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Pasero L, Susa F, Limongi T, Pisano R. A Review on Micro and Nanoengineering in Powder-Based Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124248. [PMID: 38782150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of drugs has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of both lung and systemic diseases. Compared to other drug delivery routes, inhalation offers numerous advantages including high targeting, fewer side effects, and a huge surface area for drug absorption. However, the deposition of drugs in the lungs can be limited by lung defence mechanisms such as mucociliary and macrophages' clearance. Among the delivery devices, dry powder inhalers represent the optimal choice due to their stability, ease of use, and absence of propellants. In the last decades, several bottom-up techniques have emerged over traditional milling to produce inhalable powders. Among these techniques, the most employed ones are spray drying, supercritical fluid technology, spray freeze-drying, and thin film freezing. Inhalable dry powders can be constituted by micronized drugs attached to a coarse carrier (e.g., lactose) or drugs embedded into a micro- or nanoparticle. Particulate-based formulations are commonly composed of polymeric micro- and nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanocrystals, extracellular vesicles, and inorganic nanoparticles. Moreover, engineered formulations including large porous particles, swellable microparticles, nano-in-microparticles, and effervescent nanoparticles have been developed. Particle engineering has also a crucial role in tuning the physical-chemical properties of both carrier-based and carrier-free inhalable powders. This approach can increase powder flowability, deposition, and targeting by customising particle surface features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pasero
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Susa
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Tania Limongi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy; Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 9 P. Giuria Street, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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Xu Y, Lv L, Wang Q, Yao Q, Kou L, Zhang H. Emerging application of nanomedicine-based therapy in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 237:113869. [PMID: 38522285 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are serious lung injuries caused by various factors, leading to increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier, reduced stability of the alveoli, inflammatory response, and hypoxemia. Despite several decades of research since ARDS was first formally described in 1967, reliable clinical treatment options are still lacking. Currently, supportive therapy and mechanical ventilation are prioritized, and there is no medication that can be completely effective in clinical treatment. In recent years, nanomedicine has developed rapidly and has exciting preclinical treatment capabilities. Using a drug delivery system based on nanobiotechnology, local drugs can be continuously released in lung tissue at therapeutic levels, reducing the frequency of administration and improving patient compliance. Furthermore, this novel drug delivery system can target specific sites and reduce systemic side effects. Currently, many nanomedicine treatment options for ARDS have demonstrated efficacy. This review briefly introduces the pathophysiology of ARDS, discusses various research progress on using nanomedicine to treat ARDS, and anticipates future developments in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitianhe Xu
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Leyao Lv
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longfa Kou
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Children's Respiration Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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Khan IN, Navaid S, Waqar W, Hussein D, Ullah N, Khan MUA, Hussain Z, Javed A. Chitosan-Based Polymeric Nanoparticles as an Efficient Gene Delivery System to Cross Blood Brain Barrier: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:169. [PMID: 38399386 PMCID: PMC10893193 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the field of gene therapy, but effective treatments for brain tumors remain challenging due to their complex nature. Current treatment options have limitations, especially due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and precisely target cancer cells. Therefore options that are safer, more effective, and capable of specifically targeting cancer cells are urgently required as alternatives. This current study aimed to develop highly biocompatible natural biopolymeric chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) as potential gene delivery vehicles that can cross the BBB and serve as gene or drug delivery vehicles for brain disease therapeutics. The efficiency of the CNPs was evaluated via in vitro transfection of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-tagged plasmid in HEK293-293 and brain cancer MG-U87 cell lines, as well as within in vivo mouse models. The CNPs were prepared via a complex coacervation method, resulting in nanoparticles of approximately 260 nm in size. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis revealed that the CNPs had better cell viability (85%) in U87 cells compared to the chemical transfection reagent (CTR) (72%). Moreover, the transfection efficiency of the CNPs was also higher, as indicated by fluorescent emission microscopy (20.56% vs. 17.79%) and fluorescent-activated cell sorting (53% vs. 27%). In vivo assays using Balb/c mice revealed that the CNPs could efficiently cross the BBB, suggesting their potential as efficient gene delivery vehicles for targeted therapies against brain cancers as well as other brain diseases for which the efficient targeting of a therapeutic load to the brain cells has proven to be a real challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq N. Khan
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
- Cancer Cell Culture & Precision Oncomedicine Lab, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
| | - Shiza Navaid
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Walifa Waqar
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Deema Hussein
- Neurooncology Translational Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Cancer Cell Culture & Precision Oncomedicine Lab, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Zakir Hussain
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Aneela Javed
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
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Zoe LH, David SR, Rajabalaya R. Chitosan nanoparticle toxicity: A comprehensive literature review of in vivo and in vitro assessments for medical applications. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:83-106. [PMID: 38187113 PMCID: PMC10767636 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Topic definition This literature review aims to update the current knowledge on toxicity of chitosan nanoparticles, compare the recent findings and identify the gaps with knowledge that is present for the chitosan nanoparticles. Methods The publications between 2010 and 2020 were searched in Science Direct, Pubmed.gov, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and ClinicalTrials.gov, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 30 primary research studies were obtained from the literature review to compare the in vitro in vivo toxicity profiles among the chitosan nanoparticles. Major highlights Chitosan nanoparticles and other types of nanoparticles show cytotoxic effects on cancer cells while having minimal toxicity on normal cells. This apparent effect poses some considerations for use in incorporating cancer therapeutics into chitosan nanoparticles as an administration form. The concentration, duration of exposure, and pH of the solution can influence nanoparticle cytotoxicity, particularly in zebrafish. Different cell lines exhibit varying degrees of toxicity when exposed to nanoparticles, and of note are liver cells that show toxicity under exposure as indicated by increased alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. Aside from ALT, platelet aggregation can be considered a toxicity induced by chitosan nanoparticles. In addition, zebrafish cells experience the most toxicity, including organ damage, neurobehavioral impairment, and developmental abnormalities, when exposed to nanoparticles. However, nanoparticles may exhibit different toxicity profiles in different organisms, with brain toxicity and liver toxicity being present in zebrafish but not rats. Different organs exhibit varying degrees of toxicity, with the eye and mouth apparently having the lowest toxicity, while the brain, intestine, muscles and lung showing mixed results. Cardiotoxicity induced by chitosan nanoparticles was not observed in zebrafish embryos, and nanoparticles may reduce cardiotoxicity when delivering drug. Toxicity found in an organ may not necessarily mean that it is toxic towards all the cells found in that organ, as muscle toxicity was present when tested in zebrafish but not in C2C12 myoblast cells. Some of the studies conducted may have limitations that need to be reconsidered to account for differing results, with some examples being two experiments done on HeLa cells where one study concluded chitosan nanoparticles were toxic to the cells while the other seems to have no toxicity present. With regards to LD50, one study has stated the concentration of 64.21 mg/ml was found. Finally, smaller nanoparticles generally exhibit higher toxicity in cells compared to larger nanoparticles. Scope for future work This literature review did not uncover any published clinical trials with available results. Subsequent research endeavors should prioritize conducting clinical trials involving human volunteers to directly assess toxicity, rather than relying on cell or animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaw Hui Zoe
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, BE1410 Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Sheba R. David
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Rajan Rajabalaya
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, BE1410 Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
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Han CS, Kang JH, Park EH, Lee HJ, Jeong SJ, Kim DW, Park CW. Corrugated surface microparticles with chitosan and levofloxacin for improved aerodynamic performance. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100815. [PMID: 37304227 PMCID: PMC10248792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Corrugated surface microparticles comprising levofloxacin (LEV), chitosan and organic acid were prepared using the 3-combo spray drying method. The amount and the boiling point of the organic acid affected the degree of roughness. In this study, we tried to improve the aerodynamic performance and increase aerosolization by corrugated surface microparticle for lung drug delivery efficiency as dry powder inhaler. HMP175 L20 prepared with 175 mmol propionic acid solution was corrugated more than HMF175 L20 prepared with 175 mmol formic acid solution. The ACI and PIV results showed a significant increase in aerodynamic performance of corrugated microparticles. The FPF value of HMP175 L20 was 41.3% ± 3.9% compared with 25.6% ± 7.7% of HMF175 L20. Corrugated microparticles also showed better aerosolization, decreased x-axial velocity, and variable angle. Rapid dissolution of drug formulations was observed in vivo. Low doses administered to the lungs achieved higher LEV concentrations in the lung fluid than high doses administered orally. Surface modification in the polymer-based formulation was achieved by controlling the evaporation rate and improving the inhalation efficiency of DPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Soo Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun hye Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jeong Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Woong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
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Cytotoxic and Bactericidal Effects of Inhalable Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Nanoparticles with Traces of Zinc Oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054532. [PMID: 36901963 PMCID: PMC10002581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The bactericidal effects of inhalable ciprofloxacin (CIP) loaded-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) nanoparticles (NPs) with traces of zinc oxide (ZnO) were investigated against clinical strains of the respiratory pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CIP-loaded PEtOx NPs retained their bactericidal activity within the formulations compared to free CIP drugs against these two pathogens, and bactericidal effects were enhanced with the inclusion of ZnO. PEtOx polymer and ZnO NPs did not show bactericidal activity alone or in combination against these pathogens. The formulations were tested to determine the cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects on airway epithelial cells derived from healthy donors (NHBE), donors with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, DHBE), and a cell line derived from adults with cystic fibrosis (CFBE41o-) and macrophages from healthy adult controls (HCs), and those with either COPD or CF. NHBE cells demonstrated maximum cell viability (66%) against CIP-loaded PEtOx NPs with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 50.7 mg/mL. CIP-loaded PEtOx NPs were more toxic to epithelial cells from donors with respiratory diseases than NHBEs, with respective IC50 values of 0.103 mg/mL for DHBEs and 0.514 mg/mL for CFBE41o- cells. However, high concentrations of CIP-loaded PEtOx NPs were toxic to macrophages, with respective IC50 values of 0.002 mg/mL for HC macrophages and 0.021 mg/mL for CF-like macrophages. PEtOx NPs, ZnO NPs, and ZnO-PEtOx NPs with no drug were not cytotoxic to any cells investigated. The in vitro digestibility of PEtOx and its NPs was investigated in simulated lung fluid (SLF) (pH 7.4). The analysed samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Digestion of PEtOx NPs commenced one week following incubation and was completely digested after four weeks; however, the original PEtOx was not digested after six weeks of incubation. The outcome of this study revealed that PEtOx polymer could be considered an efficient drug delivery carrier in respiratory linings, and CIP-loaded PEtOx NPs with traces of ZnO could be a promising addition to inhalable treatments against resistant bacteria with reduced toxicity.
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Flórez-Fernández N, Pontes JF, Guerreiro F, Afonso IT, Lollo G, Torres MD, Domínguez H, da Costa AMR, Grenha A. Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus: Evaluation of the Impact of the Sulphate Content on Nanoparticle Production and Cell Toxicity. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:115. [PMID: 36827156 PMCID: PMC9966594 DOI: 10.3390/md21020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of seaweeds is complex, with vitamins, phenolic compounds, minerals, and polysaccharides being some of the factions comprising their structure. The main polysaccharide in brown seaweeds is fucoidan, and several biological activities have been associated with its structure. Chitosan is another marine biopolymer that is very popular in the biomedical field, owing to its suitable features for formulating drug delivery systems and, particularly, particulate systems. In this work, the ability of fucoidan to produce nanoparticles was evaluated, testing different amounts of a polymer and using chitosan as a counterion. Nanoparticles of 200-300 nm were obtained when fucoidan prevailed in the formulation, which also resulted in negatively charged nanoparticles. Adjusting the pH of the reaction media to 4 did not affect the physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles. The IC50 of fucoidan was determined, in both HCT-116 and A549 cells, to be around 160 µg/mL, whereas it raised to 675-100 µg/mL when nanoparticles (fucoidan/chitosan = 2/1, w/w) were tested. These marine materials (fucoidan and chitosan) provided features suitable to formulate polymeric nanoparticles to use in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Grupo Biomasa y Desarrollo Sostenible (EQ-2), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Jorge F. Pontes
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Filipa Guerreiro
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Inês T. Afonso
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Giovanna Lollo
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LAGEPP CNRS, UMR 5007, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maria Dolores Torres
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Grupo Biomasa y Desarrollo Sostenible (EQ-2), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Grupo Biomasa y Desarrollo Sostenible (EQ-2), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Ana M. Rosa da Costa
- Algarve Chemistry Research Center (CIQA) and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Grenha
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Xiroudaki S, Sabbatini S, Pecoraro C, Cascioferro S, Diana P, Wauthoz N, Antognelli C, Monari C, Giovagnoli S, Schoubben A. Development of a new indole derivative dry powder for inhalation for the treatment of biofilm-associated lung infections. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122492. [PMID: 36528190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to produce an inhalable dry powder formulation of a new anti-biofilm compound (SC38). For this purpose, chitosan was used as a polymeric carrier and l-leucine as a dispersibility enhancer. SC38 was entrapped by spray-drying into previously optimized chitosan microparticles. The final formulation was fully characterized in vitro in terms of particle morphology, particle size and distribution, flowability, aerodynamic properties, anti-biofilm activity and effects on lung cell viability. The SC38-loaded chitosan microparticles exhibited favorable aerodynamic properties with emitted and respirable fractions higher than 80 % and 45 % respectively. The optimized formulation successfully inhibited biofilm formation at microparticle concentrations starting from 20 μg/mL for methicillin-sensitive and 100 μg/mL for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and showed a relatively safe profile in lung cells after 72 h exposure. Future in vivo tolerability and efficacy studies are needed to unravel the potential of this novel formulation for the treatment of difficult-to-treat biofilm-mediated lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Xiroudaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Camilla Pecoraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Stella Cascioferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Nathalie Wauthoz
- Unit of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Cinzia Antognelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Biosciences and Medical Embryology Section, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Claudia Monari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Aurélie Schoubben
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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Zlotnikov ID, Kudryashova EV. Mannose Receptors of Alveolar Macrophages as a Target for the Addressed Delivery of Medicines to the Lungs. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Vázquez R, Caro-León FJ, Nakal A, Ruiz S, Doñoro C, García-Fernández L, Vázquez-Lasa B, San Román J, Sanz J, García P, Aguilar MR. DEAE-chitosan nanoparticles as a pneumococcus-biomimetic material for the development of antipneumococcal therapeutics. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118605. [PMID: 34561005 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Advanced biomaterials provide an interesting and versatile platform to implement new and more effective strategies to fight bacterial infections. Chitosan is one of these biopolymers and possesses relevant features for biomedical applications. Here we synthesized nanoparticles of chitosan derivatized with diethylaminoethyl groups (ChiDENPs) to emulate the choline residues in the pneumococcal cell wall and act as ligands for choline-binding proteins (CBPs). Firstly, we assessed the ability of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) to sequester the CBPs present in the bacterial surface, thus promoting chain formation. Secondly, the CBP-binding ability of ChiDENPs was purposed to encapsulate a bio-active molecule, the antimicrobial enzyme Cpl-711 (ChiDENPs-711), with improved stability over non-derivatized chitosan. The enzyme-loaded system released more than 90% of the active enzybiotic in ≈ 2 h, above the usual in vivo half-life of this kind of enzymes. Therefore, ChiDENPs provide a promising platform for the controlled release of CBP-enzybiotics in biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vázquez
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Caro-León
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Biopolymers Research Group, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Hermosillo, Mexico.
| | - Alberto Nakal
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Ruiz
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Doñoro
- Animal Cell Culture Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Blanca Vázquez-Lasa
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales, y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain; Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy (SUSPLAST), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julio San Román
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Sanz
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro García
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Rosa Aguilar
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales, y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain; Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy (SUSPLAST), Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Sun MJ, Teng Z, Fan PS, Chen XG, Liu Y. Bridging micro/nano-platform and airway allergy intervention. J Control Release 2021; 341:364-382. [PMID: 34856226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Allergic airway diseases, with incidence augmenting visibly as industrial development and environmental degradation, are characterized by sneezing, itching, wheezing, chest tightness, airway obstruction, and hyperresponsiveness. Current medical modalities attempt to combat these symptoms mostly by small molecule chemotherapeutants, such as corticosteroids, antihistamines, etc., via intranasal approach which is one of the most noninvasive, rapid-absorbed, and patient-friendly routes. Nevertheless, inherent defects for irritation to respiratory mucosa, drug inactivation and degradation, and rapid drug dispersal to off-target sites are inevitable. Lately, intratracheal micro/nano therapeutic systems are emerging as innovative alternatives for airway allergy interventions. This overview introduces several potential application directions of mic/nano-platform in the treatment of airway allergic diseases, including carriers, therapeutic agents, and immunomodulators. The improvement of the existing drug therapy of respiratory allergy management by micro/nano-platform is described in detail. The challenges of the micro/nano-platform nasal approach in the treatment of airway allergy are summarized and the development of micro/nano-platform is also prospected. Although still a burgeoning area, micro/nano therapeutic systems are gradually turning to be realistic orientations as crucial future alternative therapeutic options in allergic airway inflammation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Sun
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Zhuang Teng
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Peng-Sheng Fan
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xi-Guang Chen
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, PR China
| | - Ya Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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12
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Mukhtar M, Fényes E, Bartos C, Zeeshan M, Ambrus R. Chitosan biopolymer, its derivatives and potential applications in nano-therapeutics: A comprehensive review. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Oh JW, Shin J, Chun S, Muthu M, Gopal J. Evaluating the Anticarcinogenic Activity of Surface Modified/Functionalized Nanochitosan: The Emerging Trends and Endeavors. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3138. [PMID: 34578039 PMCID: PMC8471611 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan begins its humble journey from marine food shell wastes and ends up as a versatile nutraceutical. This review focuses on briefly discussing the antioxidant activity of chitosan and retrospecting the accomplishments of chitosan nanoparticles as an anticarcinogen. The various modified/functionalized/encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles and nanoforms have been listed and their biomedical deliverables presented. The anticancer accomplishments of chitosan and its modified composites have been reviewed and presented. The future of surface modified chitosan and the lacunae in the current research focus have been discussed as future perspective. This review puts forth the urge to expand the scientific curiosity towards attempting a variety of functionalization and surface modifications to chitosan. There are few well known modifications and functionalization that benefit biomedical applications that have been proven for other systems. Being a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer, chitosan-based nanomaterials are an attractive option for medical applications. Therefore, maximizing expansion of its bioactive properties are explored. The need for applying the ideal functionalization that will significantly promote the anticancer contributions of chitosan nanomaterials has also been stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (J.-W.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (J.-W.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Sechul Chun
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (S.C.); (M.M.)
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Microencapsulated Chitosan-Based Nanocapsules: A New Platform for Pulmonary Gene Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091377. [PMID: 34575452 PMCID: PMC8472419 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we propose chitosan (CS)-based nanocapsules (NCs) for pulmonary gene delivery. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was incorporated in the NCs composition (HA/CS NCs) aiming to promote gene transfection in the lung epithelium. NCs were loaded with a model plasmid (pCMV-βGal) to easily evaluate their transfection capacity. The plasmid encapsulation efficiencies were of approx. 90%. To facilitate their administration to the lungs, the plasmid-loaded NCs were microencapsulated in mannitol (Ma) microspheres (MS) using a simple spray-drying technique, obtaining dry powders of adequate properties. In vivo, the MS reached the deep lung, where the plasmid-loaded CS-based NCs were released and transfected the alveolar cells more homogeneously than the control formulation of plasmid directly microencapsulated in Ma MS. The HA-containing formulation achieved the highest transfection efficiency, in a more extended area and more homogeneously distributed than the rest of tested formulations. The new micro-nanostructured platform proposed in this work represents an efficient strategy for the delivery of genetic material to the lung, with great potential for the treatment of genetic lung diseases.
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15
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Elkady OA, Saleh LM, Tadros MI, El-laithy HM. Nebulization of Risedronate Sodium Microspheres for Potential Attenuation of Pulmonary Emphysema: a Promising New Insight of Alveolar Macrophage Apoptosis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:202. [PMID: 34235597 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Risedronate sodium (RS) is a potent nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate which is known to induce osteoclast apoptosis. As a drug repurposing approach, the current work explored the potential of nebulizable RS-chitosan (CS) microspheres to induce alveolar macrophage apoptosis. RS-CS microspheres were assessed for lung deposition, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake percentage in Calu-3 cells. The potential of nebulizable microspheres for treating elastase-induced emphysema in rats was investigated, compared to RS marketed oral tablets®, with respect to histopathological, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric studies. The in vitro lung deposition pattern suggested deep alveolar deposition of RS microspheres, with respect to high FPF% and suitable MMAD (66% and 1.506 μm, respectively, at a flow rate of 28.3 L min-1). No apparent cytotoxicity was observed, with a cell viability > 90%. The inhalation of RS-CS microspheres was suggested to inhibit airspace enlargement and lung rarefaction after elastase instillation and reduce the macrophage accumulation in alveolar parenchyma. Immunohistochemical and cytometric analyses revealed significant low expression levels of CD68 and CD11b surface markers, respectively, with significantly (P < 0.05) lower detected numbers of intact alveolar macrophages following inhalation of RS-CS microspheres. The nebulization of RS-CS microspheres could induce apoptosis in alveolar macrophages and be promisingly adopted for attenuation of pulmonary emphysema.
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Choi S, Jeon H, Jang M, Kim H, Shin G, Koo JM, Lee M, Sung HK, Eom Y, Yang H, Jegal J, Park J, Oh DX, Hwang SY. Biodegradable, Efficient, and Breathable Multi-Use Face Mask Filter. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003155. [PMID: 33747729 PMCID: PMC7967051 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The demand for face masks is increasing exponentially due to the coronavirus pandemic and issues associated with airborne particulate matter (PM). However, both conventional electrostatic- and nanosieve-based mask filters are single-use and are not degradable or recyclable, which creates serious waste problems. In addition, the former loses function under humid conditions, while the latter operates with a significant air-pressure drop and suffers from relatively fast pore blockage. Herein, a biodegradable, moisture-resistant, highly breathable, and high-performance fibrous mask filter is developed. Briefly, two biodegradable microfiber and nanofiber mats are integrated into a Janus membrane filter and then coated by cationically charged chitosan nanowhiskers. This filter is as efficient as the commercial N95 filter and removes 98.3% of 2.5 µm PM. The nanofiber physically sieves fine PM and the microfiber provides a low pressure differential of 59 Pa, which is comfortable for human breathing. In contrast to the dramatic performance decline of the commercial N95 filter when exposed to moisture, this filter exhibits negligible performance loss and is therefore multi-usable because the permanent dipoles of the chitosan adsorb ultrafine PM (e.g., nitrogen and sulfur oxides). Importantly, this filter completely decomposes within 4 weeks in composting soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejin Choi
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jang
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Kim
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoung Shin
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Lee
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyeong Sung
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Eom
- Department of Polymer EngineeringPukyong National UniversityBusan48513Republic of Korea
| | - Ho‐Sung Yang
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Jonggeon Jegal
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)Daejeon34113Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X. Oh
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)Daejeon34113Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio‐Based ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Ulsan44429Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)Daejeon34113Republic of Korea
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17
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Kaur R, Dennison SR, Burrow AJ, Rudramurthy SM, Swami R, Gorki V, Katare OP, Kaushik A, Singh B, Singh KK. Nebulised surface-active hybrid nanoparticles of voriconazole for pulmonary Aspergillosis demonstrate clathrin-mediated cellular uptake, improved antifungal efficacy and lung retention. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:19. [PMID: 33430888 PMCID: PMC7798018 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence of pulmonary aspergillosis is rising worldwide, owing to an increased population of immunocompromised patients. Notable potential of the pulmonary route has been witnessed in antifungal delivery due to distinct advantages of direct lung targeting and first-pass evasion. The current research reports biomimetic surface-active lipid-polymer hybrid (LPH) nanoparticles (NPs) of voriconazole, employing lung-specific lipid, i.e., dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and natural biodegradable polymer, i.e., chitosan, to augment its pulmonary deposition and retention, following nebulization. RESULTS The developed nanosystem exhibited a particle size in the range of 228-255 nm and drug entrapment of 45-54.8%. Nebulized microdroplet characterization of NPs dispersion revealed a mean diameter of ≤ 5 μm, corroborating its deep lung deposition potential as determined by next-generation impactor studies. Biophysical interaction of LPH NPs with lipid-monolayers indicated their surface-active potential and ease of intercalation into the pulmonary surfactant membrane at the air-lung interface. Cellular viability and uptake studies demonstrated their cytocompatibility and time-and concentration-dependent uptake in lung-epithelial A549 and Calu-3 cells with clathrin-mediated internalization. Transepithelial electrical resistance experiments established their ability to penetrate tight airway Calu-3 monolayers. Antifungal studies on laboratory strains and clinical isolates depicted their superior efficacy against Aspergillus species. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed nearly 5-, 4- and threefolds enhancement in lung AUC, Tmax, and MRT values, construing significant drug access and retention in lungs. CONCLUSIONS Nebulized LPH NPs were observed as a promising solution to provide effective and safe therapy for the management of pulmonary aspergillosis infection with improved patient compliance and avoidance of systemic side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjot Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Sarah R Dennison
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Andrea J Burrow
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | | | - Rajan Swami
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Varun Gorki
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, 160 014
| | - O P Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Anupama Kaushik
- Dr SSB University Institute Chem Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, 160 014
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
- UGC Centre for Excellence in Nano-Biomedical Applications, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
| | - Kamalinder K Singh
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
- UCLan Research Centre for Smarts Materials, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
- UCLan Research Centre for Drug Design and Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
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Silva AS, Shopsowitz KE, Correa S, Morton SW, Dreaden EC, Casimiro T, Aguiar-Ricardo A, Hammond PT. Rational design of multistage drug delivery vehicles for pulmonary RNA interference therapy. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119989. [PMID: 33122113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy has significant potential for the treatment of myriad diseases, including cancer. While intravenous routes of delivery have been found to be effective for efficient targeting to the liver, achieving high accumulations selectively in other organs, including lung tissues, can be a challenge. We demonstrate the rational design and engineering of a layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoparticle-containing aerosol that is able to achieve efficient, multistage delivery of siRNA in vitro. For the purpose, LbL nanoparticles were, for the first time, encapsulated in composite porous micro scale particles using a supercritical CO2-assisted spray drying (SASD) apparatus using chitosan as an excipient. Such particles exhibited aerodynamic properties highly favorable for pulmonary administration, and effective silencing of mutant KRAS in lung cancer cells derived from tumors of a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) autochthonous model. Furthermore, efficient alveolar accumulation following inhalation in healthy mice was also observed, corroborating in vitro aerodynamic results, and opening new perspectives for further studies of effective lung therapies These results show that multistage aerosols assembled by supercritical CO2-assisted spray drying can enable efficient RNA interference therapy of pulmonary diseases including lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sofia Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| | - Kevin E Shopsowitz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Santiago Correa
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Stephen W Morton
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Erik C Dreaden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Teresa Casimiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Aguiar-Ricardo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
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Shah S, Ghetiya R, Soniwala M, Chavda J. Development and Optimization of Inhalable Levofloxacin Nanoparticles for The Treatment of Tuberculosis. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 18:779-793. [PMID: 33155907 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817999201103194626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levofloxacin has been recommended by the WHO for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and inhalable delivery of levofloxacin can be advantageous over conventional delivery. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop and optimize inhalable levofloxacin Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles (LCN). The objective was to achieve the mean particle size of LCN less than 300nm, sustain the drug release up to 24 h, and achieve MMAD of LCN of less than 5μm. METHODS LCN were prepared by ionic gelation of chitosan with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and subsequent lyophilization. A Plackett Burman screening design, 32 full factorial design, and overlay plots were sequentially employed to optimize the formulation. The mean particle size, % entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and minimum inhibitory concentration were all evaluated. RESULTS The Pareto chart from the Placket Burman screening design revealed that the concentrations of chitosan and STPP was found to be significant (p < 0.05). Further analysis by 32 full factorial design revealed that F-ratio for each model generated was found to be greater than the theoretical value (p < 0.05), confirming the significance of each model. CONCLUSION The optimized formulation showed a mean particle size of 171.5 nm, sustained the drug release up to 24 h in simulated lung fluid, and revealed MMAD of 3.18 μm, which can confirm delivery of the drug to the deep lung region. However, further in vivo studies are required to design a suitable dosage regimen and establish the fate of nanoparticles for safe and efficacious delivery of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Shah
- Bhagvanlal Kapoorchand Mody Government Pharmacy College, Rajkot, India
| | - Rohit Ghetiya
- Bhagvanlal Kapoorchand Mody Government Pharmacy College, Rajkot, India
| | | | - Jayant Chavda
- Bhagvanlal Kapoorchand Mody Government Pharmacy College, Rajkot, India
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20
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Pulmonary Delivery of Linezolid Nanoparticles for Treatment of Tuberculosis: Design, Development, and Optimization. J Pharm Innov 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Mosa IF, Abd HH, Abuzreda A, Assaf N, Yousif AB. Bio-evaluation of the role of chitosan and curcumin nanoparticles in ameliorating genotoxicity and inflammatory responses in rats' gastric tissue followed hydroxyapatite nanoparticles' oral uptake. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:493-508. [PMID: 32905138 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite has been extensively used in tissue engineering due to its osteogenic potency, but its present toxicological facts are relatively insufficient. Here, the possible gastric toxicity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles was evaluated biochemically to determine oxidant and antioxidant parameters in rats' stomach tissues. At results, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have declined stomach antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione level, while an induction in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide has been observed. Furthermore, DNA oxidation was analyzed by the suppression of toll-like receptors 2, nuclear factor-kappa B and Forkhead box P3 gene expression and also 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine level as a genotoxicity indicator. Various pro-inflammatory gene products have been identified that intercede a vital role in proliferation and apoptosis suppression, among these products: tumor suppressor p53, tumor necrosis factor-α and interliukin-6. Moreover, the hydroxyapatite-treated group revealed wide histological alterations and significant elevation in the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells, which has been observed in the mucosal layer of the small intestine, and these alterations are an indication of small intestine injury, while the appearance of chitosan and curcumin nanoparticles in the combination group showed improvement in all the above parameters with inhibition of toxic-oxidant parameters and activation of antioxidant parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa F Mosa
- Department of Biological Science and Animal Physiology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Haitham H Abd
- Department of Biological Science and Animal Physiology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Abdelsalam Abuzreda
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Arabian Gulf Oil Company (AGOCO), Benghazi, Libya
| | - Nadhom Assaf
- Department of Biological Science and Animal Physiology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amenh B Yousif
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
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Kolonko AK, Bangel-Ruland N, Goycoolea FM, Weber WM. Chitosan Nanocomplexes for the Delivery of ENaC Antisense Oligonucleotides to Airway Epithelial Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040553. [PMID: 32260534 PMCID: PMC7226018 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale drug delivery systems exhibit a broad range of applications and promising treatment possibilities for various medical conditions. Nanomedicine is of great interest, particularly for rare diseases still lacking a curative treatment such as cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is defined by a lack of Cl− secretion through the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and an increased Na+ absorption mediated by the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). The imbalanced ion and water transport leads to pathological changes in many organs, particularly in the lung. We developed a non-viral delivery system based on the natural aminopolysaccharide chitosan (CS) for the transport of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) against ENaC to specifically address Na+ hyperabsorption. CS–ASO electrostatic self-assembled nanocomplexes were formed at varying positive/negative (P/N) charge ratios and characterized for their physicochemical properties. Most promising nanocomplexes (P/N 90) displayed an average size of ~150 nm and a zeta potential of ~+30 mV. Successful uptake of the nanocomplexes by the human airway epithelial cell line NCI-H441 was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Functional Ussing chamber measurements of transfected NCI-H441 cells showed significantly decreased Na+ currents, indicating successful downregulation of ENaC. The results obtained confirm the promising characteristics of CS as a non-viral and non-toxic delivery system and demonstrate the encouraging possibility to target ENaC with ASOs to treat abnormal ion transport in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Katharina Kolonko
- Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany; (N.B.-R.); (W.-M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-832-1784
| | - Nadine Bangel-Ruland
- Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany; (N.B.-R.); (W.-M.W.)
| | | | - Wolf-Michael Weber
- Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany; (N.B.-R.); (W.-M.W.)
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23
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Elkady OA, Tadros MI, El-Laithy HM. QbD Approach for Novel Crosslinker-Free Ionotropic Gelation of Risedronate Sodium-Chitosan Nebulizable Microspheres: Optimization and Characterization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 21:14. [PMID: 31807950 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Risedronate sodium (RS) is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption, having an extreme poor permeability and limited oral bioavailability (0.62%). RS should be orally administered under fasting conditions while keeping in an upright posture for at least 30 min to diminish common gastroesophageal injuries. To surmount such limitations, novel risedronate-chitosan (RS-CS) crosslinker-free nebulizable microspheres were developed adopting the quality by design (QbD) approach and risk assessment (RA) thinking. RS:CS ratio, surfactant (Pluronic® F127) concentration, homogenization duration, speed, and temperature were identified using Ishikawa diagrams as the highest formulation and process risk factors affecting the critical quality attributes (CQAs), average particle size (PS), and entrapment efficiency (EE%). The risk factors were screened using the Plackett-Burman design, and the levels of the most significant factors were optimized using a multilevel factorial design to explore the optimized system with the least PS, maximum EE%, and a prolonged drug release profile. The optimized system (B6) was developed at a RS:CS ratio of 1:7, a surfactant concentration of 2% (w/v), and a homogenization speed of 14,000 rpm. It revealed good correlation with QbD theoretical prediction, where positively charged (47.9 ± 3.39 mV) discrete, spherical microspheres (3.47 ± 0.16 μm) having a high EE% (94.58 ± 0.19%) and prolonged RS release over 12 h (Q12 h, 89.70 ± 0.64%) were achieved. In vivo lung deposition after intratracheal instillation of B6 confirmed the delivery of high RS percentage to rat lung tissues (87 ± 3.54%) and its persistence for 24 h. This investigation demonstrated the effectiveness of QbD philosophy in developing RS-CS crosslinker-free nebulizable microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Elkady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, 11787, Egypt
| | - Mina Ibrahim Tadros
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Hanan M El-Laithy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, 11787, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Mosa IF, Yousef MI, Kamel M, Mosa OF, Helmy Y. The protective role of CsNPs and CurNPs against DNA damage, oxidative stress, and histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations induced by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in male rat kidney. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:741-753. [PMID: 31588351 PMCID: PMC6764468 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP-NPs) are an inorganic component of natural bone and are mainly used in the tissue engineering field due to their bioactivity, osteoconductivity, biocompatibility, non-inflammatory, and non-toxicity properties. However, the current toxicity data for HAP-NPs regarding human health are limited, and only a few results from basic studies have been published. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the beneficial role of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) and curcumin nanoparticles (CurNPs) in alleviating nephrotoxicity induced by HAP-NPs in male rats. The results showed that HAP-NPs caused a reduction in antioxidant enzymes and induced lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide production and DNA oxidation. Moreover, HAP-NP administration was associated with intense histologic changes in kidney architecture and immunoreactivity to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). However, the presence of CsNPs and/or CurNPs along with HAP-NPs reduced the levels of oxidative stress through improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Also, the rats administered the nanoparticles showed a moderate improvement in glomerular damage which matched that of the control group and showed mild positive reactions to PCNA-ir in glomeruli and renal tubules in the cortical and medullary portions. These novel insights confirm that the presence of chitosan and curcumin in nanoforms has powerful biological effects with enhanced bioactivity and bioavailability phenomena compared to their microphase counterparts. Also, they were able to ameliorate the nephrotoxicity induced by HAP-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa F Mosa
- Department of Environmental Studies , Institute of Graduate Studies and Research , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt . ; Tel: +20-01024680746
| | - Mokhtar I Yousef
- Department of Environmental Studies , Institute of Graduate Studies and Research , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Maher Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry , Medical Research Institute , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Osama F Mosa
- Department of Public health , Health Sciences College at Leith , Umm Al Qura University , Al-Leith , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Helmy
- Department of Bio Materials , Institute of Graduate Studies and Research , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
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Ahonen MJR, Hill DB, Schoenfisch MH. Nitric oxide-releasing alginates as mucolytic agents. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3409-3418. [PMID: 32309634 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The excessive production of thick, viscous mucus in severe respiratory diseases leads to obstruction of the airways and provides a suitable environment for the colonization of pathogenic bacteria. The effect of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing alginates with varying NO release kinetics on the viscoelastic properties of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) mucus was evaluated as a function of the NO-release kinetics using parallel plate rheology. Low molecular weight (~5 kDa) alginates with high NO flux (~4000 ppb/mg) and sustained release (half-life ~0.3 h) proved to be most effective in reducing both mucus elasticity and viscosity (≥60% reduction for both). The efficacy of the NO-releasing alginates was shown to be dose-dependent, with high concentrations of NO-releasing alginates (~80 mg•mL-1) resulting in greater reduction of the viscosity and elasticity of the mucus samples. Greater reduction in mucus rheology was also achieved with NO-releasing alginates at lower concentrations when compared to both NO-releasing chitosan, a similarly biocompatible cationic polymer, and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a conventional mucolytic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Jasmine R Ahonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David B Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7248, United States
| | - Mark H Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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26
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Islam N, Dmour I, Taha MO. Degradability of chitosan micro/nanoparticles for pulmonary drug delivery. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01684. [PMID: 31193324 PMCID: PMC6525292 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a natural carbohydrate polymer, has long been investigated for drug delivery and medical applications due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility and low toxicity. The micro/nanoparticulate forms of chitosan are reported to enhance the efficiency of drug delivery with better physicochemical properties including improved solubility and bioavailability. This polymer is known to be biodegradable and biocompatible; however, crosslinked chitosan particles may not be biodegradable. Crosslinkers (e.g., tripolyphosphate and glutaraldehyde) are needed for efficient micro/nanoparticle formation, but it is not clear whether the resultant particles are biodegradable or able to release the encapsulated drug fully. To date, no studies have conclusively demonstrated the complete biodegradation or elimination of chitosan nanoparticles in vivo. Herein we review the synthesis and degradation mechanisms of chitosan micro/nanoparticles frequently used in drug delivery especially in pulmonary drug delivery to understand whether these nanoparticles are biodegradable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Isra Dmour
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mutasem O Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942 Jordan
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Islam N, Wang H, Maqbool F, Ferro V. In Vitro Enzymatic Digestibility of Glutaraldehyde-Crosslinked Chitosan Nanoparticles in Lysozyme Solution and Their Applicability in Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071271. [PMID: 30939857 PMCID: PMC6480642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the degradation of low molecular weight chitosan (CS), with 92% degree of deacetylation (DD), and its nanoparticles (NP) has been investigated in 0.2 mg/mL lysozyme solution at 37 °C. The CS nanoparticles were prepared using glutaraldehyde crosslinking of chitosan in a water-in-oil emulsion system. The morphological characterization of CS particles was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques. Using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and UV-VIS spectroscopy, the structural integrity of CS and its NPs in lysozyme solution were monitored. The CS powder showed characteristic FTIR bands around 1150 cm−1 associated with the glycosidic bridges (C-O-C bonds) before and after lysozyme treatment for 10 weeks, which indicated no CS degradation. The glutaraldehyde crosslinked CS NPs showed very weak bands associated with the glycosidic bonds in lysozyme solution. Interestingly, the UV-VIS spectroscopic data showed some degradation of CS NPs in lysozyme solution. The results of this study indicate that CS with a high DD and its NPs crosslinked with glutaraldehyde were not degradable in lysozyme solution and thus unsuitable for pulmonary drug delivery. Further studies are warranted to understand the complete degradation of CS and its NPs to ensure their application in pulmonary drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Hui Wang
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Faheem Maqbool
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Competitive Biological Activities of Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/1708172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is obtained from alkaline deacetylation of chitin, and acetamide groups are transformed into primary amino groups during the deacetylation. The diverse biological activities of chitosan and its derivatives are extensively studied that allows to widening the application fields in various sectors especially in biomedical science. The biological properties of chitosan are strongly depending on the solubility in water and other solvents. Deacetylation degree (DDA) and molecular weight (MW) are the most decisive parameters on the bioactivities since the primary amino groups are the key functional groups of chitosan where permits to interact with other molecules. Higher DDA and lower MW of chitosan and chitosan derivatives demonstrated higher antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer capacities. Therefore, the chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) with a low polymerization degree are receiving a great attention in medical and pharmaceutical applications as they have higher water solubility and lower viscosity than chitosan. In this review articles, the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities of chitosan and its derivatives are highlighted. The influences of physicochemical parameters of chitosan like DDA and MW on bioactivities are also described.
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29
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Filatova LY, Klyachko NL, Kudryashova EV. Targeted delivery of anti-tuberculosis drugs to macrophages: targeting mannose receptors. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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New-chitosan characterization and its bioassay in different salinity solutions using Artemia salina as bio tester. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Fernández Fernández E, Santos-Carballal B, de Santi C, Ramsey JM, MacLoughlin R, Cryan SA, Greene CM. Biopolymer-Based Nanoparticles for Cystic Fibrosis Lung Gene Therapy Studies. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11010122. [PMID: 29342838 PMCID: PMC5793620 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung gene therapy for cystic fibrosis disease has not been successful due to several challenges such as the absence of an appropriate vector. Therefore, optimal delivery of emerging therapeutics to airway epithelial cells demands suitable non-viral systems. In this work, we describe the formulation and the physicochemical investigation of biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), including PLGA and chitosan (animal and non-animal), as novel methods for the safe and efficient delivery of CFTR-specific locked nucleic acids (LNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández Fernández
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | | | - Chiara de Santi
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Joanne M Ramsey
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Aerogen Ltd., Galway Business Park, Dangan, Galway H91 HE94, Ireland.
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Assessment of spiramycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles treatment on acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice. J Parasit Dis 2017; 42:102-113. [PMID: 29491568 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease with worldwide distribution. Chitosan is a natural polymer which is commonly used in the production of nanomedicines. It is known to enable higher drug permeation, being biocompatible and has very low toxicity, besides its antimicrobial effects. Our study aimed to assess the effect of spiramycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SLCNs) in treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice. 200 male Swiss albino mice were included in our study, divided to two main groups; Toxoplasma gondii RH strain infected group and ME49 strain infected group, each main group was subdivided into four subgroups; subgroup I: infected control, subgroup II: infected and received chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs); 20 µg of CS NPs in 100 µl of PBS/mouse/dose, subgroup III: infected and treated with spiramycin (Rovamycin); 100 mg/kg/day, subgroup IV: infected and treated with 100 mg/kg/day spiramycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Effect of treatment was assessed parasitologically and histopathologically. It was noticed that SLCNs significantly decreased the mortality rate of infected mice with both strains compared to high mortality rate of mice in the infected control subgroups. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the number of organisms of SLCNs treated subgroup as compared to the other subgroups. Histopathological studies showed a marked improvement of the pathological pictures of brain, liver, spleen and eye in the subgroup received SLCNs as opposed to other groups. In conclusion, the present study revealed that loading of spiramycin on chitosan nanoparticles increased its antiparasitic effect on acute and chronic T. gondii infection.
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Reighard KP, Ehre C, Rushton ZL, Ahonen MJR, Hill DB, Schoenfisch MH. Role of Nitric Oxide-Releasing Chitosan Oligosaccharides on Mucus Viscoelasticity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1017-1026. [PMID: 30320206 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing chitosan oligosaccharides were modified with ester functional groups to examine how the mucoadhesive nature of the scaffold impacts the ability of NO to degrade mucins from human bronchial epithelial cell cultures and clinical sputum samples collected from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Agarose gel electrophoresis experiments indicated that the mucoadhesive NO-releasing chitosan oligosaccharides degraded both the purified mucins and sputum, while control scaffolds (without NO release or mucoadhesive ligands) had no effect on mucin structure. Microscopic observations of sputum treated with the mucoadhesive NO-releasing chitosan oligosaccharide confirmed degradation of the mucin and DNA networks. Similarly, the viscosity and elasticity of sputum were reduced upon treatment with the mucoadhesive NO-releasing chitosan, demonstrating the potential utility of these NO-releasing scaffolds as mucolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn P Reighard
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 131 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Camille Ehre
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 206 MacNider Building, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United Sates
| | - Zachary L Rushton
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mona Jasmine R Ahonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 131 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David B Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 120 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 131 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Silva MC, Silva AS, Fernandez-Lodeiro J, Casimiro T, Lodeiro C, Aguiar-Ricardo A. Supercritical CO₂-Assisted Spray Drying of Strawberry-Like Gold-Coated Magnetite Nanocomposites in Chitosan Powders for Inhalation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E74. [PMID: 28772434 PMCID: PMC5344610 DOI: 10.3390/ma10010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Therefore, it is of extreme importance to develop new systems that can deliver anticancer drugs into the site of action when initiating a treatment. Recently, the use of nanotechnology and particle engineering has enabled the development of new drug delivery platforms for pulmonary delivery. In this work, POXylated strawberry-like gold-coated magnetite nanocomposites and ibuprofen (IBP) were encapsulated into a chitosan matrix using Supercritical Assisted Spray Drying (SASD). The dry powder formulations showed adequate morphology and aerodynamic performances (fine particle fraction 48%-55% and aerodynamic diameter of 2.6-2.8 µm) for deep lung deposition through the pulmonary route. Moreover, the release kinetics of IBP was also investigated showing a faster release of the drug at pH 6.8, the pH of lung cancer. POXylated strawberry-like gold-coated magnetite nanocomposites proved to have suitable sizes for cellular internalization and their fluorescent capabilities enable their future use in in vitro cell based assays. As a proof-of-concept, the reported results show that these nano-in-micro formulations could be potential drug vehicles for pulmonary administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta C Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica Campus, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Ana Sofia Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal.
| | - Javier Fernandez-Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica Campus, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Rua dos Inventores, Madam Parque, Caparica Campus, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Casimiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica Campus, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Rua dos Inventores, Madam Parque, Caparica Campus, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Ana Aguiar-Ricardo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
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Fernández Fernández E, Santos-Carballal B, Weber WM, Goycoolea FM. Chitosan as a non-viral co-transfection system in a cystic fibrosis cell line. Int J Pharm 2016; 502:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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36
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Antibacterial Action of Nitric Oxide-Releasing Chitosan Oligosaccharides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6506-13. [PMID: 26239983 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01208-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides were modified with N-diazeniumdiolates to yield biocompatible nitric oxide (NO) donor scaffolds. The minimum bactericidal concentrations and MICs of the NO donors against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were compared under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Differential antibacterial activities were primarily the result of NO scavenging by oxygen under aerobic environments and not changes in bacterial physiology. Bacterial killing was also tested against nonmucoid and mucoid biofilms and compared to that of tobramycin. Smaller NO payloads were required to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilms under anaerobic versus aerobic conditions. Under oxygen-free environments, the NO treatment was 10-fold more effective at killing biofilms than tobramycin. These results demonstrate the potential utility of NO-releasing chitosan oligosaccharides under both aerobic and anaerobic environments.
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Dimer F, de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz C, Haupenthal J, Hartmann R, Lehr CM. Inhalable Clarithromycin Microparticles for Treatment of Respiratory Infections. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3850-61. [PMID: 26113237 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work was to develop clarithromycin microparticles (CLARI-MP) and evaluate their aerodynamic behavior, safety in bronchial cells and anti-bacterial efficacy. METHODS Microparticles containing clarithromycin were prepared as dry powder carrier for inhalation, using leucine and chitosan. CLARI-MP were deposited on Calu-3 grown at air-interface condition, using the pharmaceutical aerosol deposition device on cell cultures (PADDOCC). Deposition efficacy, transport across the cells and cytotoxicity were determined. Anti-antibacterial effect was evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS Microparticles were of spherical shape, smooth surface and size of about 765 nm. Aerosolization performance showed a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 73.3%, and a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.8 μm. Deposition on Calu-3 cells using the PADDOCC showed that 8.7 μg/cm(2) of deposited powder were transported to the basolateral compartment after 24 h. The safety of this formulation is supported by the integrity of the cellular epithelial barrier and absence of toxicity, and the antimicrobial activity demonstrated for Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS The appropriate aerodynamic properties and the excellent deposition on Calu-3 cells indicate that clarithromycin microparticles are suitable for administration via pulmonary route and are efficient to inhibit bacteria proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantiescoli Dimer
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cristiane de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörg Haupenthal
- Department of Drug Development and Optimization (DDOP), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hartmann
- Department of Drug Development and Optimization (DDOP), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Campus C2.3, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany. .,Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany.
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Pullulan-based nanoparticles as carriers for transmucosal protein delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:102-13. [PMID: 23624352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles have revealed very effective in transmucosal delivery of proteins. Polysaccharides are among the most used materials for the production of these carriers, owing to their structural flexibility and propensity to evidence biocompatibility and biodegradability. In parallel, there is a preference for the use of mild methods for their production, in order to prevent protein degradation, ensure lower costs and easier procedures that enable scaling up. In this work we propose the production of pullulan-based nanoparticles by a mild method of polyelectrolyte complexation. As pullulan is a neutral polysaccharide, sulfated and aminated derivatives of the polymer were synthesized to provide pullulan with a charge. These derivatives were then complexed with chitosan and carrageenan, respectively, to produce the nanocarriers. Positively charged nanoparticles of 180-270 nm were obtained, evidencing ability to associate bovine serum albumin, which was selected as model protein. In PBS pH 7.4, pullulan-based nanoparticles were found to have a burst release of 30% of the protein, which maintained up to 24h. Nanoparticle size and zeta potential were preserved upon freeze-drying in the presence of appropriate cryoprotectants. A factorial design was approached to assess the cytotoxicity of raw materials and nanoparticles by the metabolic test MTT. Nanoparticles demonstrated to not cause overt toxicity in a respiratory cell model (Calu-3). Pullulan has, thus, demonstrated to hold potential for the production of nanoparticles with an application in protein delivery.
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Rodrigues S, Dionísio M, López CR, Grenha A. Biocompatibility of chitosan carriers with application in drug delivery. J Funct Biomater 2012; 3:615-41. [PMID: 24955636 PMCID: PMC4030999 DOI: 10.3390/jfb3030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the most used polysaccharides in the design of drug delivery strategies for administration of either biomacromolecules or low molecular weight drugs. For these purposes, it is frequently used as matrix forming material in both nano and micron-sized particles. In addition to its interesting physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties, which include high mucoadhesion and a great capacity to produce drug delivery systems, ensuring the biocompatibility of the drug delivery vehicles is a highly relevant issue. Nevertheless, this subject is not addressed as frequently as desired and even though the application of chitosan carriers has been widely explored, the demonstration of systems biocompatibility is still in its infancy. In this review, addressing the biocompatibility of chitosan carriers with application in drug delivery is discussed and the methods used in vitro and in vivo, exploring the effect of different variables, are described. We further provide a discussion on the pros and cons of used methodologies, as well as on the difficulties arising from the absence of standardization of procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rodrigues
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine (CBME), Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Marita Dionísio
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine (CBME), Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Carmen Remuñán López
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - Ana Grenha
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine (CBME), Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
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Manca ML, Manconi M, Valenti D, Lai F, Loy G, Matricardi P, Fadda AM. Liposomes Coated with Chitosan–Xanthan Gum (Chitosomes) as Potential Carriers for Pulmonary Delivery of Rifampicin. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:566-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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