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Mandair GS, Bigelow EMR, Viswanathan G, Ward FS, Patton DM, Schlecht SH, Jepsen KJ, Kohn DH. Region-specific associations among tissue-level mechanical properties, porosity, and composition in human male femora. J Biomech 2022; 139:111144. [PMID: 35623287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Region-specific differences in age-related bone remodeling are known to exist. We therefore hypothesized that the decline in tissue-level strength and post-yield strain (PYS) with age is not uniform within the femur, but is driven by region-specific differences in porosity and composition. Four-point bending was conducted on anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral beams from male cadaveric femora (n = 33, 18-89 yrs of age). Mid-cortical porosity, composition, and mineralization were assessed using nano-computed tomography (nanoCT), Raman spectroscopy, and ashing assays. Traits between bones from young and elderly groups were compared, while multivariate analyses were used to identify traits that predicted strength and PYS at the regional level. We show that age-related decline in porosity and mechanical properties varied regionally, with highest positive slope of age vs. Log(porosity) found in posterior and anterior bone, and steepest negative slopes of age vs. strength and age vs. PYS found in anterior bone. Multivariate analyses show that Log(porosity) and/or Raman 1246/1269 ratio explained 46-51% of the variance in strength in anterior and posterior bone. Three out of five traits related to Log(porosity), mineral crystallinity, 1246/1269, mineral/matrix ratio, and/or hydroxyproline/proline (Hyp/Pro) ratio, explained 35-50% of the variance in PYS in anterior, posterior and lateral bones. Log(porosity) and Hyp/Pro ratio alone explained 13% and 19% of the variance in strength and PYS in medial bone, respectively. The predictive performance of multivariate analyses was negatively impacted by pooling data across all bone regions, underscoring the complexity of the femur and that the use of pooled analyses may obscure underlying region-specific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjit S Mandair
- Biological and Material Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin M R Bigelow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gowri Viswanathan
- Biological and Material Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ferrous S Ward
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniella M Patton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen H Schlecht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karl J Jepsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David H Kohn
- Biological and Material Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Chen R, Baron R, Gori F. Sfrp4 and the Biology of Cortical Bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:153-161. [PMID: 35182301 PMCID: PMC9098678 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00727-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Periosteal apposition and endosteal remodeling regulate cortical bone expansion and thickness, both critical determinants of bone strength. Yet, the cellular characteristics and local or paracrine factors that regulate the periosteum and endosteum remain largely elusive. Here we discuss novel insights in cortical bone growth, expansion, and homeostasis, provided by the study of Secreted Frizzled Receptor Protein 4 (Sfrp4), a decoy receptor for Wnt ligands. RECENT FINDINGS SFRP4 loss-of function mutations cause Pyle disease, a rare skeletal disorder characterized by cortical bone thinning and increased fragility fractures despite increased trabecular bone density. On the endosteal surface, Sfrp4-mediated repression of non-canonical Wnt signaling regulates endosteal resorption. On the periosteum, Sfrp4 identifies as a critical functional mediator of periosteal stem cell/progenitor expansion and differentiation. Analysis of signaling pathways regulating skeletal stem cells/progenitors provides an opportunity to advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in cortical bone biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Chen
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Gori
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Parviainen R, Skarp S, Korhonen L, Serlo W, Männikkö M, Sinikumpu JJ. A single genetic locus associated with pediatric fractures: A genome-wide association study on 3,230 patients. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1716-1724. [PMID: 32742401 PMCID: PMC7388260 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the biological and environmental risk factors of fractures in pediatrics is limited. Previous studies have reported that fractures involve heritable traits, but the genetic factors contributing to the risk of fractures remain elusive. Furthermore, genetic influences specific to immature bone have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify genetic variations that are associated with fractures in early childhood. The present study used a prospective Northern Finland Birth Cohort (year 1986; n=9,432). The study population was comprised of 3,230 cohort members with available genotype data. A total of 48 members of the cohort (1.5%) had in-hospital treated bone fractures during their first 6 years of life. Furthermore, individuals without fracture (n=3,182) were used as controls. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a frequentist association test. In the GWAS analysis, a linear regression model was fitted to test for additive effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; genotype dosage) adjusting for sex and performing population stratification using genotypic principal components. Using the GWAS analysis, the present study identified one locus with a significant association with fractures during childhood on chromosome 10 (rs112635931) and six loci with a suggested implication. The lead SNP rs112635931 was located near proline- and serine-rich 2 (PROSER2) antisense RNA 1 (PROSER2-AS1) and PROSER2, thus suggesting that these may be novel candidate genes associated with the risk of pediatric fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roope Parviainen
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu Childhood Fracture and Sports Injury Study, Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (PEDEGO), Oulu Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Sini Skarp
- Northern Finland Birth Cohort, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Linda Korhonen
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu Childhood Fracture and Sports Injury Study, Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (PEDEGO), Oulu Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Willy Serlo
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu Childhood Fracture and Sports Injury Study, Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (PEDEGO), Oulu Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Northern Finland Birth Cohort, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha-Jaakko Sinikumpu
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu Childhood Fracture and Sports Injury Study, Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (PEDEGO), Oulu Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland
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Sfrp4 repression of the Ror2/Jnk cascade in osteoclasts protects cortical bone from excessive endosteal resorption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14138-14143. [PMID: 31239337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900881116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the Wnt inhibitor secreted frizzled receptor protein 4 (SFRP4) cause Pyle's disease (OMIM 265900), a rare skeletal disorder characterized by wide metaphyses, significant thinning of cortical bone, and fragility fractures. In mice, we have shown that the cortical thinning seen in the absence of Sfrp4 is associated with decreased periosteal and endosteal bone formation and increased endocortical resorption. While the increase in Rankl/Opg in cortical bone of mice lacking Sfrp4 suggests an osteoblast-dependent effect on endocortical osteoclast (OC) activity, whether Sfrp4 can cell-autonomously affect OCs is not known. We found that Sfrp4 is expressed during bone marrow macrophage OC differentiation and that Sfrp4 significantly suppresses the ability of early and late OC precursors to respond to Rankl-induced OC differentiation. Sfrp4 deletion in OCs resulted in activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin and noncanonical Wnt/Ror2/Jnk signaling cascades. However, while inhibition of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling did not alter the effect of Sfrp4 on OCgenesis, blocking the noncanonical Wnt/Ror2/Jnk cascade markedly suppressed its regulation of OC differentiation in vitro. Importantly, we report that deletion of Ror2 exclusively in OCs (CtskCreRor2 fl/fl ) in Sfrp4 null mice significantly reversed the increased number of endosteal OCs seen in these mice and reduced their cortical thinning. Altogether, these data show autocrine and paracrine effects of Sfrp4 in regulating OCgenesis and demonstrate that the increase in endosteal OCs seen in Sfrp4 -/- mice is a consequence of noncanonical Wnt/Ror2/Jnk signaling activation in OCs overriding the negative effect that activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has on OCgenesis.
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Yang Y, Pan F, Wu F, Squibb K, Thomson R, Winzenberg T, Jones G. Familial resemblance in trabecular and cortical volumetric bone mineral density and bone microarchitecture as measured by HRpQCT. Bone 2018; 110:76-83. [PMID: 29382612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the heritability of bone geometry, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and microarchitecture of trabecular (Tb) and cortical (Ct) bone measured by high resolution peripheral quantitative computerised tomography (HRpQCT) at the distal radius and tibia and to investigate the genetic correlations of these measures. Participants were 177 mother-offspring pairs from 162 families (mothers, mean age (SD) = 52.1 (4.7) years; offspring, 25.6 (0.73) years). Trabecular and cortical bone measures were obtained by HRpQCT. Multivariable linear regression was used to analyse the association of bone measures between mother and offspring. Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines (SOLAR) software was utilised to conduct quantitative genetic analyses. All maternal bone measures were independently associated with the corresponding bone measures in the offspring before and after adjustment for age, sex, weight and height. Heritability estimates ranged from 24% to 67% at the radius and from 42% to 74% at the tibia. The relationship for most bone geometry measures was significantly stronger in mother-son pairs (n = 107) compared with mother-daughter pairs (n = 70) (p < 0.05). In contrast, the heritability for most vBMD and microarchitecture measures were higher in mother-daughter pairs. Bivariate analyses found moderate to strong genetic correlations across all measures between radius and tibia (Rg = 0.49 to 0.93). Genetic factors have an important role in the development of bone geometry, vBMD and microarchitecture. These factors are strongly shared for the radius and tibia but vary by sex implying a role for imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia.
| | - Feng Pan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia.
| | - Feitong Wu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Squibb
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia.
| | - Russell Thomson
- Centre for Research in Mathematics, School of Engineering, Mathematics and Computing, Western Sydney University, Sydney 2751, Australia.
| | - Tania Winzenberg
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia; Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia.
| | - Graeme Jones
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia.
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Karasik D, Demissie S, Lu D, Broe KE, Boyd SK, Liu CT, Hsu YH, Bouxsein ML, Kiel DP. Bone Strength Estimated by Micro-Finite Element Analysis (µFEA) Is Heritable and Shares Genetic Predisposition With Areal BMD: The Framingham Study. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2151-2156. [PMID: 28722129 PMCID: PMC5685872 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors contribute to the risk of bone fractures, partly because of effects on bone strength. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) estimates bone strength using micro-finite element analysis (µFEA). The goal of this study was to investigate if the bone failure load estimated by HR-pQCT-based µFEA is heritable and to what extent it shares genetic regulation with areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Bone microarchitecture was measured by HR-pQCT at the ultradistal tibia and ultradistal radius in adults from the Framingham Heart Study (n = 1087, mean age 72 years; 57% women). Radial and tibial failure load in compression were estimated by µFEA. Femoral neck (FN) and ultradistal forearm (UD) aBMD were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Heritability (h2 ) of failure load and aBMD and genetic correlations between them was estimated adjusting for covariates (age and sex). Failure load values at the non-weight-bearing ultradistal radius and at the weight-bearing ultradistal tibia were highly correlated (r = 0.906; p < 0.001). Estimates of h2 adjusted for covariates were 0.522 for the radius and 0.497 for the tibia. Additional adjustment for height did not impact on the h2 results, but adjustment for aBMD at the UD and FN somewhat decreased h2 point estimates: 0.222 and 0.380 for radius and tibia, respectively. In bivariate analysis, there was a high phenotypic and genetic correlation between covariate-adjusted failure load at the radius and UD aBMD (ρP = 0.826, ρG = 0.954, respectively), whereas environmental correlations were lower (ρE = 0.696), all highly significant (p < 0.001). Similar correlations were observed between tibial failure load and femoral neck aBMD (ρP = 0.577, ρG = 0.703, both p < 0.001; ρE = 0.432, p < 0.05). These data from adult members of families from a population-based cohort suggest that bone strength of distal extremities estimated by micro-finite element analysis is heritable and shares some genetic composition with areal BMD, regardless of the skeletal site. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Darlene Lu
- Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kerry E. Broe
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
| | - Steven K. Boyd
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT
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7
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Karasik D, Demissie S, Zhou Y, Lu D, Broe KE, Bouxsein ML, Cupples LA, Kiel DP. Heritability and Genetic Correlations for Bone Microarchitecture: The Framingham Study Families. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:106-114. [PMID: 27419666 PMCID: PMC5310688 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) measures bone microarchitecture and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), important risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. We estimated the heritability (h2 ) of bone microstructure indices and vBMD, measured by HR-pQCT, and genetic correlations (ρG ) among them and between them and regional aBMD measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in adult relatives from the Framingham Heart Study. Cortical (Ct) and trabecular (Tb) traits were measured at the distal radius and tibia in up to 1047 participants, and ultradistal radius (UD) aBMD was obtained by DXA. Heritability estimates, adjusted for age, sex, and estrogenic status (in women), ranged from 19.3% (trabecular number) to 82.8% (p < 0.01, Ct.vBMD) in the radius and from 51.9% (trabecular thickness) to 98.3% (cortical cross-sectional area fraction) in the tibia. Additional adjustments for height, weight, and radial aBMD had no major effect on h2 estimates. In bivariate analyses, moderate to high genetic correlations were found between radial total vBMD and microarchitecture traits (ρG from 0.227 to 0.913), except for cortical porosity. At the tibia, a similar pattern of genetic correlations was observed (ρG from 0.274 to 0.948), except for cortical porosity. Environmental correlations between the microarchitecture traits were also substantial. There were high genetic correlations between UD aBMD and multivariable-adjusted total and trabecular vBMD at the radius (ρG = 0.811 and 0.917, respectively). In summary, in related men and women from a population-based cohort, cortical and trabecular microarchitecture and vBMD at the radius and tibia were heritable and shared some h2 with regional aBMD measured by DXA. These findings of high heritability of HR-pQCT traits, with a slight attenuation when adjusting for aBMD, supports further work to identify the specific variants underlying volumetric bone density and fine structure of long bones. Knowledge that some of these traits are genetically correlated can serve to reduce the number of traits for genetic association studies. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanhua Zhou
- Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darlene Lu
- Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry E Broe
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Kiper POS, Saito H, Gori F, Unger S, Hesse E, Yamana K, Kiviranta R, Solban N, Liu J, Brommage R, Boduroglu K, Bonafé L, Campos-Xavier B, Dikoglu E, Eastell R, Gossiel F, Harshman K, Nishimura G, Girisha KM, Stevenson BJ, Takita H, Rivolta C, Superti-Furga A, Baron R. Cortical-Bone Fragility--Insights from sFRP4 Deficiency in Pyle's Disease. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:2553-2562. [PMID: 27355534 PMCID: PMC5070790 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1509342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical-bone fragility is a common feature in osteoporosis that is linked to nonvertebral fractures. Regulation of cortical-bone homeostasis has proved elusive. The study of genetic disorders of the skeleton can yield insights that fuel experimental therapeutic approaches to the treatment of rare disorders and common skeletal ailments. METHODS We evaluated four patients with Pyle's disease, a genetic disorder that is characterized by cortical-bone thinning, limb deformity, and fractures; two patients were examined by means of exome sequencing, and two were examined by means of Sanger sequencing. After a candidate gene was identified, we generated a knockout mouse model that manifested the phenotype and studied the mechanisms responsible for altered bone architecture. RESULTS In all affected patients, we found biallelic truncating mutations in SFRP4, the gene encoding secreted frizzled-related protein 4, a soluble Wnt inhibitor. Mice deficient in Sfrp4, like persons with Pyle's disease, have increased amounts of trabecular bone and unusually thin cortical bone, as a result of differential regulation of Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in these two bone compartments. Treatment of Sfrp4-deficient mice with a soluble Bmp2 receptor (RAP-661) or with antibodies to sclerostin corrected the cortical-bone defect. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that Pyle's disease was caused by a deficiency of sFRP4, that cortical-bone and trabecular-bone homeostasis were governed by different mechanisms, and that sFRP4-mediated cross-regulation between Wnt and BMP signaling was critical for achieving proper cortical-bone thickness and stability. (Funded by the Swiss National Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.).
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Ling Y, Lin H, Aleteng Q, Ma H, Pan B, Gao J, Gao X. Cdx-2 polymorphism in Vitamin D Receptor gene was associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, bone mineral density and fracture in middle-aged and elderly Chinese women. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 427:155-61. [PMID: 26970179 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between Cdx-2 polymorphism in the promoter region of the VDR gene and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture in Chinese population. This was a cross-sectional study, which included 738 individuals (428 women and 310 men) aged 45 years or older. In women, the association of Cdx-2 polymorphism with serum 25(OH)D levels was significant adjusting for age, BMI, estimated glomerular filtration rate, menopausal status and season of blood collection (P = 0.002). Cdx-2 polymorphism was associated with lumbar spine BMD adjusted for age, BMI, menopausal status and serum 25(OH)D in women (P = 0.005). But it was not associated with femoral neck BMD or total hip BMD in women. In women, Cdx-2 polymorphism was also associated with fracture adjusted for age, BMI, menopausal status, serum 25(OH)D and total hip BMD (P = 0.03). Carriers of AA and AG genotypes was associated with a higher odds of fracture compared with the carriers of GG genotype (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.04-4.42 and OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.03-3.51). In men, Cdx-2 polymorphism was not associated with serum 25(OH)D levels, BMD or fracture. Our results indicate that the association of Cdx-2 polymorphism in the VDR gene with serum 25(OH)D levels, BMD and fracture may have sex differences. Cdx-2 polymorphism in the VDR gene may affect the serum 25(OH)D concentrations and the risk of osteoporosis and fracture in middle-aged and elderly Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Institute of Chronic Metabolic Diseases of Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Huandong Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Institute of Chronic Metabolic Diseases of Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiqige Aleteng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Institute of Chronic Metabolic Diseases of Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Baishen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Institute of Chronic Metabolic Diseases of Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Institute of Chronic Metabolic Diseases of Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China.
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10
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Ling Y, Gao X, Lin H, Ma H, Pan B, Gao J. A common polymorphism rs1800247 in osteocalcin gene was associated with serum osteocalcin levels, bone mineral density, and fracture: the Shanghai Changfeng Study. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:769-79. [PMID: 26194493 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the relationship between a common polymorphism rs1800247 in osteocalcin gene and serum osteocalcin levels, bone mineral density and fracture in Chinese. This was a population-based cross-sectional study. We demonstrated that rs1800247 was associated with bone mineral density and fracture in men and serum osteocalcin levels in women. INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between a common polymorphism rs1800247 in osteocalcin gene and serum total osteocalcin levels, bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture in Chinese middle-aged and elderly men and women. METHODS This was a population-based cross-sectional study included 5561 individuals aged 45 years or older. Information on fractures sustained after age of 45 were collected. BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The genotyping of rs1800247 was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. RESULTS rs1800247 was associated with lumbar spine BMD and femoral neck BMD in the dominant model adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), serum total osteocalcin in men (both P = 0.04). Besides, rs1800247 was associated with fracture adjusted for age, BMI, serum total osteocalcin and total hip BMD in the additive and dominant models in men (P = 0.04 and 0.01). In the dominant model, the carriers of CC and TC genotypes was associated with a lower odds of fracture compared with the carriers of TT genotype (OR = 0.60, 95%CI 0.40-0.88, P = 0.01). In men, rs1800247 was not associated with serum total osteocalcin levels in additive, dominant or recessive models. However, rs1800247 was associated with serum total osteocalcin levels in all models adjusted for age, BMI, menopausal status and total hip BMD in women (all p < 0.001), with osteocalcin levels decreasing across TT, TC and CC genotypes. rs1800247 was not associated with BMD or fracture in all models in women. CONCLUSIONS A common polymorphism rs1800247 in osteocalcin gene may affect the risk of osteoporosis and fracture and serum total osteocalcin levels in Chinese, and there may be gender differences underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - X Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - H Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - H Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - B Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - J Gao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
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11
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Yeon SB, Salton CJ, Gona P, Chuang ML, Blease SJ, Han Y, Tsao CW, Danias PG, Levy D, O’Donnell CJ, Manning WJ. Impact of age, sex, and indexation method on MR left ventricular reference values in the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 41:1038-45. [PMID: 24817313 PMCID: PMC4248013 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine normative values for left ventricular (LV) volumes, mass, concentricity, and ejection fraction (EF) and investigate associations between sex, age, and body size with LV parameters in community-dwelling adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS In all, 1794 Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort members underwent LV short-axis oriented, contiguous multislice cine steady-state free precession MR of the left ventricle; from these a healthy referent group (n = 852, 61 ± 9 years, 40% men) free of clinical cardiac disease and hypertension (SBP < 140, DBP < 90 mmHg, never used antihypertensive medication ≥30 years prior to scanning) was identified. Referent participants were stratified by sex and age group (≤55, 56-65, >65 years); LV parameters were indexed to measures of body size. RESULTS Men have greater LV volumes and mass than women both before and after indexation to height, powers of height, and body surface area (P < 0.01 all), but indexation to fat-free mass yielded greater LV volume and mass in women. In both sexes, LV volumes and mass decrease with advancing age, although indexation attenuates this association. LVEF is greater in women than men (68 ± 5% vs. 66 ± 5%, P < 0.01) and increases with age in both sexes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Among nonhypertensive adults free of cardiac disease, men have greater LV volumes and mass with sex differences generally persisting after indexation to body size. LV volumes and mass tend to decrease with greater age in both sexes. Female sex and advanced age were both associated with greater LVEF. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1038-1045. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B. Yeon
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carol J. Salton
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Yuchi Han
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Connie W. Tsao
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- The NHLBI’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Peter G. Danias
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Levy
- The NHLBI’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- The NHLBI’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Warren J. Manning
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Deparetment of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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12
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D'Amelio P, Spertino E, Martino F, Isaia GC. Prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Italy and validation of decision rules for referring women for bone densitometry. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 92:437-43. [PMID: 23334353 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the prevalence of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and fractures in a cohort of Italian women randomly recruited among the general population and validate the use of clinical guidelines in referring women for bone density testing. We enrolled in the study 995 healthy women (age range 45-92 years). A bone density test at the lumbar spine and femur was performed and a questionnaire on osteoporosis risk factors completed for all patients. The prevalence of osteoporosis was 33.67 %, that of osteopenia was 46.63, and 19.7 % were normal at bone density testing. Osteoporotic women were generally older and thinner, with a shorter period of estrogen exposure. The prevalence of fractures was 21.9 %, and fractured women had a lower bone density, were older, and had a longer postmenopausal period. Clinical guidelines for referring women for bone density testing performed poorly (the best performance was 68 %). This is the first study providing data on the prevalence of osteoporosis/osteopenia and of fractures in a cohort of healthy postmenopausal women. Known risk factors influence bone density and risk of fractures. The role of screening in detecting women with postmenopausal osteoporosis is far from optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia D'Amelio
- Geriatrics and Bone Metabolic Unit, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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13
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Genetic determinants of trabecular and cortical volumetric bone mineral densities and bone microstructure. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003247. [PMID: 23437003 PMCID: PMC3578773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most previous genetic epidemiology studies within the field of osteoporosis have focused on the genetics of the complex trait areal bone mineral density (aBMD), not being able to differentiate genetic determinants of cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD), trabecular vBMD, and bone microstructural traits. The objective of this study was to separately identify genetic determinants of these bone traits as analysed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Separate GWA meta-analyses for cortical and trabecular vBMDs were performed. The cortical vBMD GWA meta-analysis (n = 5,878) followed by replication (n = 1,052) identified genetic variants in four separate loci reaching genome-wide significance (RANKL, rs1021188, p = 3.6×10−14; LOC285735, rs271170, p = 2.7×10−12; OPG, rs7839059, p = 1.2×10−10; and ESR1/C6orf97, rs6909279, p = 1.1×10−9). The trabecular vBMD GWA meta-analysis (n = 2,500) followed by replication (n = 1,022) identified one locus reaching genome-wide significance (FMN2/GREM2, rs9287237, p = 1.9×10−9). High-resolution pQCT analyses, giving information about bone microstructure, were available in a subset of the GOOD cohort (n = 729). rs1021188 was significantly associated with cortical porosity while rs9287237 was significantly associated with trabecular bone fraction. The genetic variant in the FMN2/GREM2 locus was associated with fracture risk in the MrOS Sweden cohort (HR per extra T allele 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.60–0.93) and GREM2 expression in human osteoblasts. In conclusion, five genetic loci associated with trabecular or cortical vBMD were identified. Two of these (FMN2/GREM2 and LOC285735) are novel bone-related loci, while the other three have previously been reported to be associated with aBMD. The genetic variants associated with cortical and trabecular bone parameters differed, underscoring the complexity of the genetics of bone parameters. We propose that a genetic variant in the RANKL locus influences cortical vBMD, at least partly, via effects on cortical porosity, and that a genetic variant in the FMN2/GREM2 locus influences GREM2 expression in osteoblasts and thereby trabecular number and thickness as well as fracture risk. Osteoporosis is a common highly heritable skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and deteriorated bone microstructure, resulting in an increased risk of fracture. Most previous genetic epidemiology studies have focused on the genetics of the complex trait BMD, not being able to separate genetic determinants of the trabecular and cortical bone compartments and bone microstructure. The trabecular and cortical BMDs can be analysed separately by computed tomography. Therefore, we performed separate genome-wide association studies for trabecular and cortical BMDs, demonstrating that the genetic determinants of cortical and trabecular BMDs differ. Genetic variants in the RANKL, LOC285735, OPG, and ESR1 loci were associated with cortical BMD, while a genetic variant in the FMN2/GREM2 locus was associated with trabecular BMD. Two of these are novel bone-related loci. Follow-up analyses of bone microstructure demonstrated that a genetic variant in the RANKL locus is associated with cortical porosity and that the FMN2/GREM2 locus is associated with trabecular number and thickness. We propose that a genetic variant in the RANKL locus influences cortical BMD via effects on cortical porosity, and that a genetic variant in the FMN2/GREM2 locus influences trabecular BMD and fracture risk via effects on both trabecular number and thickness.
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14
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Liu CT, Estrada K, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Amin N, Evangelou E, Li G, Minster RL, Carless MA, Kammerer CM, Oei L, Zhou Y, Alonso N, Dailiana Z, Eriksson J, García-Giralt N, Giroux S, Husted LB, Khusainova RI, Koromila T, Kung AW, Lewis JR, Masi L, Mencej-Bedrac S, Nogues X, Patel MS, Prezelj J, Richards JB, Sham PC, Spector T, Vandenput L, Xiao SM, Zheng HF, Zhu K, Balcells S, Brandi ML, Frost M, Goltzman D, González-Macías J, Karlsson M, Khusnutdinova EK, Kollia P, Langdahl BL, Ljunggren Ö, Lorentzon M, Marc J, Mellström D, Ohlsson C, Olmos JM, Ralston SH, Riancho JA, Rousseau F, Urreizti R, Van Hul W, Zarrabeitia MT, Castano-Betancourt M, Demissie S, Grundberg E, Herrera L, Kwan T, Medina-Gómez C, Pastinen T, Sigurdsson G, Thorleifsson G, vanMeurs JB, Blangero J, Hofman A, Liu Y, Mitchell BD, O’Connell JR, Oostra BA, Rotter JI, Stefansson K, Streeten EA, Styrkarsdottir U, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tylavsky FA, Uitterlinden A, Cauley JA, Harris TB, Ioannidis JP, Psaty BM, Robbins JA, Zillikens MC, vanDuijn CM, Prince RL, Karasik D, Rivadeneira F, Kiel DP, Cupples LA, Hsu YH. Assessment of gene-by-sex interaction effect on bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:2051-64. [PMID: 22692763 PMCID: PMC3447125 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in various bone phenotypes, including bone mineral density (BMD), is widely observed; however, the extent to which genes explain these sex differences is unclear. To identify variants with different effects by sex, we examined gene-by-sex autosomal interactions genome-wide, and performed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and bioinformatics network analysis. We conducted an autosomal genome-wide meta-analysis of gene-by-sex interaction on lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) BMD in 25,353 individuals from 8 cohorts. In a second stage, we followed up the 12 top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; p < 1 × 10(-5) ) in an additional set of 24,763 individuals. Gene-by-sex interaction and sex-specific effects were examined in these 12 SNPs. We detected one novel genome-wide significant interaction associated with LS-BMD at the Chr3p26.1-p25.1 locus, near the GRM7 gene (male effect = 0.02 and p = 3.0 × 10(-5) ; female effect = -0.007 and p = 3.3 × 10(-2) ), and 11 suggestive loci associated with either FN- or LS-BMD in discovery cohorts. However, there was no evidence for genome-wide significant (p < 5 × 10(-8) ) gene-by-sex interaction in the joint analysis of discovery and replication cohorts. Despite the large collaborative effort, no genome-wide significant evidence for gene-by-sex interaction was found to influence BMD variation in this screen of autosomal markers. If they exist, gene-by-sex interactions for BMD probably have weak effects, accounting for less than 0.08% of the variation in these traits per implicated SNP. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Department of Medicine; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Dept. Med, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan L. Minster
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie A. Carless
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Candace M. Kammerer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ling Oei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanhua Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Centre for Molecular Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Dailiana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Sylvie Giroux
- URGHM, Centre de recherche du CHUQ/HSFA, Québec City, Canada
| | - Lise Bjerre Husted
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rita I. Khusainova
- Ufa Scientific Centre of RAS, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Russia, Ufa
- Biological, Bashkir State University, Russia, Ufa
| | - Theodora Koromila
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Annie WaiChee Kung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joshua R. Lewis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Laura Masi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Mencej-Bedrac
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Xavier Nogues
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, UAB, Barcelone, Spain
| | - Millan S. Patel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Janez Prezelj
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Medicine, Human genetics and epidemiology & biostatistics, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Pak Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Su-Mei Xiao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hou-Feng Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Human genetics and epidemiology & biostatistics, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kun Zhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Susana Balcells
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, Barcelone, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Morten Frost
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jesús González-Macías
- Department of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla-IFIMAV, RETICEF, Santander, Spain
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Orthopaedics, Lund university, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elza K. Khusnutdinova
- Ufa Scientific Centre of RAS, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Russia, Ufa
- Biological, Bashkir State University, Russia, Ufa
| | - Panagoula Kollia
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bente Lomholt Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Östen Ljunggren
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - José M. Olmos
- Department of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla-IFIMAV, RETICEF, Santander, Spain
| | - Stuart H. Ralston
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Centre for Molecular Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - José A. Riancho
- Department of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla-IFIMAV, RETICEF, Santander, Spain
| | - François Rousseau
- URGHM, Centre de recherche du CHUQ/HSFA, Québec City, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- The APOGEE-Net/CanGèneTest Network on Genetic Health Services and Policy, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Roser Urreizti
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, Barcelone, Spain
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Martha Castano-Betancourt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elin Grundberg
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Lizbeth Herrera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Kwan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre
| | - Carolina Medina-Gómez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre
| | - Gunnar Sigurdsson
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Joyce B.J. vanMeurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genomics, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- Department of Medicine; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology & Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomic Initiative, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Elizabeth A. Streeten
- Department of Medicine; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Frances A. Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andre Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jane A. Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD,USA
| | - John P.A. Ioannidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. vanDuijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology & Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomic Initiative, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Richard L. Prince
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Murabito JM, Yuan R, Lunetta KL. The search for longevity and healthy aging genes: insights from epidemiological studies and samples of long-lived individuals. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:470-9. [PMID: 22499766 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors clearly contribute to exceptional longevity and healthy aging in humans, yet the identification of the underlying genes remains a challenge. Longevity is a complex phenotype with modest heritability. Age-related phenotypes with higher heritability may have greater success in gene discovery. Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for longevity have had only limited success to date. The Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium conducted a meta-analysis of GWAS data for longevity, defined as survival to age 90 years or older, that identified several interesting associations but none achieved genome-wide significance. A recent GWAS of longevity conducted in the Leiden Longevity Study identified the ApoE E4 isoform as deleterious to longevity that was confirmed in an independent GWAS of long-lived individuals of German descent. Notably, no other genetic loci for longevity have been identified in these GWAS. To examine the conserved genetic mechanisms between the mouse and humans for life span, we mapped the top Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology GWAS associations for longevity to the mouse chromosomal map and noted that eight of the ten top human associations were located within a previously reported mouse life-span quantitative trait loci. This work suggests that the mouse and human may share mechanisms leading to aging and that the mouse model may help speed the understanding of how genes identified in humans affect the biology of aging. We expect these ongoing collaborations and the translational work with basic scientists to accelerate the identification of genes that delay aging and promote a healthy life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA.
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16
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Duren DL, Blangero J, Sherwood RJ, Seselj M, Dyer T, Cole SA, Lee M, Choh AC, Chumlea WC, Siervogel RM, Czerwinski SA, Towne B. Cortical bone health shows significant linkage to chromosomes 2p, 3p, and 17q in 10-year-old children. Bone 2011; 49:1213-8. [PMID: 21907839 PMCID: PMC3221785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Genes play an important role in lifelong skeletal health. Genes that influence bone building during childhood have the potential to affect bone health not only throughout childhood but also into adulthood. Given that peak bone mass is a significant predictor of adult fracture risk, it is imperative that the genetic underpinnings of the normal pediatric skeleton are uncovered. In a sample of 600 10-year-old children from 144 families in the Fels Longitudinal Study, we examined radiographic cortical bone measures of the second metacarpal. Morphometic measurements included bone width, medial and lateral cortical thicknesses, and the calculated cortical index representing the amount of cortex relative to bone width. We then conducted genome-wide linkage analysis on these traits in 440 genotyped individuals using the SOLAR analytic platform. Significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for bone traits on three separate chromosomes. A QTL for medial cortical thickness was localized to chromosome 2p25.2. A QTL for lateral cortical thickness was localized to chromosomal region 3p26.1-3p25.3. Finally, a QTL detected for cortical index was localized to the 17q21.2 chromosomal region. Each region contains plausible candidate genes for pediatric skeletal health, some of which confirm findings from studies of adulthood bone, and for others represent novel candidate genes for skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Duren
- Department of Community Health, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA.
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17
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Update on Wnt signaling in bone cell biology and bone disease. Gene 2011; 492:1-18. [PMID: 22079544 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade, Wnt signaling pathways have been the focus of intense research activity in bone biology laboratories because of their importance in skeletal development, bone mass maintenance, and therapeutic potential for regenerative medicine. It is evident that even subtle alterations in the intensity, amplitude, location, and duration of Wnt signaling pathways affects skeletal development, as well as bone remodeling, regeneration, and repair during a lifespan. Here we review recent advances and discrepancies in how Wnt/Lrp5 signaling regulates osteoblasts and osteocytes, introduce new players in Wnt signaling pathways that have important roles in bone development, discuss emerging areas such as the role of Wnt signaling in osteoclastogenesis, and summarize progress made in translating basic studies to clinical therapeutics and diagnostics centered around inhibiting Wnt pathway antagonists, such as sclerostin, Dkk1 and Sfrp1. Emphasis is placed on the plethora of genetic studies in mouse models and genome wide association studies that reveal the requirement for and crucial roles of Wnt pathway components during skeletal development and disease.
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Gupta M, Cheung CL, Hsu YH, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Kiel DP, Karasik D. Identification of homogeneous genetic architecture of multiple genetically correlated traits by block clustering of genome-wide associations. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1261-71. [PMID: 21611967 PMCID: PMC3312758 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using high-density genotyping platforms offer an unbiased strategy to identify new candidate genes for osteoporosis. It is imperative to be able to clearly distinguish signal from noise by focusing on the best phenotype in a genetic study. We performed GWAS of multiple phenotypes associated with fractures [bone mineral density (BMD), bone quantitative ultrasound (QUS), bone geometry, and muscle mass] with approximately 433,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and created a database of resulting associations. We performed analysis of GWAS data from 23 phenotypes by a novel modification of a block clustering algorithm followed by gene-set enrichment analysis. A data matrix of standardized regression coefficients was partitioned along both axes--SNPs and phenotypes. Each partition represents a distinct cluster of SNPs that have similar effects over a particular set of phenotypes. Application of this method to our data shows several SNP-phenotype connections. We found a strong cluster of association coefficients of high magnitude for 10 traits (BMD at several skeletal sites, ultrasound measures, cross-sectional bone area, and section modulus of femoral neck and shaft). These clustered traits were highly genetically correlated. Gene-set enrichment analyses indicated the augmentation of genes that cluster with the 10 osteoporosis-related traits in pathways such as aldosterone signaling in epithelial cells, role of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes in rheumatoid arthritis, and Parkinson signaling. In addition to several known candidate genes, we also identified PRKCH and SCNN1B as potential candidate genes for multiple bone traits. In conclusion, our mining of GWAS results revealed the similarity of association results between bone strength phenotypes that may be attributed to pleiotropic effects of genes. This knowledge may prove helpful in identifying novel genes and pathways that underlie several correlated phenotypes, as well as in deciphering genetic and phenotypic modularity underlying osteoporosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayetri Gupta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Li HYG, Kung WCA, Huang QY. Bone mineral density is linked to 1p36 and 7p15-13 in a southern Chinese population. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29:80-7. [PMID: 20607328 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-010-0195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide linkage scans have identified a number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting bone mineral density (BMD), mainly in the Caucasian population. In this study, we aim to determine whether seven well-replicated QTLs also contribute to BMD variation in the southern Han Chinese population. Thirty-three microsatellite markers in the proximity of seven QTLs were genotyped in 1,459 subjects from 306 families ascertained through a proband with BMD Z-score equal to or less than -1.3 at either the lumbar spine or hip. Regression-based multipoint linkage analysis was performed. In the entire study population, good linkage evidence of total hip BMD to 7p14 [maximum log of odds (LOD) score (MLS) = 2.75; nominal P = 0.0002] and 1p36 (MLS = 1.6, P = 0.003) was revealed. In the subgroup analysis of 1,166 female subjects, MLS of 3.42, 2.65, 2.42, and 1.54 were obtained on 7p12 for total hip, lumbar spine, trochanter, and femoral neck BMD, respectively. A suggestive linkage signal was achieved at 7p14-15 with a MLS of 3.38 and 3.15 for trochanter and total hip BMD in the 678 premenopausal women, and at 7p12 for femoral neck and total hip BMD with MLS of 2.22 and 3.04 in postmenopausal women. Subgroup analysis of premenopausal women also provided additional evidence of suggestive linkage of total hip BMD to 1p36, with a MLS of 2.84 at 17.07 cM. Thus, linkage of BMD to 1p36 and 7p15-13 is confirmed in southern Chinese. Computational prioritization strategy and published genome-wide association studies suggested RERE and SFRP4 as two promising candidate genes in which variants responsible for the linkage signal may be identified by follow-up gene-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Yee Gloria Li
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is an important and complex disorder that is highly prevalent worldwide. This disease poses a major challenge to modern medicine and its treatment is associated with high costs. Numerous studies have endeavored to decipher the pathogenesis of this disease. The clinical assessment of patients often incorporates information about a family history of osteoporotic fractures. Indeed, the observation of an increased risk of fracture in an individual with a positive parental history of hip fracture provides strong evidence for the heritability of osteoporosis. The onset and progression of osteoporosis are generally controlled by multiple genetic and environmental factors, as well as interactions between them, with rare cases determined by a single gene. In an attempt to identify the genetic markers of complex diseases such as osteoporosis, there has been a move away from traditional linkage mapping studies and candidate gene association studies to higher-density genome-wide association studies. The advent of high-throughput technology enables genotyping of millions of DNA markers in the human genome, and consequently the identification and characterization of causal variants and loci that underlie osteoporosis. This Review presents an overview of the major findings since 2007 and clinical applications of these genome-wide linkage and association studies.
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Karasik D, Hsu YH, Zhou Y, Cupples LA, Kiel DP, Demissie S. Genome-wide pleiotropy of osteoporosis-related phenotypes: the Framingham Study. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:1555-63. [PMID: 20200953 PMCID: PMC3153998 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies offer an unbiased approach to identify new candidate genes for osteoporosis. We examined the Affymetrix 500K + 50K SNP GeneChip marker sets for associations with multiple osteoporosis-related traits at various skeletal sites, including bone mineral density (BMD, hip and spine), heel ultrasound, and hip geometric indices in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. We evaluated 433,510 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2073 women (mean age 65 years), members of two-generational families. Variance components analysis was performed to estimate phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations (rho(P), rho(G), and rho(E)) among bone traits. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test associations between SNPs and multivariable-adjusted trait values. We evaluated the proportion of SNPs associated with pairs of the traits at a nominal significance threshold alpha = 0.01. We found substantial correlation between the proportion of associated SNPs and the rho(P) and rho(G) (r = 0.91 and 0.84, respectively) but much lower with rho(E) (r = 0.38). Thus, for example, hip and spine BMD had 6.8% associated SNPs in common, corresponding to rho(P) = 0.55 and rho(G) = 0.66 between them. Fewer SNPs were associated with both BMD and any of the hip geometric traits (eg, femoral neck and shaft width, section moduli, neck shaft angle, and neck length); rho(G) between BMD and geometric traits ranged from -0.24 to +0.40. In conclusion, we examined relationships between osteoporosis-related traits based on genome-wide associations. Most of the similarity between the quantitative bone phenotypes may be attributed to pleiotropic effects of genes. This knowledge may prove helpful in defining the best phenotypes to be used in genetic studies of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Karasik
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA.
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22
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Yan H, Liu YJ, Zhou Q, Xiao P, Recker RR, Deng HW. Comparison of whole genome linkage scans in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: no bone-loss-specific QTLs were implicated. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20:771-7. [PMID: 18766293 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-008-0723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study was conducted to investigate if there exist bone-loss-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for females. Genome-wide linkage scans were conducted in total, premenopausal, and postmenopausal women, respectively. No QTLs exclusively were found in postmenopausal women, suggesting that no bone-loss-specific QTL was implicated independent of BMD in our sample. INTRODUCTION Bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly women is determined jointly by peak bone mass achieved before menopause and by subsequent bone loss upon and after menopause. Peak bone mass is under strong genetic control, but whether bone loss has genetic determination independent of peak BMD is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate if there exist bone-loss-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for females, we conducted genome-wide linkage scans in 2,582 Caucasian females from 451 pedigrees including 1,486 premenopausal and 1,096 postmenopausal women. Linkage analyses were performed in the total sample and premenopausal and postmenopausal women subgroups, respectively, and the results were compared. RESULTS No linkage evidence was found exclusively in postmenopausal women. Linkage signals identified are largely consistent in the total, premenopausal, and postmenopausal samples. For example, for spine BMD, for the total sample, a significant linkage was obtained on 15q13 (LOD = 3.67), and LOD scores of 1.52 and 2.49 were achieved on 15q13 in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We did not find any QTLs exclusively in postmenopausal women; hence, no specific QTL for bone loss was implicated independent of BMD in our female sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Shaffer JR, Kammerer CM, Bruder JM, Cole SA, Dyer TD, Almasy L, Maccluer JW, Blangero J, Bauer RL, Mitchell BD. Quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1q influences bone loss in young Mexican American adults. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 84:75-84. [PMID: 19067020 PMCID: PMC2680710 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-008-9197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss occurs as early as the third decade and its cumulative effect throughout adulthood may impact risk for osteoporosis in later life, however, the genes and environmental factors influencing early bone loss are largely unknown. We investigated the role of genes in the change in bone mineral density (BMD) in participants in the San Antonio Family Osteoporosis Study. BMD change in 327 Mexican Americans (ages 25-45 years) from 32 extended pedigrees was calculated from DXA measurements at baseline and follow-up (3.5 to 8.9 years later). Family-based likelihood methods were used to estimate heritability (h(2)) and perform autosome-wide linkage analysis for BMD change of the proximal femur and forearm and to estimate heritability for BMD change of lumbar spine. BMD change was significantly heritable for total hip, ultradistal radius, and 33% radius (h(2) = 0.34, 0.34, and 0.27, respectively; p < 0.03 for all), modestly heritable for femoral neck (h(2) = 0.22; p = 0.06) and not heritable for spine BMD. Covariates associated with BMD change included age, sex, baseline BMD, menopause, body mass index, and interim BMI change, and accounted for 6% to 24% of phenotype variation. A significant quantitative trait locus (LOD = 3.6) for femoral neck BMD change was observed on chromosome 1q23. In conclusion, we observed that change in BMD in young adults is heritable and performed one of the first linkage studies for BMD change. Linkage to chromosome 1q23 suggests that this region may harbor one or more genes involved in regulating early BMD change of the femoral neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, A300 Crabtree Hall, GSPH, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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24
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An integrative genetics approach to identify candidate genes regulating BMD: combining linkage, gene expression, and association. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24:105-16. [PMID: 18767929 PMCID: PMC2661539 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting bone traits have been identified in the mouse; however, few of the underlying genes have been discovered. To improve the process of transitioning from QTL to gene, we describe an integrative genetics approach, which combines linkage analysis, expression QTL (eQTL) mapping, causality modeling, and genetic association in outbred mice. In C57BL/6J x C3H/HeJ (BXH) F(2) mice, nine QTLs regulating femoral BMD were identified. To select candidate genes from within each QTL region, microarray gene expression profiles from individual F(2) mice were used to identify 148 genes whose expression was correlated with BMD and regulated by local eQTLs. Many of the genes that were the most highly correlated with BMD have been previously shown to modulate bone mass or skeletal development. Candidates were further prioritized by determining whether their expression was predicted to underlie variation in BMD. Using network edge orienting (NEO), a causality modeling algorithm, 18 of the 148 candidates were predicted to be causally related to differences in BMD. To fine-map QTLs, markers in outbred MF1 mice were tested for association with BMD. Three chromosome 11 SNPs were identified that were associated with BMD within the Bmd11 QTL. Finally, our approach provides strong support for Wnt9a, Rasd1, or both underlying Bmd11. Integration of multiple genetic and genomic data sets can substantially improve the efficiency of QTL fine-mapping and candidate gene identification.
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Abstract
A family history of hip fracture carries a twofold increased risk of fracture among descendants. Genetic factors indeed play a major role in the determination of bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis risk. Multiple chromosomal loci have been mapped by linkage approaches which potentially carry hundreds of genes involved in the determination of bone mass and quality. Association studies based on candidate gene polymorphisms and subsequent meta-analyses, and the more recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have clearly identified a handful of genes associated with BMD and/or fragility fractures. Among them are genes coding for the LDL-receptor related protein 5 (LRP5), estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and osteoprotegerin, OPG (TNFRSf11b). However, the percentage of osteoporosis risk explained by any of these polymorphisms is small, indicating that most genetic risk factors remain to be discovered and/or that interaction with environmental factors needs further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ferrari
- Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, WHO Collaborating Center for Osteoporosis Prevention, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Genève 14, Switzerland.
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26
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Abstract
In this paper I examine claims of racial difference in bone density and find that the use and definitions of race in medicine lack a theoretical foundation. My central argument is that the social produces the biological in a system of constant feedback between body and social experience. By providing a different angle of vision on claimed racial differences I hope to move the conversation away from an ultimately futile discussion of nature versus nurture, where time is held constant and place seen as irrelevant, and begin to build a new paradigm for examining the contributions of geographic ancestry, individual lifecycle experience, race, and gender to varied patterns of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fausto-Sterling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Common diseases result from the complex relationship between genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this review is to provide perspective for a conceptual framework aimed at studying the interplay of gender-specific genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of complex disease, using osteoporosis as an example. In recent years, gender differences in the heritability of the osteoporosis-related phenotypes have been reported and sex-specific quantitative-trait loci were discovered by linkage studies in humans and mice. Results of numerous allelic association studies also differed by gender. In most cases, it was not clear whether or not this phenomenon should be attributed to the effect of sex-chromosomes, sex hormones, or other intrinsic or extrinsic differences between the genders, such as the level of bioavailable estrogen and of physical activity. We conclude that there is need to consider gender-specific genetic and environmental factors in the planning of future association studies on the etiology of osteoporosis and other complex diseases prevalent in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karasik
- Hebrew SeniorLife/IFAR and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA.
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Zhang F, Xiao P, Yang F, Shen H, Xiong DH, Deng HY, Papasian CJ, Drees BM, Hamilton JJ, Recker RR, Deng HW. A whole genome linkage scan for QTLs underlying peak bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19:303-10. [PMID: 17882466 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-007-0468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We conducted a whole genome linkage scan for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying peak bone mineral density (PBMD). Our efforts identified several potential genomic regions for PBMD and highlighted the importance of epistatic interaction and sex-specific analyses in identifying genetic regions underlying PBMD variation. INTRODUCTION Peak bone mineral density (PBMD) is an important clinical risk predictor of osteoporosis and explains a large part of bone mineral density (BMD) variation. METHODS To detect susceptive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for PBMD variation including consideration of epistatic and sex-specific effects, we conducted a whole genome linkage scan (WGLS) for PBMD using 2,200 Caucasians from 207 pedigrees, aged 20-50 years. All the individuals were genotyped with 410 microsatellite markers. In addition to WGLS in the total combined sample of males and females, we conducted epistatic interaction analyses, and sex-specific subgroup linkage analyses. RESULTS We identified several potential genomic regions that met the criteria for suggestive linkage. The most impressing region is 12p12 for hip PBMD (LOD = 2.79) in the total sample. Epistatic interaction analyses found a significant epistatic interaction between 12p12 and 22q13 (p = 0.0021) for hip PBMD. Additionally, we detected suggestive linkage evidence at 15q26 (LOD = 2.93), 2p13 (LOD = 2.64), and Xq27 (LOD = 2.64). Sex-specific analyses suggested the presence of sex-specific QTLs for PBMD variation. CONCLUSIONS Our efforts identified several potential regions for PBMD and highlighted the importance of epistatic interaction and sex-specific analyses in identifying genetic regions underlying PBMD variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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Cho K, Demissie S, Dupuis J, Cupples LA, Kathiresan S, Beck TJ, Karasik D, Kiel DP. Polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene and bone density/ultrasound and geometry in humans. Bone 2008; 42:53-60. [PMID: 17980690 PMCID: PMC2386517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), produced by endothelial cells, is a signaling molecule synthesized from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). NO is known to reduce the ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor KappaB (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG), leading to decreased osteoclastogenesis and a reduction in bone resorption. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS or NOS3) is the predominant constitutive isoform of nitric NOS within bone. Recently, a NOS3 polymorphism, Glu298Asp, previously implicated in osteoporosis, failed to demonstrate an association with bone mineral density (BMD), although there was some indication of an association with selected geometry indices. Since a single polymorphism does not capture all of the potential variants in a given gene, we investigated a broader coverage of the NOS3 gene with bone density/ultrasound and geometry indices in a sample of unrelated individuals from the Framingham Offspring Study. Our results indicated that the Glu298Asp polymorphism was not associated with BMD but suggested some haplotype-based associations in the linkage disequilibrium (LD) region that included the Glu298Asp polymorphism with several geometry indices. Although our findings exhibited several associations with selected bone density/ultrasound and geometry indices, the nominally significant associations are regarded as primarily hypothesis generating and suggest that replication in other samples is needed. Thus, NOS3 genetic variation does not appear to be a major contributor to adult bone density/ultrasound and geometry in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cho
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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30
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Govindaraju DR, Adrienne Cupples L, Kannel WB, O'Donnell CJ, Atwood LD, D'Agostino RB, Fox CS, Larson M, Levy D, Murabito J, Vasan RS, Lee Splansky G, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ. Genetics of the Framingham Heart Study population. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2008; 62:33-65. [PMID: 19010253 PMCID: PMC3014216 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)00602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the Framingham Heart Study and the genetic research related to cardiovascular diseases conducted in this unique population. It briefly describes the origins of the study, the risk factors that contribute to heart disease, and the approaches taken to discover the genetic basis of some of these risk factors. The genetic architecture of several biological risk factors has been explained using family studies, segregation analysis, heritability, and phenotypic and genetic correlations. Many quantitative trait loci underlying cardiovascular diseases have been discovered using different molecular markers. Additionally, initial results from genome-wide association studies using 116,000 markers and the prospects of using 550,000 markers for association studies are presented. Finally, the use of this unique sample to study genotype and environment interactions is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | | | | | - Larry D Atwood
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702
| | - Caroline S Fox
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702
| | - Marty Larson
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702
| | - Daniel Levy
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702
| | - Joanne Murabito
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702; Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702; Department of Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | | | - Philip A Wolf
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702; Department of Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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Rachoń D, Seidlová-Wuttke D, Vortherms T, Wuttke W. Effects of dietary equol administration on ovariectomy induced bone loss in Sprague-Dawley rats. Maturitas 2007; 58:308-15. [PMID: 17961939 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oestrogen deficiency leads to a considerable bone loss, thus, osteopenia and osteoporosis are serious complications after menopause. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a daidzein metabolite equol on bone mass density (BMD) and markers of bone remodelling in an ovariectomized (ovx) rat model of postmenopausal bone loss and compare them with the effects of 17beta-estradiol. METHODS Twenty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovx and fed soy-free chow only (control group, n = 8), or with the addition of oestradiol-3 benzoate (E2B) (10mg/kg, n = 10) or equol (400 mg/kg, n = 10). At baseline and after 6-week treatment period, proximal tibia and lumbar spine BMD were measured using computer tomography. Animals were then sacrificed, blood was collected and uteri were removed. RESULTS Similarly to E2B, dietary equol decreased weight gain and showed mild uterotropic activity. E2B attenuated ovx induced BMD loss at proximal tibia whereas equol had no effect. At lumbar spine, however, equol not only attenuated trabecular bone loss but also increased its density. This effect was also apparent in animals treated with E2B. Cortical BMD at proximal tibia and lumbar spine were not very much influenced by ovx and treatment with E2B or equol did not induce significant changes at these sites. Plasma osteocalcin and type I collagen fragments (cross-laps) in equol treated animals did not differ from the controls whereas in E2B treated animals they were both significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS In spite of its mild uterotropic potential, dietary equol shows limited bone sparing effects in ovx rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rachoń
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Kiel DP, Demissie S, Dupuis J, Lunetta KL, Murabito JM, Karasik D. Genome-wide association with bone mass and geometry in the Framingham Heart Study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8 Suppl 1:S14. [PMID: 17903296 PMCID: PMC1995606 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-s1-s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and compromised bone structure, heritable traits that contribute to fracture risk. There have been no genome-wide association and linkage studies for these traits using high-density genotyping platforms. METHODS We used the Affymetrix 100K SNP GeneChip marker set in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) to examine genetic associations with ten primary quantitative traits: bone mineral density (BMD), calcaneal ultrasound, and geometric indices of the hip. To test associations with multivariable-adjusted residual trait values, we used additive generalized estimating equation (GEE) and family-based association tests (FBAT) models within each sex as well as sexes combined. We evaluated 70,987 autosomal SNPs with genotypic call rates > or =80%, HWE p > or = 0.001, and MAF > or =10% in up to 1141 phenotyped individuals (495 men and 646 women, mean age 62.5 yrs). Variance component linkage analysis was performed using 11,200 markers. RESULTS Heritability estimates for all bone phenotypes were 30-66%. LOD scores > or =3.0 were found on chromosomes 15 (1.5 LOD confidence interval: 51,336,679-58,934,236 bp) and 22 (35,890,398-48,603,847 bp) for femoral shaft section modulus. The ten primary phenotypes had 12 associations with 100K SNPs in GEE models at p < 0.000001 and 2 associations in FBAT models at p < 0.000001. The 25 most significant p-values for GEE and FBAT were all less than 3.5 x 10(-6) and 2.5 x 10(-5), respectively. Of the 40 top SNPs with the greatest numbers of significantly associated BMD traits (including femoral neck, trochanter, and lumbar spine), one half to two-thirds were in or near genes that have not previously been studied for osteoporosis. Notably, pleiotropic associations between BMD and bone geometric traits were uncommon. Evidence for association (FBAT or GEE p < 0.05) was observed for several SNPs in candidate genes for osteoporosis, such as rs1801133 in MTHFR; rs1884052 and rs3778099 in ESR1; rs4988300 in LRP5; rs2189480 in VDR; rs2075555 in COLIA1; rs10519297 and rs2008691 in CYP19, as well as SNPs in PPARG (rs10510418 and rs2938392) and ANKH (rs2454873 and rs379016). All GEE, FBAT and linkage results are provided as an open-access results resource at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?id=phs000007 webcite. CONCLUSION The FHS 100K SNP project offers an unbiased genome-wide strategy to identify new candidate loci and to replicate previously suggested candidate genes for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Kiel
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Beamer WG, Shultz KL, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Horton LG, Delahunty KM, Coombs HF, Donahue LR, Canalis E, Rosen CJ. Genetic dissection of mouse distal chromosome 1 reveals three linked BMD QTLs with sex-dependent regulation of bone phenotypes. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:1187-96. [PMID: 17451375 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genetic analyses with mouse congenic strains for distal Chr1 have identified three closely linked QTLs regulating femoral vBMD, mid-diaphyseal cortical thickness, and trabecular microstructure in a sex-dependent fashion. The homologous relationship between distal mouse Chr 1 and human 1q21-24 offers the possibility of finding common regulatory genes for cortical and trabecular bone. INTRODUCTION The distal third of mouse chromosome 1 (Chr 1) has been shown to carry a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for BMD from several inbred mouse strain crosses. Genetic and functional analyses are essential to identify genes and cellular mechanisms for acquisition of peak bone mass. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nested congenic sublines of mice were developed with a C57BL/6J (B6) background carrying <1- to 9-Mbp-sized segments donated from C3H/HeJ (C3H). Isolated femurs from 16-wk-old female and male mice were measured by pQCT and microCT40 for volumetric (v)BMD, mid-diaphyseal cortical thickness, and distal trabecular phenotypes. Static and dynamic histomorphologic data were obtained on selected females and males at 16 wk. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found that the original BMD QTL, Bmd5, mapped to distal Chr 1 consists of three QTLs with different effects on vBMD and trabecular bone in both sexes. Compared with B6 controls, femoral vBMD, BMD, and cortical thickness (p < 0.0001) were significantly increased in congenic subline females, but not in males, carrying C3H alleles at QTL-1. Both females and males carrying C3H alleles at QTL-1 showed marked increases in BV/TV by microCT compared with B6 mice (p < 0.0001). Females increased BV/TV by increasing trabecular thickness, whereas males increased trabecular number. In addition, the microCT40 data showed two unique QTLs for male trabecular bone, QTL-2 and QTL-3, which may interact to regulate trabecular thickness and number. These QTLs are closely linked with and proximal to QTL-1. The histomorphometric data revealed sex-specific differences in cellular and bone formation parameters. Mice and humans share genetic homology between distal mouse Chr 1 and human Chr 1q20-24 that is associated with adult human skeletal regulation. Sex- and compartment-specific regulatory QTLs in the mouse suggest the need to partition human data by sex to improve accuracy of mapping and genetic loci identification.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease with a strong genetic component characterised by reduced bone mass and an increased risk of fragility fractures. Twin and family studies have shown that genetic factors contribute to osteoporosis by influencing bone mineral density (BMD), and other phenotypes that are associated with fracture risk, although the heritability of fracture itself is modest. Linkage studies have identified several quantitative trait loci that regulate BMD but most causal genes remain to be identified. In contrast, linkage studies in monogenic bone diseases have been successful in gene identification, and polymorphisms in many of these genes have been found to contribute to the regulation of bone mass in the normal population. Population-based studies have identified polymorphisms in several candidate genes that have been associated with bone mass or osteoporotic fracture, although individually these polymorphisms only account for a small amount of the genetic contribution to BMD regulation. Environmental factors such as diet and physical activity are also important determinants of BMD, and in some cases specific nutrients have been found to interact with genetic polymorphisms to regulate BMD. From a clinical standpoint, advances in knowledge about the genetic basis of osteoporosis are likely to be important in increasing the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease; providing new genetic markers with which to assess fracture risk and in identifying genes and pathways that form molecular targets for the design of the next generation of drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart H Ralston
- Molecular Medicine Centre, Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Edinburgh University, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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Tang ZH, Xiao P, Lei SF, Deng FY, Zhao LJ, Deng HY, Tan LJ, Shen H, Xiong DH, Recker RR, Deng HW. A bivariate whole-genome linkage scan suggests several shared genomic regions for obesity and osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:2751-7. [PMID: 17473065 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A genome-wide bivariate analysis was conducted for body fat mass (BFM) and bone mineral density (BMD) in a large Caucasian sample. We found some quantitative trait loci shared by BFM and BMD in the total sample and the gender-specific subgroups, and quantitative trait loci with potential pleiotropy were disclosed. BFM and BMD, as the respective measure for obesity and osteoporosis, are phenotypically and genetically correlated. However, specific genomic regions accounting for their genetic correlation are unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify systemically the shared genomic regions for BFM and BMD, we performed a bivariate whole-genome linkage scan in 4498 Caucasian individuals from 451 families for BFM and BMD at the hip, spine, and wrist, respectively. Linkage analyses were performed in the total sample and the male and female subgroups, respectively. RESULTS In the entire sample, suggestive linkages were detected at 7p22-p21 (LOD 2.69) for BFM and spine BMD, 6q27 (LOD 2.30) for BFM and hip BMD, and 11q13 (LOD 2.64) for BFM and wrist BMD. Male-specific suggestive linkages were found at 13q12 (LOD 3.23) for BFM and spine BMD and at 7q21 (LOD 2.59) for BFM and hip BMD. Female-specific suggestive LOD scores were 3.32 at 15q13 for BFM and spine BMD and 3.15 at 6p25-24 for BFM and wrist BMD. CONCLUSIONS Several shared genomic regions for BFM and BMD were identified here. Our data may benefit further positional and functional studies, aimed at eventually uncovering the complex mechanism underlying the shared genetic determination of obesity and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hui Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics and the Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, People's Republic of China
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Grundberg E, Akesson K, Kindmark A, Gerdhem P, Holmberg A, Mellström D, Ljunggren O, Orwoll E, Mallmin H, Ohlsson C, Brändström H. The impact of estradiol on bone mineral density is modulated by the specific estrogen receptor-alpha cofactor retinoblastoma-interacting zinc finger protein-1 insertion/deletion polymorphism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:2300-6. [PMID: 17356055 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Estrogens regulate bone mass by binding to the estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha as well as ER-beta. The specific ERalpha cofactor retinoblastoma-interacting zinc finger protein (RIZ)-1 enhances ERalpha function in the presence of estrogen. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether a RIZ P704 insertion (+)/deletion (-) (indel) polymorphism modulates the impact of estradiol on bone mineral density (BMD) and study the association between the polymorphism and BMD in elderly subjects. DESIGN This was a population-based, prospective, and cross-sectional study, the Swedish MrOS Study, and the Malmö OPRA Study, respectively. SETTING The study was conducted at three academic medical centers: Sahlgrenska Academy in Gothenburg, Malmö University Hospital, and Uppsala University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS In total, 4058 men and women, aged 69-81 yr, were randomly selected from population registries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES BMD (grams per square centimeter) was measured at femoral neck, trochanter, lumbar spine, and total body. RESULTS The RIZ P704(+/+) genotype was associated with low BMD in both women (femoral neck, P < 0.001; trochanter, P < 0.01; lumbar spine, P < 0.05; total body, P < 0.01) and men (lumbar spine, P < 0.05). However, the association between the polymorphism and BMD was dependent on estradiol status. The positive correlation between serum estradiol and BMD was significantly modulated by the genotype with a stronger correlation in the P704(+/+) group than the P704(-/-) group (r = 0.19 vs. r = 0.08, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These large-scale studies of elderly men and women indicate that the ERalpha cofactor RIZ gene has a prominent effect on BMD, and the P704 genotype modulates the impact of estradiol on BMD. Further studies are required to determine whether this polymorphism modulates the estrogenic response to estradiol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Grundberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Ing 70, 3 tr, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Over the past 10 years, many advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms by which genetic factors regulate susceptibility to osteoporosis. It has become clear from studies in man and experimental animals that different genes regulate BMD at different skeletal sites and in men and women. Linkage studies have identified several chromosomal regions that regulate BMD, but only a few causative genes have been discovered so far using this approach. In contrast, significant advances have been made in identifying the genes that cause monogenic bone diseases, and polymorphic variation is some of these genes has been found to contribute to the genetic regulation of BMD in the normal population. Other genes that have been investigated as possible candidates for susceptibility to osteoporosis because of their role in bone biology, such as vitamin D, have yielded mixed results. Many candidate gene association studies have been underpowered, and meta-analysis has been used to try to confirm or refute potential associations and gain a better estimate of their true effect size in the population. Most of the genetic variants that confer susceptibility to osteoporosis remain to be discovered. It is likely that new techniques such as whole-genome association will provide new insights into the genetic determinants of osteoporosis and will help to identify genes of modest effect size. From a clinical standpoint, genetic variants that are found to predispose to osteoporosis will advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. They could be developed as diagnostic genetic tests or form molecular targets for design of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and other bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M E Albagha
- Rheumatology Section, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.
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Shen H, Bielak LF, Streeten EA, Ryan KA, Rumberger JA, Sheedy PF, Shuldiner AR, Peyser PA, Mitchell BD. Relationship between vascular calcification and bone mineral density in the Old-order Amish. Calcif Tissue Int 2007; 80:244-50. [PMID: 17431532 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-007-9006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification and osteoporosis are common age-related processes that are influenced by both genetic and nongenetic factors. Whether common genes underlie these processes is not known. We measured coronary artery calcification (CAC), aortic calcification (AC), and bone mineral density (BMD) in 682 men and women from large Old-Order Amish families. We assessed the heritabilities of these traits and then evaluated, using variance decomposition procedures, whether variation in the traits was influenced by a common set of genes (i.e., pleiotropy). Significant heritabilities were detected for BMD of the femoral neck and spine (0.65, 0.63) and CAC and AC (0.43, 0.42). Mean BMD did not differ significantly across quartiles of either CAC or AC in either sex. In neither the total group nor any single subgroup (men, women, postmenopausal women) did any of the genetic or environmental correlations between BMD and vascular calcification achieve statistical significance. However, subjects with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events had significantly lower BMD at the femoral neck compared to subjects who reported no prior history of CVD (age-, sex-, body mass index-, and family structure-adjusted P = 0.003). We detected no evidence for shared genes affecting the joint distribution of bone and vascular calcification. However, our results do reveal a lower BMD in subjects with a prior history of CVD in the Old-Order Amish.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, 660 W. Redwood Street, Room 492, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kiel DP, Ferrari SL, Cupples LA, Karasik D, Manen D, Imamovic A, Herbert AG, Dupuis J. Genetic variation at the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) locus modulates Wnt signaling and the relationship of physical activity with bone mineral density in men. Bone 2007; 40:587-96. [PMID: 17137849 PMCID: PMC1845172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the LRP5 gene have been associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in men and/or women. However, the functional basis for this association remains obscure. We hypothesized that LRP5 alleles could modulate Wnt signaling and the relationship between physical activity and BMD. This genetic association study was performed in the population-based Framingham Study Offspring Cohort, and included a subset of 1797 unrelated individuals who provided blood samples for DNA and who had BMD measurements of the hip and spine. Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the LRP5 gene were genotyped and used for association and interaction analyses with BMD by regression methods. LRP5 haplotypes were transiently co-expressed with Wnt3a, MesD and Dkk1 in HEK293 cells and their activity evaluated by the TCF-Lef reporter assay. Six out of ten SNPs in LRP5 were associated with one or more of the femur or spine BMDs in men or women after adjustment for covariates, and these associations differed between genders. In men< or =age 60 years, 3 SNPs were significantly associated with BMD: rs2306862 on Exon 10 with femoral neck BMD (p=0.01) and Ward's BMD (p=0.01); rs4988321/p. V667M with Ward's BMD (p=0.02); and intronic rs901825 with trochanter BMD (p=0.03). In women, 3 SNPs in intron 2 were significantly associated with BMD: rs4988330 for trochanter (p=0.01) and spine BMD (p=0.003); rs312778 with femoral neck BMD (p=0.05); and rs4988331 with spine BMD (p=0.04). For each additional rare allele, BMD changed by 3-5% in males and 2-4% in females. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between physical activity and rs2306862 in exon 10 (p for interaction=0.02) and rs3736228/p. A1330V in exon 18 (p for interaction=0.05) on spine BMD in men. In both cases, the TT genotype was associated with lower BMD in men with higher physical activity scores, conversely with higher BMD in men with lower physical activity scores. In vitro, TCF-Lef activity in presence of Wnt3a was significantly reduced in cells expressing LRP5 haplotypes carrying the T allele of exon 10 and 18 compared to the wild-type allele, whereas co-expression of Dkk1 completely inhibited Wnt3a response through all LRP5 haplotypes. In summary, genetic variation in exons 10 and 18 of the LRP5 gene modulates Wnt signaling and the relationship between physical activity and BMD in men. These observations suggest that Wnt-LRP5 may play a role in the adaptation of bone to mechanical load in humans, and may explain some gender-related differences in bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA.
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40
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Ioannidis JP, Ng MY, Sham PC, Zintzaras E, Lewis CM, Deng HW, Econs MJ, Karasik D, Devoto M, Kammerer CM, Spector T, Andrew T, Cupples LA, Duncan EL, Foroud T, Kiel DP, Koller D, Langdahl B, Mitchell BD, Peacock M, Recker R, Shen H, Sol-Church K, Spotila LD, Uitterlinden AG, Wilson SG, Kung AW, Ralston SH. Meta-analysis of genome-wide scans provides evidence for sex- and site-specific regulation of bone mass. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:173-183. [PMID: 17228994 PMCID: PMC4016811 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several genome-wide scans have been performed to detect loci that regulate BMD, but these have yielded inconsistent results, with limited replication of linkage peaks in different studies. In an effort to improve statistical power for detection of these loci, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide scans in which spine or hip BMD were studied. Evidence was gained to suggest that several chromosomal loci regulate BMD in a site-specific and sex-specific manner. INTRODUCTION BMD is a heritable trait and an important predictor of osteoporotic fracture risk. Several genome-wide scans have been performed in an attempt to detect loci that regulate BMD, but there has been limited replication of linkage peaks between studies. In an attempt to resolve these inconsistencies, we conducted a collaborative meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage scans in which femoral neck BMD (FN-BMD) or lumbar spine BMD (LS-BMD) had been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were accumulated from nine genome-wide scans involving 11,842 subjects. Data were analyzed separately for LS-BMD and FN-BMD and by sex. For each study, genomic bins of 30 cM were defined and ranked according to the maximum LOD score they contained. While various densitometers were used in different studies, the ranking approach that we used means that the results are not confounded by the fact that different measurement devices were used. Significance for high average rank and heterogeneity was obtained through Monte Carlo testing. RESULTS For LS-BMD, the quantitative trait locus (QTL) with greatest significance was on chromosome 1p13.3-q23.3 (p = 0.004), but this exhibited high heterogeneity and the effect was specific for women. Other significant LS-BMD QTLs were on chromosomes 12q24.31-qter, 3p25.3-p22.1, 11p12-q13.3, and 1q32-q42.3, including one on 18p11-q12.3 that had not been detected by individual studies. For FN-BMD, the strongest QTL was on chromosome 9q31.1-q33.3 (p = 0.002). Other significant QTLs were identified on chromosomes 17p12-q21.33, 14q13.1-q24.1, 9q21.32-q31.1, and 5q14.3-q23.2. There was no correlation in average ranks of bins between men and women and the loci that regulated BMD in men and women and at different sites were largely distinct. CONCLUSIONS This large-scale meta-analysis provided evidence for replication of several QTLs identified in previous studies and also identified a QTL on chromosome 18p11-q12.3, which had not been detected by individual studies. However, despite the large sample size, none of the individual loci identified reached genome-wide significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pa Ioannidis
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Ioannina, Greece
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Department of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mandy Y Ng
- Genome Research Center, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak C Sham
- Genome Research Center, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elias Zintzaras
- Biomathematics Unit, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Hunan, China
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael J Econs
- Departments of Medicine and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School Division of Aging, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Human Genetics, CHOP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Candace M Kammerer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tim Spector
- Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Andrew
- Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma L Duncan
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Departments of Medicine and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School Division of Aging, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Koller
- Departments of Medicine and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bente Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Munro Peacock
- Departments of Medicine and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert Recker
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Katia Sol-Church
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours' Childrens Clinic, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Annie Wc Kung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stuart H Ralston
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Hsu YH, Xu X, Terwedow HA, Niu T, Hong X, Wu D, Wang L, Brain JD, Bouxsein ML, Cummings SR, Rosen CJ, Xu X. Large-scale genome-wide linkage analysis for loci linked to BMD at different skeletal sites in extreme selected sibships. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:184-94. [PMID: 17228995 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.061015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Few genome-wide linkage studies of osteoporosis have been conducted in the Asian population. We performed a genome-wide scan involving 3093 adult siblings with at least one sib-pair extremely concordant or discordant for hip BMD. Our results indicated four genome-wide significant QTLs for BMD. In comparison with 12 previous reported linkage studies, we reveal novel linkage regions that have reaching global significance. INTRODUCTION The genetic basis for osteoporosis has been firmly established, but efforts to identify genes associated with this complex trait have been incomplete, especially in Asian populations. The purpose of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for BMD in a Chinese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a genome-wide scan involving 3093 siblings 25-64 years of age from 941 families, with at least one sib-pair extreme concordant or discordant for total hip BMD from a large community-based cohort (n = 23,327) in Anhui, China. Linkage analysis was performed on BMD residuals adjusted for age, height, weight, occupation, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption using the revised Haseman-Elston regression-based linkage model. RESULTS Our results revealed significant QTLs on chromosome 7p21.2 for femoral neck BMD (LOD = 3.68) and on chromosome 2q24.3 for total hip BMD (LOD = 3.65). Suggestive linkage regions were found to overlap among different skeletal sites on chromosomes 2q, 7p, and 16q. Sex-specific linkage analysis further revealed a significant QTL for lumbar spine BMD on chromosome 13q21.1 (LOD = 3.62) in women only. When performing multivariate linkage analysis by combining BMDs at four skeletal sites (i.e., whole body, total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMD), an additional significant QTL was found at chromosome 5q21.2 (LOD = 4.56). None of these significant QTLs found in our study overlapped with major QTLs reported by other studies. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals four novel QTLs in a Chinese population and suggests that BMD at different skeletal sites may also share common genetic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Duren DL, Sherwood RJ, Choh AC, Czerwinski SA, Chumlea WC, Lee M, Sun SS, Demerath EW, Siervogel RM, Towne B. Quantitative genetics of cortical bone mass in healthy 10-year-old children from the Fels Longitudinal Study. Bone 2007; 40:464-70. [PMID: 17056310 PMCID: PMC1945206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The genetic influences on bone mass likely change throughout the life span, but most genetic studies of bone mass regulation have focused on adults. There is, however, a growing awareness of the importance of genes influencing the acquisition of bone mass during childhood on lifelong bone health. The present investigation examines genetic influences on childhood bone mass by estimating the residual heritabilities of different measures of second metacarpal bone mass in a sample of 600 10-year-old participants from 144 families in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Bivariate quantitative genetic analyses were conducted to estimate genetic correlations between cortical bone mass measures, and measures of bone growth and development. Using a maximum likelihood-based variance components method for pedigree data, we found a residual heritability estimate of 0.71 for second metacarpal cortical index. Residual heritability estimates for individual measures of cortical bone (e.g., lateral cortical thickness, medial cortical thickness) ranged from 0.47 to 0.58, at this pre-pubertal childhood age. Low genetic correlations were found between cortical bone measures and both bone length and skeletal age. However, after Bonferonni adjustment for multiple testing, rho(G) was not significantly different from 0 for any of these pairs of traits. Results of this investigation provide evidence of significant genetic control over bone mass largely independent of maturation while bones are actively growing and before rapid accrual of bone that typically occurs during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Duren
- Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3171 Research Boulevard, Dayton, OH 45420, USA.
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Reeves GM, McCreadie BR, Chen S, Galecki AT, Burke DT, Miller RA, Goldstein SA. Quantitative trait loci modulate vertebral morphology and mechanical properties in a population of 18-month-old genetically heterogeneous mice. Bone 2007; 40:433-43. [PMID: 17049325 PMCID: PMC1852531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine effects of polymorphic genes on vertebral bone morphology and mechanical properties. Genotypes from 525 18-month-old female mice were compared to geometric traits obtained from micro-computed tomography and mechanical properties from compression testing. Genetic markers were associated with traits on at least 13 different chromosomes, demonstrating the complexity of genetic control over vertebral form, function and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant M. Reeves
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Barbara R. McCreadie
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shu Chen
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Galecki
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David T. Burke
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven A. Goldstein
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Yan F, Angel R, Ashwell CM. Characterization of the Chicken Small Intestine Type IIb Sodium Phosphate Cotransporter. Poult Sci 2007; 86:67-76. [PMID: 17179418 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal absorption and renal resorption play a critical role in overall phosphorus homeostasis in chickens. Using RNase-ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR, we obtained a cDNA from the broiler small intestine that encodes a type IIb Na-dependent phosphate transporter. The cDNA has an open reading frame of 2,022 bp and predicts a 674-amino acid protein with a molecular mass of approximately 74 kDa. Prediction of membrane spanning domains based on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the amino acids suggests 8 transmembrane domains, with both the NH(2) and COOH termini being intracellular. The Na-inorganic phosphate (Pi) IIb cotransporter has relative high homology with other type II Na-Pi cotransporters but low homology with the type I or type III Na-Pi cotransporters. Northern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of a single mRNA transcript present predominantly in the small intestine, with the highest expression in the duodenum, followed by the jejunum and ileum. In situ hybridization indicated that the Na-Pi cotransporter mRNA is expressed throughout the vertical cryptvillus axis of the small intestine. Reduction of P in the diet of chicks from hatch to 4 d of age resulted in a significant induction of Na-Pi cotransporter mRNA expression in the small intestine. Further study is needed to elucidate its physiological role in intestinal phosphate absorption in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yan
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA
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45
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Kung AWC, Lai BMH, Ng MYM, Chan V, Sham PC. T-1213C polymorphism of estrogen receptor beta is associated with low bone mineral density and osteoporotic fractures. Bone 2006; 39:1097-1106. [PMID: 16777502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a complex disease with a strong genetic component, but the genes involved are poorly defined. To determine whether estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) gene is an osteoporosis risk gene, we examined its association with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. Using a gene-based approach, a set of 12 polymorphisms of ESR2 was studied in 752 case-control pairs of southern Chinese in ethnicity. Among all polymorphisms, the most significant relation with BMD and fracture risk was observed with T-1213C. Subjects with low BMD had a higher frequency of the variant C allele of T-1213C (cases 11.4%, control 8.4%, P = 0.02). The C allele was associated with 4% reduction in BMD at both the spine and hip in women, and 11% reduction in spine BMD and 9% reduction in hip BMD in men. Similar results were seen with SNP haplotype analysis. Subjects with the C allele of T-1213C were associated with higher risks of osteoporosis and BMD T scores < or = -2.5 (odds ratios: 2.2 at spine and 3.5 at femoral neck for women; 3.5 at lumbar spine for men). Postmenopausal women carrying this C allele were associated with 2.22-fold increased risk of osteoporotic fractures (95% confidence interval 1.26-4.25) even after adjusting for BMD. In conclusion, ESR2 is involved in BMD determination in both sexes. The T-1213C polymorphism influences the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women independent of BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie W C Kung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Billy M H Lai
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mandy Y M Ng
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China; The Genome Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivian Chan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak C Sham
- The Genome Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, ChangSha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri/Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, ChangSha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, ChangSha, Hunan, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri/Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Liu YJ, Shen H, Xiao P, Xiong DH, Li LH, Recker RR, Deng HW. Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis: a 2004 update. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1511-35. [PMID: 16995806 PMCID: PMC1829484 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes comprehensively the most important and representative molecular genetics studies of gene identification for osteoporosis published up to the end of December 2004. It is intended to constitute a sequential update of our previously published review covering the available data up to the end of 2002. Evidence from candidate gene association studies and genome-wide linkage studies in humans, as well as quantitative trait locus mapping animal models are reviewed separately. Studies of transgenic and knockout mice models relevant to osteoporosis are summarized. An important extension of this update is incorporation of functional genomic studies (including DNA microarrays and proteomics) on osteogenesis and osteoporosis, in light of the rapid advances and the promising prospects of the field. Comments are made on the most notable findings and representative studies for their potential influence and implications on our present understanding of genetics of osteoporosis. The format adopted by this review should be ideal for accommodating future new advances and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Liu
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Peng Xiao
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Dong-Hai Xiong
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Li-Hua Li
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Robert R Recker
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Abstract
In April 2004, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Office of Research in Women's Health at the NIH convened a workshop to explore how male and female biologic and physiologic characteristics affect musculoskeletal health. This issue of Orthopedic Clinics of North America picks up where the workshop left off, extending the discussion of clinical topics across the broad spectrum of musculoskeletal health. This article serves as a prelude and introduction to the issue and provides a synopsis of the workshop findings.
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Streeten EA, McBride DJ, Pollin TI, Ryan K, Shapiro J, Ott S, Mitchell BD, Shuldiner AR, O'Connell JR. Quantitative trait loci for BMD identified by autosome-wide linkage scan to chromosomes 7q and 21q in men from the Amish Family Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1433-42. [PMID: 16939402 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Using autosome-wide linkage analysis in 964 Amish, strong evidence was found for the presence of genes affecting hip and spine BMD in men on chromosomes 7q31 and 21q22 (LOD = 4.15 and 3.36, respectively). INTRODUCTION BMD is highly heritable, with genetic factors accounting for 60-88% of variation. The goal of this study was to localize genes contributing to BMD variation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Amish Family Osteoporosis Study was designed to identify genes affecting bone health. The Amish are a genetically closed population with a homogeneous lifestyle. BMD was measured at the spine, hip, and radius using DXA in 964 participants (mean age, 50.2 +/- 16.3 [SD] years; range, 18-99 years) from large multigenerational families. Genotyping of 731 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers (average spacing of 5.4 cM) and autosome-wide multipoint linkage analysis were performed. RESULTS In the overall study population, no strong evidence for linkage was detected to any chromosomal region (peak LOD: 2.11 for radius BMD on chromosome 3q26). In a subgroup analysis of men (n = 371), strong evidence was detected for a quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing BMD variation on chromosome 7q31 at the total hip (LOD = 4.15) and femoral neck (LOD = 3.09) and for a second QTL influencing spine BMD at 21q22 (LOD = 3.36). Suggestive evidence of linkage was found in men for a QTL at 12q24 affecting total hip BMD (LOD = 2.60) and at 18p11 for femoral neck (LOD = 2.07), and in women (n = 593) at 1p36 for femoral neck BMD (LOD = 2.02) and at 1q21 for spine BMD (LOD = 2.11). In age subgroup analyses, suggestive evidence for linkage was found for those <50 years of age (n = 521) on chromosomes 11q22 and 14q23 (LODs = 2.11 and 2.16, respectively) and for those >50 years of age (n = 443) on 3p25.2 (LOD = 2.32). CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest the presence of genes affecting hip and spine BMD in men on chromosomes 7q31 and 21q22. Modest evidence was found for genes affecting BMD in women on chromosomes 1p36 and 1q21 and in men at 12q24, replicating results from other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Streeten
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Huang QY, Ng MYM, Cheung CL, Chan V, Sham PC, Kung AWC. Identification of two sex-specific quantitative trait loci in chromosome 11q for hip bone mineral density in Chinese. Hum Hered 2006; 61:237-43. [PMID: 16926538 DOI: 10.1159/000095216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome 11q has not only been found to contain mutations responsible for the several Mendelian disorders of the skeleton, but it has also been linked to bone mineral density (BMD) variation in several genome-wide linkage studies. Furthermore, quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting BMD in inbred mice and baboons have been mapped to a region syntenic to human chromosome 11q. The aim of the present study is to determine whether there is a QTL for BMD variation on chromosome 11q in the Chinese population. METHODS Nineteen microsatellite markers were genotyped for a 75 cM region on 11q13-25 in 306 Chinese families with 1,459 subjects. BMD (g/cm(2)) was measured by DXA. Linkage analyses were performed using the variance component linkage analysis method implemented in Merlin software. RESULTS For women, a maximum LOD score of 1.62 was achieved at 90.8 cM on 11q21 near the marker D11S4175 for femoral neck BMD; LOD scores greater than 1.0 were observed on 11q13 for trochanter BMD. For men, a maximum LOD score of 1.57 was achieved at 135.8 cM on 11q24 near the marker D11S4126 for total hip BMD. CONCLUSION We have not only replicated the previous linkage finding on chromosome 11q but also identified two sex-specific QTL that contribute to BMD variation in Chinese women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yang Huang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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