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Hidalgo-Gutierrez A, Shintaku J, Ramon J, Barriocanal-Casado E, Pesini A, Saneto RP, Garrabou G, Milisenda JC, Matas-Garcia A, Gort L, Ugarteburu O, Gu Y, Koganti L, Wang T, Tadesse S, Meneri M, Sciacco M, Wang S, Tanji K, Horwitz MS, Dorschner MO, Mansukhani M, Comi GP, Ronchi D, Marti R, Ribes A, Tort F, Hirano M. Guanylate Kinase 1 Deficiency: A Novel and Potentially Treatable Mitochondrial DNA Depletion/Deletions Disease. Ann Neurol 2024. [PMID: 39230499 DOI: 10.1002/ana.27071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion/deletions syndrome (MDDS) comprises a group of diseases caused by primary autosomal defects of mtDNA maintenance. Our objective was to study the etiology of MDDS in 4 patients who lack pathogenic variants in known genetic causes. METHODS Whole exome sequencing of the probands was performed to identify pathogenic variants. We validated the mitochondrial defect by analyzing mtDNA, mitochondrial dNTP pools, respiratory chain activities, and GUK1 activity. To confirm pathogenicity of GUK1 deficiency, we expressed 2 GUK1 isoforms in patient cells. RESULTS We identified biallelic GUK1 pathogenic variants in all 4 probands who presented with ptosis, ophthalmoparesis, and myopathic proximal limb weakness, as well as variable hepatopathy and altered T-lymphocyte profiles. Muscle biopsies from all probands showed mtDNA depletion, deletions, or both, as well as reduced activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes. GUK1 encodes guanylate kinase, originally identified as a cytosolic enzyme. Long and short isoforms of GUK1 exist. We observed that the long isoform is intramitochondrial and the short is cytosolic. In probands' fibroblasts, we noted decreased GUK1 activity causing unbalanced mitochondrial dNTP pools and mtDNA depletion in both replicating and quiescent fibroblasts indicating that GUK1 deficiency impairs de novo and salvage nucleotide pathways. Proband fibroblasts treated with deoxyguanosine and/or forodesine, a purine phosphatase inhibitor, ameliorated mtDNA depletion, indicating potential pharmacological therapies. INTERPRETATION Primary GUK1 deficiency is a new and potentially treatable cause of MDDS. The cytosolic isoform of GUK1 may contribute to the T-lymphocyte abnormality, which has not been observed in other MDDS disorders. ANN NEUROL 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Shintaku
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Javier Ramon
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alba Pesini
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Gloria Garrabou
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscle Disorder's Lab, Cellex - IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science - University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Cesar Milisenda
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscle Disorder's Lab, Cellex - IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science - University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Matas-Garcia
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscle Disorder's Lab, Cellex - IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science - University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Gort
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olatz Ugarteburu
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Lahari Koganti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Saba Tadesse
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Megi Meneri
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Sciacco
- IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Kurenai Tanji
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Marshall S Horwitz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael O Dorschner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mahesh Mansukhani
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Ronchi
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Ramon Marti
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Ribes
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Tort
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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Chen YJ, Li HF, Zhao FR, Yu M, Pan SY, Sun WZ, Yin YY, Zhu TT. Spermidine attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats by inhibiting purine metabolism and polyamine synthesis-associated vascular remodeling. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111946. [PMID: 38552292 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring the homeostatic integrity of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) is essential for combatting pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), as it equips the cells to withstand microenvironmental challenges. Spermidine (SPD), a potent facilitator of autophagy, has been identified as a significant contributor to PAECs function and survival. Despite SPD's observed benefits, a comprehensive understanding of its protective mechanisms has remained elusive. Through an integrated approach combining metabolomics and molecular biology, this study uncovers the molecular pathways employed by SPD in mitigating PAH induced by monocrotaline (MCT) in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. The study demonstrates that SPD administration (5 mg/kg/day) significantly corrects right ventricular impairment and pathological changes in pulmonary tissues following MCT exposure (60 mg/kg). Metabolomic profiling identified a purine metabolism disorder in MCT-treated rats, which SPD effectively normalized, conferring a protective effect against PAH progression. Subsequent in vitro analysis showed that SPD (0.8 mM) reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis in PAECs challenged with Dehydromonocrotaline (MCTP, 50 μM), likely by downregulating purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and modulating polyamine biosynthesis through alterations in S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AMD1) expression and the subsequent production of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM). These findings advocate SPD's dual inhibitory effect on PNP and AMD1 as a novel strategy to conserve cellular ATP and alleviate oxidative injuries, thus providing a foundation for SPD's potential therapeutic application in PAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Cascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, 453003, China
| | - Han-Fei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Cascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, 453003, China
| | - Fan-Rong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Cascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, 453003, China
| | - Miao Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Cascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, 453003, China
| | - Si-Yu Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Cascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, 453003, China
| | - Wen-Ze Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Cascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, 453003, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Cascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, 453003, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Department of Pharmacy, The first Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Cascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, 453003, China.
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3
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Soni M, Tulsian K, Barot P, Vyas VK. Recent Advances in Therapeutic Approaches Against Ebola Virus Infection. RECENT ADVANCES IN ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 19:276-299. [PMID: 38279760 DOI: 10.2174/0127724344267452231206061944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus (EBOV) is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to the family Filoviradae that was first described in 1976 in the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has intermittently affected substantial human populations in West Africa and presents itself as a global health menace due to the high mortality rate of patients, high transmission rate, difficult patient management, and the emergence of complicated autoimmune disease-like conditions post-infection. OBJECTIVE EBOV or other EBOV-like species as a biochemical weapon pose a significant risk; hence, the need to develop both prophylactic and therapeutic medications to combat the virus is unquestionable. METHODS In this review work, we have compiled the literature pertaining to transmission, pathogenesis, immune response, and diagnosis of EBOV infection. We included detailed structural details of EBOV along with all the available therapeutics against EBOV disease. We have also highlighted current developments and recent advances in therapeutic approaches against Ebola virus disease (EVD). DISCUSSION The development of preventive vaccines against the virus is proving to be a successful effort as of now; however, problems concerning logistics, product stability, multi- dosing, and patient tracking are prominent in West Africa. Monoclonal antibodies that target EBOV proteins have also been developed and approved in the clinic; however, no small drug molecules that target these viral proteins have cleared clinical trials. An understanding of clinically approved vaccines and their shortcomings also serves an important purpose for researchers in vaccine design in choosing the right vector, antigen, and particular physicochemical properties that are critical for the vaccine's success against the virus across the world. CONCLUSION Our work brings together a comprehensive review of all available prophylactic and therapeutic medications developed and under development against the EBOV, which will serve as a guide for researchers in pursuing the most promising drug discovery strategies against the EBOV and also explore novel mechanisms of fighting against EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molisha Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kartik Tulsian
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Parv Barot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Ikeda T, Sato K, Kawaguchi SI, Izawa J, Takayama N, Hayakawa H, Umino K, Morita K, Matsumoto K, Ushijima K, Kanda Y. Forodesine Enhances Immune Responses through Guanosine-Mediated TLR7 Activation while Preventing Graft-versus-Host Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:143-153. [PMID: 37938074 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that specific types of nuclear acids, including guanosine and its derivatives, act as natural ligands for TLR7. This led us to hypothesize that purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors not only can induce apoptosis of T cells but also can lead to TLR7 activation by accumulation of guanine nucleosides, in particular under systemic inflammation, where damaged tissues release a large amount of nucleotides. We demonstrate in the present study that a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, forodesine, can reduce the disease severity and prolong the survival in a xenogeneic mouse model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Guanine nucleosides were undetectable in mice during GVHD but increased significantly following forodesine treatment. Our in vitro experiments showed that forodesine enhanced guanosine-mediated cytokine production from APCs, including alveolar macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, through TLR7 signaling. Forodesine also enhanced Ag-presenting capacity, as demonstrated by increased CD8+ T cell proliferation and higher secretion of IFN-γ and IL-12p40 in an MLR with plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Furthermore, forodesine stimulated IFN-γ production from activated T cells in the presence of a low concentration of guanosine while inhibiting their proliferation and inducing apoptotic cell death. Although forodesine ameliorated GVHD severity, mice treated with forodesine showed significantly higher levels of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in plasma, suggesting in vivo upregulation of TLR7 signaling. Our study suggests that forodesine may activate a wide range of immune cells, including T cells, through TLR7 stimulation while inhibiting GVHD by inducing apoptosis of T cells, after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikeda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sato
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawaguchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Junko Izawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norihito Takayama
- Core Center of Research Apparatus, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hayakawa
- Core Center of Research Apparatus, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kento Umino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kaoru Morita
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kana Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ushijima
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyoonoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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5
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Guo YY, Zhang JY, Sun JF, Nie P, Gao H. Synthesis and application of small molecules approved for the treatment of lymphoma. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115835. [PMID: 37801827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoma is a form of cancer that impacts the lymphatic system, which plays a crucial role in defending the body against infections and illnesses. It is characterized by the atypical proliferation of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, which can form tumors in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, etc. Lymphoma is usually treated using a combination of targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of new drugs to treat lymphoma, which has led to the discovery of several promising compounds. The primary targets for lymphoma treatment have been identified as Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), phosphoinositide3-kinase (PI3K), histone deacetylase (HDAC), and DNA polymerase (POLA). This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical applications and synthesis of several notable drugs approved to treat lymphoma, to expedite the exploration of more potent novel medications for the management of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, 450044, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China.
| | - Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Kotian PL, Wu M, Ghosh A, Polach KJ, El-Kattan Y, Kumar VS, Lin TH, Cheng X, Bantia S, Raman K, Chand P, Babu YS. Synthesis of novel azasugar-containing 2'β-C-Me 9-deaza nucleosides as potential anti-hepatitis C virus agents. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 42:317-327. [PMID: 36354089 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2142609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our ongoing discovery efforts exploring azasugar as agents for treating various unmet medical needs, we prepared analogs of azasugar as potential anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agents. Herein we describe the synthesis of novel 2'β-C-Me 9-deazanucleoside azasugar analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin L Kotian
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Minwan Wu
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Ajit Ghosh
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Kevin J Polach
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Yahya El-Kattan
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - V Satish Kumar
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Tsu-Hsing Lin
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Shanta Bantia
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Krishnan Raman
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Pooran Chand
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Yarlagadda S Babu
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2100 Riverchase Center, Building 200, Suite 200, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
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7
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Kropotov A, Kulikova V, Solovjeva L, Yakimov A, Nerinovski K, Svetlova M, Sudnitsyna J, Plusnina A, Antipova M, Khodorkovskiy M, Migaud ME, Gambaryan S, Ziegler M, Nikiforov A. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase controls nicotinamide riboside metabolism in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102615. [PMID: 36265580 PMCID: PMC9667316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is an effective precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in human and animal cells. NR supplementation can increase the level of NAD in various tissues and thereby improve physiological functions that are weakened or lost in experimental models of aging or various human pathologies. However, there are also reports questioning the efficacy of NR supplementation. Indeed, the mechanisms of its utilization by cells are not fully understood. Herein, we investigated the role of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) in NR metabolism in mammalian cells. Using both PNP overexpression and genetic knockout, we show that after being imported into cells by members of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, NR is predominantly metabolized by PNP, resulting in nicotinamide (Nam) accumulation. Intracellular cleavage of NR to Nam is prevented by the potent PNP inhibitor Immucillin H in various types of mammalian cells. In turn, suppression of PNP activity potentiates NAD synthesis from NR. Combining pharmacological inhibition of PNP with NR supplementation in mice, we demonstrate that the cleavage of the riboside to Nam is strongly diminished, maintaining high levels of NR in blood, kidney, and liver. Moreover, we show that PNP inhibition stimulates Nam mononucleotide and NAD+ synthesis from NR in vivo, in particular, in the kidney. Thus, we establish PNP as a major regulator of NR metabolism in mammals and provide evidence that the health benefits of NR supplementation could be greatly enhanced by concomitant downregulation of PNP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kropotov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Veronika Kulikova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia,Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ljudmila Solovjeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Yakimov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia,Research Center of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill Nerinovski
- Department of Nuclear Physics Research Methods, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Svetlova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia Sudnitsyna
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alena Plusnina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Antipova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Khodorkovskiy
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia,Research Center of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,For correspondence: Andrey Nikiforov; Mathias Ziegler
| | - Andrey Nikiforov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia,For correspondence: Andrey Nikiforov; Mathias Ziegler
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8
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Albayrak MGB, Simsek T, Kasap M, Akpinar G, Canturk NZ, Guler SA. Tissue proteome analysis revealed an association between cancer, immune system response, and the idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:238. [PMID: 36175807 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (IGM) is a disease that clinically mimics breast cancers with symptoms of pain, edema, erythema, nipple discharge, nipple retraction, and fistula. Although IGM is considered to be formed by autoimmune responses or infections, the molecular mechanism behind formation and progress is unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying IGM formation, progress, and recurrence by monitoring the changes at the proteome level. Protein extracts prepared from IGM (n = 15) and within-control tissues (n = 15) were subjected to nHPLC followed by LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis. Label-free quantitation analysis revealed that sixty differentially regulated between the two groups. Those proteins were classified based on their role in metabolic pathways using bioinformatics tools. Based on DAVID analysis, 16 of the differently regulated proteins were associated with the immune system, while 17 proteins were involved in cancer metabolism. STRING analysis showed that five of the differentially regulated proteins were associated with combined immune deficiency which were PNP, TAP1, ITGAL, PRKDC, and PTPRC while the other proteins were involved in insulin response and neutrophil degranulation. This study is one of the very few studies that investigated the changes in protein expressions of IGM tissues compared to controls. For the first time, we have shown the relationship of IGM with the immune system at the protein level and also underlined the cancer-like behavior of the disease. Furthermore, the proteins that were pointed out as combined immune deficiency-related proteins may have value as diagnostic markers for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis although further studies are needed to shed more light on the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Turgay Simsek
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Nuh Zafer Canturk
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Sertac Ata Guler
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey
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9
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Davenne T, Klintman J, Sharma S, Rigby RE, Blest HTW, Cursi C, Bridgeman A, Dadonaite B, De Keersmaecker K, Hillmen P, Chabes A, Schuh A, Rehwinkel J. SAMHD1 Limits the Efficacy of Forodesine in Leukemia by Protecting Cells against the Cytotoxicity of dGTP. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107640. [PMID: 32402273 PMCID: PMC7225753 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-leukemia agent forodesine causes cytotoxic overload of intracellular deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) but is efficacious only in a subset of patients. We report that SAMHD1, a phosphohydrolase degrading deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), protects cells against the effects of dNTP imbalances. SAMHD1-deficient cells induce intrinsic apoptosis upon provision of deoxyribonucleosides, particularly deoxyguanosine (dG). Moreover, dG and forodesine act synergistically to kill cells lacking SAMHD1. Using mass cytometry, we find that these compounds kill SAMHD1-deficient malignant cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Normal cells and CLL cells from patients without SAMHD1 mutation are unaffected. We therefore propose to use forodesine as a precision medicine for leukemia, stratifying patients by SAMHD1 genotype or expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Davenne
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Klintman
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sushma Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rachel E Rigby
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Henry T W Blest
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Chiara Cursi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hillmen
- St James' Institute of Oncology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Andrei Chabes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Schuh
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7JL, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Guinan M, Benckendorff C, Smith M, Miller GJ. Recent Advances in the Chemical Synthesis and Evaluation of Anticancer Nucleoside Analogues. Molecules 2020; 25:E2050. [PMID: 32354007 PMCID: PMC7248840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have proven to be highly successful chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. Several such compounds, including gemcitabine and cytarabine, are the go-to option in first-line treatments. However, these materials do have limitations and the development of next generation compounds remains a topic of significant interest and necessity. Herein, we discuss recent advances in the chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of nucleoside analogues as potential anticancer agents. Focus is paid to 4'-heteroatom substitution of the furanose oxygen, 2'-, 3'-, 4'- and 5'-position ring modifications and the development of new prodrug strategies for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Guinan
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (M.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Caecilie Benckendorff
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (M.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Mark Smith
- Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford ChEM-H, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Gavin J. Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (M.G.); (C.B.)
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11
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Zhang M, Xue F, Ou J, Huang Y, Lu F, Zhou B, Zheng Z, Liu XY, Zhong W, Qin Y. Practical synthesis of immucillins BCX-1777 and BCX-4430. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of the immucillins BCX-1777 and BCX-4430 has been described.
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12
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Aparna EP, Devaky KS. Advances in the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Pyrimidine Derivatives. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:35-68. [PMID: 30607935 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This Review describes the existing synthetic approaches for the solid-phase synthesis (SPS) of differently substituted and fused pyrimidine derivatives. These synthetic strategies are classified on the basis of the different synthetic routes leading to the particular type of pyrimidine heterocycle formed. The Review discusses the application of a variety of polystyrene derived supports for the construction of pyrimidine rings. The effect of microwave heating on the solid-phase synthesis is also addressed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. P. Aparna
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - K. S. Devaky
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
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13
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Evans GB, Schramm VL, Tyler PC. The transition to magic bullets - transition state analogue drug design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1983-1993. [PMID: 30627387 PMCID: PMC6295874 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00372f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of industry partnerships, most academic groups lack the infrastructure to rationally design and build drugs via methods used in industry. Instead, academia needs to work smarter using mechanism-based design. Working smarter can mean the development of new drug discovery paradigms and then demonstrating their utility and reproducibility to industry. The collaboration between Vern Schramm's group at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA and Peter Tyler at the Ferrier Research Institute at The Victoria University of Wellington, NZ has refined a drug discovery process called transition state analogue design. This process has been applied to several biomedically relevant nucleoside processing enzymes. In 2017, Mundesine®, conceived using transition state analogue design, received market approval for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma in Japan. This short review looks at a brief history of transition state analogue design, the fundamentals behind the development of this process, and the success of enzyme inhibitors produced using this drug design methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Evans
- The Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Rd , Lower Hutt , 5010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 463 0048
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY 10461 , USA
| | - Peter C Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Rd , Lower Hutt , 5010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 463 0048
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Abstract
Transition state theory teaches that chemically stable mimics of enzymatic transition states will bind tightly to their cognate enzymes. Kinetic isotope effects combined with computational quantum chemistry provides enzymatic transition state information with sufficient fidelity to design transition state analogues. Examples are selected from various stages of drug development to demonstrate the application of transition state theory, inhibitor design, physicochemical characterization of transition state analogues, and their progress in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern L. Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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Seley-Radtke KL, Yates MK. The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:66-86. [PMID: 29649496 PMCID: PMC6396324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Yates
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Makita S, Maeshima AM, Maruyama D, Izutsu K, Tobinai K. Forodesine in the treatment of relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: an evidence-based review. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2287-2293. [PMID: 29719411 PMCID: PMC5916385 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell lymphoma is a rare hematologic malignancy with an incidence rate between 10% and 20% of that of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) generally have a poor prognosis when treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP)/CHOP-like chemotherapy; once relapse occurs, it is mostly regarded as an incurable disease. To overcome the chemorefractoriness of PTCL, several novel agents have been developed. Since the first approval of pralatrexate, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, for relapsed/refractory PTCL by the US Food and Drug Administration, several new agents, such as romidepsin (histone deacetylase inhibitor), brentuximab vedotin (antibody–drug conjugate targeting CD30), chidamide (histone deacetylase inhibitor), and mogamulizumab (anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 monoclonal antibody), have been approved as a therapeutic option for relapsed/refractory PTCL in several countries, including the US, Europe, China, and Japan. Forodesine is a novel, potent purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor that is effective against T-cell malignancies. Although the clinical development of forodesine was discontinued in the US and Europe, a multicenter Phase I/II study of oral forodesine for relapsed PTCL was recently completed in Japan. The overall response rate was 24% (10 of 41 patients), which included four patients with complete response. In general, the toxicity of forodesine is manageable. As the study met the primary end point, forodesine was approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory PTCL in Japan in March 2017, which was the first approval of forodesine in the world. As forodesine is an oral formulation, it is more convenient than other novel intravenous agents approved for PTCL. However, it is necessary to appropriately manage opportunistic infections and secondary lymphomas possibly associated with long-lasting lymphocytopenia caused by forodesine. In this manuscript, we have summarized the currently available evidence for forodesine and discussed the clinical implications for PTCL treatment.
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17
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Gebre ST, Cameron SA, Li L, Babu YS, Schramm VL. Intracellular rebinding of transition-state analogues provides extended in vivo inhibition lifetimes on human purine nucleoside phosphorylase. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15907-15915. [PMID: 28794158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.801779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is part of the human purine salvage pathway. Its deficiency triggers apoptosis of activated T-cells, making it a target for T-cell proliferative disorders. Transition-state analogues of PNP bind with picomolar (pm) dissociation constants. Tight-binding PNP inhibitors show exceptionally long lifetimes on the target enzyme. We solve the mechanism of the target residence time by comparing functional off-rates in vitro and in vivo We report in vitro PNP-inhibitor dissociation rates (t½) from 3 to 31 min for seven Immucillins with dissociation constants of 115 to 6 pm Treatment of human erythrocytes with DADMe-Immucillin-H (DADMe-ImmH, 22 pm) causes complete inhibition of PNP. Loss of [14C]DADMe-ImmH from erythrocytes during multiple washes is slow and biphasic, resulting from inhibitor release and rebinding to PNP catalytic sites. The slow phase gave a t½ of 84 h. Loss of [14C]DADMe-ImmH from erythrocytes in the presence of excess unlabeled DADMe-ImmH increased to a t½ of 1.6 h by preventing rebinding. Thus, in human erythrocytes, rebinding of DADMe-ImmH is 50-fold more likely than diffusional loss of the inhibitor from the erythrocyte. Humans treated with a single oral dose of DADMe-ImmH in phase 1 clinical trials exhibit regain of PNP activity with a t½ of 59 days, corresponding to the erythropoiesis rate in humans. Thus, the PNP catalytic site recapture of DADMe-ImmH is highly favored in vivo We conclude that transition-state analogues with picomolar dissociation constants exhibit long lifetimes on their targets in vivo because the probability of the target enzyme recapturing inhibitor molecules is greater than diffusional loss to the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T Gebre
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Scott A Cameron
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Lei Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Y S Babu
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Birmingham, Alabama 35244
| | - Vern L Schramm
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic CD4+ T lymphocytes in the skin. Given the lack of curative treatments for CTCL, there is a significant need for new, superior therapies. Forodesine is a transition-state analogue that inhibits purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Because it selectively targets T lymphocytes, it represents a drug of interest for the treatment of CTCL. Areas covered: Phase I/II dose-ranging studies of intravenous (IV) and oral forodesine demonstrated its activity, safety, and tolerability for refractory CTCL. Response rates were 31% and 27%, respectively. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. These studies were followed by a phase II trial of oral forodesine 200 mg daily. This oral formulation showed only partial activity, with a response rate of 11%, likely attributable to underdosing. Common adverse events in these trials included infection, fatigue, peripheral edema, nausea, pruritus, headache, and insomnia. Expert opinion: IV and oral formulations of forodesine have demonstrated partial activity and an acceptable safety profile in patients with refractory CTCL. A higher oral dose, or sequential therapy consisting of IV forodesine followed by maintenance oral forodesine, may be more effective. With proper dosing, forodesine may emerge as a safe and effective treatment for refractory CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lewis
- a School of Medicine , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,b Department of Dermatology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Madeleine Duvic
- b Department of Dermatology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma: an Update on Pathogenesis and Systemic Therapy. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2015; 10:468-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11899-015-0293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chung CG, Poligone B. Other Chemotherapeutic Agents in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Dermatol Clin 2015; 33:787-805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure and biological evaluation of zinc(II)-dichlorido complexes with 9-deazahypoxathine derivatives. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Gáliková J, Trávníček Z. Structural Diversity of Copper(II) Complexes with 9-Deazahypoxanthine and Their in Vitro SOD-Like Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15954-70. [PMID: 26184182 PMCID: PMC4519932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two structurally different copper(II) complexes of the compositions [{Cu(9dhx)(H2O)3}2(µ-SO4)2] (1) and [Cu(9dhx)2(H2O)2(NO3)2]·H2O (2), involving 9-deazahypoxanthine (9dhx; 6-oxo-9-deazapurine; 9-deazahypoxanthine), have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and electronic spectroscopy, electrospray ionisation (ESI) mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal (DTA) analyses, and cyclic voltammetry. The X-ray structures of complexes 1 and [Cu(9dhx)2(H2O)2(NO3)2] (2a) revealed the distorted octahedral geometry in the vicinity of the copper(II) atoms, with the NO5 and N2O4 donor set, respectively. In the dimeric compound 1, the {Cu(9dhx)(H2O)3}2 units are bridged by sulfate groups with the Cu···Cu separation being 5.3446(2) Å. In both structures the 9dhx ligands are coordinated through the N3 atoms of the pyrimidine moieties. The SOD-like activity of complexes 1 and 2 was evaluated in vitro showing moderate effect, with the IC50 values equal to 18.20, and 53.33 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Gáliková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771-46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771-46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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23
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Vančo J, Gáliková J, Hošek J, Dvořák Z, Paráková L, Trávníček Z. Gold(I) complexes of 9-deazahypoxanthine as selective antitumor and anti-inflammatory agents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109901. [PMID: 25333949 PMCID: PMC4198181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold(I) mixed-ligand complexes involving O-substituted derivatives of 9-deazahypoxanthine (HLn) and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) with the general formula [Au(Ln)(PPh3)] (1–5) were prepared and thoroughly characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, ESI+ mass spectrometry, single crystal X-ray (HL5 and complex 2) and TG/DTA analyses. Complexes 1–5 were evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity against nine human cancer lines, i.e. MCF7 (breast carcinoma), HOS (osteosarcoma), A549 (adenocarcinoma), G361 (melanoma), HeLa (cervical cancer), A2780 (ovarian carcinoma), A2780R (ovarian carcinoma resistant to cisplatin), 22Rv1 (prostate cancer) and THP-1 (monocytic leukaemia), for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using a model of LPS-activated macrophages, and for their in vivo antiedematous activity by λ-carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model on rats. The results showed that the complexes 1–5 exhibit selective in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF7, HOS, 22Rv1, A2780 and A2780R, with submicromolar IC50 values for 2 against the MCF7 (0.6 µM) and HOS (0.9 µM). The results of in vitro cytotoxicity screening on primary culture of human hepatocytes (HEP220) revealed up to 30-times lower toxicity of compounds against healthy cells as compared with cancer cells. Additionally, the complexes 1–5 significantly influence the secretion and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β by a similar manner as a commercially used anti-arthritic drug Auranofin. The tested complexes also significantly influence the rate and overall volume of the edema, caused by the intraplantar application of λ-carrageenan polysaccharide to rats. Based on these promising results, the presented compounds could qualify to become feasible candidates for advanced testing as potential antitumor and anti-inflammatory drug-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Vančo
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials & Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Gáliková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials & Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hošek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials & Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials & Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Paráková
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials & Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Gáliková J, Trávníček Z. Effect of different reaction conditions on the structural diversity of zinc(II) complexes with 9-deazahypoxanthine. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Hernández D, Boto A. Nucleoside Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Properties of Azanucleoside Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Robak P, Robak T. Older and new purine nucleoside analogs for patients with acute leukemias. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:851-61. [PMID: 23566572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside analogs (PNAs) compose a class of cytotoxic drugs that have played an important role in the treatment of hematological neoplasms, especially lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. All PNA drugs have a chemical structure similar to adenosine or guanosine, and they have similar mechanisms of action. They have many intracellular targets: they act as antimetabolites, competing with natural nucleosides during DNA or RNA synthesis, and as inhibitors of key cell enzymes. In contrast to other antineoplastic drugs, PNAs act cytotoxically, both in the mitotic and quiescent cell cycle phases. In the last few years, three PNAs have been approved for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies and other hematological disorders: 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA), fludarabine and pentostatin. 2-CdA and fludarabine are also active in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These drugs, in combination with cytarabine and other agents, are commonly used as salvage regimens in relapsed or refractory AML. Moreover, the addition of 2-CdA to the standard induction regimen is associated with an increased rate of complete remission and improved survival of adult patients with AML. More recently three novel PNAs have been synthesized and introduced into clinical trials: clofarabine, nelarabine and forodesine. Clofarabine is the most promising PNA in current clinical trials in pediatric and adult patients with acute leukemias. Nelarabine is more cytotoxic in T-lineage than in B-lineage leukemias. Clofarabine and nelarabine have been approved for the treatment of refractory patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Clofarabine is also an active drug in AML treatment when administered either alone or in combination regimens as front-line treatment and in relapsed or refractory patients. Unlike other PNA, forodesine is not incorporated into DNA but displays a highly selective purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitory action. Forodesine is undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of T-cell malignancies, including T-cell ALL. This article summarizes recent achievements in the mechanism of action, pharmacological properties and clinical activity and toxicity of PNAs, as well as their emerging role in lymphoid and myeloid acute leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Robak
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-510 Lodz, ul. Ciołkowskiego 2, Poland ul. Ciołkowskiego 2, Poland
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Pospisilova J, Vit O, Lorkova L, Klanova M, Zivny J, Klener P, Petrak J. Resistance to TRAIL in mantle cell lymphoma cells is associated with the decreased expression of purine metabolism enzymes. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:1273-9. [PMID: 23503700 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare aggressive type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Response to chemotherapy tends to be short and virtually all patients sooner or later relapse. The prognosis of relapsed patients is extremely poor. The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is considered one of the novel experimental molecules with strong antitumor effects. TRAIL triggers extrinsic apoptotis in tumor cells by binding to TRAIL 'death receptors' on the cell surface. Recombinant TRAIL has shown promising pro-apoptotic effects in a variety of malignancies including lymphoma. However, as with other drugs, lymphoma cells can develop resistance to TRAIL. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for, and associated with TRAIL resistance in MCL cells. If identified, these features may be used as molecular targets for the effective elimination of TRAIL-resistant lymphoma cells. From an established TRAIL-sensitive mantle cell lymphoma cell line (HBL-2) we derived a TRAIL-resistant HBL-2/R subclone. By TRAIL receptor analysis and differential proteomic analysis of HBL-2 and HBL-2/R cells we revealed a marked downregulation of all TRAIL receptors and, among others, the decreased expression of 3 key enzymes of purine nucleotide metabolism, namely purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2, in the resistant HBL-2/R cells. The downregulation of the 3 key enzymes of purine metabolism can have profound effects on nucleotide homeostasis in TRAIL-resistant lymphoma cells and can render such cells vulnerable to any further disruption of purine nucleotide metabolism. This pathway represents a 'weakness' of the TRAIL-resistant MCL cells and has potential as a therapeutic target for the selective elimination of such cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pospisilova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 128 53 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Novotná R, Trávníček Z. Infinite ladder-like chains organized into a three-dimensional zigzag supramolecular architecture in 9-deazahypoxanthine. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:158-61. [PMID: 23377683 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270112050767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(6)H(5)N(3)O, consists of discrete molecules of 9-deazahypoxanthine [systematic name: 3H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one]. The structure displays N-H···O hydrogen bonding, connecting the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers. These dimers are then connected by N-H···N hydrogen bonds into a ladder-like chain along the c axis. The secondary structure is stabilized by weak noncovalent contacts of the C-H···O and C-H···C types, as well as by π-π stacking interactions, which organize the structure into a zigzag architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Novotná
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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de Moraes MC, Ducati RG, Donato AJ, Basso LA, Santos DS, Cardoso CL, Cass QB. Capillary bioreactors based on human purine nucleoside phosphorylase: A new approach for ligands identification and characterization. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1232:110-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Forodesine and nelarabine (the pro-drug of ara-G) are 2 nucleoside analogues with promising anti-leukemic activity. To better understand which pediatric patients might benefit from forodesine or nelarabine (ara-G) therapy, we investigated the in vitro sensitivity to these drugs in 96 diagnostic pediatric leukemia patient samples and the mRNA expression levels of different enzymes involved in nucleoside metabolism. Forodesine and ara-G cytotoxicities were higher in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) samples than in B-cell precursor (BCP)-ALL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. Resistance to forodesine did not preclude ara-G sensitivity and vice versa, indicating that both drugs rely on different resistance mechanisms. Differences in sensitivity could be partly explained by significantly higher accumulation of intracellular dGTP in forodesine-sensitive samples compared with resistant samples, and higher mRNA levels of dGK but not dCK. The mRNA levels of the transporters ENT1 and ENT2 were higher in ara-G-sensitive than -resistant samples. We conclude that especially T-ALL, but also BCP-ALL, pediatric patients may benefit from forodesine or nelarabine (ara-G) treatment.
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Robak T. New nucleoside analogs for patients with hematological malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:343-59. [PMID: 21320002 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.554822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last few years, several new purine and pyrimidine nucleoside analogs have been synthesized and made available for both preclinical studies and clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This article summarizes recent achievements in the mechanism of action, pharmacological properties and clinical activity and toxicity as well as the emerging role of newer purine and pyrimidine nucleoside analogs potentially active in lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. A literature review was conducted from the MEDLINE database PubMed for articles in English. Publications from 2000 to October 2010 were scrutinized. The search terms used were clofarabine, nelarabine, forodesine, 8-chloroadenosine, LMP-420, azacitidine, decitabine, sapacitabine, troxacitabine, thiarabine and zebularine in conjunction with hematologic malignancies, leukemia and lymphoma. Conference proceedings from the previous 5 years of the American Society of Hematology, European Hematology Association, and American Society of Clinical Oncology were searched manually. Additional relevant publications were obtained by reviewing the references from the chosen articles. EXPERT OPINION Several new nucleoside analogs are currently under investigation in preclinical and clinical studies concerning hematological malignancies. Clofarabine, nelarabine, azacitidine and decitabine have been recently approved for the treatment of leukemias and/or myelodysplastic syndromes. Other agents including forodesine, 8-chloroadenosine, LMP-420, sapacitabine, troxacitabine, thiarabine and zebularine seem to be promising for the treatment of lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. However, definitive data from ongoing and future clinical trials will aid in better defining their status in the treatment of hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Hematology, Lodz, Poland.
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Sézary syndrome: Immunopathogenesis, literature review of therapeutic options, and recommendations for therapy by the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium (USCLC). J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:352-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Boto A, Hernández D, Hernández R. One-Pot Conversion of Proline Derivatives into Iodinated Iminosugar-Based Nucleosides, Useful Precursors of Highly Functionalized Nucleoside Analogues. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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The effects of forodesine in murine and human multiple myeloma cells. Adv Hematol 2010; 2010:131895. [PMID: 20981156 PMCID: PMC2963119 DOI: 10.1155/2010/131895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most commonly diagnosed hematological malignancy, characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of malignant cells in the bone marrow. Despite recent advances in treatment strategies, MM remains incurable and new therapeutical targets are needed. Recently forodesine, a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, was found to induce apoptosis in leukemic cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients by increasing the dGTP levels. We therefore tested whether forodesine was able to inhibit proliferation and/or induce apoptosis in both murine and human MM cells through a similar pathway. We found that after 48 hours of treatment with forodesine there was a slight dGTP increase in 5T33MM and RPMI-8226 MM cells associated with partial inhibition of proliferation and a limited induction of apoptosis. When investigating the pathways leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, we observed an upregulation of p27, caspase 3, and BIM. We can conclude that forodesine has some effects on MM cells but not as impressive as the known effects in leukemic cells. Forodesine might be however potentiating towards other established cytotoxic drugs in MM.
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Batista Jr EL, Deves C, Ayub L, Da Silva RG, Filho LCC, Basso LA, Santos DS. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity and expression are upregulated in sites affected by periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:664-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Phase 2 and pharmacodynamic study of oral forodesine in patients with advanced, fludarabine-treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2010; 116:886-92. [PMID: 20427701 PMCID: PMC2924226 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-02-272039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Forodesine is a new and potent purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitor. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with primary resistance to fludarabine-based therapy or with progressive disease were eligible for oral forodesine (200 mg/d) for up to 24 weeks. Eight patients with median lymphocyte count of 35.9 x 10(9)/L and median serum beta2 microglobulin level of 6.45 mg/L were treated. Six had Rai stage III to IV and were previously heavily treated (median prior therapy = 5). Two had transient decrease in lymphocyte count to normal, whereas in 5, disease progressed. Adverse events were mild. Steady-state level of forodesine ranged from 200 to 1300 nM and did not reach desired 2 microM level. PNP inhibition ranged from 57% to 89% and steady-state 2'-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) concentration median was 1.8 microM. Intracellular deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) increase was very modest, from median of 6 microM to 10 microM. Compared with in vivo, in vitro incubations of CLL lymphocytes with 10 or 20 microM dGuo and forodesine (2 microM) resulted in accumulation of higher levels of dGTP (40-250 microM) which resulted in increase in apoptosis. Forodesine has biologic activity in CLL; pharmacodynamic parameters suggest that an alternate dosing schedule and/or higher doses to achieve greater intracellular dGTP may be beneficial in this patient population.
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Al-Kali A, Gandhi V, Ayoubi M, Keating M, Ravandi F. Forodesine: review of preclinical and clinical data. Future Oncol 2010; 6:1211-7. [PMID: 20799866 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is an important catalytic enzyme in the purine salvage pathway; its deficiency is associated with T-cell lymphopenia and with humoral deficiency. This clinical observation led to the investigation of PNP inhibitors and their possible clinical application in the management of hematologic malignancies, notably those of T-cell lineage. Forodesine is the most potent of the PNP inhibitors. Its effect appears to be linked to increased 2 -deoxyguanosine levels in plasma, which in turn is converted to 2 -deoxyguanosine triphosphate in target cells and disrupts DNA synthesis. Several preclinical studies have shown forodesine's effect against lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo, and these findings have led to several Phase I/II studies in patients with lymphoid neoplasms. Early clinical trials show that forodesine has promise as a single agent for the treatment of relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies, and combination therapies might be warranted to improve clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Al-Kali
- Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Boto A, Hernández D, Hernández R. One-Pot Synthesis of Azanucleosides from Proline Derivatives - Stereoselectivity in Sequential Processes. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Influence of bone marrow stromal microenvironment on forodesine-induced responses in CLL primary cells. Blood 2010; 116:1083-91. [PMID: 20442367 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-246199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Forodesine, a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, displays in vitro activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in presence of dGuo, which is the basis for an ongoing clinical trial in patients with fludarabine-refractory CLL. Initial clinical data indicate forodesine has significant activity on circulating CLL cells, but less activity in clearing CLL cells from tissues such as marrow. In tissue microenvironments, lymphocytes interact with accessory stromal cells that provide survival and drug-resistance signals, which may account for residual disease. Therefore, we investigated the impact of marrow stromal cells (MSCs) on forodesine-induced response in CLL lymphocytes. We demonstrate that spontaneous and forodesine-induced apoptosis of CLL cells was significantly inhibited by human and murine MSCs. Forodesine-promoted dGuo triphosphate (dGTP) accumulation and GTP and ATP depletion in CLL cells was inhibited by MSCs, providing a mechanism for resistance. Also, MSCs rescued CLL cells from forodesine-induced RNA- and protein-synthesis inhibition and stabilized and increased Mcl-1 transcript and protein levels. Conversely, MSC viability was not affected by forodesine and dGuo. Collectively, MSC-induced biochemical changes antagonized forodesine-induced CLL cell apoptosis. This provides a biochemical mechanism for MSC-derived resistance to forodesine and emphasizes the need to move toward combinations with agents that interfere with the microenvironment's protective role for improving current therapeutic efforts.
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Mestel D, Beyer M, Steinhoff M, Sterry W. Treatment of Cutaneous Lymphomas: Today and Tomorrow. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2009; 100 Suppl 1:18-32. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(09)73165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Rodríguez J, Gutiérrez A, Martínez-Delgado B, Perez-Manga G. Current and future aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphoma treatment paradigms, biological features and therapeutic molecular targets. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 71:181-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Forodesine has high antitumor activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and activates p53-independent mitochondrial apoptosis by induction of p73 and BIM. Blood 2009; 114:1563-75. [PMID: 19541822 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-207654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disease derived from the monoclonal expansion of CD5(+) B lymphocytes. High expression levels of ZAP-70 or CD38 and deletions of 17p13 (TP53) and 11q22-q23 (ATM) are associated with poorer overall survival and shorter time to disease progression. DNA damage and p53 play a pivotal role in apoptosis induction in response to conventional chemotherapy, because deletions of ATM or p53 identify CLL patients with resistance to treatment. Forodesine is a transition-state inhibitor of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase with antileukemic activity. We show that forodesine is highly cytotoxic as single agent or in combination with bendamustine and rituximab in primary leukemic cells from CLL patients regardless of CD38/ZAP-70 expression and p53 or ATM deletion. Forodesine activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by decreasing the levels of antiapoptotic MCL-1 protein and induction of proapoptotic BIM protein. Forodesine induces transcriptional up-regulation of p73, a p53-related protein able to overcome the resistance to apoptosis of CLL cells lacking functional p53. Remarkably, no differences in these apoptotic markers were observed based on p53 or ATM status. In conclusion, forodesine induces apoptosis of CLL cells bypassing the DNA-damage/ATM/p53 pathway and might represent a novel chemotherapeutic approach that deserves clinical investigation.
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Synthesis of analogs of forodesine HCl, a human purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor—Part II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2627-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Robak T, Korycka A, Lech-Maranda E, Robak P. Current status of older and new purine nucleoside analogues in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases. Molecules 2009; 14:1183-226. [PMID: 19325518 PMCID: PMC6253893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14031183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past few years more and more new cytotoxic agents active in the treatment of hematological malignancies have been synthesized and become available for either in vitro studies or clinical trials. Among them the class of antineoplastic drugs belonging to the purine nucleoside analogues group (PNAs) plays an important role. Three of them: pentostatin (DCF), cladribine (2-CdA) and fludarabine (FA) were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Recently three novel PNAs: clofarabine (CAFdA), nelarabine (ara-G) and forodesine (immucillin H, BCX-1777) have been synthesized and introduced into preclinical studies and clinical trials. These agents seem to be useful mainly for the treatment of human T-cell proliferative disorders and they are currently undergoing clinical trials in lymphoid malignancies. However, there are also several studies suggesting the role of these drugs in B-cell malignancies. This review will summarize current knowledge concerning the mechanism of action, pharmacologic properties, clinical activity and toxicity of PNAs accepted for use in clinical practice, as well as new agents available for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz and Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-510 Lodz, Ciolkowskiego 2 Str., Poland.
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Mestel DS, Assaf C, Steinhoff M, Beyer M, Moebs M, Sterry W. Emerging drugs in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:345-61. [PMID: 18537525 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.2.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycosis fungoides (MF) represents the most common type of primary cutaneous T cell-lymphomas (CTCL), which are characterized by a clonally proliferation of malignant CD4+ lymphocytes in the skin. OBJECTIVE Skin-directed treatment regimens, like phototherapy and corticosteroids, are commonly used in early stages; systemic treatments and chemotherapies are used in advanced stages. Because conventional treatments usually end in a transient remission without curative results, there is a high need for new therapeutic strategies with acceptable side effects. METHODS Literature and reference research was done by using the data bank PubMed, and updates of ongoing studies were taken out of ASCO and ASH annual meeting abstracts. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS This article gives an overview of the various medications in current use, with emphasis on emerging drugs with novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sebastian Mestel
- Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charitéplatz 1, DE-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Bennett JC. The role of T lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:S53-7. [PMID: 18240217 DOI: 10.1002/art.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Furman RR, Hoelzer D. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach for B-cell lymphoid malignancies. Semin Oncol 2008; 34:S29-34. [PMID: 18086344 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of ribonucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides to their respective bases. Endogenous PNP deficiency leads to specific T-cell immunodeficiency, a genetic disease that has prompted the development of PNP inhibitors as potential therapies for T-cell-mediated diseases. PNP inhibition leads to the elevation of 2'-deoxyguanosine levels and accumulation of intracellular deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate, inducing cellular apoptosis. Forodesine is a highly potent, orally active, rationally designed PNP inhibitor that has shown activity in preclinical studies with malignant cells and clinical utility against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Additional preliminary findings support its use for the management of some B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Furman
- CLL Research Center, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Gore L, Stelljes M, Stelljes M, Quinones R. Forodesine treatment and post-transplant graft-versus-host disease in two patients with acute leukemia: facilitation of graft-versus-leukemia effect? Semin Oncol 2008; 34:S35-9. [PMID: 18086346 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article presents two case studies of patients diagnosed with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia who relapsed following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and were subsequently enrolled in a clinical trial in which they received forodesine hydrochloride, a rationally designed, potent, transition-state inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Forodesine induced complete remission in both patients. Graft-versus-host disease developed subsequently but was treated successfully with conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Both patients remain in complete remission at the most recent follow-up. We hypothesize that forodesine contributed to a primary anti-leukemic cytotoxic effect as well as a secondary immunologic effect by allowing the development of an ongoing graft-versus-leukemia effect in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Gore
- Section of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital, Denver, CO, USA.
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