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Choi Y, Lee D, Kim NY, Seo I, Park NJY, Chong GO. Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Cervical Cancer: Integrating Classical Perspectives with Recent Technological Advances. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:443. [PMID: 38672714 PMCID: PMC11051155 DOI: 10.3390/life14040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a pivotal role in the tumor microenvironment, influencing cancer progression and contributing to poor prognosis. However, in cervical cancer (CC), their significance and involvement are relatively less studied than in other gynecological cancers such as ovarian and endometrial cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of TAMs, covering their origins and phenotypes and their impact on CC progression, along with major TAM-targeted therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, we advocate for the integration of cutting-edge research methodologies, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial RNA sequencing, to enable in-depth and comprehensive investigations into TAMs in CC, which would be beneficial in leading to more personalized and effective immunotherapy strategies for patients with CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeseul Choi
- Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; (Y.C.); (D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Donghyeon Lee
- Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; (Y.C.); (D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Na Young Kim
- Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; (Y.C.); (D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Incheol Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
- Clinical Omics Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Republic of Korea;
| | - Nora Jee-Young Park
- Clinical Omics Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Oh Chong
- Clinical Omics Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
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2
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Jammal MP, Lopes AD, Etchebehere RM, Murta EFC, Nomelini RS. Mast cells and M2 macrophages in ovarian cancer. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:3094-3100. [PMID: 35866248 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2099736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of markers of mast cells and M2 macrophages in benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms and to examine the prognostic value of this expression in ovarian cancer. The study was performed with samples from 32 patients, divided into benign (n = 16) and malignant (n = 16) neoplasm groups. Samples obtained by surgical resection were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis. Higher proportions of M2 macrophages (p = .041) and mast cells (p = .0054) were present in malignant than benign ovarian neoplasms. Histological grade 2/3 was related to higher proportions of M2 macrophages compared with grade 1 (p = .0102). Stages II-IV were also related to higher proportions of M2 macrophages (p = .0102). Logistic regression revealed that M2 macrophages predicted malignancy [odds ratio (OR) = 1.017; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.003-1.037; p = .017], but that mastocytes had greater predictive value for this outcome (OR = 1.127; 95% CI, 1.018-1.105; p = .013). M2 macrophages predicted more advanced histological grades (OR = 1.060; 95% CI, 1.010-1.218; p = .003). The proportions of M2 macrophages and mast cells were greater in malignant than in benign ovarian neoplasms. Larger proportions of cells expressing M2 macrophages were related to more advanced histological grades and disease stages, and thus to worse prognoses for ovarian cancer.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Concentrations of mast cells and M2 macrophages have been observed in several tumour types, but their significance remains uncertain.What do the results of this study add? The proportions of M2 macrophages and mast cells were greater in malignant than in benign ovarian neoplasms. Larger proportions of cells expressing M2 macrophages were related to higher histological grades and more advanced stages of the disease.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Larger proportions of cells expressing M2 macrophages were related to worse prognoses for malignant ovarian neoplasia. The discovery of new prognostic factors in ovarian cancer may be the target of studies on new treatments and immunotherapies for this disease. In addition, it can help guide the oncologist towards more aggressive treatments for patients with worse prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millena Prata Jammal
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Ananda Domingues Lopes
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | | | - Eddie Fernando Candido Murta
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Rosekeila Simões Nomelini
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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3
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A review on inflammation and angiogenesis as key mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of bovine cystic ovarian disease. Theriogenology 2022; 186:70-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Mohammad Mirzaei N, Changizi N, Asadpoure A, Su S, Sofia D, Tatarova Z, Zervantonakis IK, Chang YH, Shahriyari L. Investigating key cell types and molecules dynamics in PyMT mice model of breast cancer through a mathematical model. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009953. [PMID: 35294447 PMCID: PMC8959189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common kind of cancer among women is breast cancer. Understanding the tumor microenvironment and the interactions between individual cells and cytokines assists us in arriving at more effective treatments. Here, we develop a data-driven mathematical model to investigate the dynamics of key cell types and cytokines involved in breast cancer development. We use time-course gene expression profiles of a mouse model to estimate the relative abundance of cells and cytokines. We then employ a least-squares optimization method to evaluate the model’s parameters based on the mice data. The resulting dynamics of the cells and cytokines obtained from the optimal set of parameters exhibit a decent agreement between the data and predictions. We perform a sensitivity analysis to identify the crucial parameters of the model and then perform a local bifurcation on them. The results reveal a strong connection between adipocytes, IL6, and the cancer population, suggesting them as potential targets for therapies. One of the outstanding challenges of the mathematical modeling of cancer progression is the existence of many unknown parameters. In this work, we develop a data-driven mathematical model of breast cancer progression by deriving a system of ordinary differential equations for the interaction networks of key cell types and molecules in breast tumors. To overcome the limitations of unknown parameters, we utilize a time course data of a PyMT mice model of breast cancer and estimate parameters using an optimization method. Although the predicted dynamics of cancer and necrotic cells using the obtained values of parameters are in good agreement with the data, the predicted values for a few other variables do not match the data. This might indicate that there are some other key interactions that have not been modeled, and/or there is a noise in the data. The sensitivity and bifurcation analyses show that the most important parameters in controlling the cancer cells population are the proliferation and death rates of cancer cells and adipocytes. These results are in agreement with some biological and clinical studies of breast cancer, which have reported a link between adipocytes and breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Mohammad Mirzaei
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Navid Changizi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alireza Asadpoure
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sumeyye Su
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dilruba Sofia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zuzana Tatarova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ioannis K. Zervantonakis
- Department of Bioengineering, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Young Hwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Leili Shahriyari
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Stakheyeva M, Patysheva M, Kaigorodova E, Zavyalova M, Tarabanovskaya N, Choynzonov E, Cherdyntseva N. Tumor Properties Mediate the Relationship Between Peripheral Blood Monocytes and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Breast Cancer. Cancer Invest 2021; 40:442-456. [PMID: 34882039 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.2016803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In cancer patients, circulating monocytes show functional alterations. Since monocytes are precursors of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), TAMs ensuring tumor viability are potentially replenished through the recruitment of monocytes with specific properties. We demonstrated that locoregional metastasis and circulating factors, such as CD45-EpCAM + CD44 + CD24-/low circulating tumor cells, and serum MCP-1 and HMGB1 were statistically associated with modulation of the monocyte features in breast cancer patients. The count of circulating CD45-EpCAM + cells correlated with CD68+, CD163 + monocyte in blood, and with density of CD68 + TAM in breast cancer tumors. Overall, the relationship between monocytes and TAMs is mediated by the tumor in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Stakheyeva
- Laboratory Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Patysheva
- Laboratory Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia Kaigorodova
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Zavyalova
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Tarabanovskaya
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny Choynzonov
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Research Institute Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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6
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Mohammad Mirzaei N, Su S, Sofia D, Hegarty M, Abdel-Rahman MH, Asadpoure A, Cebulla CM, Chang YH, Hao W, Jackson PR, Lee AV, Stover DG, Tatarova Z, Zervantonakis IK, Shahriyari L. A Mathematical Model of Breast Tumor Progression Based on Immune Infiltration. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11101031. [PMID: 34683171 PMCID: PMC8540934 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prominent type of cancer among women. Understanding the microenvironment of breast cancer and the interactions between cells and cytokines will lead to better treatment approaches for patients. In this study, we developed a data-driven mathematical model to investigate the dynamics of key cells and cytokines involved in breast cancer development. We used gene expression profiles of tumors to estimate the relative abundance of each immune cell and group patients based on their immune patterns. Dynamical results show the complex interplay between cells and molecules, and sensitivity analysis emphasizes the direct effects of macrophages and adipocytes on cancer cell growth. In addition, we observed the dual effect of IFN-γ on cancer proliferation, either through direct inhibition of cancer cells or by increasing the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Mohammad Mirzaei
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (N.M.M.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Sumeyye Su
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (N.M.M.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Dilruba Sofia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (N.M.M.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Maura Hegarty
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (N.M.M.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Mohamed H. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.H.A.-R.); (C.M.C.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Alireza Asadpoure
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA;
| | - Colleen M. Cebulla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.H.A.-R.); (C.M.C.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Young Hwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (Y.H.C.); (Z.T.)
| | - Wenrui Hao
- Department of Mathematics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Pamela R. Jackson
- Mathematical NeuroOncology Lab, Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA;
| | - Adrian V. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA;
| | - Daniel G. Stover
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.H.A.-R.); (C.M.C.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Zuzana Tatarova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (Y.H.C.); (Z.T.)
| | - Ioannis K. Zervantonakis
- Department of Bioengineering, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA;
| | - Leili Shahriyari
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (N.M.M.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Wang W, Liu Y, Liu Z, Li S, Deng C, Yang X, Deng Q, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Li W, Liu Y, Zhou X, Li T, Zhu J, Wang J, Dai K. Evaluation of Interleukin-4-Loaded Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Microspheres for Their Support of Microvascularization in Engineered Tissues. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4946-4958. [PMID: 34525809 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the formation of microvascular networks, which provide oxygen and nutrients to cells, are the main reason for the engraftment failure of clinically applicable engineered tissues. Inflammatory responses and immunomodulation can promote the vascularization of the engineered tissues. We developed a capillary construct composed of a gelatin methacrylate-based cell-laden hydrogel framework complexed with interleukin-4 (IL-4)-loaded alginate-chitosan (AC) microspheres and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and RAW264.7 macrophages as model cells. The AC microspheres maintained and guided the EPCs through electrostatic adhesion, facilitating the formation of microvascular networks. The IL-4-loaded microspheres promoted the polarization of the macrophages into the M2 type, leading to a reduction in pro-inflammatory factors and enhancement of the vascularization. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that, without IL-4 or AC microspheres, the scaffold was less effective in angiogenesis. We provide an alternative and promising approach for constructing vascularized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yuehua Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Road, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zifan Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, BUAA, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Changxu Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qian Deng
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yeye Sun
- Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang 422000, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhenjiang Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jinwu Wang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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8
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Saxena S, Singh RK. Chemokines orchestrate tumor cells and the microenvironment to achieve metastatic heterogeneity. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:447-476. [PMID: 33959849 PMCID: PMC9863248 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines, a subfamily of the cell cytokines, are low molecular weight proteins known to induce chemotaxis in leukocytes in response to inflammatory and pathogenic signals. A plethora of literature demonstrates that chemokines and their receptors regulate tumor progression and metastasis. With these diverse functionalities, chemokines act as a fundamental link between the tumor cells and their microenvironment. Recent studies demonstrate that the biology of chemokines and their receptor in metastasis is complex as numerous chemokines are involved in regulating site-specific tumor growth and metastasis. Successful treatment of disseminated cancer is a significant challenge. The most crucial problem for treating metastatic cancer is developing therapy regimes capable of overcoming heterogeneity problems within primary tumors and among metastases and within metastases (intralesional). This heterogeneity of malignant tumor cells can be related to metastatic potential, response to chemotherapy or specific immunotherapy, and many other factors. In this review, we have emphasized the role of chemokines in the process of metastasis and metastatic heterogeneity. Individual chemokines may not express the full potential to address metastatic heterogeneity, but chemokine networks need exploration. Understanding the interplay between chemokine-chemokine receptor networks between the tumor cells and their microenvironment is a novel approach to overcome the problem of metastatic heterogeneity. Recent advances in the understanding of chemokine networks pave the way for developing a potential targeted therapeutic strategy to treat metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Saxena
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA.
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9
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Budithi A, Su S, Kirshtein A, Shahriyari L. Data Driven Mathematical Model of FOLFIRI Treatment for Colon Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2632. [PMID: 34071939 PMCID: PMC8198096 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many colon cancer patients show resistance to their treatments. Therefore, it is important to consider unique characteristic of each tumor to find the best treatment options for each patient. In this study, we develop a data driven mathematical model for interaction between the tumor microenvironment and FOLFIRI drug agents in colon cancer. Patients are divided into five distinct clusters based on their estimated immune cell fractions obtained from their primary tumors' gene expression data. We then analyze the effects of drugs on cancer cells and immune cells in each group, and we observe different responses to the FOLFIRI drugs between patients in different immune groups. For instance, patients in cluster 3 with the highest T-reg/T-helper ratio respond better to the FOLFIRI treatment, while patients in cluster 2 with the lowest T-reg/T-helper ratio resist the treatment. Moreover, we use ROC curve to validate the model using the tumor status of the patients at their follow up, and the model predicts well for the earlier follow up days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Budithi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sumeyye Su
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Arkadz Kirshtein
- Department of Mathematics, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Leili Shahriyari
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (A.B.); (S.S.)
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10
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Jin R, Hao J, Yi Y, Sauter E, Li B. Regulation of macrophage functions by FABP-mediated inflammatory and metabolic pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158964. [PMID: 33984518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are almost everywhere in the body, where they serve pivotal functions in maintaining tissue homeostasis, remodeling, and immunoregulation. Macrophages are traditionally thought to differentiate from bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Emerging studies suggest that some tissue macrophages at steady state originate from embryonic precursors in the yolk sac or fetal liver and are maintained in situ by self-renewal, but bone marrow-derived monocytes can give rise to tissue macrophages in pathogenic settings, such as inflammatory injuries and cancer. Macrophages are popularly classified as Th1 cytokine (e.g. IFNγ)-activated M1 macrophages (the classical activation) or Th2 cytokine (e.g. IL-4)-activated M2 macrophages (the alternative activation). However, given the myriad arrays of stimuli macrophages may encounter from local environment, macrophages exhibit notorious heterogeneity in their phenotypes and functions. Determining the underlying metabolic pathways engaged during macrophage activation is critical for understanding macrophage phenotypic and functional adaptivity under different disease settings. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) represent a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins facilitating lipid transport, metabolism and responses inside cells. More specifically, adipose-FABP (A-FABP) and epidermal-FABP (E-FABP) are highly expressed in macrophages and play a central role in integrating metabolic and inflammatory pathways. In this review we highlight how A-FABP and E-FABP are respectively upregulated in different subsets of activated macrophages and provide a unique perspective in defining macrophage phenotypic and functional heterogeneity through FABP-regulated lipid metabolic and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqing Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yanmei Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Edward Sauter
- Division of Cancer Prevention, NIH/NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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11
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Prognostic significance and targeting tumor-associated macrophages in cancer: new insights and future perspectives. Breast Cancer 2021; 28:539-555. [PMID: 33661479 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-021-01231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic sentinel cells of the immune system that are central to both innate and adaptive immune responses and serve as the first line of defense against pathogenic insults to tissues. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-derived factors induce monocyte polarization towards a pro-tumor phenotype. The pro-tumor macrophages regulate key steps in tumorigenicity including tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune suppression, and metastasis. Macrophage infiltration in solid tumors correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in most cancers. Here in this review, we will shed light on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in regulating tumorigenicity and TAMs as a prognostic biomarker. Also, we will review the recent advances in targeting TAMs to increase the prognosis of cancer patients.
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Kirshtein A, Akbarinejad S, Hao W, Le T, Su S, Aronow RA, Shahriyari L. Data Driven Mathematical Model of Colon Cancer Progression. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3947. [PMID: 33291412 PMCID: PMC7762015 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Every colon cancer has its own unique characteristics, and therefore may respond differently to identical treatments. Here, we develop a data driven mathematical model for the interaction network of key components of immune microenvironment in colon cancer. We estimate the relative abundance of each immune cell from gene expression profiles of tumors, and group patients based on their immune patterns. Then we compare the tumor sensitivity and progression in each of these groups of patients, and observe differences in the patterns of tumor growth between the groups. For instance, in tumors with a smaller density of naive macrophages than activated macrophages, a higher activation rate of macrophages leads to an increase in cancer cell density, demonstrating a negative effect of macrophages. Other tumors however, exhibit an opposite trend, showing a positive effect of macrophages in controlling tumor size. Although the results indicate that for all patients the size of the tumor is sensitive to the parameters related to macrophages, such as their activation and death rate, this research demonstrates that no single biomarker could predict the dynamics of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadz Kirshtein
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USA; (A.K.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Shaya Akbarinejad
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USA; (A.K.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Wenrui Hao
- Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Trang Le
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USA; (A.K.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Sumeyye Su
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USA; (A.K.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Rachel A. Aronow
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USA; (A.K.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Leili Shahriyari
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USA; (A.K.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (R.A.A.)
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Marques P, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. The tumour microenvironment of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 58:100852. [PMID: 32553750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) includes a variety of non-neoplastic cells and non-cellular elements such as cytokines, growth factors and enzymes surrounding tumour cells. The TME emerged as a key modulator of tumour initiation, progression and invasion, with extensive data available in many cancers, but little is known in pituitary tumours. However, the understanding of the TME of pituitary tumours has advanced thanks to active research in this field over the last decade. Different immune and stromal cell subpopulations, and several cytokines, growth factors and matrix remodelling enzymes, have been characterised in pituitary tumours. Studying the TME in pituitary tumours may lead to a better understanding of tumourigenic mechanisms, identification of biomarkers useful to predict aggressive disease, and development of novel therapies. This review summarises the current knowledge on the different TME cellular/non-cellular elements in pituitary tumours and provides an overview of their role in tumourigenesis, biological behaviour and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Ye H, He X, Feng X. Developing neobavaisoflavone nanoemulsion suppresses lung cancer progression by regulating tumor microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110369. [PMID: 32563983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is necessary to create novel, efficacious and harmless therapeutic strategy for lung cancer treatment. The application of nanoemulsion to specifically suppress cancer progression in the tumor microenvironment would be an effective therapy. Neobavaisoflavone (Neo) is an isoflavone isolated from Psoralea corylifolia L, possesses striking anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. In our stduy, Neo significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the activated myofibroblast. Furthermore, a novel Neo nanoemulsion (nano-Neo) was prepared to improve Neo solubility and bioavailability. Nano-Neo showed more effectively anti-proliferative role in lung cancer cells. In addition, in vivo analysis further demonstrated that nano-Neo could effectively suppress tumor growth compared to the free Neo-treated mice without noticeable damage to major organs. Furthermore, nano-Neo treatment markedly reduced extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in tumor samples by repressing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMADs signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the activated immune microenvironment in tumor tissues was dramatically improved by nano-Neo through reducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) infiltration, as well as improving the count of natural killer (NK) cells and M2 macrophage phenotype switch to pro-inflammatory M1. In addition, we found that the prepared nano-Neo exerted promising tumor targeting efficiency with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, the novel approach to prepare nano-Neo introduced here might provide an effective strategy for lung cancer treatment with few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030013, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- Department of Science and Education, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of CT Room, Shanxian Haijiya Hospital, Heze, 274300, China.
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Gharbavi M, Sharafi A, Ghanbarzadeh S. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A New Generation of Therapeutic Agents as Vehicles in Gene Therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 20:269-284. [PMID: 32515309 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666200607190339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a new tool for therapeutic gene delivery in clinics have attracted much attention. Their advantages cover longer lifespan, better isolation, and higher transfection efficiency and proliferation rate. MSCs are the preferred approach for cell-based therapies because of their in vitro self-renewal capacity, migrating especially to tumor tissues, as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, they have considerable efficiency in genetic engineering for future clinical applications in cancer gene therapy and other diseases. For improving therapeutic efficiency, targeted therapy of cancers can be achieved through the sustained release of therapeutic agents and functional gene expression induction to the intended tissues. The development of a new vector in gene therapy can improve the durability of a transgene expression. Also, the safety of the vector, if administered systemically, may resolve several problems, such as durability of expression and the host immune response. Currently, MSCs are prominent candidates as cell vehicles for both preclinical and clinical trials due to the secretion of therapeutic agents in several cancers. In the present study, we discuss the status of gene therapy in both viral and non-viral vectors along with their limitations. Throughout this study, the use of several nano-carriers for gene therapy is also investigated. Finally, we critically discuss the promising advantages of MSCs in targeted gene delivery, tumor inhibition and their utilization as the gene carriers in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Gharbavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan,
Iran,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan,
Iran,Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Sharafi
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeed Ghanbarzadeh
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan,
Iran,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Higher density of stromal M2 macrophages in breast ductal carcinoma in situ predicts recurrence. Virchows Arch 2020; 476:825-833. [PMID: 31897820 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune response can affect tumour progression and treatment outcome. This study investigated the potential of stromal macrophages around ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in predicting recurrence and progression. CD68 and CD163 expression of macrophages in DCIS from 198 patients was determined by immunohistochemistry. Disease free survival (DFS), clinicopathological parameters and biomarker expression were correlated with the densities of both CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages. High CD68+ macrophage density was associated with high nuclear grade (p < 0.001), oestrogen receptor (ER) negativity (p = 0.029), progesterone receptor (PR) negativity (p = 0.008) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity (p < 0.001). High CD163+ macrophage density was associated with high nuclear grade (p = 0.003), microinvasion (p = 0.01), ER negativity (p < 0.001), PR negativity (p = 0.001), HER2 positivity (p = 0.001) and triple negativity (p = 0.022). DCIS with higher CD68+ macrophage density disclosed significantly worse DFS for ipsilateral invasive recurrence (p = 0.004) and is affirmed by multivariate Cox regression analysis (95% CI 1.126-5.102, HR = 2.397, p = 0.023). DCIS with higher CD163+ macrophage density showed significantly worse DFS for both recurrence (p = 0.001) and ipsilateral invasive recurrence (p = 0.001). These findings, for CD163+ macrophage density, were affirmed by multivariate Cox regression analysis respectively for both recurrence (95% CI 1.210-2.293, HR = 1.880, p = 0.005) and ipsilateral invasive recurrence (95% CI 1.122-5.176, HR = 2.410, p = 0.024). This study demonstrated that DCIS with higher macrophage density was associated with poorer prognostic parameters, while DCIS with higher CD163+ macrophage density predicted both recurrence and ipsilateral invasive recurrence.
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Da Silva AC, Jammal MP, Crispim PCA, Murta EFC, Nomelini RS. The Role of Stroma in Ovarian Cancer. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:406-424. [PMID: 32264761 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1658770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Ovarian cancer is one of the gynecological malignancies responsible for thousands of deaths in women worldwide. Malignant solid tumors are formed by malignant cells and stroma that influence each other, where different types of cells in the stromal environment can be recruited by malignant cells to promote tumor growth and facilitate metastasis. The chronic inflammatory response is increasingly accepted in its relation to the pathophysiology of the onset and development of tumors, sustained cell proliferation in an environment rich in inflammatory cells, growth factors, activated stroma and DNA damage agents may increase the risk to develop a neoplasm.Methods: A search for the following keywords was performed in the PubMed database; "Ovarian cancer", "stroma", "tumor-associated macrophages", "cancer-associated fibroblasts", "cytokines", "angiogenesis", "epithelial-mesenchymal transition", and "extracellular matrix".Results: The articles identified were published in English between 1971 and 2018. A total of 154 articles were selected for further analysis. Conclusion: We consider ovarian cancer as a heterogeneous disease, not only in the sense that different histological or molecular subtypes may be behind the same clinical result, but also that multiple cell types besides cancer cells, like other non-cellular components, need to be mobilized and coordinated to support tumor survival, growth, invasion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolinne Da Silva
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Millena Prata Jammal
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Carolina Arvelos Crispim
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eddie Fernando Candido Murta
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosekeila Simões Nomelini
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Targeting of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages with a melittin-based pro-apoptotic peptide. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:147. [PMID: 31174610 PMCID: PMC6555931 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major component of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Macrophages are broadly categorized as M1 or M2 types, and TAMs have been shown to express an M2-like phenotype. TAMs promote tumor progression and contribute to resistance to chemotherapies. Therefore, M2-like TAMs are potential targets for the cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we targeted M2-like TAMs using a hybrid peptide, MEL-dKLA, composed of melittin (MEL), which binds preferentially to M2-like TAMs, and the pro-apoptotic peptide d (KLAKLAK)2 (dKLA), which induces mitochondrial death after cell membrane penetration. Methods The M1 or M2-differentiated RAW264.7 cells were used for mitochondrial colocalization and apoptosis test in vitro. For in vivo study, the murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells were inoculated subcutaneously in the right flank of mouse. The dKLA, MEL and MEL-dKLA peptides were intraperitoneally injected at 175 nmol/kg every 3 days. Flow cytometry analysis of tumor-associated macrophages and immunofluorescence staining were performed to investigate the immunotherapeutic effects of MEL-dKLA. Results We showed that MEL-dKLA induced selective cell death of M2 macrophages in vitro, whereas MEL did not disrupt the mitochondrial membrane. We also showed that MEL-dKLA selectively targeted M2-like TAMs without affecting other leukocytes, such as T cells and dendritic cells, in vivo. These features resulted in lower tumor growth rates, tumor weights, and angiogenesis in vivo. Importantly, although both MEL and MEL-dKLA reduced numbers of CD206+ M2-like TAMs in tumors, only MEL-dKLA induced apoptosis in CD206+ M2-like TAMs, and MEL did not induce cell death. Conclusion Taken together, our study demonstrated that MEL-dKLA could be used to target M2-like TAMs as a promising cancer therapeutic agent.
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19
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Prognostic role of immune infiltrates in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:17-27. [PMID: 31134489 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is often regarded as a non-obligate precursor to invasive breast carcinoma but current diagnostic tools are unable to accurately predict the invasive potential of DCIS. Infiltration of immune cells into the tumour and its microenvironment is often an early event at the site of tumourigenesis. These immune infiltrates may be potential predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers for DCIS. This review aims to discuss recent findings pertaining to the potential prognostic significance of immune infiltrates as well as their evaluation in DCIS. METHODS A literature search on PubMed was conducted up to 28th January 2019. Search terms used were "DCIS", "ductal carcinoma in situ", "immune", "immunology", "TIL", "TIL assessment", and "tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte". Search filters for "Most Recent" and "English" were applied. Information from published papers related to the research topic were synthesised and summarised for this review. RESULTS Studies have revealed that immune infiltrates play a role in the biology and microenvironment of DCIS, as well as treatment response. There is currently no consensus on the evaluation of TILs in DCIS for clinical application. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the recent findings on the potential influence and prognostic value of immunological processes on DCIS progression, as well as the evaluation of TILs in DCIS. Further characterisation of the immune milieu of DCIS is recommended to better understand the immune response in DCIS progression and recurrence.
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Ren B, Cui M, Yang G, Wang H, Feng M, You L, Zhao Y. Tumor microenvironment participates in metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:108. [PMID: 30060755 PMCID: PMC6065152 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with high mortality due to difficulties in its early diagnosis and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment induced by interactions between pancreatic epithelial/cancer cells and stromal cells is critical for pancreatic cancer progression and has been implicated in the failure of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Microenvironment formation requires interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and stromal cells. Components of the pancreatic cancer microenvironment that contribute to desmoplasia and immunosuppression are associated with poor patient prognosis. These components can facilitate desmoplasia and immunosuppression in primary and metastatic sites or can promote metastasis by stimulating angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion/migration, and pre-metastatic niche formation. Some molecules participate in both microenvironment formation and metastasis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer microenvironment formation and discuss how the pancreatic cancer microenvironment participates in metastasis, representing a potential target for combination therapy to enhance overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China.
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Kaczmarek M, Rubis B, Frydrychowicz M, Nowicka A, Brajer-Luftmann B, Kozlowska M, Lagiedo M, Batura-Gabryel H, Sikora J. Pleural Macrophages can Promote or Inhibit Apoptosis of Malignant Cells via Humoral Mediators Depending on Intracellular Signaling Pathways. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:264-278. [DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1477158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Blazej Rubis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Frydrychowicz
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Nowicka
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Brajer-Luftmann
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Malgorzata Lagiedo
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Halina Batura-Gabryel
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Sikora
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Li T, Peng M, Yang Z, Zhou X, Deng Y, Jiang C, Xiao M, Wang J. 3D-printed IFN-γ-loading calcium silicate-β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold sequentially activates M1 and M2 polarization of macrophages to promote vascularization of tissue engineering bone. Acta Biomater 2018; 71:96-107. [PMID: 29549051 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To promote vascularization of tissue-engineered bone, IFN-γ polarizing macrophages to M1 was loaded on 5% calcium silicate/β-tricalcium phosphate (CaSiO3-β-TCP) scaffolds. IFN-γ and Si released from the scaffold were designed to polarize M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively. β-TCP, CaSiO3-β-TCP, and IFN-γ@CaSiO3-β-TCP were fabricated and biocompatibilities were evaluated. Polarizations of macrophages were detected by flow cytometry. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells with GFP were cultured and induced on Matrigel with conditioned culture medium extracted from culture of macrophages loaded on scaffolds for evaluating angiogenesis. Four weeks after the scaffolds were subcutaneously implanted into C57B1/6, vascularization was evaluated by visual observation, hematoxylin and eosin staining, as well as immunohistochemistry of CD31. The results showed that IFN-γ@CaSiO3-β-TCP scaffolds released IFN-γ in the early stage (1-3 days) to stimulate macrophages to M1 polarization, followed by release of Si inducing macrophages to M2 polarization while scaffolds degraded. The activation of M1/M2 allows macrophages to secrete more cytokines, including VEGF, CXCL12 and PDGF-BB. The IFN-γ@CaSiO3-β-TCP scaffolds formed more blood vessels in vitro and in vivo compared to the control groups. The study indicated that the design of tissue-engineered scaffolds with immunomodulatory function utilized host macrophages to increase vascularization of tissue-engineered bone, providing a new strategy for accelerating vascularization and osteogenesis of tissue-engineered scaffolds and showing the potential for treatment of major bone defects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A 3-D printed immunomodulatory scaffold was designed for repair of massive bone defects. Through the release of interferon γ and silicon ions, the new immunomodulatory scaffold promoted the M1 and M2 polarization of macrophages, boosting angiogenesis. This scaffold provided a new strategy for accelerating vascularization and osteogenesis of tissue-engineered scaffolds and showing the potential for treatment of major bone defects.
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da Silva AC, Jammal MP, Etchebehere RM, Murta EFC, Nomelini RS. Role of Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin and Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha in Ovarian Neoplasms. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2018; 83:381-387. [PMID: 29621774 DOI: 10.1159/000488088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Studies show that tumor growth is not just determined by the presence of malignant cells, since interactions between cancer cells and stromal microenvironment have important impacts on the cancer growth and progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts play a prominent role in this process. The aims of the study were to investigate 2 cancer-associated fibroblasts markers, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) in the stromal microenvironment of benign and malignant ovarian epithelial neoplasms, and to relate their tissue expression with prognostic factors in ovarian cancer. METHODS α-SMA and FAP were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in malignant (n = 28) and benign (n = 28) ovarian neoplasms. Fisher's exact test was used with a significance level lower than 0.05. RESULTS FAP immunostaining was stronger in ovarian cancer when compared to benign neoplasms (p = 0.0366). There was no significant difference in relation to α-SMA expression between malignant and benign ovarian neoplasms as well as prognostic factors. In ovarian cancer, FAP stainings 2/3 was significantly related to histological grades 2 and 3 (p = 0.0183). CONCLUSION FAP immunostaining is more intense in malignant neoplasms than in benign ovarian neoplasms, as well as in moderately differentiated and undifferentiated ovarian carcinomas compared to well-differentiated neoplasms, thus indicating that it can be used as a marker of worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolinne da Silva
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Millena Prata Jammal
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Uberaba, Brazil
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Garcia CB, Fernandes PC, Micheli DC, Pereira AHM, Murta EFC, Tavares-Murta BM. Effect of Treatment on Mononuclear Cell Migration in Cervical Cancer Patients. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 94:712-7. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Our aim was to evaluate the effect of treatment on the in vitro migration of circulating mononuclear cells in cervical cancer patients at different stages. Methods We prospectively investigated 24 patients with cervical neoplasia, without prior treatment, submitted to surgery or chemotherapy as therapeutic conduct. Controls were healthy volunteer women (n = 23). Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral venous blood before and after treatment, and their migration capacity was evaluated in a microchemotaxis chamber assay towards the chemotactic stimuli fMLP, MCP-1 and RANTES, compared to basal migration. Serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites were assayed by the Griess reaction. Results Increased mononuclear cell migration in response to the chemotactic stimuli, compared to basal migration, was observed in controls and patients, without differences between them. After treatment (n = 14), mononuclear cell migration in response to MCP-1 and RANTES was increased compared to pre-treatment. Serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites were more elevated in patients (n = 19) than in controls (n = 17), but decreased after treatment (n = 15). Conclusions The results suggest that the production of soluble circulating factors by tumor cells could interfere with the functional activity of blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Cesar Fernandes
- Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics/Research Institute of Oncology (IPON), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Douglas Côbo Micheli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eddie Fernando Candido Murta
- Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics/Research Institute of Oncology (IPON), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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TAMeless traitors: macrophages in cancer progression and metastasis. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1583-1591. [PMID: 29065107 PMCID: PMC5729447 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are conventionally classified into M1 and M2 subtypes according to their differentiation status and functional role in the immune system. However, accumulating evidence suggests that this binary classification system is insufficient to account for the remarkable plasticity of macrophages that gives rise to an immense diversity of subtypes. This diverse spectrum of macrophage subtypes play critical roles in various homeostatic and immune functions, but remain far from being fully characterised. In addition to their roles in normal physiological conditions, macrophages also play crucial roles in disease conditions such as cancer. In this review, we discuss the roles tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) play in regulating different steps of tumour progression and metastasis, and the opportunities to target them in the quest for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Pu WL, Sun LK, Gao XM, Rüegg C, Cuendet M, Hottiger MO, Zhou K, Miao L, Zhang YS, Gebauer M. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages by anti-tumor Chinese materia medica. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 23:723-732. [PMID: 28988387 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a key role in all stages of tumorigenesis and tumor progression. TAMs secrete different kinds of cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes to affect the progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy depending on their state of reprogramming. Therapeutic benefit in targeting TAMs suggests that macrophages are attractive targets for cancer treatment. Chinese materia medica (CMM) is an important approach for treating cancer in China and in the Asian region. According to the theory of Chinese medicine (CM) and its practice, some prescriptions of CM regulate the body's internal environment possibly including the remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here we briefly summarize the pivotal effects of TAMs in shaping the TME and promoting tumorigenesis, invasion, metastasis and immunosuppression. Furthermore, we illustrate the effects and mechanisms of CMM targeting TAMs in antitumor therapy. Finally, we reveal the CMM's dual-regulatory and multi-targeting functions on regulating TAMs, and hopefully, provide the theoretical basis for CMM clinical practice related to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Pu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Li-Kang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Cuendet
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Micheal O Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich-Irchel, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich-Irchel, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yun-Sha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Margaret Gebauer
- Chingcura, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
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Shan M, Qin J, Jin F, Han X, Guan H, Li X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang Y. Autophagy suppresses isoprenaline-induced M2 macrophage polarization via the ROS/ERK and mTOR signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2017. [PMID: 28647611 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of autophagy on stress-induced M2 macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer and to determine whether the underlying mechanism was related to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/ERK and mTOR pathway. In vitro, we found that the basal autophagy level in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages decreased with the incubation of tumor cell culture supernatant. Similarly, the polarization of RAW 264.7 to M2 macrophages was inhibited by the autophagy inducer rapamycin and increased by the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or by siBeclin1. In addition, we found that not only was M2 molecule expression down-regulated but intracellular ROS generation was also blocked by autophagy induction. In vivo, we observed that mice that received an isoprenaline injection as a stress agent exhibited augmented implanted breast tumor growth, lung metastasis, intratumoral mRNA expression of M2 molecules and serum ROS generation. In contrast, the intratumoral expression of LC3-II and Beclin1 was decreased. In addition, we observed that isoprenaline induced the up-regulation of the intratumoral expression of phosphorylated mTOR, phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated Tyr705-STAT3 and HIF-1α, whereas rapamycin induced an opposite effect on the same molecules and could abolish the effects of isoprenaline. These results suggest that autophagy might suppress M2 macrophage polarization induced by isoprenaline via the ROS/ERK and mTOR signaling pathway. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for why high levels of stress hormones accelerate the progression of breast cancer, and autophagy may play a role in determining the outcomes of cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Autophagy/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Isoproterenol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitors
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Shan
- Medical School of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde, China
| | - Junfang Qin
- Medical School of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengjiao Jin
- Medical School of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Medical School of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haitao Guan
- Medical School of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoge Li
- Medical School of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Medical School of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyao Zhang
- Medical School of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Medical School of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Lardone RD, Chan AA, Lee AF, Foshag LJ, Faries MB, Sieling PA, Lee DJ. Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Alters Melanoma Microenvironment Favoring Antitumor T Cell Responses and Improving M2 Macrophage Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:965. [PMID: 28848560 PMCID: PMC5554507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intralesional Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has long been a relatively inexpensive therapy for inoperable cutaneous metastatic melanoma (CMM), although intralesional BCG skin mechanisms remain understudied. We analyzed intralesional BCG-treated CMM lesions combined with in vitro studies to further investigate BCG-altered pathways. Since macrophages play a pivotal role against both cancer and mycobacterial infections, we hypothesized BCG regulates macrophages to promote antitumor immunity. Tumor-associated macrophages (M2) infiltrate melanomas and impair antitumor immunity. BCG-treated, in vitro-polarized M2 (M2-BCG) showed transcriptional changes involving inflammation, immune cell recruitment, cross talk, and activation pathways. Mechanistic network analysis indicated M2-BCG potential to improve interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses. Accordingly, frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells responding to M2-BCG vs. mock-treated M2 increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, conditioned media from M2-BCG vs. M2 elevated the frequency of granzyme B-producing CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) facing autologous melanoma cell lines (p < 0.01). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of intralesional BCG-injected CMM relative to uninjected lesions showed immune function prevalence, with the most enriched pathways representing T cell activation mechanisms. In vitro-infected MM-derived cell lines stimulated higher frequency of IFN-γ-producing TIL from the same melanoma (p < 0.05). Our data suggest BCG favors antitumor responses in CMM through direct/indirect effects on tumor microenvironment cell types including macrophages, T cells, and tumor itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D Lardone
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Alfred A Chan
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States.,Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Agnes F Lee
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Leland J Foshag
- Division of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Mark B Faries
- Melanoma Research Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Peter A Sieling
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Delphine J Lee
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States.,Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
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29
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Lee C, Bae SJS, Joo H, Bae H. Melittin suppresses tumor progression by regulating tumor-associated macrophages in a Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54951-54965. [PMID: 28903394 PMCID: PMC5589633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are a major component of tumor stroma. It has been reported that TAMs have M2-like phenotype and facilitate tumor progression by promoting angiogenesis and immunosuppression. Melittin, a major polypeptide of bee venom, has been widely studied as an anti-cancer drug due to its cytotoxicity to malignant cells. However, very little is known regarding the effect of melittin on immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. This study focuses on the effect of melittin on TAMs in a Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model. Melittin inhibited the rapid tumor growth compared to the control in vivo. Melittin increased the M1/M2 ratio of TAMs by selectively reducing the number of CD206+ M2-like TAMs while not altering the population of CD86+ M1-like TAMs. Melittin also preferentially binds to M2 macrophages, and this binding was not associated with phagocytosis. Gene and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) and mannose receptor C type 1 (Mrc1/CD206) was reduced in M2-like bone marrow-derived macrophages by melittin treatment, but there was no significant change in the gene level of Vegf and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt1/VEGFR1) in tumor cells in vitro. Additionally, the levels of VEGF and CD31, markers of angiogenesis, were significantly decreased by melittin treatment in tumor tissues. This study revealed a novel role for melittin in tumor treatment and suggested that melittin could be a promising therapeutic agent for targeting M2-like TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanju Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-Gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joo S Bae
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Hwansoo Joo
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-Gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-Gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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30
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Ridge SM, Sullivan FJ, Glynn SA. Mesenchymal stem cells: key players in cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:31. [PMID: 28148268 PMCID: PMC5286812 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour progression is dependent on the interaction between tumour cells and cells of the surrounding microenvironment. The tumour is a dynamic milieu consisting of various cell types such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, cells of the immune system and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are multipotent stromal cells that are known to reside in various areas such as the bone marrow, fat and dental pulp. MSCs have been found to migrate towards inflammatory sites and studies have shown that they also migrate towards and incorporate into the tumour. The key question is how they interact there. MSCs may interact with tumour cells through paracrine signalling. On the other hand, MSCs have the capacity to differentiate to various cell types such as osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes and it is possible that MSCs differentiate at the site of the tumour. More recently it has been shown that cross-talk between tumour cells and MSCs has been shown to increase metastatic potential and promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This review will focus on the role of MSCs in tumour development at various stages of progression from growth of the primary tumour to the establishment of distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Ridge
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, Costello Road, Galway, Ireland.,Prostate Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Costello Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Francis J Sullivan
- Prostate Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Costello Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sharon A Glynn
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, Costello Road, Galway, Ireland. .,Prostate Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Costello Road, Galway, Ireland.
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31
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Abstract
Macrophages constitute a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that are essential for maintaining homeostasis and as a first line of innate responders controlling and organizing host defenses against pathogens. Monocyte-macrophage lineage cells are among the most functionally diverse and plastic cells of the immune system. They undergo specific activation into functionally distinct phenotypes in response to immune signals and microbial products. In mammals, macrophage functional heterogeneity is defined by two activation states, M1 and M2, which represent two polar ends of a continuum exhibiting pro-inflammatory and tissue repair activities, respectively. While the ancient evolutionary origin of macrophages as phagocytic defenders is well established, the evolutionary roots of the specialized division of macrophages into subsets with polarized activation phenotypes is less well defined. Accordingly, this chapter focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the evolution of macrophage polarization and functional heterogeneity with a focus on ectothermic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Stina Edholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Kun Hyoe Rhoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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32
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Zheng R, Studzinski GP. Nuclear ERK5 inhibits progression of leukemic monocytes to macrophages by regulating the transcription factor PU.1 and heat shock protein HSP70. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:1468-1480. [PMID: 27748139 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1243675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy can supplement the therapy of APL, but other subtypes of AML are treated principally with cytotoxic agents, with few lasting remissions. While the induction of monocyte followed by macrophage differentiation by vitamin D derivatives (VDDs) is dramatic in cultured AML cells of all subtypes, attempts to translate this to the clinic have not been effective. Thus, better understanding of the mechanisms underlying VDD-induced differentiation may improve this approach. The key events in this form of differentiation include increased expression of CD11b, and the transcription factor PU.1 is known to be a part of this process. We show here that in the transition of monocytes to macrophages induced by a VDD, ERK5, a member of the MAPK family of signaling molecules, prevents PU.1 expression. However, upon ERK5 inhibition PU.1 protein is stabilized by HSP70.Thus, ERK5 may be a target for manipulation of the immunoregulatory actions of macrophages in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Zheng
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University , Newark , NJ , USA
| | - George P Studzinski
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University , Newark , NJ , USA
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33
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Iliopoulos C, Weber M, Mitsimponas KT, Neukam FW, Wehrhan F. Investigation of the interplay between plasma lipids and macrophage polarization in small oral squamous cell carcinomas with different outcome: A pilot study of 17 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:134-41. [PMID: 26718051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing evidence suggests a correlation of alternative polarization of macrophages (M2) with a bad outcome of oral cancer. Macrophage polarization plays a significant role in the progression of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, being influenced from plasma cholesterol. On the other hand plasma lipids have been studied epidemiologically as risk factors in carcinogenesis. Goal of our pilot study was the investigation of a possible association of plasma lipids with tumor outcome through their potential influence on macrophage polarization. MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 patients with small pN0 OSCC with different clinical outcome, treated operatively without postoperative R(C)T constituted our patient collective. Plasma lipids (total cholesterol and triglycerides) were studied in relation to macrophage polarization (determined through the expression of CD68, CD11c, CD163 and MRC1 antibodies) and tumor outcome. RESULTS Patients with pathological chronic course of either plasma cholesterol or triglycerides demonstrated an increased infiltration with alternatively polarized macrophages in their specimens. Patients with pathological chronic course of plasma cholesterol showed moreover a bad tumor outcome. CONCLUSION A role of plasma lipids in the tumor outcome via alternative macrophage polarization could be assumed. A larger prospective study is needed to confirm our preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Iliopoulos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Manuel Weber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantinos T Mitsimponas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich W Neukam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Wehrhan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Macrophages and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 381:211-6. [PMID: 26708507 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages make up part of the innate immune system and provide one of the first defenses against variety of treats. Macrophages can also modulate the adaptive immune system. Efficient sensing and response to tissue environmental cues highlights the complexity and dynamic nature of macrophages and their plasticity. Macrophages may have divergent roles depending on their polarity and stimulus received. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the critical role played by macrophages in tumor initiation, development, and progression. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In addition, we give an overview on recent advances related to the therapeutic implication associated with targeting TAMs in pancreas cancer.
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35
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Li N, Qin J, Lan L, Zhang H, Liu F, Wu Z, Ni H, Wang Y. PTEN inhibits macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 through CCL2 and VEGF-A reduction and NHERF-1 synergism. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:297-306. [PMID: 25756512 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2014.1002353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN has been studied in several tumor models as a tumor suppressor. In this study, we explored the role of PTEN in the inhibition state of polarized M2 subtype of macrophage in tumor microenvironment (TME) and the underlying mechanisms. To elucidate the potential effect in TME, RAW 264.7 macrophages and 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells were co-cultured to reconstruct tumor microenvironment. After PTEN was down-regulated with shRNA, the expression of CCL2 and VEGF-A, which are definited to promote the formation of M2 macrophages, have a dramatically increase on the level of both gene and protein in co-cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages. And at the same time, NHERF-1 (Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulating factor-1), another tumor suppressor has a similar tendency to PTEN. Q-PCR and WB results suggested that PTEN and NHERF-1 were consistent with one another no matter at mRNA or protein level when exposed to the same stimulus. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence techniques confirmed that PTEN and NHERF-1 were coprecipitated, and NHERF-1 protein expression was properly reduced with rCCL2 effect. In addition, cell immunofluorescence images revealed a profound transferance, in co-cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages, an up-regulation of NHERF-1 could promote the PTEN marked expression on the cell membrane, and this form for the interaction was not negligible. These observations illustrate PTEN with a certain synergy of NHERF-1, as well as down-regulation of CCL2 suppressing M2 macrophage transformation pathway. The results suggest that the activation of PTEN and NHERF-1 may impede the evolution of macrophages beyond the M1 into M2 phenotype in tumor microenvironment.
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Key Words
- CAFs, cancer associated fibroblasts
- CCL2
- CM, complete medium
- CXCL, the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand
- CXCR3, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- NHERF-1
- NHERF-1, Na+/H+ exchanger regulating factor1
- PTEN
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deletedon chromosome 10
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- TAM
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TSN, tumor culture supernatant
- co-culture
- transformation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- a School of Medicine ; Nankai University ; Tianjin , China
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36
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Proangiogenic cells enhanced persistent and physiologic neovascularization compared with macrophages. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e186. [PMID: 26403262 PMCID: PMC4650932 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proangiogenic cells (PACs) display surface markers and secrete angiogenic factors similar to those used by myelomonocytic cells, but, unlike myelomonocytic cells, PACs enhance neovascularization activity in experimental ischemic diseases. This study was performed to reveal the differential neovascularization activities of PACs compared with those of myelomonocytic cells. We cultured PACs and CD14(+)-derived macrophages (Macs) for 7 days. Most of the surface markers and cytokines in the two cell types were alike; the exceptions were KDR, β8 integrin, interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Unlike Macs, PACs significantly enhanced mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transmigration. PACs and Macs increased neovascularization activity in an in vitro co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and MSCs and in an in vivo cotransplantation in Matrigel. However, the use of Macs resulted in inappropriately dilated and leaky vessels, whereas the use of PACs did not. We induced critical hindlimb ischemia in nude mice, and then transplanted PACs, Macs or vehicle into the mice. We obtained laser Doppler perfusion images weekly. At 2 weeks, mice treated with PACs showed significantly enhanced perfusion recovery in contrast to those treated with Macs. After day 7, when cells were depleted using a suicidal gene, viral thymidine kinase, to induce apoptosis of the cells in vivo by ganciclovir administration, we found that the improved perfusion was significantly abrogated in the PAC-treated group, whereas perfusion was not changed in the Mac-treated group. PACs caused an increase in healthy new vessels in in vitro and in vivo models of angiogenesis and enhanced long-term functional neovascularization activity in the hindlimb ischemia model, whereas Macs did not. Nevertheless, the angiogenic potential and long-term functional results for a specific cell type should be validated to confirm effectiveness and safety of the cell type for use in therapeutic angiogenesis procedures.
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37
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Kaiser CG, Herold M, Baltzer PA, Dietzel M, Krammer J, Gajda M, Camara O, Schoenberg SO, Kaiser WA, Wasser K. Is "prepectoral edema" a morphologic sign for malignant breast tumors? Acad Radiol 2015; 22:684-9. [PMID: 25784323 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES A variety of morphologic and kinetic signs of benign or malignant breast lesions contribute to a final diagnosis and differential diagnosis in magnetic resonance (MR) mammography (MRM). As a new sign, prepectoral edema (PE) in patients without any history of previous biopsy, operation, radiation, or chemotherapy was detected during routine breast MR examinations. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the role of this morphologic sign in the differential diagnosis of breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 2005 and October 2006, a total of 1109 consecutive MRM examinations have been performed in our institution. In this study, only patients who would later be biopsied or operated in our own hospital were included. They had no previous operation, biopsy, intervention, chemotherapy, hormone replacement therapy, or previous mastitis. In total, 162 patients with 180 lesions were included, histologically correlated later-on by open biopsy (124 patients and 136 lesions) or core biopsy (38 patients and 44 lesions). The evaluations were performed by four experienced radiologists in consensus. RESULTS One hundred eighty evaluated lesions included 104 malignant lesions (93 invasive and 11 noninvasive cancers) and 76 benign lesions. PE was detected in 2.6% of benign lesions (2 of 76), in none of the Ductal cacinoma in situ (DCIS) cases (0 of 11), and in 25.8% of malignant lesions (24 of 93; P < .000). PE was found significantly more frequently in presence of malignant tumors >2 cm in diameter (48.5%, 17 of 35 vs. 13.8%, 8 of 58; P < .001). PE was not statistically associated to malignant tumor type, presence or absence of additional DCIS, and number of lesions. This resulted in the following diagnostic parameters for PE as an indicator for malignancy: sensitivity of 19.3%, specificity of 97.3%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 92.3%, negative predictive value of 48%, and accuracy of 57.7%. CONCLUSIONS In case of occurrence, the "PE sign" seems to be a specific indicator for malignant tumors with a high PPV, independent from its entity.
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Wang Z, Li Z, Wang Y, Cao D, Wang X, Jiang M, Li M, Yan X, Li Y, Liu Y, Luo F. Versican silencing improves the antitumor efficacy of endostatin by alleviating its induced inflammatory and immunosuppressive changes in the tumor microenvironment. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2981-91. [PMID: 25872924 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The systematic application of antiangiogenic therapy remains an issue of concern, mainly due to the hypoxic and inflammatory changes in the tumor microenvironment elicited by antiangiogenic therapy. Versican, a 'bridge' connecting inflammation with tumor progression as well as playing a central role in the generation of an inflammatory tumor microenvironment is a promising candidate for the intervention of inflammatory changes in the tumor microenvironment elicited by antiangiogenic therapy. To examine this hypothesis, a short-hairpin RNA targeting versican (shVCAN) was designed and shVCAN stable-transfected B16F1 and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell lines were established. Simultaneously, the established B16F1 and LLC tumor models were used to investigate the effect of versican silencing on the tumor burden of mice. The results showed that, versican silencing exerted an inhibitory effect on the proliferative and migratory ability of B16F1 cells, but did not affect LLC cells. Endostatin exhibited modest inhibition of tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. Versican silencing alone effectively suppressed orthotopic tumor growth and significantly prolonged survival time of mice more effectively when combined with endostatin. Endostatin elicited inflammatory and immunosuppressive changes in the tumor microenvironment, including an accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and inflammatory cytokines. In addition, NF-κB and HIF-1α were overexpressed in the tumor. Versican silencing improved the antitumor efficacy of endostatin by alleviating its induced changes in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, versican silencing in the tumor microenvironment offers a promising approach to reverse the tumor refractoriness to antiangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
| | - Zhixi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
| | - Yuyi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
| | - Yanyang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, P.R. China
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Alexandrakis MG, Goulidaki N, Pappa CA, Boula A, Psarakis F, Neonakis I, Tsirakis G. Interleukin-10 Induces Both Plasma Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis in Multiple Myeloma. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:929-34. [PMID: 25743259 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In multiple myeloma the angiogenic process is enhanced by various mediators. Among them interleukin-10 (IL-10), secreted mainly by myeloma-associated macrophages seems to participate in myeloma progression with variable manners. The aim of the study was to measure serum levels of IL-10 in various stages of MM patients and to correlate them with various angiogenic cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2 and with known proliferation parameters, such as serum levels of B-cell activating factor and bone marrow infiltration by myeloma plasma cells, in order to explore their clinical significance. We measured serum levels of the above parameters by ELISA in 54 newly diagnosed MM patients. All of them were higher in MM patients and were increasing in parallel with disease progression. Furthermore, IL-10 correlated positively with both angiogenic cytokines and proliferation markers. This correlation of IL-10 with both angiogenic cytokines and markers of disease activity implicates that they all have an important role in MM pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Alexandrakis
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, PO BOX 1352, Stavrakia, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece
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Labonte AC, Tosello-Trampont AC, Hahn YS. The role of macrophage polarization in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Mol Cells 2014; 37:275-85. [PMID: 24625576 PMCID: PMC4012075 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, found in circulating blood as well as integrated into several tissues and organs throughout the body, represent an important first line of defense against disease and a necessary component of healthy tissue homeostasis. Additionally, macrophages that arise from the differentiation of monocytes recruited from the blood to inflamed tissues play a central role in regulating local inflammation. Studies of macrophage activation in the last decade or so have revealed that these cells adopt a staggering range of phenotypes that are finely tuned responses to a variety of different stimuli, and that the resulting subsets of activated macrophages play critical roles in both progression and resolution of disease. This review summarizes the current understanding of the contributions of differentially polarized macrophages to various infectious and inflammatory diseases and the ongoing effort to develop novel therapies that target this key aspect of macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Labonte
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia,
USA
| | | | - Young S. Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia,
USA
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Goswami KK, Barik S, Banerjee S, Bhowmick AK, Biswas J, Bose A, Baral R. Supraglottic laryngeal tumor microenvironmental factors facilitate STAT3 dependent pro-tumorigenic switch in tumor associated macrophages to render utmost immune evasion. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:7-17. [PMID: 24029664 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Content of tumor microenvironment (TME) is varied greatly among different types of laryngeal tumors, namely, supraglottic, glottic and subglottic tumors. These three different TMEs shape infiltrating monocytes/macrophages toward M2 genotypes in variable degrees. Results obtained from in vitro studies demonstrated extent of expression of M2 phenotypic features on macrophages was maximum after their exposure to supraglottic laryngeal tumor cell lysates (SLTCL) than glottic or subglottic lysates. Moreover, M2 macrophages generated under influence of SLTCL show less nitric oxide production, greater IL-10: IL-12 ratio and poor antigen presentation. Co-culture of such M2 macrophages with T cells from healthy donors resulted decreased activation of T cells and T cell mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity, than, glottic or subglottic. SLTCL mediated macrophage polarization is STAT3 dependent and might be one of the major factors for severe immune paralysis leading to poor prognosis of supraglottic laryngeal tumor bearer following standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Kanti Goswami
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
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Alfano M, Graziano F, Genovese L, Poli G. Macrophage Polarization at the Crossroad Between HIV-1 Infection and Cancer Development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1145-52. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes play a fundamental role in the tissue homeostasis and innate defenses against viruses and other microbial pathogens. In addition, they are likely involved in several steps of cancer development. Circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages are target cells of viral infections, including human cytomegalovirus, human herpes virus 8, and the HIV, and alterations of their functional and phenotypic properties are likely involved in many tissue-degenerative diseases, including atherosclerosis and cancer. Different tissue microenvironments as well as their pathological alterations can profoundly affect the polarization state of macrophages toward the extreme phenotypes conventionally termed M1 and M2. Thus, targeting disease-associated macrophages is considered a potential approach particularly in the context of cancer-associated tumor-associated macrophages, supporting malignant cell growth and progression toward a metastatic phenotype. Of note is the fact that tumor-associated macrophages isolated from established tumors display phenotypic and functional features similar to those of in vitro–derived M2-polarized cells. Concerning HIV-1 infection, viral eradication strategies in the context of combination antiretroviral therapy should also consider the possibility to deplete, at least transiently, certain mononuclear phagocytes subsets, although the possibility of distinguishing those that are either infected or pathogenically altered remains a goal of future research. In the present review, we will focus on the recent literature concerning the role of human macrophage polarization in viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Alfano
- From the AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (M.A., F.G., L.G., G.P.); and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy (F.G., L.G., G.P.)
| | - Francesca Graziano
- From the AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (M.A., F.G., L.G., G.P.); and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy (F.G., L.G., G.P.)
| | - Luca Genovese
- From the AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (M.A., F.G., L.G., G.P.); and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy (F.G., L.G., G.P.)
| | - Guido Poli
- From the AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (M.A., F.G., L.G., G.P.); and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy (F.G., L.G., G.P.)
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Kipps E, Tan DSP, Kaye SB. Meeting the challenge of ascites in ovarian cancer: new avenues for therapy and research. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:273-82. [PMID: 23426401 PMCID: PMC4673904 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Malignant ascites presents a considerable clinical challenge to the management of ovarian cancer, but also provides a wealth of opportunities for translational research. The accessibility of ascitic fluid and its cellular components make it an excellent source of tumour tissue for the investigation of prognostic and predictive biomarkers, pharmacodynamic markers and for molecular profiling analysis. In this Opinion article, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of its pathophysiology, the development of new methods to characterize its molecular features and how these findings can be used to improve the treatment of malignant ascites, particularly in the context of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kipps
- The Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden Hospital, Medicine, Downs Road, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
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Abstract
Metastasis involves the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to surrounding tissues and to distant organs and is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. In order to complete the metastatic cascade, cancer cells must detach from the primary tumor, intravasate into the circulatory and lymphatic systems, evade immune attack, extravasate at distant capillary beds, and invade and proliferate in distant organs. Currently, several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the origin of cancer metastasis. These involve an epithelial mesenchymal transition, an accumulation of mutations in stem cells, a macrophage facilitation process, and a macrophage origin involving either transformation or fusion hybridization with neoplastic cells. Many of the properties of metastatic cancer cells are also seen in normal macrophages. A macrophage origin of metastasis can also explain the long-standing "seed and soil" hypothesis and the absence of metastasis in plant cancers. The view of metastasis as a macrophage metabolic disease can provide novel insight for therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Seyfried
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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Carrio R, Koru-Sengul T, Miao F, Glück S, Lopez O, Selman Y, Alvarez C, Milikowski C, Gomez C, Jorda M, Nadji M, Torroella-Kouri M. Macrophages as independent prognostic factors in small T1 breast cancers. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:141-8. [PMID: 23076599 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death by cancer in women in the United States. The occurrence of high numbers of macrophages in the tumor stroma has been associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in breast and other solid malignancies. However, macrophage numbers in tumors have not been validated as a prognostic factor in clinical practice. The present analysis was designed as a pilot study aimed at determining whether the presence of CD68+ macrophages is an independent prognostic factor in small T1 estrogen receptor (ER)+ breast cancers across three different ethnic groups, i.e. African-American, Latina and Caucasian women. A retrospective pilot analysis of 30 T1 breast cancer cases encompassing these three ethnic groups was carried out. African-American and Latina women present with less incidence but more aggressive breast cancer disease and, therefore, proportionally higher death rates. Using immuno-histochemistry, we sought to identify whether there was any association between the presence and density of CD68+ macrophages and standard prognostic markers with overall survival in these groups. Our data revealed that overall survival did not differ significantly for the occurrence or density of CD68+ macrophages in T1 ER+ tumors. There were also no significant differences in overall survival for the occurrence of CD68+ macrophages across ethnicities, although macrophage numbers were significantly higher in tumors from African-American and Latina than in Caucasian patients. Importantly, but not surprisingly, the absence of the progesterone receptor was associated very strongly with decreased overall survival. This pilot project shows that CD68+ macrophages are not pivotal in determining tumor prognosis in early T1 breast cancers. New studies are presently being conducted to assess the value of different macrophage markers and macrophage activation profiles as prognostic factors in breast cancers of different clinical stages, using a larger number of patients among these three different ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carrio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Immunity and malignant mesothelioma: From mesothelial cell damage to tumor development and immune response-based therapies. Cancer Lett 2012; 322:18-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Macrophages in tumor microenvironments and the progression of tumors. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:948098. [PMID: 22778768 PMCID: PMC3385963 DOI: 10.1155/2012/948098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are widely distributed innate immune cells that play indispensable roles in the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens and in-tissue homeostasis. Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and polarized to functionally different phenotypes. Two distinct subsets of macrophages have been proposed, including classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. M1 macrophages express a series of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules, such as IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, iNOS and MHCI/II. In contrast, M2 macrophages express a wide array of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and arginase1. In most tumors, the infiltrated macrophages are considered to be of the M2 phenotype, which provides an immunosuppressive microenvironment for tumor growth. Furthermore, tumor-associated macrophages secrete many cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, which promote tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Recently, it was also found that tumor-associated macrophages interact with cancer stem cells. This interaction leads to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. So mediating macrophage to resist tumors is considered to be potential therapy.
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Chen C, Qu QX, Shen Y, Mu CY, Zhu YB, Zhang XG, Huang JA. Induced expression of B7-H4 on the surface of lung cancer cell by the tumor-associated macrophages: A potential mechanism of immune escape. Cancer Lett 2012; 317:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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