID: PMC8994148 DOI: 10.2196/25658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying the key factors of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and predicting its occurrence are vital for improving the prognosis of patients with GBS. However, there are scarcely any publications on a forewarning model of GBS. A Bayesian network (BN) model, which is known to be an accurate, interpretable, and interaction-sensitive graph model in many similar domains, is worth trying in GBS risk prediction. Objective The aim of this study is to determine the most significant factors of GBS and further develop and validate a BN model for predicting GBS risk. Methods Large-scale influenza vaccine postmarketing surveillance data, including 79,165 US (obtained from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System between 1990 and 2017) and 12,495 European (obtained from the EudraVigilance system between 2003 and 2016) adverse events (AEs) reports, were extracted for model development and validation. GBS, age, gender, and the top 50 prevalent AEs were included for initial BN construction using the R package bnlearn. Results Age, gender, and 10 AEs were identified as the most significant factors of GBS. The posttest probability of GBS suggested that male vaccinees aged 50-64 years and without erythema should be on the alert or be warned by clinicians about an increased risk of GBS, especially when they also experience symptoms of asthenia, hypesthesia, muscular weakness, or paresthesia. The established BN model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.866 (95% CI 0.865-0.867), sensitivity of 0.752 (95% CI 0.749-0.756), specificity of 0.882 (95% CI 0.879-0.885), and accuracy of 0.882 (95% CI 0.879-0.884) for predicting GBS risk during the internal validation and obtained values of 0.829, 0.673, 0.854, and 0.843 for area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, respectively, during the external validation. Conclusions The findings of this study illustrated that a BN model can effectively identify the most significant factors of GBS, improve understanding of the complex interactions among different postvaccination symptoms through its graphical representation, and accurately predict the risk of GBS. The established BN model could further assist clinical decision-making by providing an estimated risk of GBS for a specific vaccinee or be developed into an open-access platform for vaccinees’ self-monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- Department of Medical Statistics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongliang Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingcheng Du
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cui Tao
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuantao Hao
- Department of Medical Statistics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Blackburn KM, Wang C. Post-infectious neurological disorders. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2020; 13:1756286420952901. [PMID: 32944082 PMCID: PMC7466892 DOI: 10.1177/1756286420952901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A multitude of environmental factors can result in breakdown of immune tolerance in susceptible hosts. Infectious pathogens are among the most important environmental triggers in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Certain autoimmune disorders have a strong association with specific infections. Several neurological autoimmune disorders are thought to occur through post-infectious mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the proposed mechanisms underlying pathogen-induced autoimmunity, and highlight the clinical presentation and treatment of several post-infectious autoimmune neurological disorders. We also highlight post-infectious neurological disorders in the setting of recent outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Blackburn
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cynthia Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|