The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Serum regenerative islet-derived protein 1α: a novel and sensitive biomarker for endoscopic disease activity in ulcerative colitis

INTRODUCTION

Mucosal healing (MH) has established as a long-term therapeutic goal for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Regenerative Islet-derived Protein 1α (reg1α) was reported to be closely related to gastrointestinal mucosal injury; however, its potential in monitoring MH remains unexplored.

METHODS

Serum reg1α levels were quantified in 156 consecutive IBD patients (January 2021-December 2023) and stratified by endoscopic findings into MH (n = 136) and non-mucosal healing (NMH) groups. Diagnostic performance of reg1α was evaluated and compared to C-reactive protein (CRP) using receiver operating characteristic analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 136 patients (85 with CD and 51 with UC) were finally included. Serum reg1α levels were significantly correlated with endoscopic activity. Patients in NMH group demonstrating markedly higher reg1α levels than those in MH group (92.6 vs. 55.5 ng/ml, p < 0.001). In UC, reg1α outperformed CRP in sensitivity (82.4% vs. 55.9%, p = 0.012) and accuracy (80.4% vs. 70.6%, p = 0.001) for monitoring MH. This superiority persisted in UC subgroups with non-or mild clinical symptoms. Combined index (reg1α + CRP) and multivariate model (incorporating clinical indices, reg1α and CRP) also enhanced sensitivity and accuracy over CRP alone in UC (all p < 0.05). However, reg1α showed no significantly higher efficacy in monitoring NMH compared to CRP in CD. In CRP-normal patients, patients with NMH had higher reg1α levels than those with MH in UC (77.6 vs. 49.8 ng/ml, p = 0.018), but not in CD.

CONCLUSION

Reg1α represents as a novel and sensitive biomarker of endoscopic disease activity in patients with UC, even in patients with non- or mild clinical symptoms or normal CRP levels.

Virome drift in ulcerative colitis patients: faecal microbiota transplantation results in minimal phage engraftment dominated by microviruses

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by recurrent colonic inflammation. Standard treatments focus on controlling inflammation but remain ineffective for one-third of patients. This underscores the need for alternative approaches, such as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which transfers healthy donor microbiota to patients. The role of viruses in this process, however, remains underexplored. To address this, we analyzed the gut virome using metagenomic sequencing of enriched viral particles from 320 longitudinal fecal samples of 44 patients enrolled in the RESTORE-UC FMT trial. Patients were treated with FMTs from healthy donors (allogenic, treatment) or themselves (autologous, control). We found that colonic inflammation, both its presence and location, had a greater impact on the gut virome than FMT itself. In autologous FMT patients, the virome was unstable and showed rapid divergence over time, a phenomenon we termed virome drift. In allogenic FMT patients, the virome temporarily shifted toward the healthy donor, lasting up to 5 weeks and primarily driven by microviruses. Notably, two distinct virome configurations were identified and linked to either healthy donors or patients. In conclusion, inflammation strongly affects the gut virome in UC patients, which may lead to instability and obstruct the engraftment of allogeneic FMT.

Verapamil inhibits TXNIP-dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome activation in an ulcerative colitis rat model: A new evolving role of the calcium channel blocker

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a long-term inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associated with significant morbidity. It is marked by inflammation and damage to the colon's mucosal lining. Studies have shown that NLRP3 inflammasome activation, apoptosis, and impaired autophagy are critical in its pathogenesis. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, has been found to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation in various preclinical models. However, the potential influence of verapamil on the TXNIP in UC remains unexplored. This study investigates the effects of verapamil on an UC rat model induced chemically by acetic acid. Verapamil effectively inhibited the TXNIP-NLRP3-caspase-1 axis, reducing inflammasome activation and the release of IL-1β and IL-18. Additionally, verapamil suppressed NFκB, the priming step of NLRP3 activation. The drug enhanced autophagic activity, as indicated by increased expression of LC3-II and Beclin-1, along with reduced LC3-I and mTOR expression. Moreover, it demonstrated anti-apoptotic effects mediated by regulating Bax and cleaved caspase-3. These molecular changes contributed to mucosal healing and improved microscopic and macroscopic outcomes in the colitis model. Furthermore, verapamil improved the colon weight-to-length ratio and disease activity scores and mitigated oxidative stress. As verapamil has been safely used in clinics to treat hypertension, our findings suggest it may be a safe therapeutic option for ameliorating inflammation and apoptosis and activating autophagy in UC pathology. Since hypertension demonstrates a strong association with UC, the use of verapamil merits particular attention in hypertensive patients fighting against IBD.

Heat shock transcription factor 2 reduces mitochondrial pathway apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells by inhibiting the increase in mitochondrial membrane permeability in ulcerative colitis

The destruction of intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier homeostasis caused by excessive apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is an important reason for the occurrence and development of ulcerative colitis (UC). The increase in mitochondrial membrane permeability caused by the opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a key link in the initiation of mitochondrial pathway apoptosis. Our previous studies revealed that heat shock transcription factor 2 (HSF2), which is highly expressed in the intestinal mucosa of UC patients, can inhibit the expression of the cytochrome C (Cyto-C)/Caspase-9/Caspase-3 proteins in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, but the regulatory mechanism is unknown. It has been reported that heat shock proteins regulated by heat shock transcription factors are closely related to mPTP opening. Therefore, we hypothesized that HSF2 affects mitochondrial pathway apoptosis in IECs by regulating mPTP opening. In this study, we altered the level of HSF2 in Caco-2 cells by lentivirus transfection to explore the changes in the mitochondrial membrane permeability of Caco-2 cells in an inflammatory environment. Subsequently, the mPTP agonist atractylorhizin (Atr) and inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA) were used to clarify the regulatory effects of HSF2 on mPTP and the Cyto-C/Caspase-9/Caspase-3 pathways. Our study confirmed for the first time that HSF2 plays a protective role in UC by inhibiting mPTP opening, the increase in mitochondrial membrane permeability and the activation of the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway in IECs.

A rare case of bronchial stenosis in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with increasing incidence worldwide. Though primarily affecting the digestive system, IBD can lead to extraintestinal manifestations, including rare respiratory complications.

CASE PRESENTATION

In our case report, we present the case of a 56-year-old woman with a history of UC and bronchiectasis who developed bronchial stenosis, manifesting as worsening cough and bronchospasm. Initial treatment with corticosteroids and biologic therapy was unsuccessful. The patient subsequently underwent bronchoscopic dilatation interventions, improving her bronchial stenosis and respiratory symptoms. Maintenance therapy with corticosteroids was initiated, while gentamicin was locally administered during the procedures to control infection due to high-load colonization by Pseudomonas.

CONCLUSION

This case underscores the importance of early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary treatment approach to managing complex IBD-related respiratory involvement. Future research on targeted therapies and personalized management strategies is needed to improve outcomes for patients with these rare complications.

Engineered Probiotics Enable Targeted Gut Delivery of Dual Gasotransmitters for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains an incurable condition, often accompanied by high rates of anxiety and depression, further diminishing the quality of life of patients. Endogenous gasotransmitters, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. However, their therapeutic application is limited by challenges in targeted delivery to affected tissues. Here, we propose a novel strategy for targeted gut delivery of CO/H2S through engineering Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) with CO/H2S-releasing copolymer (POSR) loading. This engineered probiotic (POSR@EcN) enhances EcN colonization in the intestine and enables controlled, localized release of CO/H2S at inflamed sites. The release of CO/H2S modulates inflammation, restores intestinal barrier integrity, and reshapes gut microbiota by promoting beneficial bacteria and increasing short-chain fatty acids production, effectively alleviating IBD symptoms. Notably, targeted CO/H2S delivery also elevates neuroprotective metabolites like indoleacetic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid, reducing neuroinflammation via the gut-brain axis and mitigating anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in IBD mice. This approach highlights the potential of EcN as a probiotic carrier for the targeted delivery of gasotransmitters, offering a promising strategy for IBD treatment.

Fueling the fire: colonocyte metabolism and its effect on the colonic epithelia

Colonic permeability is a major consequence of dysbiosis and diseases affecting the colon, further contributing to inflammation and extraintestinal diseases. Recent advances have shed light on the association between colonocyte energy utilization and the mechanisms that support epithelial function and homeostasis. One unifying theme is the induction of colonocyte hypoxia, driven by the aerobic oxidation of microbial-derived butyrate, as a critical factor promoting multiple cellular processes that support intestinal barrier function, mucus secretion, and the maintenance of synergistic luminal microbes. Particular attention will be focused on experimental evidence supporting beta-oxidation via activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ (PPAR) and upregulation and activation of processes that promote barrier function by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling. Growing evidence suggests that colonocyte energy utilization is tightly regulated and switches between beta-oxidation of butyrate and anaerobic glycolysis, the latter being associated with several disease states. As most of the primary literature associated with colonocyte energy utilization has focused on adult models, evidence supporting butyrate oxidation in the neonatal gut is lacking. Thus, this review details the current state of knowledge linking colonocyte substrate utilization to mechanisms supporting gut health, but also highlights the counterindications of colonic butyrate availability and utilization in developmental periods.

Altered gut microbiome-metabolite interactions link intestinal inflammation severity and MR enterography abnormalities in Crohn's disease

Altered gut microbiota‒metabolite interactions may result in intestinal inflammation severity variation in Crohn's disease (CD). Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) advances anti-inflammatory strategy development. We aimed to identify inflammation-related multiomics factors and MRE interactions for CD management, analyzing 425 CD patients and 42 healthy controls undergoing MRE, ileocolonoscopy, and fecal/blood sampling (microbiota/metabolite analyses), with intestinal inflammation categorized by MRE and ileocolonoscopy. Ruminococcus species were enriched in CD patients versus healthy controls, while Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus dominated moderate-severe versus no-mild inflammation groups, suggesting inflammation-level associations. Ruminococcus gauvreauii suppressed intestinal inflammation by regulating serum PC(O-34:3), ePE(38:6), and ceramides (all p < 0.05). Serum N-acetylneuraminic acid and guanidinoacetic acid correlated with intestinal morphological changes (e.g., MRE-detectable effusion and wall thickness) and inflammation severity (P ACME < 0.05). A link was established between microscopic microbiota-metabolite markers and macroscopic imaging of inflammatory features, which could offer valuable insights into inflammation management.

Bioinformatics analysis reveals shared molecular pathways for relationship between ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease, affecting the gastrointestinal tract and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Accumulating evidence indicates that IBD not only impacts the gastrointestinal tract but also affects multiple extraintestinal organs, which may manifest prior to the diagnosis of IBD. Among these extraintestinal manifestations associated with IBD, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) stands out as a prominent example. PSC is recognized as a progressive cholestatic disorder, characterized by the narrowing of bile ducts, eventual development of liver cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and the potential emergence of cholangiocarcinoma. This study aimed to identify the molecular contributors in UC-induced PSC by detecting the essential regulatory genes that are differentially expressed in both diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected using DisGeNET and GEO databases, respectively. Then, the top module and hub genes within the protein-protein interaction network were identified. Furthermore, the co-expression network of the top module was constructed using the HIPPIE database. Additionally, the gene regulatory network was constructed based on miRNAs and circRNAs. Finally, we searched the DGIdb database for possible interacting drugs with UC-PSC top module genes.

RESULTS

A total of 132 SNPs and their associated genes were found to be shared between UC and PSC. Gene expression analysis identified 56 common DEGs between the two diseases. Following functional enrichment analysis, 207 significant biological processes (BP), 48 molecular functions (MF), and 8 KEGG pathways, with notable enrichment in mRNA-related processes such as mRNA splicing and RNA binding, were defined. Particularly, the PTPN2 gene was the only gene common between UC and PSC at both the SNP level and the expression level. Additionally, the top cluster of PPI network analysis was consisted of PABPC1, SNRPA1, NOP56, NHP2L1, and HNRNPA2B1 genes. Finally, ceRNA network involving 4 mRNAs, 94 miRNAs, and 200 selected circRNAs was constructed.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides novel potential candidate genes that may be involved in the molecular association between ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, resulting in the development of diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets to prevent the progression of PSC from UC.

Magnetic resonance enterography to predict subsequent disabling Crohn's disease in newly diagnosed patients (METRIC-EF)-multivariable prediction model, multicentre diagnostic inception cohort

OBJECTIVES

Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is a first-line investigation to diagnose Crohn's disease (CD), but its role for prognostication is unknown. Accordingly, we assessed the predictive ability of prognostic models including MRE scores (MRE Global Score (MEGS), simplified MR Index of Activity (sMARIA), and Lémann index (LI)) against models using clinical predictors alone for the development of modified Beaugerie disabling CD (MBDD) within 5 years of diagnosis.

METHODS

This was a multicentre, diagnostic inception cohort of patients with newly diagnosed CD across 9 UK hospitals, followed for 4 years or more. We censored development of MBDD ≤ 90 days from diagnosis, and used time-to-event models using Royston-Parmer flexible parametric models.

RESULTS

We included 194 patients, median age 29, IQR 22-44 years, 52% female. Within 5 years of diagnosis, 42% (81/194) developed MBDD. In univariable analysis, initial steroid requirement was associated with increased risk of developing MBDD (HR 2.11 (95% CI 1.36, 3.26). The baseline clinical model had 49% (39, 60) sensitivity and 66% (57, 74) specificity for predicting the top 40% of patients with the greatest risk of developing MBDD, and 86% (77, 92) sensitivity and 35% (27, 45) specificity for predicting the development of MBDD in patients with an absolute risk of ≥ 10%. There was no significant difference in sensitivity when the MEGS, sMARIA, or LI were added to the baseline clinical model.

CONCLUSIONS

Addition of MRE scores at diagnosis to a multivariable model comprising clinical predictors did not improve prediction of MBDD within 5 years of diagnosis.

KEY POINTS

Question Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is important for diagnosing and monitoring Crohn's disease (CD), but primary research evaluating its prognostic role is lacking. Findings Adding MRE findings at diagnosis to a multivariable model comprising clinical predictors did not improve the prediction of disabling CD within 5 years of diagnosis. Clinical relevance When tested in a prospective, multicentre trial, current MRE activity and damage scores at diagnosis did not reliably predict whether patients would subsequently develop disabling CD. Notwithstanding this finding, MRE remains an essential tool for diagnosis and monitoring.

Therapeutic Potential and Translational Challenges for Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Despite the availability of numerous new immune-directed therapeutics, the major constituents of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD)-continue to afflict millions worldwide, resulting in significant morbidity and long-term health risks. IBD results from a triad of immune, environmental (eg, gut microbiome), and genetic (including epigenetic) mechanisms, and therefore has been subject to a wide variety of therapeutic strategies. Among these, the administration of probiotics, particularly Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB), targeting both immune and environmental factors, has shown promising potential for efficacy in selected populations in early clinical trials. However, knowledge gaps and inconsistent efficacy currently prevent recommendations for the use of probiotics in larger IBD patient populations. The inconsistent efficacy of probiotics is likely due to variable cell viability and potency after administration, further exacerbated by IBD patient heterogeneity. Thus, an alternative to live probiotics for IBD has emerged in the form of bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs)-cell-secreted nanovesicles containing abundant bioactive cargo that, like live probiotics, can regulate immune and environmental factors but with fewer viability limitations and safety concerns. In this review, we summarize the work done to date establishing the potential of BEVs to provide the therapeutic benefits in IBD and discuss the hurdles BEVs must overcome to achieve clinical translation. We also consider future directions for BEV therapeutics, especially treatment potential for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which shares similarities in pathophysiology with IBD.

Cytomegalovirus infection in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a prospective observational study

OBJECTIVES

The role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the course of inflammatory bowel disease is still controversial. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the course of ulcerative colitis in patients with exacerbation, in whom CMV status was examined using immunohistochemistry of bowel biopsies.

METHODS

In a single centre, we followed-up consecutive patients admitted for moderate or severe ulcerative colitis flare between 2016 and 2019. Colectomies, repeated hospitalisations, major treatment modifications, and quality of life (QoL) were recorded. The relationship between categorical variables was examined with the χ2 statistical test or Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS

Of 84 patients, 16 (19%) were CMV-positive. A Mayo endoscopic score of 3 was more frequent in CMV-positive than CMV-negative patients (81.2 vs. 51.5%; P = 0.048) as was corticosteroid treatment (81.2 vs. 54.4%; P = 0.015). Median follow-up was 2.1 years (range: 0.3-3.6 years). Colectomy was performed in 20 (23.8%) patients, with similar rates in CMV-positive (25%) and CMV-negative patients (23.5%; P = 1.0). Similarly, no differences were found in the frequency of hospitalisation and QoL. The percentage of patients who started biological treatment was higher in the CMV-negative than in the CMV-positive group (58.8 vs. 18.8%; P = 0.005).

CONCLUSION

CMV infection was present in 19% of consecutive patients hospitalised for ulcerative colitis flare. Corticosteroid treatment and severe endoscopic lesions were observed more often in patients with CMV-positive. In the following 2.1 years, the colectomy rate did not differ between patients with CMV-positive and CMV-negative. Routine screening for CMV in ulcerative colitis exacerbation is not advisable.

Incidence, Disease Burden, and Clinical Presentation of Patients Newly Diagnosed With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Population-Based Inception Cohort

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Emerging data indicate a stabilizing incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and IBD unclassified (IBDU) in Western countries. We aimed to investigate the incidence of IBD, its initial clinical presentation, and patient-reported burden.

METHODS

Copenhagen IBD Inception Cohort is a prospective, population-based cohort of patients with newly diagnosed IBD according to the ECCO guidelines in the period between May 2021 and May 2023, within a catchment area covering 20% of the Danish population.

RESULTS

Based on 554 patients (UC: 308, CD: 201, and IBDU: 18), the incidence rates per 100 000 person-years were as follows: IBD: 23.4 (95% confidence interval, 21.5-25.4), UC: 14.0 (12.6-15.6), CD: 8.6 (7.4-9.8), and IBDU: 0.8 (0.5-1.3). The median diagnostic delay was significantly shorter for UC (2.5 months [interquartile range {IQR} 1-6]) than for CD (5 months [IQR 1.5-11], p < 0.01). Moderate-to-severe disability was reported by 34% of CD patients and 22% of UC patients (p = 0.01), severe fatigue by 30% and 26% (p = 0.43), and severely impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by 43% and 30% of patients, respectively (p = 0.01). Hospitalization rates (UC: 20%, CD: 34%, p < 0.01), and need for immunomodulators, biologics, or surgery within 3 months of diagnosis, were high in both UC (3%, 7%, and 37%, respectively) and CD (31%, 18%, and 10%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

We found a high incidence of IBD in Copenhagen with a substantial disease burden characterized by early and high requirements for advanced therapies and high rates of fatigue, disability, and impaired HRQoL at diagnosis.

The mediating role of psychological inflexibility on internalized stigma and patient outcomes in a sample of adults with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND

This study examined the relationship between psychological inflexibility, internalized stigma, and patient outcomes in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It aimed to explore if psychological inflexibility mediated the relationship between internalized stigma and patient outcomes.

METHODS

Three hundred and eighty-two participants with IBD took part in a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted via an online survey from May to December 2020. Participants completed questionnaires that assessed psychological inflexibility, committed action, internalized stigma related to IBD, psychological distress, IBD self-efficacy, self-concealment, beliefs about emotions, and fatigue. Participants also completed a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire in addition to a bespoke Covid-19 questionnaire. Pearson's correlations and exploratory simple mediation analyses were used to examine relationships between variables and the mediating effect of psychological inflexibility.

RESULTS

40.5% of participants experienced internalized stigma. Higher psychological inflexibility was associated with higher internalized stigma, lower committed action, poorer health-related quality of life, lower IBD self-efficacy, higher self-concealment, higher fatigue, and more negative beliefs about emotions. Psychological inflexibility partially mediated the relationship between internalized stigma and several patient outcomes (psychological distress, IBD health-related quality of life, IBD self-efficacy, and self-concealment) and completely mediated the relationship between internalized stigma and fatigue.

CONCLUSION

Psychological inflexibility significantly impacts the quality of life in individuals with internalized stigma related to IBD and mediates the relationship between internalized stigma and patient outcomes. Increasing psychological flexibility in adults with IBD may reduce distress and enhance quality of life. Longitudinal studies and trials of psychological interventions targeting psychological flexibility warrant exploration.

Global, regional, and national burden of nutritional deficiencies spanning from 1990 to 2021, with a focus on the impacts observed during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background

The United Nations has recognized nutritional deficiencies as a critical health issue that necessitates urgent eradication. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution and temporal trends of the global disease burden associated with nutritional deficiencies and their four subtypes from 1990 to 2021, with a particular focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

This study primarily employs the most recent data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 to conduct a thorough analysis of the distribution trends of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with nutritional deficiencies and their four subtypes from 1990 to 2021, incorporating detailed subgroup analyses categorized by sex, age, and region. In comparison to the GBD 2019, the GBD 2021 update places a particular emphasis on supplementing disease burden data for the period of the COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2021). Furthermore, this study investigates the primary risk factors contributing to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) linked to nutritional deficiencies.

Results

Between 1990 and 2021, the global burden of nutritional deficiencies experienced a substantial decline, evidenced by a 54.9% reduction in the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), a 72.2% decrease in the age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and a 51.9% reduction in the age-standardized DALY rate. However, it is noteworthy that the burden of iodine deficiency (ASIR: 137.72 vs. 75.49; Age-standardized DALY rate: 35.43 vs. 19.98) and dietary iron deficiency (Age-standardized DALY rate: 597.97 vs. 253.05) is considerably greater in women than in men. Moreover, in regions characterized by a low social demographic index (SDI) and lower income levels, the burden of diseases associated with nutritional deficiencies remains substantial. In contrast, the COVID-19 pandemic has not markedly changed the epidemiological profile of nutritional deficiencies compared to the pre-2019 period, and the global burden of nutritional deficiencies has continued its gradual decline.

Conclusions

Despite a decline in the global burden of nutritional deficiencies over time, significant disparities related to gender, region, and age persist. Fortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a relatively limited impact on the global burden of nutritional deficiencies. Healthcare institutions must formulate more targeted strategies aimed at alleviating the adverse effects of nutritional deficiencies on global public health.

Bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating bacteria accelerate injury-induced mucosal healing in the colon

Host-microbiome communication is frequently perturbed in gut pathologies due to microbiome dysbiosis, leading to altered production of bacterial metabolites. Among these, 7α-dehydroxylated bile acids are notably diminished in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Herein, we investigated whether restoration of 7α-dehydroxylated bile acids levels by Clostridium scindens, a human-derived 7α-dehydroxylating bacterium, can reestablish intestinal epithelium homeostasis following colon injury. Gnotobiotic and conventional mice were subjected to chemically-induced experimental colitis following administration of Clostridium scindens. Colonization enhanced the production of 7α-dehydroxylated bile acids and conferred prophylactic and therapeutic protection against colon injury through epithelial regeneration and specification. Computational analysis of human datasets confirmed defects in intestinal cell renewal and differentiation in ulcerative colitis patients while expression of genes involved in those pathways showed a robust positive correlation with 7α-dehydroxylated bile acid levels. Clostridium scindens administration could therefore be a promising biotherapeutic strategy to foster mucosal healing following colon injury by restoring bile acid homeostasis.

Developing IBD counsellors in low- and middle-income countries: bridging gaps in patient care

The global burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is progressively increasing, with a particularly sharp rise in newly industrialized and resource-limited settings. These regions face unique and pressing challenges in IBD care, including a shortage of trained specialists, delayed or missed diagnoses, financial and geographic barriers to access, and the persistent stigma surrounding the disease. Furthermore, cultural dynamics; especially the prominent role of family in healthcare decisions; profoundly influence patient engagement, treatment adherence, and overall outcomes. However, current healthcare models and global guidelines are largely shaped by Western systems that prioritize individual patient autonomy and may not fully align with the sociocultural realities of resource-limited settings. This viewpoint aims to highlight the need for culturally contextualized, scalable solutions to improve IBD care. Specifically, we propose the development and integration of IBD counsellors as a novel and pragmatic approach to bridge existing gaps in care. These counsellors, trained in the nuances of IBD and sensitive to local sociocultural norms, can serve as critical intermediaries; facilitating communication among patients, families, and providers; supporting adherence and follow-up; and offering tailored psychosocial and dietary guidance. By presenting this model, we seek to stimulate discourse around innovative, culturally adaptive strategies and advocate for policy-level recognition and investment to promote health equity in IBD care globally.

Association of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours With Incident Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

The combined effects of some modifiable lifestyle factors on incident inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are uncertain.

AIMS

To evaluate the combined association between healthy lifestyle behaviours and IBD incidence.

METHODS

This population-based prospective cohort study used data from the UK Biobank. We included 105,715 participants aged 40-70 who had no IBD diagnosis at baseline in the analyses. The five healthy lifestyle behaviours that we studied were never smoking, optimal sleep, high level of vigorous physical activity, high dietary quality, and moderate alcohol intake. The outcome was the overall incidence of IBD and individual incidences of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). We derived hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations.

RESULTS

The multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CI) associated with having 1, 2 and 3-5 healthy lifestyle behaviours for IBD incidence compared with those with none of these behaviours were 0.75 (0.59-0.97), 0.72 (0.56-0.92), and 0.50 (0.37-0.68), respectively (p for trend < 0.001). We observed similar findings for CD and UC. Only never smoking exhibited significant independent inverse associations with the overall incidence of IBD (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.58-0.83, p < 0.001) and the incidence of UC (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.48-0.72, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Healthy lifestyle behaviours are significantly associated with lower IBD incidence in middle-aged and elderly individuals, suggesting the potential of lifestyle modifications as a primary prevention strategy for IBD.

Global prevalence of biologic drugs use in inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

Biologics are increasingly essential in managing inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) worldwide, as they can modify disease progression and improve patients' quality of life. This study aimed to analyze the global prevalence of and geographic variations in the use of biological drugs for IBD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Articles published up to 21 July 2024, were identified from the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, IBECS, WPRIM, BRISA/RedETSA and LILACS databases. Population-based studies (cohort, case-control and cross-sectional) and studies using administrative databases with data on the prevalence of biological medicine use in patients with IBD were included. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. Estimates were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis, whereas heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and I2.

RESULTS

Of the 8239 titles, 68 (n = 3,482,385 patients) were included. An increase in the number of studies on the subject has been reported since 2017, and these studies have been mostly concentrated in high-income countries. A 15.06% (95% CI 11.84-18.28%) prevalence of biologic use in IBD worldwide was reported, predominantly concentrated in the use of anti-TNF agents 15.01% (95% CI 10.35-19.67%). Furthermore, patients with Crohn's disease (CD) had a greater prevalence of biologic use (21.41%; 95% CI 16.31-26.50%) than ulcerative colitis (UC) patients (9.70%; 95% CI 6.20-13.18%).

CONCLUSIONS

Further studies using population-based and administrative data and stratifying their analyses by disease type are required to confirm our findings. Future studies should be conducted in Latin America, Asia and Africa.

Bespoke plant glycoconjugates for gut microbiota-mediated drug targeting

The gut microbiota of mammals possess unique metabolic pathways with untapped therapeutic potential. Using molecular insights into dietary fiber metabolism by the human gut microbiota, we designed a targeted drug delivery system based on bespoke glycoconjugates of a complex plant oligosaccharide called GlycoCaging. GlycoCaging of exemplar anti-inflammatory drugs enabled release of active molecules triggered by unique glycosidases of autochthonous gut bacteria. GlycoCaging ensured drug efficacy was potentiated, and off-target effects were eliminated in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Biochemical and metagenomic analyses of gut microbiota of individual humans confirmed the broad applicability of this strategy.

Mechanistic Implications of the Mediterranean Diet in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Crohn's Disease: Multiomic Results From a Prospective Cohort

BACKGROUND & AIMS

To decipher the mechanisms underlying the protective role of the Mediterranean diet (MED) in Crohn's disease (CD), we explored the implications of adherence to MED on CD course, inflammatory markers, and microbial and metabolite composition.

METHODS

Patients with newly diagnosed CD were recruited and followed prospectively. MED adherence was assessed by repeated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) using a predefined inflammatory bowel disease Mediterranean diet score (IBDMED score), alongside validated MED adherence screeners. Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI), C-reactive protein, fecal calprotectin, and microbial composition (16S-ribosomal RNA sequencing) were assessed each visit. Baseline serum and fecal samples were analyzed for targeted quantitative metabolomics.

RESULTS

Consecutive patients: 271 (52% men, average age 31 ± 12 years, B1 phenotype 75%). FFQs collected: 636 (range 1-5 FFQs per patient). Adherence to MED was associated with a noncomplicated CD course, and inversely correlated with CDAI, fecal calprotectin, C-reactive protein, and microbial dysbiosis index (all P < .05). Increasing adherence to MED over time correlated with reduced CDAI and inflammatory markers (P < .05). Adherence to MED correlated with a microbial cluster of commensals and short-chain fatty acid producers including Faecalibacterium, and with plant metabolites, vitamin derivatives, and amino acids. Conversely, adherence to MED inversely correlated with a cluster of oral genera, Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus, known CD-associated species, and with tryptophan metabolites, ceramides, and primary bile acids (false discovery rate < 0.2).

CONCLUSION

Adherence to MED is associated with beneficial clinical outcomes and decreased inflammatory markers. These may be driven by lower levels of primary bile acids and microbial dysbiosis and a beneficial microbial and metabolite composition. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the role of MED in CD management.

A bibliometric analysis of inflammatory bowel disease research in the Arab world

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to increase worldwide, including in the Arab world. This study investigates IBD research output in Arab countries from 2009 to 2023, alongside prevalence and incidence trends.

METHODS

We utilized bibliometric analysis with data from Clarivate Analytics, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, and the World Bank. We compared the research output, citation impact, and funding across 22 Arab countries with global averages. Spearman's correlation examined relationships between IBD publications and prevalence, incidence rates, gross domestic product (GDP), and population size.

RESULTS

Between 2009 and 2023, Arab countries produced 1004 IBD-related publications (2.9% of global output), with Saudi Arabia (37.7%) and Egypt (27.5%) being the leading countries. The median IBD incidence rose from 2.42 to 3.06 per 100,000, with the prevalence increasing from 28.93 to 33.95 per 100,000 from 2009 to 2019. Arab IBD research had a citation impact of 14.49 compared to the global average of 23.98. Funded research constituted 18.7% of Arab publications, lower than the global rate of 32.4%. We found positive correlations between IBD publication counts and prevalence (r s = 0.753), incidence rates (r s = 0.734), and GDP (r s = 0.782), all with P < 0.001. Population size showed a nonsignificant correlation (r s = 0.371, P = 0.090) with IBD publication counts.

CONCLUSIONS

Arab nations contribute 2.9% of global IBD research, with lower citation impact and funding than the global average. Enhanced local support is crucial to improving research impact and addressing the rising prevalence of IBD in the Arab world.

The impact of ethnicity on delays in initiating advanced therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

OBJECTIVES

Prompt initiation of advanced therapy medications, encompassing biologics and small-molecule treatments, is crucial for the effective management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The time taken from the decision to start an advanced therapy to the first administration, or time to advanced therapy (TAT), can vary significantly between individuals and negatively affect disease course; however, our knowledge of the causes of variation in TAT is poor. We aimed to investigate the impact of demographic factors on delays in TAT.

METHODS

A retrospective study, conducted at a tertiary IBD referral centre, analysed electronic patient records of 1298 patients with IBD, and collected data on the TAT for their index advanced therapy. The variables studied included disease type, treatment, age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, using index of multiple deprivation. Multiple negative binomial regression was performed to assess the relative effects of these variables on TAT.

RESULTS

TAT was significantly longer in the non-White ethnicity group (P = 0.039). Patients of Black ethnicity had an incident rate ratio (IRR) of 1.46 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.95], for mixed ethnicity IRR = 1.26 (95% CI: 0.77-2.05) and for Asian IRR = 1.17 (95% CI: 0.96-1.41) compared with White patients. Adalimumab was also associated with a longer TAT (P ≤ 0.001; IRR = 1.37; 95% CI: 0.95-1.96).

CONCLUSION

Non-White ethnicity is associated with a longer TAT, as is treatment with adalimumab which may be because of outsourcing of medication supply. Further research on the causes and strategies to address this health disparity is required.

IBD-related disability among patients with ulcerative colitis in China: a cross-sectional study

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can lead to physical, psychological, and social disabilities among patients.

Objectives

To evaluate the disability level in a cross-sectional study of Chinese patients with UC and identify factors associated with disability.

Design

This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods

Between April 2022 and March 2023, UC patients from the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine responded to questionnaires including the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Disability Index (IBD-DI), Fatigue Severity Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. In addition, demographic characteristics and clinical data of the patients were collected. Associated factors were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results

A total of 345 patients completed the questionnaires. The median (interquartile range) IBD-DI score was 16.2 (9.6-26.5), and the overall prevalence of disability was 39.7%. IBD-DI correlated with Mayo score, fatigue, anxiety, depression, hemoglobin (HGB), albumin (ALB), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Furthermore, the self-reported disability (IBD-DI > 20) was associated with lower BMI, active UC, disease severity of moderate and severe, disease location of left-sided UC (E2), using corticosteroids or biologics for treatment, Mayo score, fatigue, depression, anxiety, HGB, ALB, complement 3 (C3), and ESR. Notably, lower BMI, higher Mayo score, fatigue, and depression were identified as independent risk factors of disability in UC patients.

Conclusion

This study revealed a significant level of disability among the Chinese UC population. Several clinical factors were identified to affect the level of disability, notably the risk factors including BMI, disease severity, fatigue, and depression.

Frailty Prevalence and Evaluation of the FRAIL Scale Questionnaire in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) predisposes individuals to frailty, linked with adverse outcomes. While the Fried Frailty Index (FFI) is a well-established phenotypic tool to assess frailty, its administration is cumbersome. The FRAIL scale, simpler but not widely used in patients with IBD, presents an alternative. We aimed to assess the prevalence of frailty and compare the FRAIL scale with the FFI.

METHODS

A cohort of patients with IBD underwent assessment using both the FFI and the FRAIL scale. Patients were categorized as non-frail, pre-frail, or frail. The primary outcome was frailty prevalence, while secondary outcomes included comparison of FFI and FRAIL scale and associations between frailty and disease-related factors. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and ROC curve analysis using SPSS v27, with p < 0.05 indicating significance.

RESULTS

Among participants (53.5% female, median age 44), 37% were non-frail, 50% pre-frail, and 13% frail. The FRAIL scale exhibited strong correlation with the FFI for all three categories. Age showed no significant association with frailty. Frail individuals displayed higher inflammatory markers and more severe clinical disease, with frailty more prevalent in patients with UC than CD. Frail individuals also exhibited lower hemoglobin, creatinine, and albumin levels.

CONCLUSION

Frailty and pre-frailty are prevalent in patients with IBD and not necessarily linked with older age. The FRAIL scale demonstrated excellent correlation with the FFI, offering a practical tool for identifying frailty in IBD without physical measurements. Future studies should explore multivariable models incorporating frailty risk factors and interventions to mitigate adverse outcomes in patients with IBD.

Healthcare transition and inflammatory bowel disease: the challenges experienced by young adults after transfer from paediatric to adult health services

In recent years, there has been a steady increase in research on healthcare transition for patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). However, the focus has been mainly on preparing young people for the transfer to adult health services. Consequently, there is limited information on the post-transfer challenges and perspectives of these young patients, as they also transition into young adulthood. A qualitative study was conducted using in-depth semi-structured interviews to explore the post-transfer experiences of 12 young adults (18-25 years old) with paediatric-onset IBD. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Four over-arching themes were generated, describing the numerous and diverse post-transfer challenges experienced by participants: Living with IBD, Psychosocial Adversity, Maintaining Wellbeing, and Adjusting to Adult Health Services. The symptom impact was discussed extensively, especially in relation to fatigue. Numerous non-IBD psychosocial stresses were reported, whilst illness-related stressors were mentioned to a lesser extent. Participants demonstrated a pragmatic acceptance of the necessity for medication, however barriers to adherence persisted. The limited use of strategies to manage stress and negative emotions was highlighted, as was the continued reliance on parental support. The move to adult health services was initially confronting, however, participants eventually adjusted. Healthcare transition interventions which extend beyond the current preparatory paediatric focus are required, to provide ongoing age-appropriate, post-transfer support for young people, as they encounter the challenges of young adulthood, whilst living with IBD.

Magnetite Micro/Nanorobots for Efficient Targeted Alleviation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Millions of people worldwide have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Self-driven micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are efficient in the treatment of IBD. However, their lack of controllability regarding direction of motion in the organism and their inability to achieve continuous navigation limits their further application. In this study, polydopamine is wrapped around the magnetite surface, loaded with an anti-inflammatory drug resveratrol, and wrapped with pH-responsive sodium alginate to obtain magnetic MNRs. MNRs can be driven by magnetic fields to achieve directional movement and targeted transportation. In addition, MNRs can effectively remove reactive oxygen species from the inflammation site, repair intestinal damage, inhibit the cellular pathway of pro-inflammatory factors, such as MAPK and NF-κB pathways, and restore intestinal flora, thereby relieving IBDs. MNRs are safe and effective for in vivo treatment of IBD and have proven to be a promising therapeutic platform. This MNRs therapeutic strategy provides new insights into comprehensive IBD therapy.

Age-specific trends in colorectal, appendiceal, and anal tumour incidence by histological subtype in Australia from 1990 to 2020: a population-based time-series analysis

Background

Early-onset bowel cancer incidence (age <50 years) has increased worldwide and is highest in Australia, but how this varies across histology and anatomical site remains unclear. We aimed to investigate appendiceal, proximal colon, distal colon, rectal, and anal cancer incidence trends by age and histology in Australia.

Methods

Cancer incidence rate data were obtained from all Australian cancer registries (1990-2020 period). Birth cohort-specific incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and annual percentage change in rates were estimated using age-period-cohort modelling and joinpoint regression.

Findings

After excluding neuroendocrine neoplasms, early-onset cancer incidence rose 5-9% annually, yielding 5,341 excess cases (2 per 100,000 person-years; 12% appendix, 45% colon, 36% rectum, 7% anus; 20-214% relative increase). Trends varied by site, period, and age: appendiceal cancer rose from 1990-2020 in 30-49-year-olds; colorectal cancers rose from around 1990-2010 in 20-29-year-olds and from 2010-2020 in 30-39-year-olds; anal cancer rose from 1990-2009 in 40-49-year-olds. Across all sites, IRRs increased with successive birth cohorts since 1960. Notably, adenocarcinoma incidence in the 1990s versus 1950s birth cohort was 2-3-fold for colorectum and 7-fold for appendix. The greatest subtype-specific increases occurred for appendiceal mucinous adenocarcinoma, colorectal non-mucinous adenocarcinoma, and anal squamous cell carcinoma. Only later-onset (age ≥50) colorectal and anal adenocarcinoma rates declined. Appendiceal tumours, neuroendocrine neoplasms (all sites), anorectal squamous cell carcinomas, and colon signet ring cell carcinomas rose across early-onset and later-onset strata.

Interpretation

Appendiceal, colorectal, and anal cancer incidence is rising in Australia with variation across age and histology, underscoring the need to identify factors driving these trends.

Funding

ALM is supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship, Rowden White Scholarship, and WP Greene Scholarship. DDB is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Investigator grant (GNT1194896), a University of Melbourne Dame Kate Campbell Fellowship, and by funding awarded to The Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR, www.coloncfr.org) from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH) [award U01 CA167551]. MAJ is supported by an NHMRC Investigator grant (GNT1195099), a University of Melbourne Dame Kate Campbell Fellowship, and by funding awarded to the CCFR from NCI, NIH [award U01 CA167551].

Shaping the future of inflammatory bowel disease: a global research agenda for better management and public health response

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a growing global health challenge affecting more than 7 million people worldwide. With increasing prevalence across all age groups, including children and adolescents, IBD places substantial strain on health-care systems and society, resulting in high direct medical costs, lost productivity and reduced quality of life. Despite therapeutic advances, suboptimal disease control and delays in timely diagnosis and adequate treatment persist. Regional disparities in health-care access contribute to these challenges, especially in low-income countries. Addressing these inequities is crucial for improving global IBD outcomes. Using a Delphi methodology, experts from clinical care, research, public health and advocacy (including patient representation) identified priorities across six domains (37 statements in total): epidemiology, care models, treatment strategies, education and awareness, patient and community engagement, and leadership to promote health equity. These priorities emphasize quantifying the burden of IBD, addressing health-care disparities, validating care models, exploring novel treatments, advancing education, engaging patients and advocating for health equity policies. The comprehensive approach seeks to optimize care models, promote patient engagement and ensure equitable access to health care. The identified priorities serve as a guide for both clinical and non-clinical researchers, and funders dedicated to IBD-related initiatives, fostering international collaboration to improve IBD management and reduce its impact globally.

MyD88-mediated signaling in intestinal fibroblasts regulates macrophage antimicrobial defense and prevents dysbiosis in the gut

Fibroblasts that reside in the gut mucosa are among the key regulators of innate immune cells, but their role in the regulation of the defense functions of macrophages remains unknown. MyD88 is suggested to shape fibroblast responses in the intestinal microenvironment. We found that mice lacking MyD88 in fibroblasts showed a decrease in the colonic antimicrobial defense, developing dysbiosis and aggravated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. These pathological changes were associated with the accumulation of Arginase 1+ macrophages with low antimicrobial defense capability. Mechanistically, the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and CCL2 downstream of MyD88 was critically involved in fibroblast-mediated support of macrophage antimicrobial function, and IL-6/CCL2 neutralization resulted in the generation of macrophages with decreased production of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and impaired bacterial clearance. Collectively, these findings revealed a critical role of fibroblast-intrinsic MyD88 signaling in regulating macrophage antimicrobial defense under colonic homeostasis, and its disruption results in dysbiosis, predisposing the host to the development of intestinal inflammation.

CT imaging of and therapy for inflammatory bowel disease via low molecular weight dextran coated ceria nanoparticles

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects approximately 3.1 million individuals in the U.S., causing deleterious symptoms such as bloody diarrhea and leading to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Effective imaging is crucial for diagnosing and managing IBD, as it allows for accurate assessment of disease severity, guides treatment decisions, and monitors therapeutic responses. Computed tomography (CT) with contrast agents is the gold standard for imaging the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, current agents are less effective in obese patients and lack specificity for inflamed regions associated with IBD. Moreover, IBD treatments often have limited efficacy and do not address the role of oxidative stress in IBD progression. This study explores dextran-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles (Dex-CeNP) as a CT contrast agent and therapeutic for IBD, leveraging cerium's superior K-edge energy profile, dextran's inflammation-specific targeting, and cerium oxide's antioxidant properties. Herein, we synthesized Dex-CeNP formulations using 5, 10, 25, and 40 kDa dextran to explore the effect of dextran coating molecular weight. In vitro assays showed formulation biocompatibility and demonstrated that 5 kDa Dex-CeNP had the highest catalytic activity, which translated into improved suppression of inflammation. As a result, this formulation was selected for in vivo use. In vivo CT imaging of mice subjected to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis showed that Dex-CeNP provided better contrast in the GIT of mice with colitis compared to iopamidol (ISO), with pronounced attenuation in the large intestine and disease- specific retention at 24 h. Additionally, Dex-CeNP significantly decreased Disease Activity Index (DAI) scores, and diminished gastrointestinal bleeding when compared with a currently approved drug, indicating that it is an effective treatment for colitis. Studies also revealed that the Dex-CeNPs were safe and well-excreted following administration. In summary, Dex-CeNP has significant promise as a dual-purpose agent for CT imaging and treatment of IBD.

SIAE-Mediated Loss of Sialic Acid Acetylation Contributes to Ulcerative Colitis

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC) disrupts the colon's protective mucus layer, exposing the epithelium to bacteria and triggering inflammation. This barrier, crucial for intestinal health, depends on complex glycosylation, notably sialic acid modifications. However, the precise role of sialic acid acetylation and the enzyme SIAE (sialic acid acetylesterase) in UC pathogenesis remains unclear. This study investigates the role of glycosylation changes, specifically sialic acid de-acetylation, in UC progression.

Methods

Tissue samples were obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. HT-29 cells were utilized to investigate the molecular mechanisms of SIAE in UC pathogenesis. Mass spectrometry was performed to analyze differences in protein and glycoprotein expression. Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to examine SIAE protein expression changes during inflammation. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence were employed to determine the effects of SIAE on sialic acid levels and mucosal immunity.

Results

In this study, we characterized proteins and glycoproteins from patient tissues with UC, finding that sialic acid acetylesterase (SIAE) is upregulated in UC. HT-29 cells exposed to TNF-α induced an inflammatory response with a 5-fold increased expression of SIAE and NEU1 when TNF-α was at a concentration of 100 ng/mL. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed a reduction in acetylation on glycans and glycoproteins, while confocal microscopy confirmed a decrease in sialic acid on the cell surface. Gene expression analysis showed that CDH1, CTNND1, and ITGA8 were significantly downregulated in HT-29 cells stimulated by TNF-α, suggesting a reduction in cell-cell adhesion. SNA lectin-confocal microscopy revealed a reduction of sialic acid on HT-29 cells in TNF-α-induced UC cell models.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that SIAE is significantly upregulated in ulcerative colitis (UC) tissues and TNF-α-stimulated HT-29 cells, leading to a marked reduction in sialic acid acetylation and cell surface sialic acid levels. These changes correlate with decreased expression of cell adhesion molecules, suggesting a disruption of the mucosal barrier integrity. Consequently, SIAE-mediated sialic acid de-acetylation emerges as a critical factor in UC pathogenesis, potentially serving as both a valuable biomarker and a promising therapeutic target.

Cytomegalovirus infection initiates inflammatory bowel disease by activating a positive MyD88/NF-κB feedback loop in allogeneic skin transplantation mice

Infection with the cytomegalovirus (CMV) is common. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. CMV infection is involved in IBD pathogenesis. The abnormal activation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, which results in inflammatory cytokine overexpression, is an important factor in IBD pathogenesis. The present study aimed to examine the effect of CMV infection on NF-κB activation and its role in IBD pathogenesis. Since BALB/c rather than C57BL/6 mice belong to the murine CMV (MCMV) susceptible strain, allogeneic skin transplantation was conducted between MyD88 (+/+) or MyD88-knockout Myd88 (-/-) BALB/c (recipient) mice and C57BL/6 (donor) mice. Thereafter, the immune function of the recipient mice was reduced by immunosuppressant cyclosporine, which is meaningful in the pathogenesis of IBD caused by MCMV in immunocompromised mice. MCMV strain K181-eGFP (eGFP K181) or hMIEP-eGFP K181 (knockout MCMV IE1-3 promoter) was used to infect MyD88 (+/+) BALB/c mice while eGFP K181 was also used to infect MyD88 (-/-) BALB/c mice on day 14 post allogeneic skin transplantation. MCMV DNA was detected via nested polymerase chain reaction. Hematoxylin-Eosin staining was used to assess colon necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, flagellin, lipopolysaccharide, and myeloperoxidase were detected by ELISA and immune reaction. Immunoblots were applied to measure protein levels. eGFP K181 infection significantly induced colon permeability, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and inflammation in allogeneic skin transplantation mice. hMIEP-eGFP K181 infection significantly inhibited colon permeability, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and inflammation compared with eGFP K181 infection in allogeneic skin transplantation mice. Moreover, the MyD88-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in the pathogenesis of eGFP K181-induced colon permeability and inflammation in allogeneic skin transplantation mice. Our findings highlight the importance of CMV infection and the Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway in IBD and might provide a new direction for the development of drugs for IBD.

Development and Validation of Predictive Models for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis: A Machine Learning and Nomogram-Based Approach

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, incurable gastrointestinal disease without a gold standard for diagnosis. This study aimed to develop predictive models for diagnosing IBD, Crohn's disease (CD), and Ulcerative colitis (UC) by combining two approaches: machine learning (ML) and traditional nomogram models.

Methods

 Cohorts 1 and 2 comprised data from the UK Biobank (UKB), and the First Hospital of Jilin University, respectively, which represented the initial laboratory tests upon admission for 1135 and 237 CD patients, 2192 and 326 UC patients, and 1798 and 298 non-IBD patients. Cohorts 1 and 2 were used to create predictive models. The parameters of the machine learning model established by Cohorts 1 and 2 were merged, and nomogram models were developed using Logistic regression. Cohort 3 collected initial laboratory tests from 117 CD patients, 197 UC patients, and 241 non IBD patients at a tertiary hospital in different regions of China for external testing of three nomogram models.

Results

For Cohort 1, ML-IBD-1, ML-CD-1 and ML-UC-1 models developed using the LightGBM algorithm demonstrated exceptional discrimination (ML-IBD-1: AUC = 0.788; ML-CD-1: AUC = 0.772; ML-UC-1: AUC = 0.841). For Cohort 2, ML-IBD-2, ML-CD-2, and ML-UC-2 models developed using XGBoost and Logistic Regression algorithms demonstrated exceptional discrimination (ML-IBD-2: AUC = 0.894; ML-CD-2: AUC = 0.932; ML-UC-2: AUC = 0.778). The nomogram model exhibits good diagnostic capability (nomogram-IBD: AUC=0.778, 95% CI (0.688-0.868); nomogram-CD: AUC=0.744, 95% CI (0.710-0.778); nomogram-UC, AUC=0.702, 95% CI (0.591-0.814)). The predictive ability of the three models was validated in cohort 3 (nomogram-IBD: AUC=0.758, 95% CI (0.683-0.832); nomogram-CD: AUC=0.791, 95% CI (0.717-0.865); nomogram-UC, AUC=0.817, 95% CI (0.702-0.932)).

Conclusion

This study utilized three cohorts and developed risk prediction models for IBD, CD, and UC with good diagnostic capability, based on conventional laboratory data using ML and nomogram.

Plasma Metabolite Profiles Linked to EAT-Lancet Diet and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study From UK Biobank

The EAT-Lancet Commission recommends a sustainable, health-focused diet, but its impact on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and metabolic mechanisms remains unclear. This study explores the association between the EAT-Lancet diet and IBD risk. We included 187 558 participants from the UK Biobank, free from IBD at baseline. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 24-h dietary recall, and an EAT-Lancet diet score was calculated. Incident IBD cases were identified through primary care, hospital data, and death registries. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Over a mean follow-up of 13.15 years, 571 cases of Crohn's disease (CD) and 1066 of ulcerative colitis (UC) were recorded. HRs per 1-point increase in the EAT-Lancet score were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91-0.98) for IBD, 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91-1.00) for UC, and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.87-0.98) for CD. Seven metabolites were identified as mediators, accounting for 10.7% of the association. Greater adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet was associated with a trend toward reduced IBD risk, with identified metabolites mediating this association. These findings emphasize the nutritional relevance of the EAT-Lancet diet in reducing IBD risk.

Fluxapyroxad induces chronic colonic inflammation via inhibiting intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptors in mice

Fluxapyroxad, the most extensively utilized succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide, lacks comprehensive research on potential risks associated with chronic toxicity. To investigate its effects on chronic colonic inflammation and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, a mouse model was employed to assess oral exposure to fluxapyroxad at no observed adverse effect level (NOEL) for 13 weeks, in vitro and in silico models were utilized as well. The results revealed reduced body weight gain, colon length reduction, crypt damage, goblet cell loss in the colon, impaired intestinal barrier integrity, and an elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α following fluxapyroxad exposure in mice. These findings suggested that fluxapyroxad induced chronic colonic inflammation. Furthermore, fluxapyroxad decreased interleukin 22 levels and antibacterial peptide secretion by inhibiting Aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) activation, which was confirmed in vitro experiments. Molecular docking analysis indicated that fluxapyroxad spontaneously formed halogen bonds and bound hydrophobic interactions with AhR, which might act as an AhR inhibitor. These results indicated that AhR inhibition may represent one of the primary mechanisms for chronic colonic inflammation induced by fluxapyroxad exposure. This study shed light on the association between low acute pesticide exposure to fluxapyroxad and chronic colonic inflammation development while contributing to pesticide safety assessment.

Limitations in real-world telemonitoring applicability in gastroenterology and hepatology: a systematic review

Objective

Telemonitoring has the potential to improve healthcare delivery. While the field continues to develop, ensuring interventions are accessible across disease populations is essential for successful clinical translation. This systematic review of telemonitoring aims to understand the generalisability of study findings in the distinctly different patient cohorts of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and decompensated cirrhosis, focusing on differences in sociodemographic characteristics.

Design/method

Relevant studies were identified by searching Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases from 2013 to January 2024. A narrative review was conducted.

Results

27 studies with 3806 patients were included. IBD-based studies predominated (n=23, 85%) with four (15%) studies in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. All studies were undertaken in high-income economies. While age and gender were documented in most studies, only 11% documented ethnicity, 33% documented socioeconomic status and 33% documented education status. Substance misuse with alcohol, smoking or other illicit drugs was documented in 7%. Multiple languages were available in 15% of studies. There was significant heterogeneity in endpoints used across studies investigating interventions in both patient cohorts.

Conclusions

This systematic review demonstrates the lack of reporting in critical demographic domains with significant heterogeneity in study design and endpoints across both disease processes. This potentially limits the use of telemonitoring outside of a trial setting. To improve real-world implementation and reduce the impact of health inequalities, it is critical that a consensus is reached for minimum reporting standards for telemedicine interventions.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42024497369.

Biosimilars versus biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: challenges and targeting strategies using drug delivery systems

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial illness with a climbing prevalence worldwide. While biologics are commonly prescribed especially for severe cases, they may worsen patients' outcomes due to financial burden. Consequently, there has been an increased focus on biosimilars to improve overall disease outcomes by maintaining similar efficacy and safety while minimizing the cost of therapy. Infliximab-dyyb was the first biosimilar approved by US-FDA for IBD. Since that, the US-FDA approved 14 biosimilars with different mechanisms of action and different routes of administration for IBD patients (four infliximab biosimilars, nine adalimumab biosimilars, and most recently one ustekinumab biosimilar). It should be noted that more biologics are in the pipeline as golimumab and natalizumab patents are set to expire in the near future, and biosimilars are now in pre-clinical to phase 3 trials. Different studies have evaluated biologics' effectiveness and safety and concluded that the majority of available biosimilars are efficacious and have similar adverse effect profiles compared to their reference biologics. It is worth mentioningthat post-marketing surveillance reports revealed some risks associated with biosimilars which should be taken into consideration in future research and clinical trials to avoid health hazards. Most biologics and biosimilars are administered parenterally which results in several drawbacks such as raised risk of infections, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, development of malignancies, liver toxicity as well as worsening of heart failure. Several drug delivery systems based on passive and active targeting mechanisms are under active investigation to overcome these limitations. This review sheds light on the emergence of biologics and biosimilars as alternatives in IBD management, the differences between them, challenges and risks, and future perspectives in IBD therapy and new trends in drug delivery systems.

Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis elevated risk of end-stage renal disease and mortality: A Taiwan retrospective cohort study

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoinflammatory disease which may affect extraintestinal organs, including kidney. However, rare research showed that patients with IBD have higher risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Furthermore, lack of studies compared the potential risk of ESRD and mortality among patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD). We conducted a nationwide cohort study using the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan, from January 2008 to December 2018. A total of 3204 patients diagnosed with IBD were enrolled. IBD cases were identified through the presence of a catastrophic illness certificate, including CD and UC. The study outcomes were the incidence of ESRD and mortality. ESRD diagnosis required a serious illness certificate and was identified using the corresponding ICD-10-CM codes. Mortality was recorded in the Taiwan Death Registry linked with the National Health Insurance database, Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk factors for ESRD and mortality among IBD patients. CD patients had a significantly higher risk of ESRD (adjust hazard ratio: 2.32, 95% confidence interval: 1.28-4.18) and mortality (adjust hazard ratio: 1.80, 95% confidence interval: 1.37-2.35) compared to healthy individuals. UC patients showed no difference in the risk of ESRD compared to healthy individuals. Instead, among IBD patients, UC poses a relatively lower risk for ESRD compared to other factors like age and other comorbidities. Elevated risk of ESRD and mortality was only noted in patients with CD but not UC. Surprisingly, UC patients had lower risk of ESRD and mortality than CD patients. These findings highlight distinctive patterns of risk associated with CD and UC, emphasizing the importance of considering disease subtype when assessing outcomes such as ESRD and mortality.

Genomic prediction with kinship-based multiple kernel learning produces hypothesis on the underlying inheritance mechanisms of phenotypic traits

BACKGROUND

Genomic prediction encompasses the techniques used in agricultural technology to predict the genetic merit of individuals towards valuable phenotypic traits. It is related to Genome Interpretation in humans, which models the individual risk of developing disease traits. Genomic prediction is dominated by linear mixed models, such as the Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP), which computes kinship matrices from SNP array data, while Genome Interpretation applications to clinical genetics rely mainly on Polygenic Risk Scores.

RESULTS

In this article, we exploit the positive semidefinite characteristics of the kinship matrices that are conventionally used in GBLUP to propose a novel Genomic Multiple Kernel Learning method (GMKL), in which the multiple kinship matrices corresponding to Additive, Dominant, and Epistatic Inheritance Mechanisms are used as kernels in support vector machines, and we apply it to both worlds. We benchmark GMKL on simulated cattle phenotypes, showing that it outperforms the classical GBLUP predictors for genomic prediction. Moreover, we show that GMKL ranks the kinship kernels representing different inheritance mechanisms according to their compatibility with the observed data, allowing it to produce hypotheses on the normally unknown inheritance mechanisms generating the target phenotypes. We then apply GMKL to the prediction of two inflammatory bowel disease cohorts with more than 6500 samples in total, consistently obtaining results suggesting that epistasis might have a relevant, although underestimated role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

CONCLUSIONS

We show that GMKL performs similarly to GBLUP, but it can formulate biological hypotheses about inheritance mechanisms, such as suggesting that epistasis influences IBD.

Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) Reduces ER Stress and Lessens Disease Activity in Ulcerative Colitis

Background and Aims

In inflammatory bowel disease, protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) potentiates epithelial barrier dysfunction and impairs mucosal healing. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a naturally occurring bile acid, acts as a chemical chaperone to reduce protein aggregation and colitis severity in preclinical models. We conducted an open label trial evaluating oral TUDCA as therapy in patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods

Patients with moderate-to-severely active UC (Mayo score ≥6, endoscopic subscore ≥1) received oral TUDCA at 1.75 or 2 g/day for 6 weeks. Exclusion criteria included known hepatic disorders or change in UC therapy within 60 days. Clinical disease activity questionnaires, endoscopy with biopsy, blood, and stool were collected at enrollment and after 6 weeks. The primary outcome measure was change in ER stress markers while safety, tolerability and change in UC disease activity were secondary outcomes.

Results

Thirteen participants completed the study with eleven evaluable for clinical response. TUDCA was well-tolerated with transient dyspepsia being the most common side effect. Mucosal biopsies revealed significant reductions in ER stress and inflammation as well as an increase in markers of epithelial restitution. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic disease activity were significantly improved at week 6 (mean total Mayo Score: 9 to 4.5, p<0.001).

Conclusions

Six weeks of oral TUDCA treatment was well-tolerated in patients with active ulcerative colitis and promoted mucosal healing, lessened ER stress, and reduced clinical disease activity. A randomized controlled trial of adjunctive TUDCA therapy in patients with UC is warranted.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04114292).

PTPN2 Regulates Iron Handling Protein Expression in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients and Prevents Iron Deficiency in Mice

Anemia is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Iron deficiency is the most frequent cause of anemia in IBD; however, the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of the IBD risk gene, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2), in regulating iron homeostasis. Proteomic analyses were performed on serum from IBD patients genotyped for the IBD-associated loss-of-function rs1893217 PTPN2 variant. Constitutive Ptpn2 wild type (WT), heterozygous (Het), and knockout (KO) mice were analyzed for iron content, blood parameters, and expression of iron handling proteins. Iron absorption was assessed through radiotracer assays. Serum proteomic analyses revealed that the "iron homeostasis signaling pathway" was the main pathway downregulated in Crohn's disease (CD) patients carrying the PTPN2 risk allele, independent of disease activity. Ptpn2-KO mice showed characteristics of anemia, including reduced hemoglobin concentrations along with serum and tissue iron deficiency and elevated serum hepcidin levels vs. Ptpn2-WT and Het mice. 55Fe absorption via oral gavage was significantly impaired in Ptpn2-KO mice. Correspondingly, Ptpn2-KO mice showed reduced apical membrane expression of the iron transporter DMT1. CD patients with the PTPN2 loss-of-function rs1893217 variant display alterations in serum iron handling proteins. Loss of Ptpn2 in mice caused features of anemia, including iron deficiency associated with reduced apical membrane expression of DMT1. These findings identify an important role for PTPN2 in regulating systemic iron homeostasis.

FOSB is a key factor in the genetic link between inflammatory bowel disease and acute myocardial infarction: multiple bioinformatics analyses and validation

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is associated with an increased risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). The genetic mechanisms underlying this link are not well understood.

METHODS

We downloaded IBD and AMI-related microarray datasets from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and analyzed using enrichment analysis and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). Machine learning techniques, including LASSO, random forest, and Boruta, were employed to screen for hub genes. These genes were validated through qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Single-cell sequencing was used to confirm findings. Additionally, potential therapeutic targets were identified using the Connectivity Map (CMap) database.

RESULTS

Five key hub genes-THBD, FOSB, ADGPR3, IL1R2, and PLAUR-were identified as significantly involved in both IBD and AMI pathogenesis. A diagnostic model for AMI constructed using these hub genes demonstrated high predictive accuracy. Single-cell sequencing analysis and several potential drugs targeting these hub genes were identified, offering new therapeutic avenues.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the crucial role of FOSB and other hub genes in the comorbidity of IBD and AMI. The findings provide novel insights for early diagnosis and potential therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the importance of further investigation into these genetic links.

Reprogramming of Treg cell-derived small extracellular vesicles effectively prevents intestinal inflammation from PANoptosis by blocking mitochondrial oxidative stress

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the alimentary tract without exact etiology. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) derived from mitochondrial dysfunction impair intestinal barrier function, increase gut permeability, and facilitate immune cell invasion, and, therefore, are considered to have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Here, we reprogrammed regulatory T cell (Treg)-derived exosomes loaded with the antioxidant trace element selenium (Se) and decorated them with the synthetic mitochondria-targeting SS-31 tetrapeptide via a peptide linker. This linker can be cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in inflammatory lesions. This actively targetable exosome-derived delivery system is protected from intestinal inflammation by scavenging excessive mtROS and preventing immunologically programmed cell death pyroptosis, necroptosis, and apoptosis, known as PANoptosis. Our results suggest that this engineered exosome delivery platform represents a promising targeted therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IBDs.

The efficacy, safety, and persistence of vedolizumab versus adalimumab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the efficacy, safety, and treatment persistence of vedolizumab and adalimumab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

METHODS

Through a comprehensive search of three databases up to September 2024, we calculated pooled effect estimates for binary outcomes using risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's I2 and Q statistics, with a random-effects model applied when I2 exceeded 50%, and a fixed-effects model used otherwise. For randomized trials, the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was applied; the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessed nonrandomized trials.

RESULTS

We analyzed 12 studies involving 4095 patients. The findings showed that vedolizumab had higher clinical remission and response rates compared to adalimumab (RR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.14-1.34, P < 0.01; RR: 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.22, P = 0.03). However, no significant differences were observed in endoscopic remission between the two treatments (RR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.47-1.18, P = 0.21). Safety outcomes, based on adverse and serious adverse event rates, have no significant differences (RR: 0.67, 95% CI 0.41-1.12, P = 0.13; RR: 0.78, 95% CI 0.36-1.68, P = 0.53). Treatment persistence also showed no significant difference between vedolizumab and adalimumab (RR: 0.78, 95% CI 0.55-1.12, P = 0.19).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests that vedolizumab may be more effective than adalimumab in alleviating symptoms and achieving clinical response. Importantly, this effectiveness is achieved without an increase in adverse events. No significant difference was found in treatment persistence. However, high heterogeneity may weaken the evidence, requiring further randomized trials for confirmation.

Modulation of occludin, NF-κB, p-STAT3, and Th17 response by DJ-X-025 decreases inflammation and ameliorates experimental colitis

SCOPE

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a range of immune-mediated disorders marked by systemic and local intestinal inflammation. We synthesized a novel compound DJ-X-025 and uncovered its anti-inflammatory properties using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro and a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced model of colitis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We evaluated the alteration in cell morphology, cytoskeletal proteins, and inflammatory markers of DJ-X-025 treated LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We administered DJ-X-025 by oral gavage in DSS-induced colitis, examined colon histology, and alterations of immune cells by flow cytometry, and performed molecular studies using RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. DJ-X-025 treatment markedly altered the morphology of LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages from elongated to round shapes, modulated actin and tubulin, and reduced the level of inflammatory markers like TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS. Further, we observed that DJ-X-025 steered to improve colon length, muscularis mucosa thickness, and colon inflammatory score compared to the DSS group alone. DJ-X-025 effectively inverted the increased population of activated T cells, Th17, and macrophages in lamina propria by DSS treatment, leading to a substantial reduction in the inflammatory response in the colon. Strikingly, DJ-X-025 treatment enhanced the expression of occludin and diminished the expression of NF-κB and phosphorylation of STAT3 in the colon of DSS-treated mice compared to DSS-alone. Additionally, DJ-X-025 induced the expression of Foxp3 in the colon and, reduced systemic inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels further supporting its immunomodulatory effects. These results suggest that DJ-X-025 is linked to the induction of occludin expression and decreased expression of p-STAT3/NF-κB and Th17 response in the colon, which together suppresses systemic and colon inflammatory cytokines for effective amelioration of experimental colitis.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that DJ-X-025 might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of IBD.

Effects of senotherapeutics on gut microbiome dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease: A pilot study

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, and is usually accompanied by dysbiosis in the gut microbiome, a factor that contributes to disease progression. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) because of gut microbiome dysbiosis-one of the hallmark features of IBD-promotes chronic inflammation and facilitates the transformation of normal cells into senescent cells. Cellular senescence is associated with the development of various chronic and age-related diseases. We hypothesise that senolytic agents, specifically dasatinib (D) and quercetin (Q), could have a beneficial effect on both the gut microbiome and intestinal cells in IBD. The modulatory effects of a combination of D + Q was assessed in the M-SHIME model with faecal microbiota sourced from Crohn's disease patients. D + Q significantly modulated butyrate and lactate levels in the samples from specific patients. In addition, metabolomic analysis showed that D + Q positively impacted the abundance of anti-inflammatory bacteria while also significantly reducing the several species of pathogenic bacteria. Findings from a Caco-2 cell/THP1 co-culture model of IBD demonstrated that D + Q exerted strong immunomodulatory effects on the gut epithelium, evidenced by reduced NF-kB activity, and lower levels of the pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α, CXCL-10, and MCP-1. Furthermore, D + Q induced the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-10. However, it should be noted that D + Q also led to the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8. These findings suggest that D + Q could offer a novel therapeutic approach for advanced IBD management by modulating both the gut microbiome and inflammatory pathways. The results support the potential repurposing of senotherapeutic agents as a strategy for addressing the chronic inflammation central to IBD pathogenesis.

The Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are relapsing, remitting inflammatory diseases of the intestinal tract. Familial aggregation and genome-wide association studies revealed susceptibility variants that point toward a combination of innate immune and adaptive immune dysregulation that in concert with environmental factors, such as our microbiome, can initiate and perpetuate inflammation. Innate immune perturbations include functional abnormalities in the intestinal barrier, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and abnormal recognition of microbes. Adaptive immune changes include dysregulation of cytokines, regulatory T cells, and leukocyte migration. IBD is linked with an abnormal wound-healing response leading to fibrosis. This article summarizes key pathogenic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of IBDs.

Operative Management of Small and Large Bowel Crohn's Disease

The majority of patients with Crohn's disease, despite an ever-increasing number of advanced therapies, require abdominal surgery during their lifetime. In this review article, the authors provide a comprehensive overview of abdominal surgery for Crohn's disease, with an evidence-based focus on surgery for upper gastrointestinal Crohn's disease, bowel-preserving surgery with strictureplasties, selection of ileocolic anastomotic technique for terminal ileal Crohn's disease, extended resections and proctectomy for Crohn's proctocolitis, intentional ileoanal pouch for Crohn's disease, and several "hot topics" including early surgery for ileocolic Crohn's disease, and surgical approaches that target the mesentery including the Kono-S anastomosis and extended mesenteric excision.

Transauricular vagal nerve stimulation suppresses inflammatory responses in the gut and brain in an inflammatory bowel disease model

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a major health problem on a global scale and its treatment is unsatisfactory. We aimed to investigate the effects of transauricular vagal nerve stimulation (tVNS) on inflammation in rats with IBD induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). A total of 36 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were given TNBS, or vehicle, and tVNS, or sham, every other day for 30 min for 10 days. Postmortem macroscopic and microscopic colon morphology were evaluated by histological staining. Additionally, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α cytokine levels in the colon and the brain were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis. TNBS induced epithelial damage, inflammation, ulceration, and thickened mucosal layer in the colonic tissues. Administration of tVNS significantly ameliorated the severity of TNBS-induced tissue damage and inflammatory response. TNBS also alters pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance in the brain tissue. TVNS application significantly suppressed the protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF- α while augmenting the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the colonic and the brain tissue. We have shown that TNBS-mediated colonic inflammation and tissue damage are associated with neuroinflammatory responses in the brain tissue. Also demonstrated for the first time that neuroinflammatory response in the gut-brain axis is suppressed by tVNS in the IBD model. Non-invasive tVNS stands out as a new potential treatment option for types of IBD.