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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Song Y, Miao M. Effects of Momordica charantia L. supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31126. [PMID: 38784554 PMCID: PMC11112315 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Momordica charantia L. (M. charantia) has been traditionally utilized as a medicinal intervention for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The current study was designed to offer a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the impact of M. Charantia intake on glycemic indexes and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted across several databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, from the inception of each database until April 22, 2023. The Hartung-Knapp adjustment was applied to ensure conservative summary estimates with broad confidence intervals. Results A total of eight trials involving 423 patients with T2DM were included in this study. Compared to the control group, the intake of M. charantia supplementation resulted in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD: -0.85 mmol/L; 95%CI: -1.44, -0.26; p = 0.005; I2 = 73.4 %), postprandial glucose (PPG) (WMD: -2.28 mmol/L; 95%CI: -3.35, -1.21; p = 0.000; I2 = 66.9 %), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD: -0.38 %; 95%CI: -0.53, -0.23; p = 0.000; I2 = 37.6 %), and total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: -0.38 mmol/L; 95%CI: -0.70, -0.07; p = 0.017; I2 = 63.6 %). These results remained statistically significant even after applying the Hartung-Knapp adjustment. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that M. charantia could serve as a potential alternative for individuals with T2DM, particularly those with elevated total cholesterol levels. However, further high-quality studies are necessary to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yinan Zhao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yagang Song
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mingsan Miao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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Nazar A, Adnan M, Shah SM, Bari A, Ullah R, Tariq A, Ahmad N. Ethnobotanical assessment of antidiabetic medicinal plants in District Karak, Pakistan. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:173. [PMID: 38658923 PMCID: PMC11040872 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a leading health disorder and is responsible for high mortality rates across the globe. Multiple treatment protocols are being applied to overcome this morbidity and mortality including plant-based traditional medicines. This study was designed to investigate the ethnomedicinal status of plant species used to treat diabetes in District Karak, Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS A semi-structured survey was created to collect data about traditionally used medicinal plants for diabetes and other ailments. The convenience sampling method was applied for the selection of informants. The collected data was evaluated through quantitative tools like frequency of citation (FC), relative frequency of citation (RFC), informant consensus factor (FIC), fidelity level (FL), and use value (UV). RESULTS A total of 346 local informants were selected for this research. Out of them, 135 participants were men and 211 participants were women. Overall 38 plant species belonging to 29 plant families were used to treat diabetes. The most dominant plant family was Oleaceae having 11 species. Powder form (19%) was the most recommended mode of preparation for plant-based ethnomedicines. Leaves (68%) were the most frequently used parts followed by fruit (47%). The highest RFC was recorded for Apteranthes tuberculata (0.147). The maximum FL was reported for Apteranthes tuberculata (94.4) and Zygophyllum indicum (94.11) for diabetes, skin, and wounds. Similarly, the highest UV of (1) each was found for Brassica rapa, Melia azedarach, and Calotropis procera. Based on documented data, the reported ailments were grouped into 7 categories. The ICF values range between 0.89 (diabetes) to 0.33 (Cardiovascular disorders). CONCLUSION The study includes a variety of antidiabetic medicinal plants, which are used by the locals in various herbal preparations. The species Apteranthes tuberculata has been reported to be the most frequently used medicinal plant against diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended that such plants be further investigated in-vitro and in-vivo to determine their anti-diabetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Nazar
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Majid Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akash Tariq
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan
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3
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Koopmans SJ, Binnendijk G, Ledoux A, Choi YH, Mes JJ, Guan X, Molist F, Thị Minh TP, van der Wielen N. Momordica charantia fruit reduces plasma fructosamine whereas stems and leaves increase plasma insulin in adult mildly diabetic obese Göttingen Minipigs. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298163. [PMID: 38498469 PMCID: PMC10947704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally Momordica charantia (Bitter gourd) is known for its blood glucose lowering potential. This has been validated by many previous studies based on rodent models but human trials are less convincing and the physiological mechanisms underlying the bioactivity of Bitter gourd are still unclear. The present study compared the effects of whole fruit or stems-leaves from five different Bitter gourd cultivars on metabolic control in adult diabetic obese Göttingen Minipigs. METHODS Twenty streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D) obese Minipigs (body weight ~85 kg) were subdivided in mildly and overtly D pigs and fed 500 g of obesogenic diet per day for a period of three weeks, supplemented with 20 g dried powdered Bitter gourd or 20 g dried powdered grass as isoenergetic control in a cross-over, within-subject design. RESULTS Bitter gourd fruit from the cultivars "Palee" and "Good healthy" reduced plasma fructosamine concentrations in all pigs combined (from 450±48 to 423±53 and 490±50 to 404±48 μmol/L, both p<0.03, respectively) indicating improved glycemic control by 6% and 17%. These effects were statistically confirmed in mildly D pigs but not in overtly D pigs. In mildly D pigs, the other three cultivars of fruit showed consistent numerical but no significant improvements in glycemic control. The composition of Bitter gourd fruit was studied by metabolomics profiling and analysis identified three metabolites from the class of triterpenoids (Xuedanoside H, Acutoside A, Karaviloside IX) that were increased in the cultivars "Palee" (>3.9-fold) and "Good healthy" (>8.9-fold) compared to the mean of the other three cultivars. Bitter gourd stems and leaves from the cultivar "Bilai" increased plasma insulin concentrations in all pigs combined by 28% (from 53±6 to 67±9 pmol/L, p<0.03). The other two cultivars of stems and leaves showed consistent numerical but no significant increases in plasma insulin concentrations. The effects on plasma insulin concentrations were confirmed in mildly D pigs but not in overtly D pigs. CONCLUSIONS Fruits of Bitter gourd improve glycemic control and stems-leaves of Bitter gourd increase plasma insulin concentrations in an obese pig model for mild diabetes. The effects of Bitter gourd fruit on glycemic control seem consistent but relatively small and cultivar specific which may explain the varying results of human trials reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietse Jan Koopmans
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gisabeth Binnendijk
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Allison Ledoux
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jurriaan J. Mes
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaonan Guan
- Schothorst Feed Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tâm Phạm Thị Minh
- Department of Food crops and Horticulture, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nikkie van der Wielen
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Febriyanti RM, Levita J, Diantini A. Immunomodulatory Role of Plants and Their Constituents on the Management of Metabolic Disorders: An Evidence-Based Review. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:513-534. [PMID: 38415194 PMCID: PMC10898480 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s442566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the immune system and metabolic diseases is complex and increasingly recognized as critical to understanding conditions like obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Modulation of the immune system in patients with metabolic disorders can offer several potential benefits. While the salutary impact of plant-derived bioactive compounds on metabolic and immune functions is acknowledged, there is a paucity of comprehensive reviews on the multifaceted and synergistic mechanisms through which these effects are mediated. This review elucidates the therapeutic potential of phytochemical formulations in ameliorating metabolic disorders and delineates their mechanistic implications on relevant biomarkers and immune modulation. Our analysis reveals a predominance of plant species, including Boswellia serrata, Cinnamomum cassia, Citrus bergamia, Coffea arabica, Ficus racemosa, Momordica charantia, Morus Alba, and Trigonella foenum-graecum, that have undergone clinical evaluation and have been substantiated to confer both metabolic and immunological benefits. The phytoconstituents contained in these plants exert their effects through a range of mechanisms, such as improving glucose regulation, reducing inflammatory responses, and modulating immune system. As such, these findings hold considerable promise for clinical and therapeutic translation and necessitate further empirical validation through randomized controlled trials and mechanistic elucidations to affirm the safety and efficacy of herbal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raden Maya Febriyanti
- Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 46363, Indonesia
| | - Jutti Levita
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 46363, Indonesia
| | - Ajeng Diantini
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 46363, Indonesia
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Parasher M, Pandey DK, Manhas RK. Traditionally used anti-diabetic plants in Kathua district of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117087. [PMID: 37683931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhvi Parasher
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India; Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Marh, 181206, Jammu, JKUT, India.
| | - Devendra Kumar Pandey
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - R K Manhas
- Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Basohli, 184201, JKUT, India.
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Patel N, Dinesh S, Sharma S. From Gut to Glucose: A Comprehensive Review on Functional Foods and Dietary Interventions for Diabetes Management. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e111023222081. [PMID: 37861021 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998266653231005072450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the realm of diabetes research, considerable attention has been directed toward elucidating the intricate interplay between the gastrointestinal tract and glucose regulation. The gastrointestinal tract, once exclusively considered for its role in digestion and nutrient assimilation, is presently acknowledged as a multifaceted ecosystem with regulatory supremacy over metabolic homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Recent studies indicate that alterations in the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota could potentially influence the regulation of glucose levels and glucose homeostasis in the body. Dysbiosis, characterized by perturbations in the equilibrium of gut microbial constituents, has been irrevocably linked to an augmented risk of diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, research has revealed the potential influence of the gut microbiota on important factors, like inflammation and insulin sensitivity, which are key contributors to the onset and progression of diabetes. The key protagonists implicated in the regulation of glucose encompass the gut bacteria, gut barrier integrity, and the gut-brain axis. A viable approach to enhance glycemic control while concurrently mitigating the burden of comorbidities associated with diabetes resides in the strategic manipulation of the gut environment through adapted dietary practices. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to provide a deep understanding of the complex relationship between gut health, glucose metabolism, and diabetes treatment. CONCLUSION This study has presented an exhaustive overview of dietary therapies and functional foods that have undergone extensive research to explore their potential advantages in the management of diabetes. It looks into the role of gut health in glucose regulation, discusses the impact of different dietary elements on the course of diabetes, and evaluates how well functional foods can help with glycemic control. Furthermore, it investigates the mechanistic aspects of these therapies, including their influence on insulin sensitivity, β-cell activity, and inflammation. It deliberates on the limitations and potential prospects associated with integrating functional foods into personalized approaches to diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Patel
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru 560043, India
| | - Susha Dinesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru 560043, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru 560043, India
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Sachan K, Verma S, Arora K, Bharti U, Singh PK, Singh S. Traditional Herbal Medications Utilized in the Indian Medical System forthe Management of Diabetes: An Updated Review and Clinical Implications. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e230124226017. [PMID: 38275040 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998273029231121094725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Phytomedicine, also called botanical medicine, is the practice of using plants to treat disease. Diabetes, for example, has been treated and prevented with herbal medication for a lot longer than Western medicine. Worldwide, diabetes has become a major health concern. The management of diabetes and hyperglycemia, two of the most common public health threats, is far from ideal. When hyperglycemia persists or is not under control, diabetes-related complications, like blindness, lower limb amputations, renal disease, and cardiovascular disease, play a significant role in the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Although chemicals and biochemical agents can assist in managing diabetes, there is currently no complete cure for the disease. Herbal remedies are one of many methods that can be used to treat and prevent diabetes and its subsequent problems. Numerous traditional treatments have been discovered for diabetes as a result of extensive research efforts. However, there are many factors to consider when deciding which herbs to use, such as the patient's financial status, the presence or absence of co-morbidities, and the accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and safety profile of the herbs. This article focuses on the use of herbal and natural remedies in the treatment and prevention of diabetes, the mechanisms by which these remedies lower blood glucose levels, and the specific herbal items now utilized in the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Sachan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suryakant Verma
- School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kunal Arora
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjwal Bharti
- ITS College of Pharmacy, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pranjal Kumar Singh
- SRM Modinagar College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smita Singh
- SRM Modinagar College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Alfeqy MM, El-Hawary SS, El-Halawany AM, Rabeh MA, Alshehri SA, Serry AM, Fahmy HA, Ezzat MI. Effect of Phenolics from Aeonium arboreum on Alpha Glucosidase, Pancreatic Lipase, and Oxidative Stress; a Bio-Guided Approach. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2541. [PMID: 38004522 PMCID: PMC10675073 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global issue affecting over a billion people, raising the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and other ailments. It is often characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia and/or obesity, and hyperglycemia. Chemical investigation of Aeonium arboreum (L.) Webb & Berthel led to the isolation of six compounds, viz. β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol glucoside, myricetin galactoside, quercetin rhamnoside, kaempferol rhamnoside, and myricetin glucoside. Interestingly, A. arboreum's dichloromethane (DCM), 100 and 50% MeOH Diaion fractions and the isolated compound (quercetin-3-rhamnoside) revealed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, especially 50% Diaion fraction. In addition, they also showed very potent antioxidant potential, especially the polar fractions, using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC, and metal chelation assays. Notably, the 50% Diaion fraction had the highest antioxidant potential using DPPH and ORAC assays, while the 100% Diaion fraction and quercetin-3-rhamnoside showed the highest activity using ABTS, FRAP, and metal chelation assays. Also, quercetin-3-rhamnoside showed a good docking score of -5.82 kcal/mol in comparison to acarbose. In addition, molecular dynamic stimulation studies illustrated high stability of compound binding to pocket of protein. Such potent activities present A. arboreum as a complementary safe approach for the management of diabetes mellitus as well as MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwah M. Alfeqy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo 11571, Egypt;
| | - Seham S. El-Hawary
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (S.S.E.-H.); (A.M.E.-H.)
| | - Ali M. El-Halawany
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (S.S.E.-H.); (A.M.E.-H.)
| | - Mohamed A. Rabeh
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62251, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.R.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Saad A. Alshehri
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62251, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.R.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Aya M. Serry
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo 11571, Egypt;
| | - Heba A. Fahmy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology & Information, Cairo 11571, Egypt;
| | - Marwa. I. Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (S.S.E.-H.); (A.M.E.-H.)
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Zheng J, Shang M, Dai G, Dong J, Wang Y, Duan B. Bioactive polysaccharides from Momordica charantia as functional ingredients: a review of their extraction, bioactivities, structural-activity relationships, and application prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37599638 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2248246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Momordica charantia L. is a well-known medicine and food homology plant with high pharmaceutical and nutritional values. Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers connected by glycosidic bonds, one of the key functional ingredients of M. charantia. Recently, M. charantia polysaccharides (MCPs) have attracted much attention from industries and researchers due to their anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-diabetes, anti-bacteria, immunomodulatory, neuroprotection, and organ protection activities. However, the development and utilization of MCPs-based functional foods and medicines were hindered by the lack of a deeper understanding of the structure-activity relationship (SAR), structural modification, applications, and safety of MCPs. Herein, we provide an overview of the extraction, purification, structural characterization, bioactivities, and mechanisms of MCPs. Besides, SAR, toxicities, application, and influences of the modification associated with bioactivities are spotlighted, and the potential development and future study direction are scrutinized. This review provides knowledge and research underpinnings for the further research and application of MCPs as therapeutic agents and functional food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Mingyue Shang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Guona Dai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Jingjing Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, China
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baozhong Duan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, China
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Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Bidkhori HR, Miri R, Baghban A, Mosavat A, Rezaee SA. Momordica charantia phytoconstituents can inhibit human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infectivity in vitro and in vivo. J Neurovirol 2023:10.1007/s13365-023-01160-0. [PMID: 37531001 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to find an effective therapy for life-threatening HTLV-1-associated diseases. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is considered a traditional herb with antiviral and anticancer properties and was tested in this study on HTLV-1 infectivity. GC-MS analyzed the alcoholic extract. In vitro assay was carried out using transfection of HUVEC cells by HTLV-1-MT2 cell line. The cells were exposed to alcoholic and aqueous extracts at 5,10, and 20 µg/mL concentrations. In vivo, mice were divided into four groups. Three groups were treated with HTLV-1-MT-2 cells as test groups and positive control, and PBS as the negative control group in the presence and absence of M. charantia extracts. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and splenocytes were collected for HTLV-1-proviral load (PVL) assessment, TaqMan-qPCR. The GC-MS analysis revealed 36 components in M. charantia. The studies showed significant reductions in HTLV-1-PVL in the presence of extract in the HUVEC-treated groups (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of extracts on HTLV-1 infected mice showed significant differences in HTLV-1-PVL among M. charantia treated groups with untreated (P = 0.001). The T-cells in MLNs were significantly more susceptible to HTLV-1 than others (P = 0.001). There were significant differences among HTLV-1-infected cells in MLNs and splenocytes (P = 0.001 and 0.046, respectively). Also, aqueous and alcoholic extract-treated groups significantly affected HTLV-1-infected PBMCs (P = 0.002 and 0.009, respectively). M. charantia may have effective antiviral properties. The substantial compound of M. charantia could have inhibitory effects on the proliferation and transmission of HTLV-1 oncovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Azadi-Square, Ferdowsi University Campus, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, 9177949367, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Bidkhori
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Raheleh Miri
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Azadi-Square, Ferdowsi University Campus, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, 9177949367, Iran
| | - Arezoo Baghban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Azadi-Square, Ferdowsi University Campus, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, 9177949367, Iran.
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi-Square, Medical Campus, 9177948564, Mashhad, Iran.
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Chauhan S, Singh AP, Rana AC, Kumar S, Kumar R, Singh J, Jangra A, Kumar D. Natural activators of AMPK signaling: potential role in the management of type-2 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:47-59. [PMID: 37255783 PMCID: PMC10225395 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase involved in the homeostasis of cellular energy. AMPK has developed as an appealing clinical target for the diagnosis of multiple metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, inflammation, and cancer. Genetic and pharmacological studies indicate that AMPK is needed in response to glucose deficiency, dietary restriction, and increased physical activity for preserving glucose homeostasis. After activation, AMPK influences metabolic mechanisms contributing to enhanced ATP production, thus growing processes that absorb ATP simultaneously. In this review, several natural products have been discussed which enhance the sensitivity of AMPK and alleviate sub complications or different pathways by which such AMPK triggers can be addressed. AMPK Natural products as potential AMPK activators can be developed as alternate pharmacological intervention to reverse metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyogita Chauhan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
| | - Aakash Partap Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
| | - Avtar Chand Rana
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Haryana 122502 Rewari, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, 123031 Haryana India
| | - Jitender Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IET Bhaddal Technical Campus, P.O. Mianpur, Ropar, 140108 Punjab India
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031 India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031 India
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12
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Yedjou CG, Grigsby J, Mbemi A, Nelson D, Mildort B, Latinwo L, Tchounwou PB. The Management of Diabetes Mellitus Using Medicinal Plants and Vitamins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109085. [PMID: 37240430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic metabolic disease that is associated with hyperglycemia and several complications including cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. DM is caused by high levels of blood sugar in the body associated with the disruption of insulin metabolism and homeostasis. Over time, DM can induce life-threatening health problems such as blindness, heart disease, kidney damage, and stroke. Although the cure of DM has improved over the past decades, its morbidity and mortality rates remain high. Hence, new therapeutic strategies are needed to overcome the burden of this disease. One such prevention and treatment strategy that is easily accessible to diabetic patients at low cost is the use of medicinal plants, vitamins, and essential elements. The research objective of this review article is to study DM and explore its treatment modalities based on medicinal plants and vitamins. To achieve our objective, we searched scientific databases of ongoing trials in PubMed Central, Medline databases, and Google Scholar websites. We also searched databases on World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to collect relevant papers. Results of numerous scientific investigations revealed that phytochemicals present in medicinal plants (Allium sativum, Momordica charantia, Hibiscus sabdariffa L., and Zingiber officinale) possess anti-hypoglycemic activities and show promise for the prevention and/or control of DM. Results also revealed that intake of vitamins C, D, E, or their combination improves the health of diabetes patients by reducing blood glucose, inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and blood pressure levels. However, very limited studies have addressed the health benefits of medicinal plants and vitamins as chemo-therapeutic/preventive agents for the management of DM. This review paper aims at addressing this knowledge gap by studying DM and highlighting the biomedical significance of the most potent medicinal plants and vitamins with hypoglycemic properties that show a great potential to prevent and/or treat DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement G Yedjou
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, 1610 S. Martin Luther King Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Jameka Grigsby
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Alcorn State University, 1000 ASU Drive, Lorman, MS 39096, USA
| | - Ariane Mbemi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18750, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Daryllynn Nelson
- Department of Health Administration, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Bryan Mildort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, 2400 6th St, NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Lekan Latinwo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, 1610 S. Martin Luther King Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- RCMI Center for Urban Health Disparities Research and Innovation, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21252, USA
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13
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Agrawal OD, Kulkarni YA. Treatment with Terminalia chebula Extract Reduces Insulin Resistance, Hyperglycemia and Improves SIRT1 Expression in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051168. [PMID: 37240813 DOI: 10.3390/life13051168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminalia chebula Retz., Family Combretaceae (T. chebula) is one of the important plants mentioned in Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine. The present work was designed to study the effect of the aqueous extract of T. chebula fruits in type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS The aqueous extract of the fruits was prepared by the double maceration technique. The extract was subjected to HPTLC analysis, which showed the presence of ellagic acid and gallic acid. Type 2 diabetes was induced in rats with a low dose of Streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) after administering a high-fat diet for fourteen days. Diabetic animals were treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg of aqueous extract of T. chebula fruits for six weeks. RESULTS Diabetic rats showed a significantly (511.7 ± 17.6) (p < 0.001) high plasma glucose level compared to the normal group (106 ± 3.358). The T. chebula treatment group showed a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in plasma glucose at 500 mg/kg (394.3 ± 10.35) and 1000 mg/kg (368.6 ± 30.08) doses when compared with the diabetic control group. Treatment with aqueous extract significantly reduced lipid parameters in diabetic animals when compared to the animals in the diabetic control group. Treatment with extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg showed a significant reduction in AST (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) when compared with diabetic control rats. Treatment with extract significantly reduced ALT at 500 mg/kg (p < 0.05) and 1000 mg/kg (p < 0.001) doses when compared with diabetic control rats. The extract treatment improved insulin sensitivity and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and significantly decreased HOMR-IR. Treatment with T. chebula aqueous extract at 1000 mg/kg significantly increased the level of GSH (p < 0.05) when compared to diabetic control rats. T. chebula treatment at 1000 mg/kg significantly increased levels of CAT (p < 0.01). Histopathology of pancreatic tissue revealed that the extract has a protective effect against the damage caused by hyperglycemia. Immunohistochemistry of pancreatic tissue showed increased expression of SIRT1 in diabetic animals treated with the extract. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate that the extract of T. chebula has significant effects in the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojaskumar D Agrawal
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
- Vivekanand Education Society's College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Chembur (E), Mumbai 400074, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
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14
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Bahloul B, Castillo-Henríquez L, Jenhani L, Aroua N, Ftouh M, Kalboussi N, Vega-Baudrit J, Mignet N. Nanomedicine-based potential phyto-drug delivery systems for diabetes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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15
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Richter E, Geetha T, Burnett D, Broderick TL, Babu JR. The Effects of Momordica charantia on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054643. [PMID: 36902074 PMCID: PMC10002567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T2DM is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. It is recognized as one of the most common metabolic disorders and its prevalence continues to raise major concerns in healthcare globally. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a gradual neurodegenerative brain disorder characterized by the chronic loss of cognitive and behavioral function. Recent research suggests a link between the two diseases. Considering the shared characteristics of both diseases, common therapeutic and preventive agents are effective. Certain bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals found in vegetables and fruits can have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that allow for preventative or potential treatment options for T2DM and AD. Recently, it has been estimated that up to one-third of patients with diabetes use some form of complementary and alternative medicine. Increasing evidence from cell or animal models suggests that bioactive compounds may have a direct effect on reducing hyperglycemia, amplifying insulin secretion, and blocking the formation of amyloid plaques. One plant that has received substantial recognition for its numerous bioactive properties is Momordica charantia (M. charantia), otherwise known as bitter melon, bitter gourd, karela, and balsam pear. M. charantia is utilized for its glucose-lowering effects and is often used as a treatment for diabetes and related metabolic conditions amongst the indigenous populations of Asia, South America, India, and East Africa. Several pre-clinical studies have documented the beneficial effects of M. charantia through various postulated mechanisms. Throughout this review, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the bioactive components of M. charantia will be highlighted. More studies will be necessary to establish the clinical efficacy of the bioactive compounds within M. charantia to effectively determine its pertinence in the treatment of metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, such as T2DM and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Richter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Donna Burnett
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tom L. Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-223-844-3840
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16
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Ramphinwa ML, Mchau GRA, Mashau ME, Madala NE, Chimonyo VGP, Modi TA, Mabhaudhi T, Thibane VS, Mudau FN. Eco-physiological response of secondary metabolites of teas: Review of quality attributes of herbal tea. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.990334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal tea is a rich source of secondary metabolites which are reputed to have medicinal and nutritional efficacy. These secondary metabolites are influenced by the abiotic and biotic stresses that improve the production of herbal teas in terms of biomass production, accumulation and partitioning of assimilates of compounds. In this study, various examples of herbal teas have been shown to respond differently to secondary metabolites affected by environmental factors. Thus, the meta-analysis of this study confirms that different herbal teas' response to environmental factors depends on the type of species, cultivar, and the degree of shade that the plant is exposed. It is also evident that the metabolic processes are also known to optimize the production of secondary metabolites which can thus be achieved by manipulating agronomic practices on herbal teas. The different phenolic compound in herbal teas possesses the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiatherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antitumor, antidiabetic and antiviral activities that are important in managing chronic diseases associated with lifestyle. It can be precluded that more studies should be conducted to establish interactive responses of biotic and abiotic environmental factors on quality attributes of herbal teas.
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17
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Comprehensive Computational Studies of Naturally Occurring Kuguacins as Antidiabetic Agents by Targeting Visfatin. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-023-00604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Immune System and Epidemics: The Role of African Indigenous Bioactive Substances. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020273. [PMID: 36678143 PMCID: PMC9864875 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With over 6 million coronavirus pandemic deaths, the African continent reported the lowest death rate despite having a high disease burden. The African community's resilience to the pandemic has been attributed to climate and weather conditions, herd immunity, repeated exposure to infectious organisms that help stimulate the immune system, and a disproportionately large youth population. In addition, functional foods, herbal remedies, and dietary supplements contain micronutrients and bioactive compounds that can help boost the immune system. This review identified significant traditional fermented foods and herbal remedies available within the African continent with the potential to boost the immune system in epidemics and pandemics. Methodology: Databases, such as PubMed, the Web of Science, and Scopus, were searched using relevant search terms to identify traditional African fermented foods and medicinal plants with immune-boosting or antiviral capabilities. Cereal-based fermented foods, meat-, and fish-based fermented foods, and dairy-based fermented foods containing antioxidants, immunomodulatory effects, probiotics, vitamins, and peptides were identified and discussed. In addition, nine herbal remedies and spices belonging to eight plant families have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and antiviral properties. Peptides, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, ascorbic acid, minerals, vitamins, and saponins are some of the bioactive compounds in the remedies. Bioactive compounds in food and plants significantly support the immune system and help increase resistance against infectious diseases. The variety of food and medicinal plants found on the African continent could play an essential role in providing community resilience against infectious diseases during epidemics and pandemics. The African continent should investigate nutritional, herbal, and environmental factors that support healthy living and longevity.
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19
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Omale S, Amagon KI, Johnson TO, Bremner SK, Gould GW. A systematic analysis of anti-diabetic medicinal plants from cells to clinical trials. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14639. [PMID: 36627919 PMCID: PMC9826616 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing health emergencies of the 21st century, placing a severe economic burden on many countries. Current management approaches have improved diabetic care, but several limitations still exist, such as decreased efficacy, adverse effects, and the high cost of treatment, particularly for developing nations. There is, therefore, a need for more cost-effective therapies for diabetes management. The evidence-based application of phytochemicals from plants in the management of diseases is gaining traction. Methodology Various plants and plant parts have been investigated as antidiabetic agents. This review sought to collate and discuss published data on the cellular and molecular effects of medicinal plants and phytochemicals on insulin signaling pathways to better understand the current trend in using plant products in the management of diabetes. Furthermore, we explored available information on medicinal plants that consistently produced hypoglycemic effects from isolated cells to animal studies and clinical trials. Results There is substantial literature describing the effects of a range of plant extracts on insulin action and insulin signaling, revealing a depth in knowledge of molecular detail. Our exploration also reveals effective antidiabetic actions in animal studies, and clear translational potential evidenced by clinical trials. Conclusion We suggest that this area of research should be further exploited in the search for novel therapeutics for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Omale
- African Centre for Excellence in Phytomedicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy I. Amagon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Titilayo O. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Shaun Kennedy Bremner
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gwyn W. Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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20
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Kim B, Lee HS, Kim HJ, Lee H, Lee IY, Ock S, Kwon S, Kang SS, Choi Y. Momordica charantia (bitter melon) efficacy and safety on glucose metabolism in Korean prediabetes participants: a 12-week, randomized clinical study. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 32:697-704. [PMID: 37009042 PMCID: PMC10050654 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study was performed to investigate the effects of bitter melon extract (BME) on glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and various metabolic parameters of participants with prediabetes. A 12-week randomized placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted with prediabetic patients. A total of 76 participants were randomly assigned to initiate the study. In the final analysis, 33 and 32 subjects were included in the BME and placebo groups, respectively. Results showed that 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) blood glucose level decreased in BME group after 12 weeks. The glucose level after 30 min of glucose ingestion decreased significantly. The glucagon level in the BME group after 12 weeks significantly decreased 120 min after 75 g OGTT. These results suggested that bitter melon exhibits glucose-lowering effects through suppression of glucagon levels in people with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bukyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 262 Gamcheonro, Seogu, Busan, 602-702 Korea
| | - Hak Sung Lee
- Natural Product Research Team 2, Skin & Natural Products Lab., Kolmar BNH Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Natural Product Research Team 2, Skin & Natural Products Lab., Kolmar BNH Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyolynn Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - In-young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Soyoung Ock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Sukyoung Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Youngsik Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Adjei DGG, Mireku-Gyimah NA, Sarkodie JA, Nguessan BB, Kodua E, Amedior JK, Lartey IA, Adi-Dako O, Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Nyarko AK. Antidiabetic properties of an Ethanolic leaf extract of Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C. Jeffrey (Asteraceae) in SD rats. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-022-00350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major health problem, with a global prevalence of 9.3%, 4.7% in Africa, and 2.5% in Ghana. Despite the availability of the classic anti-diabetic medications, many patients have not benefited from them due to their poor glycemic controls, high costs, inability to halt disease progression, and untoward side effects. Some patients thus resort to plant-based medicines such as those obtained from L. taraxacifolia etc., which have little empirical evidence of efficacy. Therefore, this study investigated the possible antidiabetic effects of the leaf extracts of L. taraxacifolia and some potential mechanistic targets involved.
Methodology
Ethanolic extract of L. taraxacifolia leaves (LTE) was screened for phytoconstituents and tested for blood glucose-lowering properties in both non-diabetic and streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced (STZ-NAD) type-2 model diabetic rats for 4 weeks at doses of 500 mg/kg, 750 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg. Metformin (200 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) were used as positive controls. Effects of LTE on blood glucose, serum lipids, hepatic gluconeogenesis, intestinal glucose absorption, liver enzymes, oral glucose tolerance, and rat organ weights were all studied. Pancreatic Islet histology was also conducted.
Results
The ethanolic extract of L. taraxacifolia leaves reduced fasting blood glucose levels and suppressed hyperglycemia during the oral glucose tolerance test. In addition, hepatic gluconeogenesis and intestinal glucose absorption were inhibited. The extract lowered levels of liver enzymes, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol while increasing HDL cholesterol levels. Again, it reversed STZ-induced weight changes to the liver, kidneys, and pancreas as well as restored the morphology of the pancreatic Islet of Langerhans.
Conclusion
Launaea taraxacifolia leaves extract (LTE) possesses anti-diabetic constituents and has the potential to repair diabetes-induced damages to the liver, kidney, and pancreatic Islets in SD rats.
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Yuan MK, Kao JW, Wu WT, Chen CR, Chang CI, Wu YJ. Investigation of cell cytotoxic activity and molecular mechanism of 5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,23( E)-diene-3β,19( R),25-triol isolated from Momordica charantia on hepatoma cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1214-1223. [PMID: 35760558 PMCID: PMC9246111 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2077766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), known as bitter melon, is an edible fruit cultivated in the tropics. In this study, an active compound, 5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,23(E)-diene-3β,19(R),25-triol (ECDT), isolated from M. charantia was investigated in regard to its cytotoxic effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. OBJECTIVE To examine the mechanisms of ECDT-induced apoptosis in HCC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitive activity of ECDT on HA22T HCC cells was examined by MTT assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, TUNEL/DAPI staining, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (PI) staining and JC-1 dye. HA22T cells were treated with ECDT (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 μM) for 24 h, and the molecular mechanism of cells apoptosis was examined by Western blot. Cells treated with vehicle DMSO were used as the negative control. RESULTS ECDT inhibited the cell proliferation of HA22T cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed that ECDT treatment at 10-20 μM increased early apoptosis by 10-14% and late apoptosis by 2-5%. Western blot revealed that ECDT treatment activated the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway, and ECDT-induced apoptosis was mediated by the caspase signalling pathway and activation of JNK and p38MAPK. Pre-treatment of cells with MAPK inhibitors (SB203580 or SP600125) reversed the ECDT-induced cell death, which further supported the involvement of the p38MAPK and JNK pathways. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that ECDT can induce apoptosis through the p38MAPK and JNK pathways in HA22T cells. The findings suggested that ECDT has a valuable anticancer property with the potential to be developed as a new chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kang Yuan
- Department of Radiology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Wen Kao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Meiho University, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tung Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Meiho University, Neipu, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Chiy-Rong Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-I Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Neipu, Taiwan
- Yu Jun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Venkatesan A, Roy A, Kulandaivel S, Natesan V, Kim SJ. p-Coumaric Acid Nanoparticles Ameliorate Diabetic Nephropathy via Regulating mRNA Expression of KIM-1 and GLUT-2 in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121166. [PMID: 36557204 PMCID: PMC9785963 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become a leading cause of end-stage renal failure worldwide. The goal of the current study was to examine the protective effects of chitosan-loaded p-Coumaric acid nanoparticles (PCNPs) in nephrotoxicity induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Because of the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of PCNPs, the development of DN may be considerably decreased. In this study, the rats received a single intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of STZ (45 mg/kg) to induce DN. PCNPs were given orally 80 mg/kg b.w to the rats for a duration of four weeks. Body weight, kidney weight, blood glucose, and insulin levels were measured at the end of the experiment. Serum and urine parameters were also examined, along with the histological, immunobiological, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression of the nephrotic rats. To comprehend the impact of PCNPs, the expression patterns of the kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) were evaluated. Administration of PCNPs significantly increased body weight, decreased kidney weight and also ameliorated blood glucose levels in the nephropathic rats. The administration of PCNPs also reverted the levels of urea, serum creatinine, urinary NAG, β-glucuronidase and albumin to near-normal levels. The administration of PCNPs also caused the levels of serum and urine parameters to return to near-normal levels. Additionally, the PCNP-treated rats had markedly reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and KIM-1 expressions as well as enhanced GLUT-2 mRNA expression. Our findings clearly showed that PCNP administration prevents the onset of DN in rats by lowering hyperglycemia, decreasing inflammation, and improving the expression of GLUT-2 mRNA in nephropathic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalan Venkatesan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anitha Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Allied Health Sciences, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Kulandaivel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nandha College of Pharmacy, Erode 638052, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijayakumar Natesan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (V.N.); (S.-J.K.)
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (V.N.); (S.-J.K.)
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Spectroscopic contribution to glyphosate toxicity profile and the remedial effects of Momordica charantia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20020. [PMID: 36414701 PMCID: PMC9681759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the glyphosate toxicity and the toxicity-reducing role of bitter melon extract (Bmex) (Momordica charantia L.) were investigated in Allium cepa L. test material. The toxicity of glyphosate and protective role of Bmex were investigated with the help of physiological (germination, root elongation and weight gain), cytogenetic (mitotic index-MI, micronucleus-MN and chromosomal abnormalities-CAs), biochemical (malondialdehyde-MDA, superoxide dismutase-SOD and catalase-CAT) and anatomical (root meristem cell damage) parameters. The genotoxicity mechanism of glyphosate was elucidated by spectral analysis. A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups as one control and five applications. Tap water was applied to the bulbs in the control group for 72 h. Glyphosate (500 mg/L) and two different doses of Bmex (350 and 700 mg/L) were applied to the bulbs in the treatment group for 72 h. At the end of the period, the germinated bulbs were prepared for experimental analyses, measurements and observations by applying routine preparation procedures. As a result, glyphosate administration caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in all selected physiological parameter values, and significant (p < 0.05) increases in the number of cytogenetic parameters (except MI), the levels of biochemical parameters and the severity of anatomical damage. Glyphosate promoted CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge and unequal distribution of chromatin in root tip meristem cells. By spectral analysis, it was determined that glyphosate interacts directly with DNA and causes genotoxicity. It also caused anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, binuclear cell and irregular vascular tissue in root tip meristem cells. Co-administration of glyphosate with Bmex at two different doses (350 and 700 mg/L) reduced the toxicity of glyphosate and led to significant (p < 0.05) improvements in the values of all parameters examined. It was determined that this improvement was even more pronounced at 700 mg/L dose of Bmex. As a result, it was determined that glyphosate herbicide caused multi-dimensional toxicity in A. cepa test material, and Bmex reduced the effects of this toxicity due to its antioxidant properties. Therefore, glyphosate dose ranges need to be reconsidered, especially considering non-target organisms in agricultural applications. In addition, antioxidant products such as Bmex should be included in the daily diet in order to reduce the toxic effects of environmental agents such as pesticides.
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Liu YH, Lu YL, Chang YC, Chyuan JH, Lee TH, Hou WC. Anti-adipogenic activities of pheophorbide a and pyropheophorbide a isolated from wild bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Seringe) in vitro. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:6771-6779. [PMID: 35638177 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wild bitter gourd (WBG) is a commonly consumed vegetable in Asia that has antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-adipogenic activities of isolated compounds from WBG on 8-day differentiated cultures of 3 T3-L1 adipocytes that were then stained with Oil Red O (ORO) or diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). RESULTS ORO stains of the methanol extracts of de-seeded HM86 cultivar of WBG (WBG-M) and the ethyl acetate fractions (WBG-M-EA) showed anti-adipogenic activities against differentiated adipocytes. Two chlorophyll-degraded compounds, pheophorbide a (1) and pyropheophorbide a (2), were isolated from WBG-M-EA. Treatments with 1 (5, 10, and 20 μmol L-1 ) and 2 (2.5, 5, and 10 μmol L-1 ) showed dose-dependent reductions in lipid accumulations and reduced nuclear DAPI stains in differentiated 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. The concentrations for 50% inhibition against lipid accumulations of 1 and 2, respectively, were 16.05 and 7.04 μmol L-1 . Treatments with 1 and 2 showed enhanced lactate dehydrogenase release in the first 4-day cell mitotic clonal expansions during the differentiating cultural processes, although the effect was less on the non-differentiating cultural processes. Thus, 1 and 2 were more toxic to differentiating adipocytes than to non-differentiated pre-adipocytes, which partly resulted in anti-adipogenic activities with lowered lipid accumulations. CONCLUSION Both 1 and 2 showed anti-adipogenic activities in cell models. These chlorophyll-degraded compounds commonly exist in several vegetables during storage or edible seaweeds, which will provide resources for further investigations aiming to test anti-obesity in animal studies. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Hwa Liu
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Lin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chih Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ho Chyuan
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Hou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Therapeutic Investigation of Standardized Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) for Its Potential against Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Experimental Animals’ Model: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5143653. [PMID: 36212951 PMCID: PMC9536891 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5143653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an heterogenous, endocrine, metabolic, and multidisciplinary disorder of reproductive-aged females that aggravates insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, obesity, menstrual irregularities, and infertility. Bitter melon is consumed as vegetable in various parts of the world. The purpose of this study was to provide the rationale for the folkloric uses of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) in reproductive abnormalities. HPLC analysis of standardized aqueous methanolic extract of bitter melon revealed the presence of various phytochemicals such as quercetin, gallic acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid. Twenty-five Swiss albino adult female rats (120–130 g) were acquired and divided into two groups (5 + 20). Letrozole (1 mg/kg p.o.) was used for four weeks to induce PCOS in twenty rats. Disease induction was confirmed by vaginal smear cytology analysis under the microscope. Animals were further divided into four groups, with one group as PCOS group, and the remaining three are treated with standardized extract of bitter melon (500 mg/kg p.o.), bitter melon plus metformin (500 mg/kg p.o.), and metformin alone for the period of next four weeks. After four weeks, the rats were euthanized at diestrus stage. Ovaries of the experimental animals were removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and blood samples were obtained from direct cardiac puncture and stored. Ovaries histopathological analysis showed cystic follicles (9–10) in PCOS group, while, in all the treatment groups, we found developing and mature follicles. Similarly, hormone analysis showed significant (p < 0.001) reduction of LH surge, insulin, and testosterone levels and improvement in FSH levels. Lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes status were also significantly (p < 0.001) improved. In conclusion, the study validates the bitter melon potential as an insulin sensitizer and ovulation enhancer and authenticates its potential in PCOS management.
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Kumar A, Sakhare K, Bhattacharya D, Chattopadhyay R, Parikh P, Narayan KP, Mukherjee A. Communication in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and role of immunomodulatory nutraceuticals in their management. Front Nutr 2022; 9:966152. [PMID: 36211513 PMCID: PMC9532975 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.966152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conveyance of pathogens between organisms causes communicable diseases. On the other hand, a non-communicable disease (NCD) was always thought to have no causative transmissible infective agents. Today, this clear distinction is increasingly getting blurred and NCDs are found to be associated with some transmissible components. The human microbiota carries a congregation of microbes, the majority and the most widely studied being bacteria in the gut. The adult human gut harbors ginormous inhabitant microbes, and the microbiome accommodates 150-fold more genes than the host genome. Microbial communities share a mutually beneficial relationship with the host, especially with respect to host physiology including digestion, immune responses, and metabolism. This review delineates the connection between environmental factors such as infections leading to gut dysbiosis and NCDs and explores the evidence regarding possible causal link between them. We also discuss the evidence regarding the value of appropriate therapeutic immunomodulatory nutritional interventions to reduce the development of such diseases. We behold such immunomodulatory effects have the potential to influence in various NCDs and restore homeostasis. We believe that the beginning of the era of microbiota-oriented personalized treatment modalities is not far away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Kumar
- Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kalyani Sakhare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dwaipayan Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Purvish Parikh
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, India
| | - Kumar P. Narayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani, Hyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Kumar P. Narayan,
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Development of a Fermented Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia)–Grape Beverage Using Optimized Conditions. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bitter gourd beverages are well acclaimed for their health benefits, which have propelled their consumption. The beverages are prepared through a fermentation process, which is one of the oldest means of preserving and enhancing the flavour of many foods. Optimized conditions for the fermentation of a bitter gourd–grape beverage were investigated in our previous study. In the present study, a statistical comparison (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test and an independent t-test)) of grape juice, bitter gourd juice and the fermented bitter gourd–grape beverage (with and without enzymes) was carried out to find significant differences among the products. Alcohol was found to be consistent for the four products with p > 0.05, whereas significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the pH, antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant assay (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)), total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) were observed. The fermented bitter gourd–grape beverage (FBGGB) with enzymes had the highest antidiabetic potential content (27.07). The data obtained demonstrate that fermentation indeed enhances the biochemical function of vegetables (in this case, bitter gourd) and could thus be considered for the commercial processing of bitter gourd.
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Al Zarzour RH, Kamarulzaman EE, Saqallah FG, Zakaria F, Asif M, Abdul Razak KN. Medicinal plants' proposed nanocomposites for the management of endocrine disorders. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10665. [PMID: 36185142 PMCID: PMC9520215 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive attention has been focused on herbal medicine for the treatment of different endocrine disorders. In fact, compelling scientific evidence indicates that natural compounds might act as endocrine modulators by mimicking, stimulating, or inhibiting the actions of different hormones, such as thyroid, sex, steroidal, and glucose regulating hormones. These potentials might be effectively employed for therapeutic purposes related to the endocrine system as novel complementary choices. Nevertheless, despite the remarkable therapeutic effects, inadequate targeting efficiency and low aqueous solubility of the bioactive components are still essential challenges in their clinical accreditation. On the other hand, nanotechnology has pushed the wheels of combining inorganic nanoparticles with biological structures of medicinal bioactive compounds as one of the utmost exciting fields of research. Nanoparticle conjugations create an inclusive array of applications that provide greater compliance, higher bioavailability, and lower dosage. This can safeguard the global availability of these wealthy natural sources, regardless of their biological occurrence. This review inspects future challenges of medicinal plants in various endocrine disorders for safe and alternative treatments with examples of their nanoparticle formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghdaa Hamdan Al Zarzour
- Discipline of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab International University, Daraa Highway, Ghabagheb Syria
| | - Ezatul Ezleen Kamarulzaman
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fadi G Saqallah
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fauziahanim Zakaria
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khairul Niza Abdul Razak
- Discipline of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Usai R, Majoni S, Rwere F. Natural products for the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus in Zimbabwe-a review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:980819. [PMID: 36091798 PMCID: PMC9449367 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.980819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of medicinal plants and herbs in the treatment and management of diseases, including diabetes mellitus and its complications remains an integral part of African tradition. In Zimbabwe, nearly one million people are living with diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Zimbabwe is increasing every year due to lifestyle changes, and has accelerated the use of traditional medicines for its treatment and management in urban areas. In addition, the high cost of modern medicine has led many people in rural parts of Zimbabwe to rely on herbal plant medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This review highlights a number of studies carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic properties of indigenous plants found in Zimbabwe with the goal of treating diabetes mellitus. Further, we discuss the mechanism of action of various plant extracts in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus. Together, this review article can open pathways leading to discovery of new plant derived medicines and regularization of use of crude plant remedies to treat diabetes mellitus by the Zimbabwean government and others across Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigio Usai
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Stephen Majoni
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Freeborn Rwere
- Department Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
- *Correspondence: Freeborn Rwere,
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Wang H, Shuai X, Ye S, Zhang R, Wu M, Jiang S, Li Y, Wu D, He J. Recent advances in the development of bitter gourd seed oil: from chemical composition to potential applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10678-10690. [PMID: 35648048 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2081961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Non-conventional seed oils are being considered novelty foods due to the unique properties of their chemical constituents. Numerous such seed oils serve as nutritional and functional supplements, making them a point of interest for scholars. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) seed oil (BGSO) has been widely used in folk medicine worldwide for the treatment of different pathologies, such as diabetes, cancer, and several inflammatory diseases. Therefore, its nutritional and medicinal value has been extensively studied. Considering the potential use of BGSO, it is imperative to have a comprehensive understanding of this product to develop and use its biologically active ingredients in innovative food and pharmaceutical products. An extensive understanding of BGSO would also help improve the economic feasibility of the bitter gourd seed processing industry and help prevent environmental pollution associated with the raw waste produced during the processing of bitter gourd seeds. This review addresses the potential uses of BGSO in terms of food and pharmaceuticals industry perspectives and comprehensively summarizes the oil extraction process, chemical composition, biological activity, and the application prospects of BGSO in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Shuai
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shuxin Ye
- China YunHong Holdings Co, Ltd, Wuxue, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Muci Wu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Sijia Jiang
- China YunHong Holdings Co, Ltd, Wuxue, P.R. China
| | - Yubao Li
- China YunHong Holdings Co, Ltd, Wuxue, P.R. China
| | - Dong Wu
- China YunHong Holdings Co, Ltd, Wuxue, P.R. China
| | - Jingren He
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Gayathry KS, John JA. A comprehensive review on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) as a gold mine of functional bioactive components for therapeutic foods. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-022-00089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBitter gourd is a tropical wine grown mainly in India, China and South East Asia. The plant is cultivated mainly for its fruit part which is edible. Bitter gourd is unaccepted widely due to its bitter taste. Nevertheless, the fruit is a source of several key nutrients. The plant, as a whole contains, more than 60 phyto-medicines that are active against more than 30 diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Currently, the incorporation of the bioactive compounds isolated from bitter gourd into functional foods and beverages finds a new horizon. Nanoencapsulation and novel green extraction methods can be employed to improve the yield and quality of extracted compounds and their stability while incorporation into food products. The present review is an attempt to throw light to nutritional aspects, various bioactive compounds present and important nutraceutical properties of the bitter gourd plant in detail.
Graphical Abstract
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Chung WY, Jadhav S, Hsu PK, Kuan CM. Evaluation of acute and sub-chronic toxicity of bitter melon seed extract in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1024-1034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Lew LC, Mat Ludin AF, Shahar S, Abdul Manaf Z, Mohd Tohit N. Efficacy and Sustainability of Diabetes-Specific Meal Replacement on Obese and Overweight Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Study Approaches for a Randomised Controlled Trial and Impact of COVID-19 on Trial Progress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074188. [PMID: 35409872 PMCID: PMC8998339 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Meal replacement (MR) is widely used in weight and diabetes management programs due to its ease of compliance and handling. However, little is known about its impact on outcomes other than glycaemic control and weight loss. Furthermore, not many studies evaluate its cost-effectiveness and sustainability. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a diabetes-specific MR for the weight reduction and glycaemic controls of overweight and obese T2DM patients, as compared to routine dietary consultation. Other health outcomes, the cost effectiveness, and the sustainability of the MR will also be evaluated. Materials and Methods: This randomised controlled clinical trial will involve 156 participants who have been randomised equally into the intervention and control groups. As a baseline, both groups will receive diet consultation. Additionally, the intervention group will receive an MR to replace one meal for 5 days a week. The duration of intervention will be 12 weeks, with 36 weeks of follow-up to monitor the sustainability of the MR. The primary endpoints are weight and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, while the secondary endpoints are anthropometry, biochemical measurements, satiety, hormone changes, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on study design is also discussed in this paper. This study has obtained human ethics approval from RECUKM (JEP-2019-566) and is registered at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR ID: TCTR20210921004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leong Chen Lew
- Biomedical Science Programme, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.S.); (Z.A.M.)
| | - Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin
- Biomedical Science Programme, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.S.); (Z.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-92898043
| | - Suzana Shahar
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.S.); (Z.A.M.)
- Dietetic Programme, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Zahara Abdul Manaf
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.S.); (Z.A.M.)
- Dietetic Programme, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Noorlaili Mohd Tohit
- Department of Family Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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Oyelere SF, Ajayi OH, Ayoade TE, Santana Pereira GB, Dayo Owoyemi BC, Ilesanmi AO, Akinyemi OA. A detailed review on the phytochemical profiles and anti-diabetic mechanisms of Momordica charantia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09253. [PMID: 35434401 PMCID: PMC9010624 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most well-known endocrine dilemma suffered by hundreds of million people globally, with an annual mortality of more than one million people. This high mortality rate highlights the need for in-depth study of anti-diabetic agents. This review explores the phytochemical contents and anti-diabetic mechanisms of M. charantia (cucurbitaceae). Studies show that M. charantia contains several phytochemicals that have hypoglycemic effects, thus, the plant may be effective in the treatment/management of diabetes mellitus. Also, the biochemical and physiological basis of M. charantia anti-diabetic actions is explained. M. charantia exhibits its anti-diabetic effects via the suppression of MAPKs and NF-κβin pancreatic cells, promoting glucose and fatty acids catabolism, stimulating fatty acids absorption, inducing insulin production, ameliorating insulin resistance, activating AMPK pathway, and inhibiting glucose metabolism enzymes (fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and glucose-6-phosphatase). Reviewed literature was obtained from credible sources such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.
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Elekofehinti OO. Momordica charantia nanoparticles potentiate insulin release and modulate antioxidant gene expression in pancreas of diabetic rats. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Green synthesis of nanoparticles with medicinal plants has inherent potential in the management of diabetes mellitus. This study synthesized Momordica charantia nanoparticles using silver nitrate to investigate the antidiabetic properties of this extract and the synthesized nanoparticles in vivo.
Results
The M. charantia nanoparticles used were synthesized biologically under ambient conditions from methanolic leaf extract of M. charantia using 1 mM concentration of aqueous silver nitrate and characterized using spectroscopic methods, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy. In vivo, the antidiabetic activity of M. charantia nanoparticle was assessed in streptozotocin-induced (65 mg/kg) rats. Rats were treated with M. charantia nanoparticle (50 mg/kg), aqueous leaf extract (100 mg/kg) metformin (100 mg/kg) and silver nitrate nanoparticle (10 mg/kg) for 21 days. Following treatment, rats were killed for biochemical analysis. Also, reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction analyses of Takeda-G-protein-receptor-5, glucagon-like peptide-1, Insulin, superoxide dismutase, catalase and Nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) - were carried out in the pancreas. A significant reduction in blood sugar levels was noted in rats treated with M. charantia nanoparticles. A reduction (p < 0.05) of pancreas alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase was observed when compared with diabetic untreated rats. M. charantia nanoparticles significantly increase the antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats when compared with diabetic untreated rats. The decrease in the level of triglyceride, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein was observed when compared with diabetic control rats and also a significant increase in the expression of Takeda-G-protein-receptor-5, glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin, superoxide dismutase, catalase and NFE2-related factor 2 genes was observed when compared with diabetic untreated rats.
Conclusions
Momordica charantia nanoparticles exhibited potential antidiabetic activity in the rat model of diabetes and thus may serve as a therapeutic agent that could be developed for medical applications in the future.
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Anti-hyperglycemic activity of HPLC-fractionated Momordica charantia seed extract enriched in a novel napin-like protein in experimental diabetic rats and its validation with recombinant napin-like protein. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Shu CH, Jaiswal R, Peng YY, Liu TH. Improving bioactivities of Momordica charantia broth through fermentation using mixed cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum, Gluconacetobacter sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ghayas S, Hannan A, Rizwani GH. Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Toxicological, and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Polyherbal Formulation: Irochel. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258211073412. [PMID: 35153638 PMCID: PMC8829781 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211073412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Irochel is a polyherbal formulation, comprises ethanolic extracts of Emblica officinalis, Cucurbita pepo L, Triticum aestivum, Fagonia cretica, Momordica charantia, and Tribulus terristris. It is prepared for the management of iron overload in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients in which non-transfusion binds iron-produced reactive oxygen species ROS that causes severe damages to the organs leads to death. Research Study: In this study, phytochemical, antioxidant-DPPH assay, cytotoxicity, acute, and subacute toxicity in Wistar rats according to OECD guidelines 423 and 407, respectively, was carried out. The pharmaceutical analysis was conducted following standard protocols. Results: The results exhibited that each herb has a rich amount of phytochemical constituents. The DPPH assay showed IC50 values for Irochel and Gallic Acid 106.6 ± 4.28 [uM] and 21.8 ± 1.03 [uM], respectively. The LC50 124.327 μg/ml was obtained in cytotoxicity. In acute toxicity (14 days) and subacute toxicity (28 days) studies, the results revealed no treatment-related toxic manifestations, or mortality. Therefore, LD50 was found > 5000 mg/kg. However, there was some hematological and biochemical variations observed at 3 different doses of 2000, 300, and 50 mg/kg bw. Conclusion: Thus, Irochel has significant antioxidant activity and it is a safe drug for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syma Ghayas
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hannan
- Clinical Science Research, Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf.), Karachi, Pakistan
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Agarwal S, Singh V, Chauhan K. Antidiabetic potential of seaweed and their bioactive compounds: a review of developments in last decade. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5739-5770. [PMID: 35048763 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2024130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is a public health problem worldwide due to high morbidity and mortality rate associated with it. Diabetes can be managed by synthetic hypoglycemic drugs, although their persistent uses have several side effects. Hence, there is a paradigm shift toward the use of natural products having antidiabetic potential. Seaweeds, large marine benthic algae, are an affluent source of various bioactive compounds, including phytochemicals and antioxidants thus exhibiting various health promoting properties. Seaweed extracts and its bioactive compounds have antidiabetic potential as they inhibit carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in vitro and exhibit blood glucose lowering effect in random and post prandial blood glucose tests in vivo. In addition, they have been associated with reduced weight gain in animals probably by decreasing mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines with concomitant increase in mRNA expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Their beneficial effect has been seen in serum and hepatic lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes indicating the protective role of seaweeds against free radicals mediated oxidative stress induced hyperglycemia and associated hyperlipidemia. However, the detailed and in-depth studies of seaweeds as whole, their bioactive isolates and their extracts need to be explored further for their health benefits and wide application in food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Agarwal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipet, India
| | - Vikas Singh
- Department of Food Business Management and Entrepreneurship Development, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, India
| | - Komal Chauhan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipet, India
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Yang YS, Wu NY, Kornelius E, Huang CN, Yang NC. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the hypoglycemic efficacy of the mcIRBP-19-containing Momordica charantia L. fruit extracts in the type 2 diabetic subjects. Food Nutr Res 2022; 66:3685. [PMID: 35140559 PMCID: PMC8788657 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v66.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fruits of Momordica charantia L., also named as bitter gourd or bitter melon in popular, is a common tropical vegetable that is traditionally used to reduce blood glucose. A peptide derived from bitter gourd, Momordica charantia insulin receptor binding peptid-19 (mcIRBP-19), had been demonstrated to possess an insulin-like effect in vitro and in the animal studies. However, the benefit of the mcIRBP-19-containing bitter gourd extracts (mcIRBP-19-BGE) for lowering blood glucose levels in humans is unknown. Objective This aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic efficacy of mcIRBP-19-BGE in subjects with type 2 diabetes who had taken antidiabetic medications but failed to achieve the treatment goal. Whether glucose lowering efficacy of mcIRBP-19-BGE could be demonstrated when the antidiabetic medications were ineffective was also studied. Design Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: mcIRBP-19-BGE treatment group (N = 20) and placebo group (N = 20), and were orally administered 600 mg/day investigational product or placebo for 3 months. Subjects whose hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) continued declining before the trial initiation with the antidiabetic drugs were excluded from the subset analysis to further investigate the efficacy for those who failed to respond to the antidiabetic medications. Results The oral administration of mcIRBP-19-BGE decreased with a borderline significance at fasting blood glucose (FBG; P = 0.057) and HbA1c (P = 0.060). The subgroup analysis (N = 29) showed that mcIRBP-19-BGE had a significant effect on reducing FBG (from 172.5 ± 32.6 mg/dL to 159.4 ± 18.3 mg/dL, P = 0.041) and HbA1c (from 8.0 ± 0.7% to 7.5 ± 0.8%, P = 0.010). Conclusion All of these results demonstrate that mcIRBP-19-BGE possesses a hypoglycemic effect, and can have a significant reduction in FBG and HbA1c when the antidiabetic drugs are ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nian-Yi Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Edy Kornelius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nae-Cherng Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Nae-Cherng Yang, Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Alam S, Sarker MMR, Sultana TN, Chowdhury MNR, Rashid MA, Chaity NI, Zhao C, Xiao J, Hafez EE, Khan SA, Mohamed IN. Antidiabetic Phytochemicals From Medicinal Plants: Prospective Candidates for New Drug Discovery and Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:800714. [PMID: 35282429 PMCID: PMC8907382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.800714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, a chronic physiological dysfunction affecting people of different age groups and severely impairs the harmony of peoples' normal life worldwide. Despite the availability of insulin preparations and several synthetic oral antidiabetic drugs, there is a crucial need for the discovery and development of novel antidiabetic drugs because of the development of resistance and side effects of those drugs in long-term use. On the contrary, plants or herbal sources are getting popular day by day to the scientists, researchers, and pharmaceutical companies all over the world to search for potential bioactive compound(s) for the discovery and development of targeted novel antidiabetic drugs that may control diabetes with the least unwanted effects of conventional antidiabetic drugs. In this review, we have presented the prospective candidates comprised of either isolated phytochemical(s) and/or extract(s) containing bioactive phytoconstituents which have been reported in several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies possessing noteworthy antidiabetic potential. The mode of actions, attributed to antidiabetic activities of the reported phytochemicals and/or plant extracts have also been described to focus on the prospective phytochemicals and phytosources for further studies in the discovery and development of novel antidiabetic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9795-0608; Isa Naina Mohamed, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-2423
| | | | | | - Mohammad A. Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Elsayed E. Hafez
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI (Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science & Technology, Muscat, Oman
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9795-0608; Isa Naina Mohamed, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-2423
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Khadka D, Pandey K. Exploring the Crucial Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Plant Secondary Metabolite Production and Diabetes Management. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04805-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Sajadimajd S, Mohammadi B, Bahrami G, Madani SH, Hatami R, Miraghaee SS. Modulation of Notch signaling and angiogenesis via an isolated polysaccharide from
Momordica charantia
in diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14033. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Sajadimajd
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences Razi University Kermanshah Iran
| | - Bahareh Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
- School of Pharmacy Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Madani
- Molecular Pathology Research Center, Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Razieh Hatami
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Seyed Shahram Miraghaee
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
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Sagástegui-Guarniz WA, Silva-Correa CR, Torre VEVL, González-Blas MV, Sagástegui-Guarniz WO, Calderón-Peña AA, Aspajo-Villalaz CL, Cruzado-Razco JL, Hilario-Vargas J. Wound healing by topical application of Momordica charantia L. formulations on mice. Vet World 2021; 14:2699-2704. [PMID: 34903928 PMCID: PMC8654749 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2699-2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Momordica charantia is mainly characterized by its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to evaluate the healing activity of gel and cream formulations based on M. charantia on induced wounds in mice. Materials and Methods Acetonic extract of M. charantia was prepared and incorporated into gel and cream formulations. Mus musculus Balb/c (n=30) with induced injury were distributed into five groups: Group I (control - day 7), Group II (control - day 14), Group III (1% gel - day 7), and Group IV (1% gel - day 14) to which 1% M. charantia gel was dermally applied daily for 7 and 14 days, respectively, Group V (1% cream - day 7) and Group VI (1% cream - day 14) to which of M. charantia 1% cream were dermally applied daily for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Time of wound closure was determined during the experimentation; rats were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg/pc v.ip. for obtaining skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results Groups IV and VI showed a higher percentage of wound closure on day 14, and in histopathological analysis, effect was greater in Group VI with the presence of fibroblasts and abundant collagen and elastic fibers. Conclusion M. charantia gel and cream showed wound healing activity on induced wounded mice; the most effective treatment was M. charantia 1% cream formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen R Silva-Correa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
| | - Víctor E Villarreal-La Torre
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
| | - María V González-Blas
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
| | | | - Abhel A Calderón-Peña
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Animal Physiology, School of Biological Science, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
| | - Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Animal Physiology, School of Biological Science, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
| | - José L Cruzado-Razco
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
| | - Julio Hilario-Vargas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
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Deniz ÖG, Kaplan S. The effects of different herbals on the rat hippocampus exposed to electromagnetic field for one hour during the prenatal period. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 119:102043. [PMID: 34808256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to highlight the possible effects on the hippocampus of the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by mobile phones, and to investigate whether these potential effects can be reduced using various antioxidant substances. Twenty-seven female Wistar albino rats were divided into nine equal groups, each containing three pregnant rats aged 8-10 weeks and weighing 200-250 gr. The EMF groups were exposed to 900 Megahertz (MHz) EMF for 1 h (hr) a day for 21 days. No EMF exposure was applied to the Cont and also the groups given only Garcinia kola (GK), Momordica charantia (MC), and thymoquinone (TQ). The Sham group was kept in the polycarbonate EMF exposure system, but was not exposed to EMF. Four weeks after birth, rat pups were subjected to behavioural tests. Brain tissue samples were evaluated using histological, stereological, functional, and immunohistochemical methods. The numbers of pyramidal neurons in the rat cornu ammonis (CA) were determined using the optical fractionator method. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities in the blood samples were also evaluated. The analysis data indicated that total pyramidal neuron numbers were decreased significantly in the CA of the EMF (1 hr) group (p < 0.01). Our results also showed that the protective effect of MC was more potent than that of the other antioxidant substances (p < 0.01). A 900 MHz EMF can cause deleterious changes in the brain. It can also be suggested that GK, MC and TQ are capable of reducing these adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömür Gülsüm Deniz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu Turkey.
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun Turkey
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Metabolomics and Molecular Networking to Characterize the Chemical Space of Four Momordica Plant Species. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110763. [PMID: 34822421 PMCID: PMC8619687 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica plant species (Cucurbitaceae), have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and for nutritional purposes. Plants from this family are thus claimed to be phytochemically rich, representing an inexhaustible source of natural products. However, the chemical space of these Momordica species has not yet been fully decoded, and due to the inherent complexity of plant metabolomes, the characterization of the Momordica phytochemistry remains challenging. Thus, in this study we propose the use of molecular networking to unravel the molecular families within the metabolomes of four Momordica species (M. cardiospermoides, M. balsamina, M. charantia and M. foetida) and highlight the relevance of molecular networking in exploring the chemotaxonomy of these plants. In silico annotation tools (Network Annotation Propagation and DEREPLICATOR) and an unsupervised substructure identification tool (MS2LDA) were also explored to complement the classical molecular networking output and integration using MolNetEnhancer within GNPS. This allowed for the visualisation of chemical classes and the variety of substructures within the molecular families. The use of computational tools in this study highlighted various classes of metabolites, such as a wide range of flavonoids, terpenoids and lipids. Herein, these species are revealed to be phytochemically rich plants consisting of many biologically active metabolites differentially distributed within the different species, with the metabolome of M. cardiospermoides dereplicated in this paper for the first time.
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Moorthy K, Chang KC, Wu WJ, Hsu JY, Yu PJ, Chiang CK. Systematic Evaluation of Antioxidant Efficiency and Antibacterial Mechanism of Bitter Gourd Extract Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2278. [PMID: 34578594 PMCID: PMC8467971 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we accentuate the facile and green synthesis of ecologically viable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous (A-BGE) and ethanolic (E-BGE) dried bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) fruit extract as reducing and capping agents. Although AgNPs synthesized using BGEs have been reported earlier in fundamental antimicrobial studies, the possible antioxidant activity, antibacterial efficacy against superbugs, and a potential antimicrobial mechanism are still lacking. The characterization of as-prepared AgNPs was studied through UV-vis, TEM, Zeta-potential, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS analysis. The antioxidant ability of BG-AgNPs was extensively evaluated through DPPH and FRAP assays, which showed that A-BG-AgNPs possessed higher scavenging ability and superior reducing power due to the high phenolic content present in the BG extract. Furthermore, A-BG-AgNPs were highly stable in various physiological media and displayed excellent antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacterial strains (i.e., MIC value of 4 µg/mL). The generation of reactive oxygen species evidenced that the possible antimicrobial mechanism was induced by BG-AgNPs, resulting in bacterial cell damage. Within the minimal hemolysis, the BG-mediated AgNPs possessed synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial agents and open another avenue for the inhibition of the growth of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Moorthy
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan; (K.M.); (J.-Y.H.)
| | - Kai-Chih Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (W.-J.W.); (P.-J.Y.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (W.-J.W.); (P.-J.Y.)
| | - Jun-Yi Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan; (K.M.); (J.-Y.H.)
| | - Po-Jen Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (W.-J.W.); (P.-J.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Kang Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan; (K.M.); (J.-Y.H.)
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Kulkarni P, Lohidasan S, Mahadik K. Bioanalytical method development for momordicinin and its application to long-term pharmacokinetics in diabetic rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1064-1071. [PMID: 33818228 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1908337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate bioanalytical RP-HPLC method to evaluate pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution pattern of momordicinin (MRN). SIGNIFICANCE MRN is one of the major cucurbitane triterpenoid found in Momordica charantia Linn (MC). However, MRN has not been explored for its pharmacokinetic profile, tissue distribution, and stability in order to establish it as an antidiabetic agent. METHODS In 28 days pharmacokinetic study, 54 diabetic male wistar rats were divided into three different groups and administered with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg MRN orally. The blood samples were collected at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28th day of the treatment and plasma quantification of MRN was done by validated RP-HPLC method. The rats were sacrificed at end of the study for tissue distribution. RESULTS The developed method was successfully applied to investigate pharmacokinetic profile of MRN. In pharmacokinetic analysis, the Cmax for 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg was found to be 8.412, 10.443, and 11.829 µg/mL respectively suggesting the dose dependent activity. The maximum plasma concentration was achieved at 2 h for all doses. MRN showed major distribution in liver followed by kidney, spleen, and pancreas. CONCLUSION The newly developed and validated method was used to assay MRN in plasma as well as in tissues to evaluate pharmacokinetics of the drug for the first time. Undoubtedly, these findings can be taken into consideration while concluding its therapeutic effects after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, India
| | - Sathiyanarayanan Lohidasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, India
| | - Kakasaheb Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, India
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Jeong SY, Kim E, Zhang M, Lee YS, Ji B, Lee SH, Cheong YE, Yun SI, Kim YS, Kim KH, Kim MS, Chun HS, Kim S. Antidiabetic Effect of Noodles Containing Fermented Lettuce Extracts. Metabolites 2021; 11:520. [PMID: 34436461 PMCID: PMC8401091 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to examine the antidiabetic effect of noodle containing fermented lettuce extract (FLE) on diabetic mice as a pre-clinical study. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content, antioxidant capacity, and total polyphenol content of the FLE noodles were analyzed and compared with those of standard noodles. In addition, oral glucose and sucrose tolerance, and fasting blood glucose tests were performed using a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-mediated diabetic mouse model. Serum metabolite profiling of mice feed standard or FLE noodles was performed using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) to understand the mechanism changes induced by the FLE noodles. The GABA content, total polyphenols, and antioxidant activity were high in FLE noodles compared with those in the standard noodles. In vivo experiments also showed that mice fed FLE noodles had lower blood glucose levels and insulin resistance than those fed standard noodles. Moreover, glycolysis, purine metabolism, and amino acid metabolism were altered by FLE as determined by GC-TOF-MS-based metabolomics. These results demonstrate that FLE noodles possess significant antidiabetic activity, suggesting the applicability of fermented lettuce extract as a potential food additive for diabetic food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Yeon Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (E.K.); (S.-I.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Eunjin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (E.K.); (S.-I.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environment Science & Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea;
| | - Yun-Seong Lee
- HumanEnos LLC, Wanju 55347, Korea; (Y.-S.L.); (B.J.)
| | - Byeongjun Ji
- HumanEnos LLC, Wanju 55347, Korea; (Y.-S.L.); (B.J.)
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.E.C.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Yu Eun Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.E.C.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Soon-Il Yun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (E.K.); (S.-I.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (E.K.); (S.-I.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.E.C.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Center for Nitric Oxide Metabolite, Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea;
| | - Hyun Soo Chun
- HumanEnos LLC, Wanju 55347, Korea; (Y.-S.L.); (B.J.)
| | - Sooah Kim
- Department of Environment Science & Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea;
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