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Yetim O, Çakır R, Bülbül E, Alleil İS. Peer relationships, adolescent anxiety, and life satisfaction: a moderated mediation model in Turkish and syrian samples. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:2831-2845. [PMID: 38300342 PMCID: PMC11272711 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Prior studies comparing Syrian refugee adolescents to their native peers in the same region have found higher anxiety and lower life satisfaction. Therefore, identifying regulatory variables is crucial for implementing support programs. This study examined the mediating effect of peer relationships and the moderating effect of being a refugee or native adolescent on the relationship between adolescent anxiety and life satisfaction across different samples. Participants and setting: The study included 2,336 adolescents aged 11-19 (M = 14.79, SD = 1.04). Participants completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The mediation and moderation effects were analyzed with the path analysis codes written on Mplus 8.3. SPSS 26 was used for descriptive statistics and group comparisons. The findings showed that peer relationships mediate adolescent anxiety and life satisfaction, and this relationship is moderated according to whether the participants are native adolescents or refugee adolescents. This study highlights the significant associations between peer relationships, adolescent anxiety, and life satisfaction and the moderating role of the participant identity. The findings may inform psychological interventions to improve Syrian refugee adolescents' mental health and well-being. These findings may also have implications for policies and programs aimed at supporting the integration of Syrian refugee adolescents in host communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onat Yetim
- Psychology Department, Toros University, Bahçelievler District, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Resul Çakır
- Psychology Department, Toros University, Bahçelievler District, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ece Bülbül
- Psychology Department, Toros University, Bahçelievler District, Mersin, Turkey
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Evensen M, Cools S, Hermansen AS. Adolescent Health Inequality Across Immigrant Generations. J Adolesc Health 2024:S1054-139X(24)00253-2. [PMID: 39078364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence on whether the immigrant health paradox (i.e., immigrants having better health than natives of nonmigrant background) extends to children and youth is mixed and often based on self-reported survey data. In this study, we use population-wide administrative microdata from Norwegian demographic and health registries to investigate health inequalities between adolescents with foreign-born and native-born parents, paying specific attention to variation across immigrant generations, origin countries, and types of diagnoses. METHODS In this registry-based study, we estimate differences in the likelihood of somatic and mental disorders using logistic regression and population-wide health records for adolescents aged 16-20 years (N = 616,835). RESULTS Child immigrants and native-born children of immigrants have fewer consultations for somatic and psychiatric diagnoses in adolescence compared to natives, while native-born children with mixed parental background have health outcomes more similar to natives. The differences are most pronounced for mental disorders. Differences across immigrant generations persist when stratifying by country of origin and when looking at specific diagnoses. DISCUSSION The findings support the existence of an immigrant health advantage, which we find across various psychiatric and somatic diagnoses and for most immigrant generations. A key task for future research is to explore specific mechanisms underlying these patterns and to address potential inequities in the quality of health care provided to immigrant-background youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Cools
- Institute for Social Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Are Skeie Hermansen
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Durbeej N, Salari R, Sarkadi A, Kankaanpä R, Derluyn I, Verelst A, Osman F. Evaluation of the Teaching Recovery Techniques intervention among newcomer students in Swedish schools: a randomised controlled trial turned into a feasibility study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1921. [PMID: 39026230 PMCID: PMC11256645 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During recent years, Europe has faced the arrival of migrants whereof a considerable group of youth present mental health problems, such as symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Schools offer a safe environment for mental health interventions to these groups, yet there is limited research on the impact of school-based interventions addressing mental health problems in newcomer youths, especially in the Swedish context. This cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to explore the effectiveness of the Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT) intervention among newcomer students with PTSD symptoms in Swedish secondary schools. METHODS Nine schools were randomly assigned to TRT or a wait list control group prior to the baseline assessment. Follow-up data were collected immediately following the intervention and three months post-intervention. In total, 531 students were approached, of which 61 gave consent and were eligible to be included in the study: 55 in TRT and 6 in the control condition. Given the low number of participants in the control condition, we merely analyzed students who had received TRT. RESULTS We report on feasibility of recruitment, data collection, intervention delivery and intervention effectiveness. In terms of intervention effectiveness, within subjects ANOVAs revealed significant reductions in PTSD symptoms and general mental health problems from baseline to the three months-follow-up (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that TRT is a promising school-based intervention for newcomer students with PTSD symptoms. For a successful implementation of TRT in the school context, schools need to be engaged and the implementation should be managed by a local coordinator. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN, ISRCTN48178969, Retrospectively registered 20/12/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Durbeej
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Raziye Salari
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Sarkadi
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Reeta Kankaanpä
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilse Derluyn
- Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Verelst
- Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fatumo Osman
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
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Barbo G. Analysis and Evaluation of Intersectionality Theory for the Study of Access to Mental Health Services of Children With Refugee Background. ANS Adv Nurs Sci 2024; 47:263-273. [PMID: 37192600 DOI: 10.1097/ans.0000000000000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple and complex factors contribute to the health inequities faced by refugee children accessing mental health care. Nurses play a critical role in addressing health inequities through education, practice, policy, and research. Intersectionality theory holds the potential to support nursing research that seeks to critically examine intersecting social identities and power structures that impact health inequities experienced by refugee children with mental health difficulties. Using Fawcett's framework, this article examined intersectionality theory and its applicability to the topic of inquiry. The findings revealed that much work is still required for intersectionality theory to meet the criteria for theory evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneveave Barbo
- Author Affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Della Rocca B, Bello R, Carbone M, Pezzella P, Toni C, Sampogna G, Tarsitani L, Luciano M, Fiorillo A. Promoting mental health and preventing mental health problems in child and adolescent refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review on psychosocial interventions. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024; 70:653-666. [PMID: 38069651 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231214964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), children and adolescents represent 41% of all forcibly displaced individuals. They have to deal with conflicts, violence, and the many difficulties of flight and resettlement during a critical stage of their emotional, social, cognitive, and physical development. They are more likely to experience mental health problems during migration. Despite the several known risk factors, it is frequently challenging for refugees and asylum seekers to get mental health care. In this paper we review available studies on interventions aimed at promoting mental health and at preventing common mental disorders in immigrant adolescents and children. METHODS The relevant PubMed, Scopus, PsychINFO and Web of Science databases were searched for papers published until March 21, 2023, using ("immigrants" OR "migration" OR "asylum seekers" OR "refugees") AND ("promotion" OR "prevention") AND ("mental health" OR "mental disorders" OR "psych*") AND ("children" OR "adolescents" OR "young adults") as search string. Fourteen articles qualified for the detailed review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The majority of available interventions, although highly heterogeneous in format and content, showed significant improvement in several psychopathological dimensions, including trauma-related symptoms, psychological stress, anxiety, depressive and cognitive symptoms. Available studies on interventions for the prevention of mental disorders and the promotion of mental health in refugees and asylum seekers children and adolescents indicate that provided interventions were associated with a global improvement for participants. Implementation strategies to improve their scalability are highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Della Rocca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Bello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carbone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pezzella
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Toni
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaia Sampogna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mario Luciano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
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Välimäki M, Hipp K, Acton F, Echsel A, Grădinaru IA, Hahn-Laudenberg K, Schulze C, Stefanek E, Spiel G, O'Brien N. Engaging with immigrant students' voices in the school environment: an analysis of policy documents through school websites. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1083. [PMID: 38641601 PMCID: PMC11027541 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For students to feel happy and supported in school, it is important that their views are taken seriously and integrated into school policies. However, limited information is available how the voices of immigrant students are considered in European school contexts. This study generated evidence from written documents to ascertain how student voice practices are described at school websites. METHODS Between 2 March and 8 April 2021, we reviewed the policy documents publicly available on school websites. The schools located in areas of high immigration in six European countries: Austria, England, Finland, Germany, Romania, and Switzerland. The READ approach was used to guide the steps in the document analysis in the context of policy studies (1) ready the materials, 2) data extraction, 3) data analysis, 4) distil the findings). A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches with descriptive statistics (n, %, Mean, SD, range) was used for analysis. RESULTS A total of 412 documents (305 schools) were extracted. Based on reviewing school websites, reviewers'strongly agreed' in seven documents (2%) that information related to seeking student voices could be easily found. On the contrary, in 247 documents (60%), reviewers strongly indicated that information related to seeking student voices was missing. No clear characteristics could be specified to identify those schools were hearing students' voices is well documented. The most common documents including statements related to student voice were anti-bullying or violence prevention strategies (75/412) and mission statements (72/412). CONCLUSIONS Our document analysis based on publicly accessible school websites suggest that student voices are less frequently described in school written policy documents. Our findings provide a baseline to further monitor activities, not only at school level but also to any governmental and local authorities whose intention is to serve the public and openly share their values and practices with community members. A deeper understanding is further needed about how listening to student voices is realized in daily school practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritta Välimäki
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- School of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kirsi Hipp
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- School of Health and Social Services, Häme University of Applied Sciences, Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Faye Acton
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Angelika Echsel
- School of Health Professions; Institute of Occupational Therapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Ioan-Alexandru Grădinaru
- Faculty of Philosophy and Social-Political Sciences, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Lași, Lași, Romania
| | | | - Christina Schulze
- School of Health Professions; Institute of Occupational Therapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | | | - Georg Spiel
- Pro Mente: Kinder Jugend Familie (Pro Mente: Children Youth Family), Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Niamh O'Brien
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK.
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Bala A, Pierce J, Pierce K, Song S. Advocacy and Policy: A Focus on Migrant Youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2024; 33:163-180. [PMID: 38395503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Mental health challenges experienced by migrant children are shaped by multiple factors within the health care system and society at large. It is essential for health care providers to recognize the profound impact of these influences on child well-being. By actively engaging in advocacy and policy initiatives, health care providers can address structural barriers, social inequalities, and stigma that perpetuate mental health disparities. Through their advocacy efforts, providers can contribute to creating an inclusive society that upholds children's rights and ensures equitable access to mental health support and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Bala
- Central Michigan University, 1000 Houghton Avenue, Saginaw, MI 48602, USA.
| | - Jessica Pierce
- University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5277, USA
| | - Karen Pierce
- Northwestern University Department of Psychiatry, 2634 N Dayton ST, Chicago, Il 60614, USA
| | - Suzan Song
- Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Brookline Place, Suite 552, Boston, MA 02445, USA
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Lee K, Kronick R, Miconi D, Rousseau C. Moving Forward in Mental Health Care for Refugee, Asylum-Seeking, and Undocumented Children: Social Determinants, Phased Approach to Care, and Advocacy. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2024; 33:237-250. [PMID: 38395508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Given the current political and climate crisis, the number of forcedly displaced individuals continues to rise, posing new challenges to host societies aiming to support and respond to the needs of those fleeing war or persecution. In this article, we turn our attention to current and historical sociopolitical contexts influencing the mental health of forcedly displaced children (ie, refugee, asylum-seeking, and undocumented) during their resettlement in high-income countries, proposing timely ways to respond to evolving needs and recommendations to redress ubiquitous structural inequities that act as barriers to education and care for the children, youth, and families seeking sanctuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lee
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec.
| | - Rachel Kronick
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Diana Miconi
- Department of Educational Psychology and Adult Education, Université de Montréal, 90 Vincent D'Indy Avenue, Outremont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mehjabeen D, Blignault I, Taha PH, Reavley N, Slewa-Younan S. A mixed methods systematic review of mental health self-care strategies for Arabic-speaking refugees and migrants. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2544. [PMID: 38124024 PMCID: PMC10731719 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-care strategies can improve mental health and wellbeing, however, the evidence on preferred strategies among Arabic-speaking refugees and migrants is unclear. This mixed methods systematic review aimed to identify and synthesise the global research on mental health self-care strategies used by these populations. METHODS English and Arabic language studies reporting on positive mental health self-care strategies to address symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, generalised anxiety and depression in the target populations were identified by systematically searching eight electronic databases and grey literature. Studies were deemed eligible if they were published from 2000 onwards and included Arabic-speaking migrants, refugees or asylum seekers aged 12 years and above. A narrative synthesis of study characteristics and relevant key findings was undertaken. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (registration number CRD42021265456). RESULTS Fifty-nine records reporting 57 studies were identified, the majority appearing after 2019. There were 37 intervention studies that incorporated a self-care component and 20 observational studies that reported on self-generated self-care practices. Across both study types, four broad groups of mental health self-care were identified-social, psychological, religious/spiritual, and other (e.g., expressive arts and exercise). Psychological strategies were the most reported self-care practice overall and featured in all intervention studies. Religious/spiritual and social strategies were more common in the observational studies. Intervention studies in diverse settings reported statistical improvements on a range of outcome measures. Observational studies reported a range of individual and community benefits. Linguistic, cultural and religious considerations, inherent in the observational studies, were variably addressed in the individual and group interventions. CONCLUSION Overall, study participants experienced self-care as helpful although some encountered challenges in practicing their preferred strategies. Further research on mental health self-care strategies among Arabic-speaking refugees and migrants is needed in Western resettlement countries to guide mental health service delivery and primary healthcare initiatives for new arrivals and in transit countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Mehjabeen
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ilse Blignault
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Perjan Hashim Taha
- College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicola Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shameran Slewa-Younan
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Bunn M, Khanna D, Farmer E, Esbrook E, Ellis H, Richard A, Weine S. Rethinking mental healthcare for refugees. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 3:100196. [PMID: 37501680 PMCID: PMC10370474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
After several years of downturn in new resettlement, the United States is projected to admit 125,000 refugees in the current fiscal year. Refugee communities have known risks of developing mental health problems due to high rates of exposure to war and conflict-related trauma and chronic stressors associated with displacement and resettlement. In this commentary, we examine limitations in the current system of mental health care available to newly arriving refugee communities and make recommendations for expanding and redesigning services to better meet the needs of culturally diverse refugee communities. This includes drawing on public health and prevention frameworks to implement a continuum of services including basic services and security, trauma-informed prevention services to meet the needs of individuals, families and communities and specialized clinical care for those that need it. Across all services, we recommend robust engagement and partnership with refugee community leaders to design and deliver programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Bunn
- University of Illinois Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Deepika Khanna
- University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, United States
| | | | - Eleanor Esbrook
- University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, United States
| | - Heidi Ellis
- Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
| | | | - Stevan Weine
- University of Illinois Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, United States
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So M, Makofane J, Hernandez M. "We want to be heard": A Qualitative Study of Mental Health Care Access among Patients of an Urban Federally Qualified Health Center. MENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 1:261-269. [PMID: 38774821 PMCID: PMC11104551 DOI: 10.1002/mhs2.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Although depression is common in primary care, challenges to timely intervention exist, particularly for communities of color and lower socioeconomic status. Our objective was to understand barriers and facilitators to mental healthcare access among a sample of patients receiving care at a federally qualified health center (FQHC) in Minnesota, United States. Methods We qualitatively interviewed 34 patients of an urban FQHC, purposively sampled on race/ethnicity, insurance status, language, and depression symptom status (based on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 responses). We inductively and deductively analyzed interview data, leveraging theory in both the codebook development and analysis processes. Results Participants, who were predominantly English-speaking, female, not privately insured, and people of color, shared numerous barriers and facilitators to accessing mental healthcare. Prominent barriers primarily concerned healthcare providers, including perceived dismissal of mental health concerns and challenges with provider continuity. Additional barriers included the costs of mental health care, communication breakdowns, the patient portal, and community-specific perceptions of mental health. Prominent facilitators included clinic organizational factors (internal and external) and staff friendliness and warmth. Other factors including consideration of patients' financial situation, integrated management of behavioral and physical health conditions, language concordant staff, the telehealth visit modality, and the clinic's social mission were also raised as facilitating access. Conclusion Patient voices from a single FQHC illustrate the challenges and possibilities of providing mental healthcare in safety net settings. Clinical, strategy, and policy solutions can be tailored to minimize barriers and optimize facilitators documented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin So
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
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12
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Jain R, Stone GS, Gartland MG. Medical Care for Newly Arrived Displaced Persons. NEJM EVIDENCE 2023; 2:EVIDra2200286. [PMID: 38320529 DOI: 10.1056/evidra2200286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Medical Care for Displaced PersonsThe United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reports that more than 100 million people have been forcibly displaced from their homes due to persecution, conflict, violence, and human rights violations. Displacement has profound health impacts. Here, Jain and colleagues review medical care for newly displaced persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Jain
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
| | - Geren S Stone
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Matthew G Gartland
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Behrendt M, Vervliet M, Rota M, Adeyinka S, Uzureau O, Rasmussen A, Glaesmer H, Lietaert I, Derluyn I. A conceptual study on the relationship between daily stressors, stressful life events, and mental health in refugees using network analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1134667. [PMID: 37599778 PMCID: PMC10438848 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is growing recognition that daily stressors, such as social and material deficiencies, can be highly detrimental to the mental health of refugees. These stressors are in addition to stressful life events, which have been widely studied in the context of migration and forced displacement. Despite increasing evidence for an ecological model, there is still no consensus regarding the conceptualization of these highly influential factors. In particular, the demarcation of daily stressors from stressful life events and the categorization of daily stressors require further examination in order to develop usable and accurate tools for researchers, design effective interventions for practitioners and assist politicians in designing meaningful policies. Methods To address these challenges, we used data from a sample of 392 unaccompanied young refugees from diverse backgrounds and employed network analysis to examine the relationships between daily stressors, stressful life events, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. Results Our findings highlight the significant relationship between daily stressors and mental health, particularly depression. Meaningful clusters of daily stressors include material stressors, social stressors, and social exclusion stressors. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the importance of considering daily stressors in the mental health of refugees and suggest that using a network approach offers a viable way to study these complex interrelationships. These findings have implications for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in understanding and addressing the mental health needs of refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Behrendt
- Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marianne Vervliet
- Department of People and Well-Being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Marina Rota
- Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Adeyinka
- Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Océane Uzureau
- Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew Rasmussen
- Culture, Migration, and Community, Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heide Glaesmer
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, The University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ine Lietaert
- Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies, United Nations University, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Ilse Derluyn
- Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vega Potler NJ, Zhang J, Hackley B, Choi J, Xie X, Punsky B, Pineda L, Shapiro A. Persistence of Emotional Distress in Unaccompanied Migrant Children and Adolescents Primarily From the Northern Triangle of Central America. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2318977. [PMID: 37338902 PMCID: PMC10282890 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.18977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance In the US, unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents (hereinafter referred to as children) are predominantly from Central America's Northern Triangle. While unaccompanied migrant children are at high risk for psychiatric sequelae due to complex traumatic exposures, longitudinal investigations of psychiatric distress after resettlement are lacking. Objective To identify factors associated with emotional distress and longitudinal changes in emotional distress among unaccompanied migrant children in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants For this retrospective cohort study, the 15-item Refugee Health Screener (RHS-15) was administered between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019, to unaccompanied migrant children as part of their medical care to detect emotional distress. Follow-up RHS-15 results were included if they were completed before February 29, 2020. Median follow-up interval was 203 days (IQR, 113-375 days). The study was conducted in a federally qualified health center that provides medical, mental health, and legal services. Unaccompanied migrant children who completed the initial RHS-15 were eligible for analysis. Data were analyzed from April 18, 2022, to April 23, 2023. Exposures Traumatic events before migration, during migration, during detention, and after resettlement in the US. Main Outcomes and Measures Emotional distress, including symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, as indicated by the RHS-15 (ie, score ≥12 on items 1-14 or ≥5 on item 15). Results In total, 176 unaccompanied migrant children completed an initial RHS-15. They were primarily from Central America's Northern Triangle (153 [86.9%]), were mostly male (126 [71.6%]), and had a mean (SD) age of 16.9 (2.1) years. Of the 176 unaccompanied migrant children, 101 (57.4%) had screen results above the positive cutoff. Girls were more likely to have positive screen results than boys (odds ratio, 2.48 [95% CI, 1.15-5.34]; P = .02). Follow-up scores were available for 68 unaccompanied migrant children (38.6%). On the follow-up RHS-15, most scored above the positive cutoff (44 [64.7%]). Three-quarters of unaccompanied migrant children who scored above the positive cutoff initially continued to have positive scores at follow-up (30 of 40), and half of those with negative screen scores initially had positive scores at follow-up (14 of 28). Female vs male unaccompanied migrant children (unstandardized β = 5.14 [95% CI, 0.23-10.06]; P = .04) and initial total score (unstandardized β = 0.41 [95% CI, 0.18-0.64]; P = .001) were independently associated with increased follow-up RHS-15 total score. Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that unaccompanied migrant children are at high risk for emotional distress, including symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. The persistence of emotional distress suggests that unaccompanied migrant children would benefit from ongoing psychosocial and material support after resettlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan J. Vega Potler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jessica Zhang
- Bronx Health Collective, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Barbara Hackley
- Bronx Health Collective, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Jaeun Choi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Xianhong Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Brenda Punsky
- Bronx Health Collective, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Lisa Pineda
- Bronx Health Collective, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Alan Shapiro
- Bronx Health Collective, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
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15
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van der Meer AS, Durlach F, Szota K, Christiansen H. "I can't describe how I could get better, but I would like to" - Conception of health and illness of refugee youth in Germany. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1107889. [PMID: 37251071 PMCID: PMC10213462 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1107889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objective Almost half of all the people displaced worldwide are children and adolescents. Many refugee children, adolescents, and young adults suffer from psychological stress. However, their utilization of (mental) health services is low, probably due to a lack of knowledge about (mental) health and (mental) health care. The current study aimed to explore concepts of (mental) health and illness of refugee youth as well as assess their mental health literacy (MHL) to arrive at conclusions for improving mental health care access and use. Method From April 2019 to October 2020, we conducted 24 face-to-face interviews with refugee children and adolescents in an outpatient clinic (n = 8), in youth welfare facilities (n = 10), and at a middle school (n = 6). A semi-structured interview was used to assess knowledge about mental and somatic health and illness as well as corresponding health strategies and care options. The material was evaluated using qualitative content analysis. Results Participants (N = 24) were between 11 and 21 years old (M = 17.9, SD = 2.4). The coded material was assigned to four thematic main areas: (1) conception of illness, (2) conception of health, (3) knowledge about health care structures in their country of origin, and (4) perceptions of mental health care structures in Germany. Compared to somatic health, the interviewed refugee children and adolescents knew little about mental health. Furthermore, respondents were more aware of opportunities of somatic health promotion, but almost none knew how to promote their mental health. In our group-comparative analysis we observed that younger children possess little knowledge about mental health-related topics. Conclusion Our results show that refugee youth have more knowledge about somatic health and somatic health care than about mental health (care). Accordingly, interventions to promote the MHL of refugee youth are necessary to improve their utilization of mental health services and to provide adequate mental health care.
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16
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Danese A, Martsenkovskyi D. Editorial: Measuring and Buffering the Mental Health Impact of the War in Ukraine in Young People. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:294-296. [PMID: 36396083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, has caused social, political, and financial instability worldwide. In Ukraine, the war has brought the greatest levels of violence, devastation, and disruption seen in Europe since World War II. Of course, the impact of war on the mental health of Ukrainian young people is likely substantial. Yet, more specific information about the prevalence and distribution of mental health disorders in young people is essential to document their needs, to select the best interventions, and to deliver these through international humanitarian efforts. The study by Osokina and Silwal et al.1 presents some of the best evidence to date about the mental health impact of the war in Ukraine on young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; National and Specialist CAMHS Clinic for Trauma, Anxiety and Depression, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Dmytro Martsenkovskyi
- Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine; SI Institute of Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatric Examination and Drug Monitoring of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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17
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Allport T, Ambrose A, Collin SM. Developmental referrals of pre-school children in a diverse community in England: The importance of parental migration for referral rates. Child Care Health Dev 2023; 49:240-247. [PMID: 35365868 PMCID: PMC10084135 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children born to migrant parents have higher rates of language difficulties, intellectual disability and autism. This study explores the relationship between migration, ethnicity and reasons for early years referrals to community paediatrics in a diverse multi-cultural population in a city in south west England. METHODS Observational retrospective study from a community paediatric service serving a multi-cultural urban population from June 2012 to February 2016. We tested associations of ethnicity and parental birth origin with reason for referral (developmental or non-developmental) for children under 5 years old and estimated crude rate ratios for referrals using population census data. RESULTS Data were available for 514 children (52% white or mixed race, 16% Asian, 21% African diaspora, and 11.5% Somali); 53% had two UK-born parents while 22% had two migrant (non-UK-born) parents. Referrals were for developmental reasons in 307 (60%) including 86 for possible autism. Parental birth origin and ethnicity were associated with reason for referral (p < 0.001). Children from African diaspora, Asian or Somali backgrounds had more than twice the rate (rate ratio [RR] 2.37, 95% CI 1.88-2.99, p < 0.001) of developmental referrals compared with white or mixed-race children. Children of Somali or African diaspora ethnicity were, respectively, six-times (RR 5.99, 95% CI 3.24-10.8, p < 0.001) and four times (RR 4.23, 95% CI 2.44-7.29, p < 0.001) more likely to be referred for possible autism spectrum than their white or mixed-race peers. Developmental referral as a proportion of all referrals was twice as high among children with one migrant parent (20.4%) and three times as high among children with two migrant parents (29.5%), compared with children whose parents were both UK-born (10.7%). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the importance of ethnicity and parental migration as factors in young children experiencing developmental difficulties, especially concerns about social communication or autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Allport
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Community Children's Health Partnership, Sirona CIC, Bristol, UK
| | - Alissamaryam Ambrose
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Brighton & Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Simon M Collin
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Public Health England, London, UK
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18
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Kvestad I, Bøe T, Sayyad N, Skogen JC, Randal S, Lehmann S. Potential traumatic events and symptoms of post-traumatic stress in unaccompanied refugee minors-a comparison with youth in foster care. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:439-449. [PMID: 34537879 PMCID: PMC10038941 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Building knowledge on how child welfare services (CWS) should tailor services for unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) is important. URMs and youth in foster care are high-risk groups taken care of by the CWS in Norway. Little is known on whether knowledge gained from youth in foster care can inform services for URMs, and if these groups are comparable in terms of experiences of potential traumatic events (PTEs) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom load. Eighty-one URMs reported PTEs and PTSD-symptoms using an adapted version of the Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS). Responses were described and compared with a sample of 303 youth in foster care in linear regression models. We present relative risks (RR) and standardized mean differences (SMD) for the PTEs and the PTSD subscale and total score between the groups in forest plots. URMs had experienced a mean (standard deviation) of 6.4 (3.4) PTEs and 43.9% reported to have PTSD-symptoms at or above the clinical cut off. Compared to the foster youth, URMs reported more exposures of interpersonal violence outside of the family (RRs ranging from 66.4 [95%CI 18.1; 243.5) to 1.3 (1.0, 1.5)], and more PTSD-symptoms in the re-experiencing subscale [SMD = 0.3 (95% CI 0.1, 0.6)]. The frequency and types of PTEs and the PTSD-symptom load and profile among URMs and youth in foster care differed. Findings underscore the importance of qualified and targeted care for URMs, and that this care should differ to that of other high-risk groups in the CWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kvestad
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Tormod Bøe
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nawar Sayyad
- Child Welfare Services for Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, Bergen Municipality, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Alcohol and Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sølve Randal
- Child Welfare Services for Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, Bergen Municipality, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stine Lehmann
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion and development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Altawil MAS, El-Asam A, Khadaroo A. Impact of chronic war trauma exposure on PTSD diagnosis from 2006 -2021: a longitudinal study in Palestine. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43045-023-00286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) are a common result of the occurrence of natural and man-made disasters, the refugees are one of these traumas in which some resulted from political conflicts. Today, Palestinians are the largest refugee population in the world after the Nakba in 1948. This study aims to discover the impact of chronic war traumas on PTSD diagnosis and symptoms from 2006 to 2021. The current study is a follow-up of 607 adolescents and adults, aged between 10–30 years of which are also those children who participated in the 2006 study. This research used an adapted PTSD scale (PTSD-SRII, 33 items) from a validated original questionnaire developed by Altawil in 2008 to measure PTSD based on symptoms reported in DSM-IV and ICD-10.
Results
The main findings show at least 97.2% of participants had experienced at least 6 traumatic experiences up to the year 2006 and 100% of the participants were exposed to traumas in 2021. This study found four categories of responses to chronic war trauma: (a) Acute group (n = 321, 52.9%) shows high PTSD symptoms in 2006 and in 2021; (b) Remitters group (n = 54, 8.9%) shows high PTSD symptoms in 2006 but did not show significant PTSD symptoms in 2021; (c) Delayed group (n = 204, 33.6%) shows no PTSD symptoms in 2006 but showed significant PTSD symptoms in 2021; (d) Resilient group (n = 28, 4.6%) had no PTSD symptoms in 2006 and did not show PTSD symptoms in 2021.
Conclusions
The authors conclude that Palestinian children, youth, adults and their families in the Gaza Strip are continually at a huge risk of developing PTSD and other psychological problems.
This means that Palestinians will suffer for a long time from PTSD, which should be called Chronic Traumatic Stress Disorder (CTSD) rather than PTSD. This PTSD or CTSD cannot be changed unless the root of the problem is solved by ending the 74 years of living under occupation.
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20
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Thabet A, Ghandi S, Barker EK, Rutherford G, Malekinejad M. Interventions to enhance psychological resilience in forcibly displaced children: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2021-007320. [PMID: 36731918 PMCID: PMC9896216 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children represent nearly 40% of forcibly displaced populations and are subject to stressors that affect well-being. Little is known about the effects of interventions to enhance psychological resilience in these children, outside clinical settings. METHODS We conducted a systematic review, following Cochrane methods. Eligible studies tested resilience-enhancing interventions outside clinical settings in forcibly displaced children/adolescents. We included longitudinal quantitative studies with comparator conditions irrespective of geographical scope or language. We searched articles published between January 2010 and April 2020 in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PsycINFO and the WHO's Global Index Medicus. To standardise effect sizes across the different reported outcomes, we transformed reported mean differences to standardised mean differences using Hedge's g statistic with associated 95% CI. We pooled data for meta-analysis where appropriate. We used Cochrane tools to assess study risk of bias and used Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation to determine evidence quality for meta-analysed outcomes. RESULTS Searches yielded 4829 results. Twenty-three studies met inclusion criteria. Studies reported 18 outcomes measured by 48 different scales; only 1 study explicitly measured resilience. Eight studies were randomised controlled trials; the rest were non-randomised pre-post studies. Interventions were diverse and typically implemented in group settings. Studies reported significant improvement in outcomes pertinent to behavioural problems, coping mechanisms and general well-being but not to caregiver support or psychiatric symptoms. In meta-analysis, resilience was improved (gav=0.194, 95% CI 0.018 to 0.369), but anxiety symptoms and quality of life were not (gav=-0.326, 95% CI -0.782 to 0.131 and gav=0.325, 95% CI -0.027 to 0.678, respectively). Risk of bias varied. Quality of evidence for most graded outcomes was very low. CONCLUSIONS The multiplicity of study designs, intervention types, outcomes and measures incumbered quantifying intervention effectiveness. Future resilience research in this population should use rigorous methods and follow reporting guidelines. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020177069.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Thabet
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sonia Ghandi
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erin K Barker
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Geroge Rutherford
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mohsen Malekinejad
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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DiClemente-Bosco K, Neville SE, Berent JM, Farrar J, Mishra T, Abdi A, Beardslee WR, Creswell JW, Betancourt TS. Understanding mechanisms of change in a family-based preventive mental health intervention for refugees by refugees in New England. Transcult Psychiatry 2023; 60:142-155. [PMID: 35989681 PMCID: PMC9943782 DOI: 10.1177/13634615221111627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transnational migration of refugees is associated with poor mental health, particularly among children. We conducted a pilot trial of the Family Strengthening Intervention for Refugees (FSI-R), using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach to deliver a home-based intervention "for refugees by refugees" to improve family functioning and child mental health. N = 80 refugee families in the Greater Boston area participated in the study (n = 40 Somali Bantu families; n = 40 Bhutanese families) with n = 41 families randomized to care-as-usual. Of the 39 families who received FSI-R, n = 36 caregivers and children completed qualitative exit interviews. We present findings from these interviews to identify the mechanisms through which a family-strengthening intervention for refugees can be acceptable, feasible, and effective at improving family functioning and children's mental health outcomes. Authors applied Grounded Theory to code interview transcripts and detailed field notes and used an iterative process to arrive at final codes, themes, and a theoretical framework. The greatest contributors to acceptability and feasibility included flexibility in scheduling intervention sessions, the interventionist being a community member, and improvements to family communication and time spent together. All of these factors were made possible by the CBPR approach. Our findings suggest that given the socio-political context within the U.S. and the economic challenges faced by refugee families, the successful implementation of such interventions hinges on culturally-grounding the intervention design process, drawing heavily on community input, and prioritizing community members as interventionists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira DiClemente-Bosco
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Neville
- Research Program on Children and Adversity, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Jenna M. Berent
- Research Program on Children and Adversity, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Jordan Farrar
- Research Program on Children and Adversity, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Tej Mishra
- Research Program on Children and Adversity, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Abdirahman Abdi
- Research Program on Children and Adversity, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | - John W. Creswell
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Dexter, MI, USA
| | - Theresa S. Betancourt
- Research Program on Children and Adversity, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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22
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Herati H, Meyer SB. Mental health interventions for immigrant-refugee children and youth living in Canada: a scoping review and way forward. J Ment Health 2023; 32:276-289. [PMID: 32915669 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1818710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic life events experienced by immigrant-refugee children and youth may deteriorate their mental health and well-being. It is a public health priority to develop appropriate mental health interventions for this population. AIMS To understand the psychosocial needs of immigrant-refugee children and youth resettled in Canada in the context of their school and community and to identify the characteristics of school-/community-based mental health programs for this group. METHOD Arksey and O'Malley's methodology for scoping reviews was used to select the studies based on criteria, extract data in a table, and synthesize main findings. RESULTS Fifteen peer-reviewed articles and five grey literature were identified. Key findings show that collaboration between schools, communities, and families play a crucial role in developing and implementing comprehensive mental health interventions for immigrant-refugee children/youth. Involving cultural brokers/interpreters and racially diverse school teachers/staff, is important to establish a trustful relationship between school authorities and marginalized population. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to examine the impact of collaborative mental healthcare among multiracial and newcomer families in Canada. Furthermore, there is a need to study the impact of adopting creative expression programs at schools/communities to improve emotional/behavioural problems and enhance school performance of these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Herati
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha B Meyer
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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23
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Ziaian T, Puvimanasinghe T, Miller E, Augoustinos M, Esterman A, Baddeley M, Arthur N, de Anstiss H, Tsoulis E, Stewart-Jones T, Ghassemi E, Pir T. Rebuilding life after migration: Research protocol of a mixed methods study on settlement experiences of refugee and migrant youth. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285023. [PMID: 37115787 PMCID: PMC10146506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Internationally, there is an urgent need to understand factors promoting successful settlement and integration of people with forced or voluntary migration experiences (i.e., refugee and non-refugee migrants). This paper provides a protocol of a mixed-methods investigation of contextual factors of successful settlement and service utilization of youth and their families, as young people could be at higher risk due to stressors associated with pre-migration trauma, post-migration settlement stressors, and adolescent development. This large-scale mixed-methods study will be conducted across three countries. A questionnaire survey will seek responses from 1200 youth aged 15-24 years residing in South Australia, Ontario, Canada, and California, United States of America. The qualitative component of the study will comprise 54 focus groups (324 participants) with youth and their parents/caregivers. The study design allows a range of important phenomena (e.g., different migration pathways and settlement countries) and key questions (e.g., regarding the intersection of migration, settlement, and wellbeing) to be addressed. It also allows for generalizability of findings to be tested across different communities and countries. Findings will support recommendations for policy and practice and may be generalized to advance research with youth and their families. This study is one of the largest, most comprehensive studies of youth settlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Ziaian
- University of South Australia, Justice and Society, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Workplace Excellence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Teresa Puvimanasinghe
- University of South Australia, Justice and Society, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Workplace Excellence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emily Miller
- University of South Australia, Justice and Society, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Workplace Excellence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Adrian Esterman
- University of South Australia, Allied Health & Human Performance, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Nancy Arthur
- University of South Australia, Business, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Helena de Anstiss
- Multicultural Youth South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eugenia Tsoulis
- Australian Migrant Resource Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Tara Pir
- Institute for Multicultural Counseling and Education Services, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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24
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Health of children who experienced Australian immigration detention. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282798. [PMID: 36893157 PMCID: PMC9997934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australian immigration policy resulted in large numbers of children being held in locked detention. We examined the physical and mental health of children and families who experienced immigration detention. METHODS Retrospective audit of medical records of children exposed to immigration detention attending the Royal Children's Hospital Immigrant Health Service, Melbourne, Australia, from January 2012 -December 2021. We extracted data on demographics, detention duration and location, symptoms, physical and mental health diagnoses and care provided. RESULTS 277 children had directly (n = 239) or indirectly via parents (n = 38) experienced locked detention, including 79 children in families detained on Nauru or Manus Island. Of 239 detained children, 31 were infants born in locked detention. Median duration of locked detention was 12 months (IQR 5-19 months). Children were detained on Nauru/Manus Island (n = 47/239) for a median of 51 (IQR 29-60) months compared to 7 (IQR 4-16) months for those held in Australia/Australian territories (n = 192/239). Overall, 60% (167/277) of children had a nutritional deficiency, and 75% (207/277) had a concern relating to development, including 10% (27/277) with autism spectrum disorder and 9% (26/277) with intellectual disability. 62% (171/277) children had mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression and behavioural disturbances and 54% (150/277) had parents with mental illness. Children and parents detained on Nauru had a significantly higher prevalence of all mental health concerns compared with those held in Australian detention centres. CONCLUSION This study provides clinical evidence of adverse impacts of held detention on children's physical and mental health and wellbeing. Policymakers must recognise the consequences of detention, and avoid detaining children and families.
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Catani C, Wittmann J, Schmidt TL, Wilker S, Neldner S, Neuner F. School-based mental health screenings with Ukrainian adolescent refugees in Germany: Results from a pilot study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1146282. [PMID: 37143592 PMCID: PMC10151552 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1146282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, high numbers of Ukrainians, mostly women and children, have left the country. As of today, Germany has accepted more than one million refugees fleeing from Ukraine including ~200,000 children and adolescents registered in German schools. Since refugee minors are typically affected by high rates of mental health issues, the identification of potential psychological problems at an early stage after arrival is essential in order to make timely referrals for vulnerable youth to diagnostic or treatment services possible. The aim of the present study was to test the feasibility of a classroom-based mental health screening procedure and to assess symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety in a small sample of adolescents who had fled to Germany. Forty-two adolescents (n = 20 girls) took part in the study. Screening results showed that more than half of the sample had elevated ratings in the Refugee Health Screener (RHS) and about 45% reported clinically significant levels of PTSD. Overall, the amount of both mental health problems and current worries related to the war was significantly higher in girls compared to boys. In general, screenings were well received by the adolescents. The findings of this pilot study point to a considerable level of mental health problems and distress in adolescent refugees affected by the recent war in Ukraine. Brief psychological screenings within the school setting might represent a promising approach to identifying potential mental health disorders as early as possible in newly arriving refugee youth.
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Bunn M, Zolman N, Smith CP, Khanna D, Hanneke R, Betancourt TS, Weine S. Family-based mental health interventions for refugees across the migration continuum: A systematic review. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [PMID: 37529116 PMCID: PMC10392776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reviewed the literature on family-based mental health interventions for refugees across migration contexts and settings to identify types of interventions and intervention components, implementation approaches and to assess effectiveness. The review used a systematic approach, and ten intervention studies were retained for analysis. The findings identified three primary types of family-based mental health interventions used with diverse refugee communities in settings in the Global North and South-parenting groups, multiple family groups and home visiting interventions. Findings indicated that non-specialized or peer providers were frequently utilized to deliver the interventions though additional details on the workforce and workforce development strategies are needed to better understand how to sustain and support such providers. The findings suggest that family-based mental health interventions are potentially effective for improving a range of child and caregiver mental health outcomes and improving family processes and functioning among refugee families. However, the empirical evidence is quite limited to date, with a need for additional rigorous studies, especially with refugee families in humanitarian settings, to further build the evidence base.
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Foverskov E, White JS, Frøslev T, Sørensen HT, Hamad R. Risk of Psychiatric Disorders Among Refugee Children and Adolescents Living in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:1107-1114. [PMID: 36094528 PMCID: PMC9468942 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance Refugee children and adolescents are at increased risk of mental health difficulties, but little is known about how the characteristics of the neighborhood in which they resettle may affect vulnerability and resilience. Objective To test whether neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with risk of psychiatric disorders among refugee children and adolescents and examine whether the association differs by sex, age at arrival, and family structure. Design, Setting, and Participants This quasi-experimental register-based cohort study included refugees in Denmark aged 0 to 16 years at the time of resettlement from 1986 to 1998. A refugee dispersal policy implemented during those years assigned housing to refugee families in neighborhoods with varying degrees of socioeconomic disadvantage in a quasi-random (ie, arbitrary) manner conditional on refugee characteristics observed by placement officers. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between neighborhood disadvantage and risk of psychiatric disorders, adjusting for relevant baseline covariates. Exposures A neighborhood disadvantage index combining information on levels of income, education, unemployment, and welfare assistance in the refugees' initial quasi-randomly assigned neighborhood. Main Outcomes and Measures First-time inpatient or outpatient diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder before age 30 years. Results Median (IQR) baseline age in the sample of 18 709 refugee children and adolescents was 7.9 (4.7-11.7) years; 8781 participants (46.9%) were female and 9928 (53.1%) were male. During a median (IQR) follow-up period of 16.1 (10.2-20.8) years, 1448 refugees (7.7%) were diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder (incidence rate, 51.2 per 10 000 person-years). An increase of 1 SD in neighborhood disadvantage was associated with an 11% increase in the hazard of a psychiatric disorders (hazard ratio [HR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.21). This association did not differ between male and female individuals, refugees who arrived at different ages, or those from single- vs dual-parent households. In secondary analyses using prescribed psychiatric medication as the outcome, a similar association with neighborhood disadvantage was found (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.14). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with an increase in risk of psychiatric disorders. The results suggest that placement of refugee families in advantaged neighborhoods and efforts to enhance the neighborhood context in disadvantaged areas may improve mental health among refugee children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Foverskov
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Justin S. White
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Trine Frøslev
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik T. Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Rita Hamad
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Kassam S, Butcher D, Marcellus L. Experiences of nurses caring for involuntary migrant maternal women: a qualitative systematic review. JBI Evid Synth 2022; 20:2609-2655. [PMID: 35972056 DOI: 10.11124/jbies-21-00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to identify, critically appraise, and synthesize qualitative evidence on the experiences of nurses providing care within various health care delivery environments to involuntary migrant women who are experiencing pregnancy, birth, or post-birth. INTRODUCTION Nurses are central to providing care to populations experiencing inequities. These populations include forcibly displaced pregnant and/or mothering women who have migrated involuntarily. Most of these women are ethnically diverse and often experience poverty and low literacy. This review is focused on the experiences of nurses providing care to these women. INCLUSION CRITERIA This review considered qualitative, peer-reviewed studies published in academic journals. Studies and study abstracts that examined nurses' experiences of providing care to involuntary migrant maternal women were included. Women could be pregnant and/or mothering. All settings in which nurses practice were considered. METHODS Information sources that were systematically searched for this review included CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (EBSCO), MEDLINE (EBSCO), PubMed (NLM), Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A gray literature search in Google was also developed. Studies published in English from 2000 onward were considered. Final searches were conducted in January 2021 using language within database thesauruses, such as CINAHL headings and MeSH terms, as well as keywords related to qualitative inquires on experiences of nurses caring for involuntary migrant maternal women. An intersectionality lens was applied within all review methods. Study selection was conducted by two reviewers who screened titles and abstracts that aligned with the inclusion criteria. The review followed the JBI approach for critical appraisal, data extraction, and data synthesis. RESULTS Twenty-three qualitative studies were included in this review. Qualitative methodologies within these studies included case study, ethnography, interpretive descriptive, and grounded theory. Nine studies considered the sex of participating nurses, and three studies considered participant history of migration. A total of 115 findings were pooled into four categories and aggregated into the following two synthesized findings: i) Nurses integrate cultural and linguistic diversity within practice; and ii) Nurses assess for inequities resulting from forced migration on maternal women. Study quality was rated as moderate on ConQual scoring, with dependability rated as moderate and credibility rated as high. CONCLUSIONS Key implications are made within nursing education programming, nursing practice, and policy analysis. In the realm of nursing education, integration of migrant status as a health determinant will enhance nurses' skills in assessing migrant status and understanding how varying statuses contribute to barriers among involuntary migrant women accessing health services. Providing ongoing education to nurses centered on trauma and violence-informed practice is recommended. With regard to nursing practice, review findings revealed the need for creative solutions to overcome language barriers. Innovative approaches for nurses working across language barriers in acute and community health contexts when interpreter services are not available need further exploration and protocol integration. Examination of clinical care pathways is needed for inclusion of involuntary migrant women, and exploring assessment strategies targeting how migrant status contributes to limited health service accessibility. For policy, organizations need to build policies that promote examination of migrant status and its health impacts among involuntary migrant maternal women exposed to migration-related trauma and violence to support nurses in their care provision. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42019137922.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Kassam
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,The University of Victoria (UVic) Centre for Evidence-Informed Nursing and Healthcare (CEiNHC): A JBI Centre of Excellence, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Diane Butcher
- The University of Victoria (UVic) Centre for Evidence-Informed Nursing and Healthcare (CEiNHC): A JBI Centre of Excellence, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Employment and Social Development Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lenora Marcellus
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,The University of Victoria (UVic) Centre for Evidence-Informed Nursing and Healthcare (CEiNHC): A JBI Centre of Excellence, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Neville SE, DiClemente-Bosco K, Chamlagai LK, Bunn M, Freeman J, Berent JM, Gautam B, Abdi A, Betancourt TS. Investigating Outcomes of a Family Strengthening Intervention for Resettled Somali Bantu and Bhutanese Refugees: An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12415. [PMID: 36231735 PMCID: PMC9566609 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pre- and post-migration stressors can put resettled refugee children at risk of poor mental health outcomes. The Family Strengthening Intervention for Refugees (FSI-R) is a peer-delivered preventative home visiting program for resettled refugees that aims to draw upon families' strengths to foster improved family communication, positive parenting, and caregiver-child relationships, with the ultimate goal of reducing children's risk of mental health problems. Using an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, this study draws upon qualitative interviews with caregivers (n = 19) and children (n = 17) who participated in a pilot study of the FSI-R intervention in New England, as well as interventionists (n = 4), to unpack quantitative findings on mental health and family functioning from a randomized pilot study (n = 80 families). Most patterns observed in the quantitative data as published in the pilot trial were triangulated by qualitative data. Bhutanese caregivers and children noted that children were less shy or scared to speak up after participating in the FSI-R. Somali Bantu families spoke less about child mental health and underscored feasibility challenges like language barriers between caregivers and children. Interventionists suggested that families with higher levels of education were more open to implementing behavior change. In both groups, families appreciated the intervention and found it to be feasible and acceptable, but also desired additional help in addressing broader family and community needs such as jobs and literacy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elizabeth Neville
- Intenational Health Institute, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Kira DiClemente-Bosco
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lila K. Chamlagai
- Brown Mindfulness Center, Behavioral Health and Social Science Department, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Mary Bunn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jordan Freeman
- Bill & Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jenna M. Berent
- Research Program on Children in Adversity, School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Bhuwan Gautam
- College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | - Theresa S. Betancourt
- Research Program on Children in Adversity, School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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Demazure G, Baeyens C, Pinsault N. Review: Unaccompanied refugee minors' perception of mental health services and professionals: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2022; 27:268-280. [PMID: 34128313 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) are a population at risk of mental health problems and a population with whom the therapeutic alliance can be difficult to set up. The therapeutic alliance's quality can impact the result and effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions. The aim of the present study was to gather URMs' points of view about mental health services and mental health professionals (MHP) in the host country. A summary of interviews conducted with URMs will allow a better understanding of their perception and expectations. METHODS Seven databases were searched with English and French keywords. In the end, nine studies were selected. RESULTS The review of the interviews shows that URMs do not have a clear perception of MHP - it seems difficult for them to trust MHP, but also to understand the value of sharing past painful experiences to reduce current symptoms. They can have a negative perception of mental health and consider that this is not a priority. URMs prefer to focus on day-to-day problems, do activity-based interventions and do group sessions to value social interactions. CONCLUSIONS Clinical and methodological implications are discussed. The development of an instrument to evaluate therapeutic care for URMs could be interesting for future research and for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwladys Demazure
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Baeyens
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Pinsault
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes/CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525, Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble-Alpes/Critical Thinking Federation FED 4270, Grenoble, France
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Barriers to Accessing Mental Health Services by Migrant Youth. Community Ment Health J 2022; 58:1101-1111. [PMID: 34799773 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-021-00919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to identify barriers to accessing mental health services by migrant youth in a middle-sized central Canadian city. We asked participants, "What would stop you from talking to someone about mental health stress?". We interviewed 30 youth aged 16 to 22 who migrated from 10 different countries and lived in Canada for an average of 29 months. The data was analyzed using group concept mapping. The participants identified five concepts: fear of being misunderstood or ignored, desire for confidentiality, lack of trust and understanding, talking about it as not appropriate, and fear of the disclosure process. We compare these results with the literature.
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Mohammadzadeh M, Heinrichs K, Pilz González L, Stock C. Study Protocol for the SC-SD4ASA Project: A Self-Care/Self-Development Guidebook for Asylum-Seeking Adolescents. Front Public Health 2022; 10:736673. [PMID: 35937206 PMCID: PMC9353327 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.736673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2015 to 2016, about 1. 3 million refugees arrived in Europe. Half of them were children under the age of 18. The combination of (specially forced) migration and adolescence increase the risk of psychological problems among refugees including asylum-seeking children and adolescents. Therefore, along with the significant increase in the number of refugees, investigating effective ways to improve their health status has grown. The planned project aims to improve self-care and self-development among asylum-seeking adolescents aged 15–18. With the long-term goal of improving wellbeing and quality of life, this multi-method study aims to develop a self-care and self-development intervention guidebook for asylum-seeking adolescents. The SC-SD4ASA project will focus on three main work packages: 1. assessment of needs and knowledge concerning self-care and self-development; 2. development of a guidebook to promote self-care and self-development for asylum-seeking adolescents; and 3. assessment of the guidebook fidelity, reliability, and validity. For the first work package, an intra-triangulation approach including three qualitative methods [in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and photographic means (photovoice)] will be used. The collected data will be analyzed using cross-cultural and multilingual approach to thematic analysis, known as meta-theme analysis. The results of the first stage will be utilized for developing the guidebook in the second (main) work packages. The guidebook fidelity will be assessed based on the National Institutes of Health Behavior Change Consortium fidelity framework in the last workplan. Empowering asylum-seeking adolescents with self-care /self-development skills can help them to sustain their wellbeing and better manage the challenges in their new situation. When successfully implemented, a guidebook will be developed to support all individuals involved in planning, managing, and promoting health among asylum-seeking adolescents that can be used for future self-care/self-development programs in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Mohammadzadeh
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marjan Mohammadzadeh
| | - Katherina Heinrichs
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Pilz González
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Stock
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Kelstrup L, Carlsson J. Trauma-affected refugees and their non-exposed children: A review of risk and protective factors for trauma transmission. Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114604. [PMID: 35580432 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rates of posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) are high among refugee populations. At the same time, evidence is emerging of intergenerational transmission of psychopathology. The objective of this study was to examine the current knowledge on risk and protective factors for adverse mental health outcomes in the non-exposed offspring of trauma-affected refugees. A systematic search was undertaken from 1 January 1981 to 5 February 2021 (PubMed, Embase, PSYCInfo). Studies were included if they reported on families of trauma-exposed refugee parents and mental health outcomes in their non-exposed children. The search yielded 1415 results and twelve articles met inclusion criteria. The majority of studies emphasized the negative effects of parental mental health symptoms. There was substantial evidence of an association between parental PTSD and increased risk of psychological problems in offspring. Parenting style was identified as both a potential risk and protective factor. Risk/protective factors at the individual and family level were identified, but findings were inconclusive due to sample sizes and study designs. There is a need for evidence-based interventions aimed at improving child outcomes, especially by improving parental mental health and reinforcing parenting skills. Future research should aim to incorporate broader aspects of child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kelstrup
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jessica Carlsson
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Youth-identified Considerations for Programming to Support Newcomers’ Healthy Development: A Group Concept Mapping Study. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-022-09695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There is a well-documented need for more responsive promotion and prevention programming for young immigrants and refugees in the context of mental health and healthy development. Incorporating the voice of newcomers in the development of promotion and prevention efforts could assist in producing culturally-relevant materials and improve program outcomes.
Objective
Our goal was to utilize youth voice to identify considerations for developing programming to support newcomer youths’ healthy development.
Methods
We employed mixed methods and analyzed data using concept mapping. A total of 37 newcomers between the ages of 14 and 22 participated in focus groups to share their ideas for creating programming that would focus on relationships and well-being. Relevant responses were collated, cleaned, and generated into unique statements, and then sorted individually by 26 youth into thematically similar categories. We used multidimensional scaling and hierarchal cluster analysis to produce a concept map.
Results
Six concepts, in rank order of importance, emerged as follows: create a space for sharing; discuss relational issues; teach strategies for adjusting to a new country; teach wellness skills; have feel-good activities; and plan for diversity.
Conclusions
Participants’ lived experience and their own attendance in programming at newcomer organizations assisted them in brainstorming what types of activities, topics, and skills would be helpful for other newcomer youth, as well as considerations for facilitators implementing such programming. Promotion and prevention efforts intended for newcomer youth may benefit by incorporating ideas from the concept map.
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Djelantik AAAMJ, van Es CM, Lahuis AM, Mooren N. The challenges of conducting mental health research among resettled refugee populations: An ecological framework from a researchers’ perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2022.2069962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlijn M. van Es
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke M. Lahuis
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - Nora Mooren
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
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Soltan F, Cristofalo D, Marshall D, Purgato M, Taddese H, Vanderbloemen L, Barbui C, Uphoff E. Community-based interventions for improving mental health in refugee children and adolescents in high-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 5:CD013657. [PMID: 35532139 PMCID: PMC9083014 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013657.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An unprecedented number of people around the world are experiencing forced displacement due to natural or man-made events. More than 50% of refugees worldwide are children or adolescents. In addition to the challenges of settling in a new country, many have witnessed or experienced traumatic events. Therefore, refugee children and adolescents are at risk of developing mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and require appropriate and effective support within communities. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and acceptability of community-based interventions (RCTs only) in comparison with controls (no treatment, waiting list, alternative treatment) for preventing and treating mental health problems (major depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress) and improving mental health in refugee children and adolescents in high-income countries. SEARCH METHODS Databases searches included the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Controlled Trials Register (all available years), CENTRAL/CDSR (2021, Issue 2), Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, six other databases, and two trials registries to 21 February 2021. We checked reference lists of included study reports. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies of any design were eligible as long as they included child or adolescent refugees and evaluated a community-based mental health intervention in a high-income country. At a second stage, we selected randomised controlled trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS For randomised controlled trials, we extracted data relating to the study and participant characteristics, and outcome data relating to the results of the trial. For studies using other evaluation methods, we extracted data relating to the study and participant characteristics. W derived evidence on the efficacy and availability of interventions from the randomised controlled trials only. Data were synthesised narratively. MAIN RESULTS We screened 5005 records and sought full-text manuscripts of 62 relevant records. Three randomised controlled trials were included in this review. Key concerns in the risk of bias assessments included a lack of clarity about the randomisation process, potential for bias is outcome measurement, and risk of bias in the selection of results. Primary outcomes There was no evidence of an effect of community-based interventions when compared with a waiting list for symptoms of post-traumatic stress (mean difference (MD) -1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) -6.78 to 3.86: 1 study; low-certainty evidence), symptoms of depression (MD 0.26, 95% CI -2.15 to 2.67: 1 study; low-certainty evidence), and psychological distress (MD -10.5, 95% CI -47.94 to 26.94; 1 study; very low-certainty evidence). There were no data on adverse events. Secondary outcomes Three trials reported on short-term changes in child behaviour, using different measures, and found no evidence of an effect of the intervention versus a waiting list (low to very low certainty). None of the trials reported on quality of life or well-being, participation and functioning, or participant satisfaction. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to determine the efficacy and acceptability of community-based mental health interventions for refugee children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Soltan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Doriana Cristofalo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - David Marshall
- Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Marianna Purgato
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Cochrane Global Mental Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Henock Taddese
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Vanderbloemen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Corrado Barbui
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Cochrane Global Mental Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Uphoff
- Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
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Emerson SD, Gagné Petteni M, Guhn M, Oberle E, Georgiades K, Milbrath C, Janus M, Schonert-Reichl KA, Gadermann AM. Social context factors and refugee children's emotional health. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:829-841. [PMID: 34562109 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refugee children face numerous challenges associated with pre-migration trauma and post-migration adaptation. Much research pertaining to refugee children's well-being focuses on psychiatric symptoms. Relatively few studies have examined how social context factors-such as perceptions of peer belonging, and support from adults at home and at school-contribute to the emotional health of refugee children. Informed by social-ecological theories emphasizing dynamic interactions between the contexts in which children develop, we examined associations between social context factors and emotional health in refugee children. METHODS Data were drawn from a population-based data linkage in British Columbia, Canada. The analytic sample included 682 grade 4 students (Mage 9.2 years; 46.3% female) with a refugee background who responded to the Middle Years Development Instrument (MDI) during the 2010/2011-2016/2017 school years. The MDI is a self-report survey of children's social and emotional competencies and social context factors completed at school. Regression analyses were used to examine associations of social context factors (school climate, supportive adults at school and at home, and peer belonging) with indicators of emotional health (life satisfaction, self-concept, optimism, and sadness). Refugee generation status (first/second) was considered through stratification and testing of interactions with social context factors. RESULTS Perceived supportive school climate, support from adults in school and at home, and peer belonging were each independently associated with better emotional health. Results were similar for first- and second-generation children. CONCLUSION Taken together, results suggest a unique role of the school context to refugee children's emotional health. School-based programming that promotes positive school climate can be considered as an important approach to support newcomer refugee children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Emerson
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Monique Gagné Petteni
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin Guhn
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Eva Oberle
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Katholiki Georgiades
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Constance Milbrath
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Magdalena Janus
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Schonert-Reichl
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Anne M Gadermann
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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Due C, Currie E. Practitioner competencies for working with refugee children and young people: A scoping review. Transcult Psychiatry 2022; 59:116-129. [PMID: 34860624 DOI: 10.1177/13634615211043765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that refugee and asylum seeker children and young people often require specialised psychological support. Competencies have been established as helpful in guiding the training, education and ongoing professional development of practitioners working in specialised areas. To date there has been no comprehensive review of the literature concerning practitioner competencies for working with refugee or asylum seeker children and young people. This scoping review therefore aimed to synthesise all literature regarding practitioner competencies that are considered important for working in the area of mental health with refugee and asylum seeker children and young people. Literature was sourced from PsycINFO, Scopus, and PubMed. Studies were included if they: a) were published in peer-reviewed journals, b) were published in English, c) were published in the last 25 years, d) collected primary data, e) related to children and/or young people (defined as aged under 25) with refugee or asylum seeker backgrounds, and f) discussed practitioner competencies (in relation to refugee or asylum seeker children or young people). Nine articles met criteria and a deductive thematic analysis identified six key competencies: 1) knowledge of the complexity of needs of refugees; 2) use of holistic approaches; 3) ability to work in co-ordination with others in the child's network; 4) ability to build therapeutic relationships; 5) seeking feedback; and 6) cultural competency. Further empirical research that directly aims to identify practitioner competencies, from both the practitioner and client perspective, will support the challenging work done by practitioners working with refugee and asylum seeker children and young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemence Due
- School of Psychology, 1066The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma Currie
- School of Psychology, 1066The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Peltonen K, Aalto S, Vänskä M, Lepistö R, Punamäki RL, Soye E, Watters C, de Wal Pastoor L, Derluyn I, Kankaanpää R. Effectiveness of Promotive and Preventive Psychosocial Interventions on Improving the Mental Health of Finnish-Born and Immigrant Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063686. [PMID: 35329374 PMCID: PMC8955200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: Schools are considered natural environments in which to enhance students’ social–emotional skills and mental health in general, but they can be especially important for students with refugee and immigrant backgrounds. The current study tested the effectiveness of two school-based interventions in enhancing the mental health and wellbeing of adolescents of native, refugee, and immigrant backgrounds. It further analyzed the role of age, gender, daily stressors, and discrimination in affecting the interventions’ effectiveness. Methods: A three-arm cluster RCT with parallel assignment was applied among the 16 schools. Schools were randomized to three conditions of two active interventions and a waiting-list control condition. Students (n = 1974) filled in an online questionnaire at baseline before the interventions, after the interventions, and at follow-up an average of 9 months after the interventions. The effectiveness criteria were internalizing and externalizing problems, resilience, and prosocial behavior. Results: Interventions were generally not effective in decreasing mental health problems and increasing psychosocial resources. The expected positive intervention effects were dependent on students’ age and gender and exposure to socioeconomic daily stressors. Conclusion: Interventions enhancing teacher awareness and peer relationships at school should be carefully tailored according to the strengths and vulnerabilities of participating students, especially their daily stress exposure, but also age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Peltonen
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (S.A.); (M.V.); (R.L.); (R.-L.P.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sanni Aalto
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (S.A.); (M.V.); (R.L.); (R.-L.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Mervi Vänskä
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (S.A.); (M.V.); (R.L.); (R.-L.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Riina Lepistö
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (S.A.); (M.V.); (R.L.); (R.-L.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Raija-Leena Punamäki
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (S.A.); (M.V.); (R.L.); (R.-L.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Emma Soye
- School of Education and Social Work, University of Sussex, Falmer Brighton BN1 9RH, UK; (E.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Charles Watters
- School of Education and Social Work, University of Sussex, Falmer Brighton BN1 9RH, UK; (E.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Lutine de Wal Pastoor
- Danish Research Centre for Migration, Ethnicity and Health, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Ilse Derluyn
- Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Centre for the Social Study of Migration and Refugees, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Reeta Kankaanpää
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (S.A.); (M.V.); (R.L.); (R.-L.P.); (R.K.)
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Bridging the Gap between the Pressing Need for Family Skills Programmes in Humanitarian Settings and Implementation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042181. [PMID: 35206366 PMCID: PMC8872133 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A supportive environment with nurturing caregivers is essential for the healthy development of children. For children who have been exposed to extreme stress, such as humanitarian contexts, the need for strong, healthy, nurturing caregiver relationships may assume even greater importance. Much research has been building to position family skills interventions as a key tool in encouraging safe and supporting relationships between caregivers and children, thus preventing many problem behaviours and poor mental health. While there is substantial evidence of the effectiveness of family skills interventions in high-income and stable contexts, evidence of interventions that have been tested in humanitarian and challenging settings, such as contexts of refugee and displacement, are far fewer. Despite the role that family skills interventions can play in protecting children from current and future challenges, there is a significant lack of such interventions being utilised in humanitarian settings. We put forward seven likely reasons for this lack of uptake. Furthermore, the Strong Families programme, a UNODC family skills intervention, is presented as an example of an intervention that aims to bridge this gap of interventions that meet the need for humanitarian and contexts of extreme stress. More research is needed to unpack the content, delivery mechanisms and reach of family skills programmes to further aid programme developers in investing in efforts that might provide significant sustained impact for families in humanitarian contexts.
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Kankaanpää R, Aalto S, Vänskä M, Lepistö R, Punamäki RL, Soye E, Watters C, Andersen A, Hilden PK, Derluyn I, Verelst A, Peltonen K. Effectiveness of psychosocial school interventions in Finnish schools for refugee and immigrant children, "Refugees Well School" in Finland (RWS-FI): a protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:79. [PMID: 35086535 PMCID: PMC8793091 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schools are natural environments in which to enhance young people's social and emotional skills, mental health, and contact between diverse groups, including students from refugee and immigrant backgrounds. A layered or tiered provision of services is recommended as it can be effective to meet the needs of war-affected adolescents who variably show mental health problems (such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)). The current protocol describes the study design for a multi-layered intervention model. The study will test the effectiveness of two interventions: a teacher-training intervention In-Service Teacher Training (INSETT) combined with targeted cognitive-behavioral treatment-based Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT) and a classroom-focused preventive intervention Peer Integration and Enhancement Resources (PIER). We analyze, first, whether the interventions are effective in decreasing psychological distress and increasing positive resources, i.e., prosocial behavior and resilience among refugee and immigrant students. Second, we analyze which student-, school-, and parent-related factors mediate the possible beneficial changes. Third, we look at which groups the interventions are most beneficial to. METHODS A three-arm cluster RCT with parallel assignment, with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio, is applied in 16 schools that agreed to participate in the Refugees Well School interventions and effectiveness study. Schools were randomized to three conditions of two active interventions and a waiting list control condition. Students, their parents, and teachers in intervention and control schools participated in the study at baseline before the interventions, after the interventions, and at 6 to 12 months after the interventions. The primary effectiveness criterion variables are psychological distress (SDQ) symptoms, resilience (CYRM-12), and prosocial behavior (SDQ). DISCUSSION The current study presents a recommended universal approach of layered interventions aiming to reduce psychological distress and increase resilience among refugee and immigrant students. A combination of promotive, preventive, and targeted interventions may offer a holistic, ecological intervention package for schools to better address the needs of the whole group. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN ISRCTN64245549 . Retrospectively registered on 10 June 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Kankaanpää
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanni Aalto
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mervi Vänskä
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riina Lepistö
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Emma Soye
- School of Education and Social Work, University of Sussex, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Charles Watters
- School of Education and Social Work, University of Sussex, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Arnfinn Andersen
- Section for Trauma, Catastrophes and Forced Migration - Adults and Elderly, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Hilden
- Section for Trauma, Catastrophes and Forced Migration - Adults and Elderly, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ilse Derluyn
- Department of Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Verelst
- Department of Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kirsi Peltonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Gillespie S, Banegas J, Maxwell J, Chan ACY, Darawshy NAS, Wasil AR, Marsalis S, Gewirtz A. Parenting Interventions for Refugees and Forcibly Displaced Families: A Systematic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:395-412. [PMID: 35001296 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-021-00375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Globally, an estimated 79.5 million individuals have been displaced, nearly 40% of whom are children. Parenting interventions may have the potential to improve outcomes for displaced families. To investigate this, we conducted a systematic review to identify the types of caregiver or parenting interventions that have been evaluated among displaced families, to assess their efficacy across a range of contexts, and to describe their cultural and contextual adaptations. The review followed PRISMA guidelines. At stage one, all articles describing caregiver/parenting interventions for forcibly displaced families were included to provide a scoping review of the state of the literature. At stage two, only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental designs were included, allowing for quantitative analysis of program effects. A total of 30 articles (24 studies) were identified in stage one. 95.8% of these articles were published in the past 10 years. Of these, 14 articles (10 studies) used an RCT or quasi-experimental design to assess program efficacy or effectiveness. Relative to control groups, those assigned to caregiving programs showed significant, beneficial effects across the domains of parenting behaviors and attitudes, child psychosocial and developmental outcomes, and parent mental health. Cultural adaptations and recruitment and engagement strategies are described. The evidence base for caregiving programs for displaced families has expanded in recent years but remains limited. Caregiving/parenting programs show promise for reducing the negative effects of forced displacement on families, but future studies are needed to understand which programs show the greatest potential for scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gillespie
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jasmine Banegas
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joseph Maxwell
- Family Social Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Athena C Y Chan
- Family Social Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Akash R Wasil
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott Marsalis
- Family Social Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Abigail Gewirtz
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Family Social Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Health-related quality of life in refugee minors from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan resettled in Sweden: a nation-wide, cross-sectional study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:255-266. [PMID: 33754158 PMCID: PMC8784357 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in refugee minors resettled in Sweden and compare results to a European reference population, while exploring associations between sociodemographic factors and HRQoL dimensions. METHODS A cross-sectional, nation-wide study was conducted with a stratified sample of refugee minors ages 12-15 and 16-18 from Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria, resettled in Sweden between 2014 and 2018. HRQoL was measured using KIDSCREEN-27. HRQoL dimension scores of the sample were compared to mean scores of European age and gender-matched reference population. Associations between sociodemographic factors and HRQoL dimensions were investigated with independent t tests and ANOVA. A multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with HRQoL. RESULTS The questionnaire was sent to 10,000 potential respondents. The response rate was 26%, yielding n = 2559 refugee minors (boys 55%, girls 45%) in the study sample. Compared to European references, minors in the present study had significantly lower scores of HRQoL within psychological wellbeing and peers and social support, whereas levels for autonomy and parent/guardian relations and school environment were higher. Several sociodemographic factors were significantly associated with all HRQoL dimensions, with those 16-18 years old, having average or poor family economy, and living with an unrelated adult or family reporting lower levels of HRQoL. Minors from Afghanistan had significantly lower scores of HRQoL for all dimensions compared to those from Iraq and Syria. CONCLUSION Refugee minors had significantly lower levels of HRQoL for psychological wellbeing and peers and social support compared to European references. Future research should further investigate this potential HRQoL gap further.
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Verhagen IL, Noom MJ, Lindauer RJL, Daams JG, Hein IM. Mental health screening and assessment tools for forcibly displaced children: a systematic review. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2126468. [PMID: 36212114 PMCID: PMC9542271 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2022.2126468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An unprecedentedly large number of people worldwide are forcibly displaced, of which more than 40 percent are under 18 years of age. Forcibly displaced children and youth have often been exposed to stressful life events and are therefore at increased risk of developing mental health issues. Hence, early screening and assessment for mental health problems is of great importance, as is research addressing this topic. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the reliability and validity of mental health assessment tools for this population. Objective: The aim of the present study was to synthesise the existing evidence on psychometric properties of patient reported outcome measures [PROMs] for assessing the mental health of asylum-seeking, refugee and internally displaced children and youth. Method: Systematic searches of the literature were conducted in four electronic databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase and Web of Science. The methodological quality of the studies was examined using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist. Furthermore, the COSMIN criteria for good measurement properties were used to evaluate the quality of the outcome measures. Results: The search yielded 4842 articles, of which 27 met eligibility criteria. The reliability, internal consistency, structural validity, hypotheses testing and criterion validity of 28 PROMs were evaluated. Conclusion: Based on the results with regard to validity and reliability, as well as feasibility, we recommend the use of several instruments to measure emotional and behavioural problems, PTSD symptoms, anxiety and depression in forcibly displaced children and youth. However, despite a call for more research on the psychometric properties of mental health assessment tools for forcibly displaced children and youth, there is still a lack of studies conducted on this topic. More research is needed in order to establish cross-cultural validity of mental health assessment tools and to provide optimal cut-off scores for this population. HIGHLIGHTS Research on the psychometric properties of mental health screening and assessment tools for forcibly displaced children and youth is slowly increasing.However, based on the current evidence on the validity and reliability of screening and assessment tools for forcibly displaced children, we are not able to recommend a core set of instruments. Instead, we provide suggestions for best practice.More research of sufficient quality is important in order to establish crsoss-cultural validity and to provide optimal cut-off scores in mental health screening and assessment tools for different populations of forcibly displaced children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse L Verhagen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc J Noom
- Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ramón J L Lindauer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost G Daams
- Medical Library, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irma M Hein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Bunn M, Marsh J, Haidar A. Sharing Stories Eases Pain: Core Relational Processes of a Group Intervention with Syrian Refugees in Jordan. JOURNAL FOR SPECIALISTS IN GROUP WORK 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01933922.2021.2000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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So M, Perry NB, Langenfeld AD, Barnes AJ. Adolescent Sleep and Mental Health Across Race/Ethnicity: Does Parent-Child Connectedness Matter? J Dev Behav Pediatr 2021; 42:742-750. [PMID: 34840318 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep is vital for healthy development, yet most adolescents do not meet recommended nightly hours. Although racial/ethnic minorities often experience relatively worse sleep outcomes compared with White peers, little is known about how the sleep-mental health relationship holds across diverse groups or how family relationships affect this association. METHOD Using data on 8th, 9th, and 11th grade public school respondents to the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 113,834), we conducted univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses to examine whether sleep duration was associated with depressive symptoms, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Furthermore, we examined the effect of the parent-child connectedness by sleep interaction on these relationships. Analyses were conducted for 9 racial/ethnic groups collectively and separately. RESULTS Overall, youth sleep duration and parent-child connectedness were independently associated with reduced rates of depressive symptoms, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt. There was significant interaction between parent-child connectedness and sleep, demonstrating that connectedness magnifies the benefits of the sleep-mental health relationship. Main effects of sleep and parent-child connectedness for mental health were similar for most individual racial/ethnic groups, although magnitudes varied. The connectedness-sleep interaction only remained significant for White and Asian youth on select suicide-related outcomes. CONCLUSION Despite racial/ethnic differences, adolescent sleep and parent-child connectedness both seem to buffer youth from poor mental health in a large, multiethnic sample. On the whole, these factors demonstrate a synergistic protective effect and reflect promising intervention targets. The extent to which their interactive benefit translates across diverse populations requires additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin So
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nicole B Perry
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Adam D Langenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Andrew J Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
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Trimboli C, Parsons L, Fleay C, Parsons D, Buchanan A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for 6–12-year-old children who have been forcibly displaced. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Rodriguez IM, Dobler V. Survivors of Hell: Resilience Amongst Unaccompanied Minor Refugees and Implications for Treatment- a Narrative Review. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2021; 14:559-569. [PMID: 34820043 PMCID: PMC8586295 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Approximately half of the world's displaced population are children and a significant proportion of these are unaccompanied asylum-seeking children (UASC). UASC are the most vulnerable of all refugee populations. Up to 90% of UASC have been subjected to exploitation, including trafficking or being drafted into military groups. Having survived the perils of flight, UASC are confronted with continued challenges, including the uncertainties regarding their residential rights in host counties. Unsurprisingly, the prevalence of mental health problems is higher amongst UASC than in any other refugee group. Yet, Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) appears to neither reach nor engage UASC. This begs for re-examination of what and how MHPSS is offered. Despite high levels of adversity, UASC often have considerable resilience, and make remarkable recoveries. However, literature exploring their resources or their own views of what helps or hinders recovery is scarce. In this narrative review, we explore individual and systemic factors promoting recovery in UASC. We consider theoretical understanding of resilience, emerging data and user perspectives. From these we deduct four areas of resilience in UASC: Individual factors - prosocial behaviour, problem-solving skills; Lifetime relationships - positive early family relationships, connection with family and country of origin, positive peer and adult relationships in host country; Acculturation - integration of own and new culture, positive relationships with prosocial institutions; Care arrangements - supported but less restrictive living arrangements. We suggest, MHPSS may need to focus on enhancing social networks, including connectedness with positive relationships in the home-country, life-history work with a focus on resource-building experiences in addition to trauma, and promoting integration of old and new cultural values. We also conclude that despite growing data, there is a gap in both eliciting user perspectives and understanding adaptive resources, especially those emerging during early development and within their cultural setting. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-021-00385-7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronika Dobler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Papadopoulos I, Lazzarino R, Sakellaraki O, Dadãu V, Apostolara P, Kuckert-Wöstheinrich A, Mauceri M, Kouta C. Empowering refugee families in transit: the development of a culturally competent and compassionate training and support package. J Res Nurs 2021; 27:200-214. [PMID: 35813174 PMCID: PMC9264421 DOI: 10.1177/17449871211018736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Refugee parents who fled conflicts suffered violence and traumas and face huge challenges in supporting the health and welfare of their children while in transit. Aims To describe the development of a culturally competent and compassionate training and support package (TSP) for nurses, social and health care workers and volunteers, with a focus on parenting needs among unsettled refugees fleeing conflict. Methods The multi-method approach included: a scoping review covering parenting needs of refugees fleeing conflict zones; collection of stories from refugee parents, healthcare workers and volunteers via a mobile application; discussions between team members; a piloted and evaluated curriculum. Results High levels of family distress and deterioration of parental identity were identified. Informed by these results, the curriculum is articulated along 20 bite-sized learning units, covering four age stages of childhood as well as targeting adults’ well-being. Pilot training was evaluated positively, confirming feasibility and usefulness of the TSP. Conclusions Unsettled refugee parents fleeing conflicts face psycho-social and practical difficulties negatively affecting their parenting skills. The care workforce should be trained in order to provide culturally competent and compassionate support to help these families. Open access digital platforms are promising as autodidactic and self-help tools among hard-to-reach populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Papadopoulos
- Head of the Research Centre, Department of Mental Health and Social Work, Middlesex University, UK
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Runa Lazzarino
- Anthropologist, Department of Mental Health and Social Work, Middlesex University, UK
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Ourania Sakellaraki
- Independent Consultant, Greece
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Victor Dadãu
- President, EDUNET Association, Romania
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Paraskevi Apostolara
- Lecturer, Nursing Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Andrea Kuckert-Wöstheinrich
- Lecturer, Nursing Department, Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Austria; Senior Project Manager, St. Augustinus Gruppe, Germany
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Manuela Mauceri
- Neuroscientist and Social Psychologist, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Italy
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
| | - Christiana Kouta
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
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Haar K, El-Khani A, Mostashari G, Hafezi M, Malek A, Maalouf W. Impact of a Brief Family Skills Training Programme ("Strong Families") on Parenting Skills, Child Psychosocial Functioning, and Resilience in Iran: A Multisite Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111137. [PMID: 34769656 PMCID: PMC8583328 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caregivers have a key role in protecting children’s wellbeing, and, with appropriate skills, can prevent a multitude of negative social outcomes, particularly in challenged or humanitarian settings. Accordingly, the Strong Families programme was designed as a light touch family skills programme, with a focus of supporting caregiving during stressful situations. To evaluate the short-term impact of the Strong Families programme, we performed a time-convenience, randomized, controlled trial in Iran. A total of 292 families (63% from Iranian decent, 39% from Afghan decent, and 1% other), with children aged eight to twelve years, were recruited through ten centers in Iran and allocated to an intervention (n = 199) or waitlist/control group (n = 93). The two groups did not differ demographically at baseline. We assessed families prospectively, through three scales, PAFAS (parenting and family adjustment scales), SDQ (strengths and difficulties questionnaire), and CYRM-R (child and youth resilience measure). Caregivers in the intervention group improved (highly) statistically significantly on all but one PAFAS subscales (parental consistency, coercive parenting, positive encouragement, parental adjustment, family relationships, and parental teamwork), which was not noted in the waitlist group. On the SDQ, there were (highly) significant positive changes in scores in the intervention group on all sub-scales and the “total difficulty scale“, whereas the waitlist/control group also improved on three (prosocial, conduct problems, and hyperactivity) of the five SDQ subscales. Children originating from Afghanistan improved significantly on the overall resilience scale of the CYRM-R in the intervention group, but not in the waitlist/control group. Overall, all our stratified results of the different scales reflect an accentuated improvement in families with higher levels of problems at baseline. Our comparative results indicated a strong alignment of the strong families programme with its intended short-term impact, per its logical frame on parenting practices and family management skills, children behaviour, caregivers and children mental health, and capacity to cope with stress. We postulate that the potential nudging or diffusion of knowledge (cross-contamination between intervention and waitlist/control group) at the community level could explain improvements in the waitlist/control group on some indicators, however, further research on this is recommend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Haar
- Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Section, Drug Prevention and Health Branch, Division of Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (W.M.); Tel.: +43-1-26060-83126 (K.H.); +43-1-26060-5182 (W.M.)
| | - Aala El-Khani
- Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Section, Drug Prevention and Health Branch, Division of Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Gelareh Mostashari
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Field Office I.R. of Iran, P.O. Box 15875-4557, Tehran 1994715311, Iran; (G.M.); (M.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Mahdokht Hafezi
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Field Office I.R. of Iran, P.O. Box 15875-4557, Tehran 1994715311, Iran; (G.M.); (M.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Atoosa Malek
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Field Office I.R. of Iran, P.O. Box 15875-4557, Tehran 1994715311, Iran; (G.M.); (M.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Wadih Maalouf
- Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Section, Drug Prevention and Health Branch, Division of Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (W.M.); Tel.: +43-1-26060-83126 (K.H.); +43-1-26060-5182 (W.M.)
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