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Scheuchzer P, Sinawat S, Donzé AS, Zeder C, Magalie S, Garcia-Garcera M, Ricci C, Kamontham T, Zimmermann MB, Baumgartner J. Iron absorption from an iron-fortified follow-up formula with and without the addition of a synbiotic or a human-identical milk oligosaccharide: a randomized cross-over stable isotope study in young Thai children. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00467-X. [PMID: 39179207 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that pre- and probiotics may enhance iron absorption. Probiotics combined with prebiotics (synbiotics), including human-identical milk oligosaccharides (HiMO), are commonly added to infant and follow-up formula (FUF). Whether these additions enhance iron absorption from iron-fortified commercial milk formula is uncertain. OBJECTIVE We determined the effect of adding: 1) a synbiotic (galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)+Limosilactobacillus reuteri [L. reuteri]), or 2) the HiMO 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) to iron-fortified FUF on iron absorption in young Thai children. METHODS In a randomized, controlled, single-blinded (participants) cross-over study, 82 Thai children aged 8-14 months were enrolled to consume single servings (235ml) of FUF with isotopically labelled ferrous sulfate (2.2 mg iron) with: 1) the synbiotic (400 mg/100 ml GOS and L. reuteri DSM 17938); 2) the 2'FL (100 mg/100 ml); and 3) without synbiotic and without 2'FL (control) in random order and a 3-day wash-out period between administrations. Fractional iron absorption (FIA[%]) was assessed by measuring erythrocyte incorporation of isotopic labels 14 days (n=26) and 28 days (n=76) after consumption of the last test FUF. RESULTS Median (IQR) FIA from iron-fortified FUF with the synbiotic (8.2[5.2, 12.9]%) and with 2'FL (8.4[5.5, 14.1]%) did not differ from the control FUF (8.1[4.8,14.7]%) (synbiotic vs. control, P=0.24; 2'FL vs. control, P=0.95). FIA from all FUF did not differ when measured after 14 and 28 days of erythrocyte incorporation (Time, P=0.368; FUF, P=0.435; Time x FUF, P=0.937). Fecal pH and hemoglobin were negatively associated with FIA. CONCLUSION In young Thai children, the addition of a synbiotic (GOS+L. reuteri) or 2'FL to iron-fortified FUF did not impact FIA from a single serving. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrial.gov as NCT04774016. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04774016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Scheuchzer
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sangsom Sinawat
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bang Kaeo, Samut Songkhram, Thailand
| | - Anne-Sophie Donzé
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Zeder
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabatier Magalie
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Garcia-Garcera
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristian Ricci
- Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Thavatchai Kamontham
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bang Kaeo, Samut Songkhram, Thailand
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Medical Research Council Translational Immune Discovery Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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De Bruyn F, James K, Cottenet G, Dominick M, Katja J. Combining Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and human milk oligosaccharides synergistically increases short chain fatty acid production ex vivo. Commun Biol 2024; 7:943. [PMID: 39098939 PMCID: PMC11298527 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
To enhance health benefits, a probiotic can be co-administered with a metabolizable prebiotic forming a synergistic synbiotic. We assessed the synergies resulting from combining Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588 and an age-adapted blend of six human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in ex vivo colonic incubation bioreactors seeded with fecal background microbiota from infant and toddler donors. When HMOs were combined with B. infantis LMG 11588, they were rapidly and completely consumed. This resulted in increased short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to the summed SCFA production from individual ingredients (synergy). Remarkably, HMOs were partially consumed for specific infant donors in the absence of B. infantis LMG 11588, yet all donors showed increased SCFA production upon B. infantis LMG 11588 supplementation. We found specific bacterial taxa associated with the differential response pattern to HMOs. Our study shows the importance of carefully selecting pre- and probiotic into a synergistic synbiotic that could benefit infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florac De Bruyn
- Nestlé Research and Development, Nestléstrasse 3, CH-3510, Konolfingen, Switzerland.
| | - Kieran James
- Nestlé Research and Development, Nestléstrasse 3, CH-3510, Konolfingen, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey Cottenet
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science, Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, CH-1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maes Dominick
- Nestlé Research and Development, Nestléstrasse 3, CH-3510, Konolfingen, Switzerland
| | - Johnson Katja
- Nestlé Research and Development, Nestléstrasse 3, CH-3510, Konolfingen, Switzerland
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3
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Saifi F, Jeoboam B, Demory Beckler M, Costin JM. The Association Between Lactational Infective Mastitis and the Microbiome: Development, Onset, and Treatments. Cureus 2024; 16:e62717. [PMID: 39036221 PMCID: PMC11259407 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactational infective mastitis (LIM) was previously thought to occur due to trapped milk causing inadequate milk drainage and consequent infection. However, advances in genome sequencing techniques have shown that the abundance of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacilli species, and Bifidobacterium species in the breast milk of lactating women play a key role in the development of LIM. Recent discoveries have revealed that the breast milk microbiome is composed of bacteria and other microorganisms, which are seeded through multiple pathways and are influenced by maternal factors. An imbalance in the microbial abundance in breast milk can lead to LIM. Given that this infection can cause early termination of breastfeeding, it is imperative to discuss prevention and treatment options. The objective of this review is to highlight the pathogens involved in LIM affecting human mothers, routes of bacterial transfer, and contributing factors that may influence changes in the composition of the milk microbiota, as well as propose preventative and curative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farishta Saifi
- Biomedical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Benscar Jeoboam
- Biomedical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Michelle Demory Beckler
- Microbiology and Immunology, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Joshua M Costin
- Medical Education, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
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4
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Shoji H, Arai H, Kakiuchi S, Ito A, Sato K, Jinno S, Takahashi N, Masumoto K, Yoda H, Shimizu T. Infant Formula with 50% or More of Palmitic Acid Bound to the sn-2 Position of Triacylglycerols Eliminate the Association between Formula-Feeding and the Increase of Fecal Palmitic Acid Levels in Newborns: An Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1558. [PMID: 38892492 PMCID: PMC11173637 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding ratio of palmitic acid (PA) at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols in infant formulas is lower than that in breast milk, resulting in higher levels of fecal PA. Even if the ratio is increased to 40-50%, fecal PA levels in formula-fed infants remain higher than those in breast-fed infants. In Japan, infant formulas with 50% or more of PA bound to sn-2 (high sn-2 PA milk) are commercially available; however, their effects on PA excretion have not been investigated. Therefore, this observational study aimed to preliminarily evaluate whether the feeding volume of high sn-2 PA milk is significantly associated with fecal total/soaped PA levels in newborns. Infant formulas were classified as high (≥50% of PA bound to sn-2) or low sn-2 (<50%) PA milk. Associations between feeding volume of high or low sn-2 PA milk and fecal PA levels were evaluated using multiple regression analysis models. The results showed that the feeding volume of low sn-2 PA milk was positively associated with fecal total/soaped PA levels, while there was no significant association between those of high sn-2 PA milk and fecal total/soaped PA levels. Our preliminary study suggests that high sn-2 PA milk may reduce increased fecal PA levels in formula-fed newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Shoji
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 3-1-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Hiroko Arai
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1, Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan; (K.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Satsuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (S.K.); (A.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Atsushi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (S.K.); (A.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Keigo Sato
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratory, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1, Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan; (K.S.); (S.J.)
- Wellness Science Labs, Meiji Holdings Co., Ltd., 1-29-1, Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Shinji Jinno
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratory, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1, Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan; (K.S.); (S.J.)
- Wellness Science Labs, Meiji Holdings Co., Ltd., 1-29-1, Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (S.K.); (A.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Kenichi Masumoto
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1, Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan; (K.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hitoshi Yoda
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1, Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan; (K.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 3-1-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan;
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5
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Iddrisu I, Monteagudo-Mera A, Poveda C, Shahzad M, Walton GE, Andrews SC. A review of the effect of iron supplementation on the gut microbiota of children in developing countries and the impact of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38586996 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422424000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many physiological functions of the body, and it is required for normal growth and development. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common form of micronutrient malnutrition and is particularly prevalent in infants and young children in developing countries. Iron supplementation is considered the most effective strategy to combat the risk of ID and ID anaemia (IDA) in infants, although iron supplements cause a range of deleterious gut-related problems in malnourished children. The purpose of this review is to assess the available evidence on the effect of iron supplementation on the gut microbiota during childhood ID and to further assess whether prebiotics offer any benefits for iron supplementation. Prebiotics are well known to improve gut-microbial health in children, and recent reports indicate that prebiotics can mitigate the adverse gut-related effects of iron supplementation in children with ID and IDA. Thus, provision of prebiotics alongside iron supplements has the potential for an enhanced strategy for combatting ID and IDA among children in the developing world. However, further understanding is required before the benefit of such combined treatments of ID in nutritionally deprived children across populations can be fully confirmed. Such enhanced understanding is of high relevance in resource-poor countries where ID, poor sanitation and hygiene, alongside inadequate access to good drinking water and poor health systems, are serious public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishawu Iddrisu
- Rose Ward, Prospect Park Hospital, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, RG30 4EJ, UK
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6EX, UK
| | - Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Muhammed Shahzad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, 13110, Jordan
| | - Gemma E Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Simon C Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6EX, UK
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6
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Inchingolo F, Inchingolo AD, Palumbo I, Trilli I, Guglielmo M, Mancini A, Palermo A, Inchingolo AM, Dipalma G. The Impact of Cesarean Section Delivery on Intestinal Microbiota: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Perspectives-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1055. [PMID: 38256127 PMCID: PMC10816971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between cesarean section (CS) delivery and intestinal microbiota is increasingly studied. CS-born infants display distinct gut microbial compositions due to the absence of maternal birth canal microorganisms. These alterations potentially link to long-term health implications like immune-related disorders and allergies. This correlation underscores the intricate connection between birth mode and the establishment of diverse intestinal microbiota. A systematic literature review was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases by analyzing the articles and examining the intricate interactions between CS delivery and the infant's intestinal microbiota. The analysis, based on a wide-ranging selection of studies, elucidates the multifaceted dynamics involved in CS-associated shifts in the establishment of fetal microbiota. We also explore the potential ramifications of these microbial changes on neonatal health and development, providing a comprehensive overview for clinicians and researchers. By synthesizing current findings, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between delivery mode and early microbial colonization, paving the way for informed clinical decisions and future investigations in the field of perinatal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (I.P.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (I.P.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Irene Palumbo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (I.P.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Irma Trilli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (I.P.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Mariafrancesca Guglielmo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (I.P.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (I.P.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Andrea Palermo
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Birmingham B4 6BN, UK;
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (I.P.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (I.P.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (A.M.I.); (G.D.)
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7
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Zhao K, Pang H, Shao K, Yang Z, Li S, He N. The function of human milk oligosaccharides and their substitute oligosaccharides as probiotics in gut inflammation. Food Funct 2023; 14:7780-7798. [PMID: 37575049 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Gut inflammation seriously affects the healthy life of patients, and has a trend of increasing incidence rate. However, the current methods for treating gut inflammation are limited to surgery and drugs, which can cause irreversible damage to patients, especially infants. As natural oligosaccharides in human breast milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) function as probiotics in treating and preventing gut inflammation: improving the abundance of the gut microbiota, increasing the gut barrier function, and reducing the gut inflammatory reaction. Meanwhile, due to the complexity and high cost of their synthesis, people are searching for functional oligosaccharides that can replace HMOs as a food additive in infants milk powder and adjuvant therapy for chronic inflammation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the therapeutic and preventive effects of HMOs and their substitute functional oligosaccharides as probiotics in gut inflammation, and to summarize the prospect of their application in infant breast milk replacement in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyi Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Hao Pang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Kaidi Shao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zizhen Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shangyong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ningning He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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8
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Eor JY, Lee CS, Moon SH, Cheon JY, Pathiraja D, Park B, Shin MJ, Kim JY, Kim S, Noh Y, Kim Y, Choi IG, Kim SH. Effect of Probiotic-Fortified Infant Formula on Infant Gut Health and Microbiota Modulation. Food Sci Anim Resour 2023; 43:659-673. [PMID: 37484007 PMCID: PMC10359846 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2023.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to infant formula, breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants; it not only improves the neonatal intestinal function, but also regulates the immune system and gut microbiota composition. However, probiotic-fortified infant formula may further enhance the infant gut environment by overcoming the limitations of traditional infant formula. We investigated the probiotic formula administration for one month by comparing 118 Korean infants into the following three groups: infants in each group fed with breast milk (50), probiotic formula (35), or placebo formula-fed group (33). Probiotic formula improved stool consistency and defecation frequency compared to placebo formula-fed group. The probiotic formula helped maintaining the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which had remarkably decreased over time in placebo formula-fed infants (compared to weeks 0 and 4). Moreover, probiotic formula decreased the acidity of stool and considerably increased the butyrate concentration. Furthermore, the fecal microbiota of each group was evaluated at weeks 0 and 4. The microbial composition was distinct between each groups, and the abundance of health-promoting bacteria increased in the probiotic formula compared to the placebo formula-fed group. In summary, supplementation of probiotic infant formula can help optimize the infant gut environment, microbial composition, and metabolic activity of the microbiota, mimicking those of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Eor
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Chul Sang Lee
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Life Sciences and Natural
Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ju Young Cheon
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Duleepa Pathiraja
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Byeonghyeok Park
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Min Jae Shin
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Life Sciences and Natural
Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | | | | | | | - In-Geol Choi
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Life Sciences and Natural
Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sae Hun Kim
- College of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Life Sciences and Natural
Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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9
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Bakshi S, Paswan VK, Yadav SP, Bhinchhar BK, Kharkwal S, Rose H, Kanetkar P, Kumar V, Al-Zamani ZAS, Bunkar DS. A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants' gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1194679. [PMID: 37415910 PMCID: PMC10320619 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1194679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is considered the most valuable form of nutrition for infants for their growth, development and function. So far, there are still some cases where feeding human milk is not feasible. As a result, the market for infant formula is widely increasing, and formula feeding become an alternative or substitute for breastfeeding. The nutritional value of the formula can be improved by adding functional bioactive compounds like probiotics, prebiotics, human milk oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, taurine, inositol, osteopontin, lactoferrin, gangliosides, carnitine etc. For processing of infant formula, diverse thermal and non-thermal technologies have been employed. Infant formula can be either in powdered form, which requires reconstitution with water or in ready-to-feed liquid form, among which powder form is readily available, shelf-stable and vastly marketed. Infants' gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem and the nutrient composition of infant formula is recognized to have a lasting effect on it. Likewise, the gut microbiota establishment closely parallels with host immune development and growth. Therefore, it must be contemplated as an important factor for consideration while developing formulas. In this review, we have focused on the formulation and manufacturing of safe and nutritious infant formula equivalent to human milk or aligning with the infant's needs and its ultimate impact on infants' gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Bakshi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Paswan
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Satya Prakash Yadav
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Basant Kumar Bhinchhar
- Department of Livestock Production Management, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, India
| | - Sheela Kharkwal
- Department of Agriculture Economics, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, India
| | - Hency Rose
- Division of Dairy Technology, ICAR—National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Prajasattak Kanetkar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Zakarya Ali Saleh Al-Zamani
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Durga Shankar Bunkar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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10
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Huang X, Bao J, Zeng Y, Meng G, Lu X, Wu TT, Ren Y, Xiao J. Anti-cariogenic Properties of Lactobacillus plantarum in the Utilization of Galacto-Oligosaccharide. Nutrients 2023; 15:2017. [PMCID: PMC10180963 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological approaches can help to correct oral microbial dysbiosis and drive the advent and persistence of a symbiotic oral microbiome, which benefits long-term dental caries control. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the prebiotic Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) on the growth of probiotics L. plantarum 14,917 and its effect on the inhibitory ability of L. plantarum 14,917 against the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in an in vitro model. Single-species growth screenings were conducted in TSBYE broth with 1% glucose and 1–5% GOS. Interaction experiments were performed using duo- and multi-species models with inoculation of 105 CFU/mL S. mutans, 103 CFU/mL C. albicans, and 108 CFU/mL L. plantarum 14,917 under 1%, 5% GOS or 1% glucose. Viable cells and pH changes were measured. Real-time PCR was utilized to assess expression of C. albicans and S. mutans virulence genes. Six replicates were used for each group. Student’s t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis were employed to compare the outcomes of different groups. GOS significantly inhibited the growth of C. albicans and S. mutans in terms of growth quantity and speed when the two strains were grown individually. However, GOS did not affect the growth of L. plantarum 14,917. Moreover, 1% and 5% GOS enhanced the anti-fungal performance of L. plantarum 14,917 in comparison to 1% glucose. GOS as the carbon source resulted in a less acidic environment in the C. albicans and S. mutans duo-species model and multispecies model where L. plantarum 14,917 was added. When GOS was utilized as the carbohydrate substrate, S. mutans and C. albicans had a significant reduction in the expression of the HWP1, ECE1, atpD, and eno genes (p < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first study that reported the ability of GOS to neutralize S. mutans-C. albicans high caries of medium pH and to disrupt virulence gene expression. Moreover, as a prebiotic, GOS augmented the inhibitory ability of L. plantarum against C. albicans in vitro. The current study revealed the anti-caries potential of prebiotics GOS and shed light on novel caries prevention strategies from the perspective of prebiotics and probiotics. These findings provide a rationale for future biofilm or clinical studies to elucidate the effect of GOS on modulating oral microbiota and caries control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Huang
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (X.H.); (J.B.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jianhang Bao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (X.H.); (J.B.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (X.H.); (J.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Gina Meng
- School of Arts and Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Xingyi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tong Tong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yanfang Ren
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (X.H.); (J.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (X.H.); (J.B.); (Y.Z.)
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11
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Yang S, Wu C, Yan Q, Li X, Jiang Z. Nondigestible Functional Oligosaccharides: Enzymatic Production and Food Applications for Intestinal Health. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2023; 14:297-322. [PMID: 36972156 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-052720-114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Nondigestible functional oligosaccharides are of particular interest in recent years because of their unique prebiotic activities, technological characteristics, and physiological effects. Among different types of strategies for the production of nondigestible functional oligosaccharides, enzymatic methods are preferred owing to the predictability and controllability of the structure and composition of the reaction products. Nondigestible functional oligosaccharides have been proved to show excellent prebiotic effects as well as other benefits to intestinal health. They have exhibited great application potential as functional food ingredients for various food products with improved quality and physicochemical characteristics. This article reviews the research progress on the enzymatic production of several typical nondigestible functional oligosaccharides in the food industry, including galacto-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, manno-oligosaccharides, chito-oligosaccharides, and human milk oligosaccharides. Moreover, their physicochemical properties and prebiotic activities are discussed as well as their contributions to intestinal health and applications in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;
| | - Chenxuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;
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12
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Early-Life Gut Health Indicators and Reported Prevalence of Infant Functional Constipation by Healthcare Professionals. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020298. [PMID: 36678169 PMCID: PMC9862041 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A healthy gut during early childhood is important. However, it seems that there are no standard indicators used to assess it. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) were asked via an electronic survey question about gut health indicators (GHIs) for infants and toddlers, in addition to an estimated prevalence of infant's functional constipation (FC) and its management. HCPs from eight countries participated in the survey (Russia (66.0%, 1449), Indonesia (11.0%, 242), Malaysia (6.0%, 132), Mexico (5.7%, 125), KSA (5.1%, 113), Turkey (3.0%, 66), Hong Kong (2.2%, 49), and Singapore (1.0%, 23)). The 2199 participating respondents were further classified into three continents (Asia (20.2%), Europe (68.8%), and others (11.0%)). Most of them were pediatricians (80.3%), followed by pediatric gastroenterologists (7.0%), general practitioners (6.4%), and others (6.3%). The top three preferred GHIs were similar for infants and toddlers: an absence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, effective digestion/absorption as assessed by normal growth, and a general feeling of well-being. The absence of GI-related infection was the least preferred indicator. Most of the respondents reported the prevalence of FC among infants was less than 5%, with the peak incidence between the ages of 3 and 6 months. The reported choices of intervention to manage FC in infants were a change to a specific nutritional solution from a standard formula (40.2%), parental reassurance (31.7%), and lactulose (17.0%). Conclusion: The HCPs in the eight countries preferred the absence of GI symptoms, normal growth for effective digestion and absorption, and general well-being as the gut health indicators in infants and toddlers. The reported prevalence of FC in infants was less than 5%.
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Yao D, Wu M, Dong Y, Ma L, Wang X, Xu L, Yu Q, Zheng X. In vitro fermentation of fructooligosaccharide and galactooligosaccharide and their effects on gut microbiota and SCFAs in infants. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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14
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Chen Q, Yin Q, Xie Q, Jiang C, Zhou L, Liu J, Li B, Jiang S. 2'-Fucosyllactose Promotes the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Improves Immune Function in Human-Microbiota-Associated Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13615-13625. [PMID: 36251343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a natural prebiotic in human milk, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is actively used in infant formula (IF). However, the 2'-FL influence on the improvement of gut microbiota and the regulation of the immune function remains unknown. In this study, human microbiota-associated (HMA) mice were used to demonstrate that feeding 2'-FL-containing IF was comparable to human milk at levels of immune cytokines (IL-2, IL-9, IL-10, and sIgA) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, i.e., acetate and propionate). In addition, 2'-FL increased the abundance of Blautia and Olsenella and improved the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels. The abundance of Blautia and Olsenella positively correlated with the IL-10 levels. 2'-FL also decreased the abundance of Enterorhabdus and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 and elevated SCFA levels, showing a negative correlation between these genera and SCFAs. Our findings revealed that feeding 2'-FL-containing IF drives the levels of cytokines and SCFAs toward human milk levels by shaping the beneficial gut microbiota profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxue Chen
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianlong Yin
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinggang Xie
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Company, Limited, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 164800, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuqi Jiang
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Company, Limited, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 164800, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyi Zhou
- College of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Company, Limited, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 164800, People's Republic of China
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15
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Ke A, Parreira VR, Farber JM, Goodridge L. Inhibition of Cronobacter sakazakii in an infant simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem using a potential synbiotic. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:947624. [PMID: 35910651 PMCID: PMC9335077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.947624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdered infant formula (PIF) can be contaminated with Cronobacter sakazakii, which can cause severe illnesses in infants. Synbiotics, a combination of probiotics and prebiotics, could act as an alternative control measure for C. sakazakii contamination in PIF and within the infant gut, but synbiotics have not been well studied for their ability to inhibit C. sakazakii. Using a Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®) inoculated with infant fecal matter, we demonstrated that a potential synbiotic, consisting of six lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains and Vivinal GOS, can inhibit the growth of C. sakazakii in an infant possibly through either the production of antimicrobial metabolites like acetate, increasing species diversity within the SHIME compartments to compete for nutrients or a combination of mechanisms. Using a triple SHIME set-up, i.e., three identical SHIME compartments, the first SHIME (SHIME 1) was designated as the control SHIME in the absence of a treatment, whereas SHIME 2 and 3 were the treated SHIME over 2, 1-week treatment periods. The addition of the potential synbiotic (LAB + VGOS) resulted in a significant decrease in C. sakazakii levels within 1 week (p < 0.05), but in the absence of a treatment the significant decline took 2 weeks (p < 0.05), and the LAB treatment did not decrease C. sakazakii levels (p ≥ 0.05). The principal component analysis showed a distinction between metabolomic profiles for the control and LAB treatment, but similar profiles for the LAB + VGOS treatment. The addition of the potential synbiotic (LAB + VGOS) in the first treatment period slightly increased species diversity (p ≥ 0.05) compared to the control and LAB, which may have had an effect on the survival of C. sakazakii throughout the treatment period. Our results also revealed that the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with Cronobacter when no treatments were added (ρ = −0.96; p < 0.05). These findings suggest that C. sakazakii could be inhibited by the native gut microbiota, and inhibition can be accelerated by the potential synbiotic treatment.
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16
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Akkerman R, Logtenberg MJ, Beukema M, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, Zoetendal EG, Schols HA, de Vos P. Combining galacto-oligosaccharides and 2'-fucosyllactose alters their fermentation kinetics by infant fecal microbiota and influences AhR-receptor dependent cytokine responses in immature dendritic cells. Food Funct 2022; 13:6510-6521. [PMID: 35642586 PMCID: PMC9208271 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) are non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) that are often added to infant formula to replace the functionalities of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). It is not known if combining GOS and 2′-FL will affect their fermentation kinetics and subsequent immune-modulatory effects such as AhR-receptor stimulation. Here, we used an in vitro set-up for the fermentation of 2′-FL and GOS, either individually or combined, by fecal microbiota of 8-week-old infants. We found that GOS was fermented two times faster by the infant fecal microbiota when combined with 2′-FL, while the combination of GOS and 2′-FL did not result in a complete degradation of 2′-FL. Fermentation of both GOS and 2′-FL increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, which coincided with the production of acetate and lactate. Digesta of the fermentations influenced dendritic cell cytokine secretion differently under normal conditions and in the presence of the AhR-receptor blocker CH223191. We show that, combining GOS and 2′-FL accelerates GOS fermentation by the infant fecal microbiota of 8-week-old infants. In addition, we show that the fermentation digesta of GOS and 2′-FL, either fermented individually or combined, can attenuate DC cytokine responses in a similar and in an AhR-receptor dependent way. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) are non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) that are often added to infant formula to replace the functionalities of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Akkerman
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Madelon J Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Beukema
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wongkaew M, Tangjaidee P, Leksawasdi N, Jantanasakulwong K, Rachtanapun P, Seesuriyachan P, Phimolsiripol Y, Chaiyaso T, Ruksiriwanich W, Jantrawut P, Sommano SR. Mango Pectic Oligosaccharides: A Novel Prebiotic for Functional Food. Front Nutr 2022; 9:798543. [PMID: 35399687 PMCID: PMC8987974 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.798543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are functional food ingredients that assist probiotic growth and render many other health benefits. Mango peel is the biomass of the processing industry and has recently been value-added as a dietary fiber pectin. Besides its general use as a food additive, mango peel pectin (MPP) is partially hydrolyzed by pectinase to obtain pectic oligosaccharides (POSs) that have recently gained attention as novel prebiotic products and in medical research. This review describes probiotic candidates responsible for the digestion of pectin derivatives and the advantages of POSs as functional additives and their current best retrieval options. Mango pectic oligosaccharide (MPOS) recovery from low methoxyl MPP from mango with prebiotic performance both in vivo and in vitro environments is discussed. Current research gaps and potential developments in the field are also explored. The overall worthiness of this article is the potential use of the cheap-green food processing bioresource for high-value components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaiporn Wongkaew
- Program in Food Production and Innovation, College of Integrated Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pipat Tangjaidee
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Chaiyaso
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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The Effects of Synbiotics Administration on Stress-Related Parameters in Thai Subjects-A Preliminary Study. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050759. [PMID: 35267392 PMCID: PMC8909555 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization influences our lifestyle, especially in fast-paced environments where we are more prone to stress. Stress management is considered advantageous in terms of longevity. The use of probiotics for psychological treatment has a small amount of diverse proven evidence to support this. However, studies on stress management in stressed subjects using synbiotics are still limited. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of synbiotics on stress in the Thai population. A total of 32 volunteers were enrolled and screened using a Thai Stress Test (TST) to determine their stress status. Participants were divided into the stressed and the non-stressed groups. Synbiotics preparation comprised a mixture of probiotics strains in a total concentration of 1 × 1010 CFU/day (5.0 × 109 CFU of Lactobacillus paracasei HII01 and 5.0 × 109 CFU of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis) and 10 g prebiotics (5 g galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), and 5 g oligofructose (FOS)). All parameters were measured at baseline and after the 12th week of the study. In the stressed group, the administration of synbiotics significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the negative scale scores of TST, and tryptophan. In the non-stressed group, the synbiotics administration decreased tryptophan significantly (p < 0.05), whereas dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate and propionate were increased significantly (p < 0.05). In both groups, cortisol, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were reduced, whereas anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin-10 (IL-10) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were increased. In conclusion, synbiotics administration attenuated the negative feelings via the negative scale scores of TST in stressed participants by modulating the HPA-axis, IL-10, IgA, and LPS. In comparison, synbiotics administration for participants without stress did not benefit stress status but showed remodeling SCFAs components, HPA-axis, and tryptophan catabolism.
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Xie Q, Tian H, Huan X, Cao L, Wang Y, Cheng X, Ning C, Hu F, Wang C. Quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix and processed products based on the analysis of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides by liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:262-271. [PMID: 34431563 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Codonopsis Radix (CR) is an edible food and traditional Chinese herb medicine that is widely used in China and Southeast Asia. Saccharides, including fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and polysaccharides, are among the most important active substances in CR. However, a quality evaluation of CR based on oligosaccharides has not been conducted. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector method (HPLC-CAD) for the quality evaluation of CR and processed products based on analysis of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. METHOD A sensitive and rapid HPLC-CAD method for the simultaneous determination of two monosaccharides (D-fructose and D-glucose), sucrose, and FOS (GF2-GF6) was established to evaluate the quality of CR for the first time. In the present study, 65 batches of CR from three species of the genus Codonopsis were analysed using multivariate statistical techniques. Furthermore, the effects of cultivation management measures (plant growth retardants supply, harvesting time, and growth period) and primary process (drying methods) in the production areas on the target compounds were studied by analysing 34 batches of processed samples. RESULTS Different varieties of CR resulted in considerably different saccharide contents. Cultivation management measures and processing method remarkably affected the quality of CR. Low concentration of plant growth retardants was recommended. The best harvest time is in October after 4 years of growth. Dryer-drying was suggested to meet the requirement for large-scale processing. CONCLUSION This method would provide an efficient analytical tool for monosaccharides and oligosaccharides of CR and contribute to the improvement of CR quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Hemiao Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Huan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanlan Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Fangdi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
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20
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Mutai E, Ngu AKH, Zempleni J. Preliminary evidence that lectins in infant soy formula apparently bind bovine milk exosomes and prevent their absorption in healthy adults. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:7. [PMID: 35063038 PMCID: PMC8780320 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Milk exosomes and their microRNA (miR) cargos are bioavailable. The content of exosomes and miRs is negligible in infant formulas compared to human milk, and dietary depletion of exosomes led to changes in bacterial communities and impaired gut health in juvenile mice. Adverse effects of formula feeding may be compounded by using soy formulas due to exosome binding by abundant lectins in that matrix. The purpose of this study was to assess the bioavailability of milk exosomes and their miR cargos added to soy formula in adults, as well as the potential role of soy lectins in exosome bioavailability.
Methods
Eleven healthy adults (6 men, 5 women) enrolled in this randomized crossover study. Participants consumed 1.0 l of soy formula without (SF) or with (SFE) bovine milk exosomes added. Concentration-time curves of six plasma miRs were analyzed using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Lectin affinity chromatography was used to assess the binding of exosomes by soy lectins. Data were analyzed by using paired t test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Consumption of SF and SFE did not elicit postprandial increases in plasma miRs. Approximately 39% of bovine milk exosome particles were retained by lectin columns.
Conclusions
We conclude that fortification of soy formulas with milk exosomes, in the absence of removing lectins, is not a viable strategy for delivering bioavailable exosomes and their miR cargos. Lectins in soy formulas bind glycoprotein on the surfaces of milk exosomes, thereby preventing exosome absorption.
Trial registration
ISRCTN registry ID: 16329971. Retrospectively registered on February 7th, 2019.
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21
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Henriksen IW, Mejia JLC, Mentzel CMJ, Lindenberg F, Hansen AK. Oligosaccharide equine feed supplement, Immulix, has minor impact on vaccine responses in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:582. [PMID: 35022427 PMCID: PMC8755741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mammalian species are vaccinated in early life, but little is known about the effect of diet on vaccine response. Oligosaccharides are increasingly proposed as dietary supplement for young individuals due to their anti-inflammatory potential elicited through modulation of gut microbiota (GM). Also, diet, e.g. the size of the fat fraction, is known to modulate the GM. We tested if an oligosaccharide diet (Immulix) and/or increased dietary fat content affected antibody titers to a tetanus vaccine in 48 BALB/cJTac mice through GM modulation. Female mice had significantly higher IgG titers with higher variation compared to male mice. The effects of Immulix and/or increased fat content were minor. Immulix negatively affected IgG titers in male mice four weeks after secondary vaccination but upregulated Il1b gene expression in the spleen. Immulix had a downregulating effect on expression of Cd4 and Foxp3 in ileum only if the mice were fed the diet with increased fat. The diet with increased dietary fat increased Il1b but decreased Cd8a gene expression in the spleen. Immulix and diet affected GM composition significantly. Increased dietary fat content upregulated Lactobacillus animalis but downregulated an unclassified Prevotella spp. Immulix decreased Lactobacillales, Streptococcaceae and Prevotellaceae but increased Bacteroides. It is concluded that in spite of some minor influences on immune cell markers, cytokines and IgG titers Immulix feeding or increased dietary fat content did not have any biologically relevant effects on tetanus vaccine responses in this experiment in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Wang Henriksen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Brogaarden Aps, Lynge, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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22
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Pandey M, Bhati A, Priya K, Sharma KK, Singhal B. Precision Postbiotics and Mental Health: the Management of Post-COVID-19 Complications. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 14:426-448. [PMID: 34806151 PMCID: PMC8606251 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The health catastrophe originated by COVID-19 pandemic construed profound impact on a global scale. However, a plethora of research studies corroborated convincing evidence conferring severity of infection of SARS-CoV-2 with the aberrant gut microbiome that strongly speculated its importance for development of novel therapeutic modalities. The intense exploration of probiotics has been envisaged to promote the healthy growth of the host, and restore intestinal microecological balance through various metabolic and physiological processes. The demystifying effect of probiotics cannot be defied, but there exists a strong skepticism related to their safety and efficacy. Therefore, molecular signature of probiotics termed as "postbiotics" are of paramount importance and there is continuous surge of utilizing postbiotics for enhancing health benefits, but little is explicit about their antiviral effects. Therefore, it is worth considering their prospective role in post-COVID regime that pave the way for exploring the pastoral vistas of postbiotics. Based on previous research investigations, the present article advocates prospective role of postbiotics in alleviating the health burden of viral infections, especially SARS-CoV-2. The article also posits current challenges and proposes a futuristic model describing the concept of "precision postbiotics" for effective therapeutic and preventive interventions that can be used for management of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskan Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India
| | - Archana Bhati
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India
| | - Kumari Priya
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India
| | - K K Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Barkha Singhal
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India.
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23
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Sekerel BE, Bingol G, Cullu Cokugras F, Cokugras H, Kansu A, Ozen H, Tamay Z. An Expert Panel Statement on the Beneficial Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) in Early Life and Potential Utility of HMO-Supplemented Infant Formula in Cow's Milk Protein Allergy. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:1147-1164. [PMID: 34594114 PMCID: PMC8478436 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s323734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review by pediatric gastroenterology and allergy-immunology experts aimed to address the biological roles of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and the potential utility of HMOs in prevention of allergy with particular emphasis on cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). The participating experts consider HMOs amongst the most critical bioactive components of human milk, which act as antimicrobials and antivirals by preventing pathogen adhesion to epithelial cells, as intestinal epithelial cell modulators by enhancing maturation of intestinal mucosa and intestinal epithelial barrier function, as prebiotics by promoting healthy microbiota composition and as immunomodulators by modulating immune cells indirectly and directly. Accordingly, the participating experts consider the proposed link between HMOs and prevention of allergy to be primarily based on the impact of HMO on gut microbiota, intestinal mucosal barrier, immunomodulation and immune maturation. Along with the lower risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, HMO-supplemented formulas seem to be promising alternatives in the management of CMPA. Nonetheless, the effects of individual as well as complex mixtures of HMO in terms of clear clinical and immunological effects and tolerance development need to be further explored to fully realize the immunomodulatory mechanisms and the potential for HMOs in prevention of allergic diseases and CMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Enis Sekerel
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulbin Bingol
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fugen Cullu Cokugras
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haluk Cokugras
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydan Kansu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tamay
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Morales-Ferré C, Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Tims S, Knipping K, Garssen J, Knol J, Franch À, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ. Effects of a Postbiotic and Prebiotic Mixture on Suckling Rats' Microbiota and Immunity. Nutrients 2021; 13:2975. [PMID: 34578853 PMCID: PMC8469903 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk serves as a model for infant formula providing nutritional solutions for infants not able to receive enough mother's milk. Infant formulas aim to mimic the composition and functionality of human milk by providing ingredients reflecting those of the latest human milk insights, such as prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the supplementation with a postbiotic (LactofidusTM) and its combination with the prebiotics short-chain galactooligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructooligosaccharides (lcFOS) in a preclinical model of healthy suckling rats. Pups were supplemented daily with LactofidusTM (POST group) and/or scGOS/lcFOS (P+P and PRE groups, respectively). Body weight and fecal consistency were analyzed. At the end of the study, immunoglobulin (Ig) profile, intestinal gene expression, microbiota composition and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) proportion were quantified. The supplementation with all nutritional interventions modulated the Ig profile, but the prebiotic mixture and the postbiotic induced differential effects: whereas scGOS/lcFOS induced softer feces and modulated microbiota composition and SCFA profile, Lactofidus™ upregulated Toll-like receptors gene expression. The use of the combination of scGOS/lcFOS and Lactofidus™ showed the effects observed for the oligosaccharides separately, as well as showing a synergistic impact on animal growth. Thus, the combined use of both products seems to be a good strategy to modulate immune and microbial features in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Morales-Ferré
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Sebastian Tims
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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25
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Divyashri G, Sadanandan B, Chidambara Murthy KN, Shetty K, Mamta K. Neuroprotective Potential of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides: An Overview of Experimental Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:712531. [PMID: 34497516 PMCID: PMC8419344 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.712531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) from dietary sources have the potential as prebiotics for neuroprotection. Globally, diverse populations suffering from one or the other forms of neurodegenerative disorders are on the rise, and NDOs have the potential as supportive complementary therapeutic options against these oxidative-linked disorders. Elevated levels of free radicals cause oxidative damage to biological molecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids associated with various neurological disorders. Therefore, investigating the therapeutic or prophylactic potential of prebiotic bioactive molecules such as NDOs as supplements for brain and cognitive health has merits. Few prebiotic NDOs have shown promise as persuasive therapeutic solutions to counter oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals directly or indirectly. Furthermore, they are also known to modulate through brain-derived neurotrophic factors through direct and indirect mechanisms conferring neuroprotective and neuromodulating benefits. Specifically, NDOs such as fructo-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides, manno-oligosaccharides, pectic-oligosaccharides, and similar oligosaccharides positively influence the overall health via various mechanisms. Increasing evidence has suggested that the beneficial role of such prebiotic NDOs is not only directed towards the colon but also distal organs including the brain. Despite the wide applications of these classes of NDOs as health supplements, there is limited understanding of the possible role of these NDOs as neuroprotective therapeutics. This review provides important insights into prebiotic NDOs, their source, and production with special emphasis on existing direct and indirect evidence of their therapeutic potential in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangaraju Divyashri
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bindu Sadanandan
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kotamballi N Chidambara Murthy
- Central Research Laboratory and Division of Research and Patents, Ramaiah Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kalidas Shetty
- Department of Plant Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Kumari Mamta
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
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26
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Logtenberg MJ, Akkerman R, Hobé RG, Donners KMH, Van Leeuwen SS, Hermes GDA, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, Buwalda PL, Zoetendal EG, de Vos P, Schols HA. Structure-Specific Fermentation of Galacto-Oligosaccharides, Isomalto-Oligosaccharides and Isomalto/Malto-Polysaccharides by Infant Fecal Microbiota and Impact on Dendritic Cell Cytokine Responses. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001077. [PMID: 34060703 PMCID: PMC8459273 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Next to galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), starch-derived isomalto-oligosaccharide preparation (IMO) and isomalto/malto-polysaccharides (IMMP) could potentially be used as prebiotics in infant formulas. However, it remains largely unknown how the specific molecular structures of these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) impact fermentability and immune responses in infants. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro fermentation of GOS, IMO and IMMP using infant fecal inoculum of 2- and 8-week-old infants shows that only GOS and IMO are fermented by infant fecal microbiota. The degradation of GOS and IMO coincides with an increase in Bifidobacterium and production of acetate and lactate, which is more pronounced with GOS. Individual isomers with an (1↔1)-linkage or di-substituted reducing terminal glucose residue are more resistant to fermentation. GOS, IMO, and IMMP fermentation digesta attenuates cytokine profiles in immature dendritic cells (DCs), but the extent is dependent on the infants age and NDC structure. CONCLUSION The IMO preparation, containing reducing and non-reducing isomers, shows similar fermentation patterns as GOS in fecal microbiota of 2-week-old infants. Knowledge obtained on the substrate specificities of infant fecal microbiota and the subsequent regulatory effects of GOS, IMO and IMMP on DC responses might contribute to the design of tailored NDC mixtures for infants of different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon J. Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 9Wageningen6708 WGThe Netherlands
| | - Renate Akkerman
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen and University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rosan G. Hobé
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 9Wageningen6708 WGThe Netherlands
| | - Kristel M. H. Donners
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 9Wageningen6708 WGThe Netherlands
| | - Sander S. Van Leeuwen
- Cluster Human Nutrition & HealthDepartment of Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerben D. A. Hermes
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bart J. de Haan
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen and University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen and University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Piet L. Buwalda
- Biobased Chemistry and TechnologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Avebe Innovation CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erwin G. Zoetendal
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen and University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 9Wageningen6708 WGThe Netherlands
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27
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Janmohammadi P, Nourmohammadi Z, Fazelian S, Mirzababaei A, Alizadeh S, Zarei M, Daneshzad E, Djafarian K. Does infant formula containing synbiotics support adequate growth in infants? A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:707-718. [PMID: 34278844 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1952548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have shown that formulas that contain synbiotics, i.e. composed prebiotics and probiotics have been proposed to have a beneficial effect on anthropometric indices. However, the results are inconsistent thus this meta-analysis was performed to assess this effect. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Embase were systematically searched up to May-2020. Weight gain, length gain, head circumstance gain, weight-for-age z scores, and length-for-age z scores were considered as the outcomes. Weighted mean differences (WMD) with the 95% CI were applied for estimating the combined effect size. Subgroup analysis was performed to specify the source of heterogeneity among studies. Consumption of formulas containing synbiotics did not affect growth significantly in healthy infants (weight gain (WMD = 2.06, 95% CI: - 4.08 to 8.21; p = 0.51), length gain (WMD = - 0.05, 95% CI: - 0.70 to 0.60; p = 0.88), head circumstance (WMD = - 0.28, 95% CI: - 0.66 to 0.11; p = 0.15), on weight-for-age z-scores (WMD = - 0.05, 95% CI: - 0.23 to 0.13; p = 0.57) and length-for-age z-scores (WMD = - 0.16, 95% CI: - 0.50 to 0.19; p = 0.37)). The main results indicate a non-significant increase in infant's growth following synbiotics supplementation of infant formula. Further large-scale studies are warranted to confirm present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Janmohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nourmohammadi
- Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Fazelian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Zarei
- Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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28
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Rose EC, Odle J, Blikslager AT, Ziegler AL. Probiotics, Prebiotics and Epithelial Tight Junctions: A Promising Approach to Modulate Intestinal Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6729. [PMID: 34201613 PMCID: PMC8268081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in the intestinal epithelial barrier can result in devastating consequences and a multitude of disease syndromes, particularly among preterm neonates. The association between barrier dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis suggests that the intestinal barrier function is interactive with specific gut commensals and pathogenic microbes. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that probiotic supplementation promotes significant upregulation and relocalization of interepithelial tight junction proteins, which form the microscopic scaffolds of the intestinal barrier. Probiotics facilitate some of these effects through the ligand-mediated stimulation of several toll-like receptors that are expressed by the intestinal epithelium. In particular, bacterial-mediated stimulation of toll-like receptor-2 modulates the expression and localization of specific protein constituents of intestinal tight junctions. Given that ingested prebiotics are robust modulators of the intestinal microbiota, prebiotic supplementation has been similarly investigated as a potential, indirect mechanism of barrier preservation. Emerging evidence suggests that prebiotics may additionally exert a direct effect on intestinal barrier function through mechanisms independent of the gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize current views on the effects of pro- and prebiotics on the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as on non-epithelial cell barrier constituents, such as the enteric glial cell network. Through continued investigation of these bioactive compounds, we can maximize their therapeutic potential for preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Rose
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Amanda L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
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29
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Buffet-Bataillon S, Bellanger A, Boudry G, Gangneux JP, Yverneau M, Beuchée A, Blat S, Le Huërou-Luron I. New Insights Into Microbiota Modulation-Based Nutritional Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676622. [PMID: 34177860 PMCID: PMC8232935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and the central nervous system have parallel developmental windows during pre and post-natal life. Increasing evidences suggest that intestinal dysbiosis in preterm infants predisposes the neonate to adverse neurological outcomes later in life. Understanding the link between gut microbiota colonization and brain development to tailor therapies aimed at optimizing initial colonization and microbiota development are promising strategies to warrant adequate brain development and enhance neurological outcomes in preterm infants. Breast-feeding has been associated with both adequate cognitive development and healthy microbiota in preterms. Infant formula are industrially produced substitutes for infant nutrition that do not completely recapitulate breast-feeding benefices and could be largely improved by the understanding of the role of breast milk components upon gut microbiota. In this review, we will first discuss the nutritional and bioactive component information on breast milk composition and its contribution to the assembly of the neonatal gut microbiota in preterms. We will then discuss the emerging pathways connecting the gut microbiota and brain development. Finally, we will discuss the promising microbiota modulation-based nutritional interventions (including probiotic and prebiotic supplementation of infant formula and maternal nutrition) for improving neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Buffet-Bataillon
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Amandine Bellanger
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaelle Boudry
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | | | | | - Alain Beuchée
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Blat
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
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Dong GM, Dong JL, Zhu YY, Shen RL, Qu LB. Development of weaning food with prebiotic effects based on roasted or extruded quinoa and millet flour. J Food Sci 2021; 86:1089-1096. [PMID: 33751602 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Weaning is the gradual process of introducing solids or semisolid foods into an infant's diet, in order to ensure their healthy growth. This study developed two kinds of formula weaning food based on roasted or extruded quinoa and millet flour, and evaluated their quality. A fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS)/galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) mix was added to provide the prebiotic potential. The protein contents of the roasted quinoa-millet complementary food (RQMCF) and extruded quinoa-millet complementary food (EQMCF) were 16.7% and 17.74% higher, respectively, than that of commercial millet complementary food (CMCF). Both RQMCF and EQMCF provided sufficient levels of energy and minerals. Extrusion provided the foods with a lower viscosity, and higher solubility and water absorption ability than roasting. In vitro digestion results showed that EQMCF exhibited the highest starch and protein digestibility (89.76% and 88.72%, respectively) followed by RQMCF (87.75% and 86.63%) and CMCF (83.35% and 81.54%). The digestas of RQMCF and EQMCF after in vitro digestion exhibited prebiotic effects by promoting the growth of the probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii). These results will contribute to developing complementary weaning foods for infants. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study has shown that extrusion is an efficient and stable processing method for producing infant complementary foods with low density, balanced nutrition, and high levels of starch and protein digestibility. Extruded quinoa-millet prebiotic complementary food can also promote the proliferation of probiotics. This will provide a new direction for developing novel infant formula weaning foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Mei Dong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Ji-Lin Dong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Rui-Ling Shen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
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Bioactive Compounds in Infant Formula and Their Effects on Infant Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:8850080. [PMID: 34095293 PMCID: PMC8140835 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8850080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infant formulas are an alternative to replace or supplement human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. The knowledge of human milk's bioactive compounds and their beneficial effects has attracted the interest of researchers in the field of infant nutrition, as well as researchers of technology and food sciences that seek to improve the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas. Several scientific studies evaluate the optimization of infant formula composition. The bioactive compound inclusion has been used to upgrade the quality and nutrition of infant formulas. In this context, the purpose of this systematic literature review is to assess the scientific evidence of bioactive compounds present in infant formulas (α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, taurine, milk fat globule membrane, folates, polyamines, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, prebiotics, and probiotics) and their effects on infant nutrition and health. Through previously determined criteria, studies published in the last fifteen years from five different databases were included to identify the advances in the optimization of infant formula composition. Over the last few years, there has been optimization of the infant formula composition, not only to increase the similarities in their content of macro and micronutrients but also to include novel bioactive ingredients with potential health benefits for infants. Although the infant food industry has advanced in the last years, there is no consensus on whether novel bioactive ingredients added to infant formulas have the same functional effects as the compounds found in human milk. Thus, further studies about the impact of bioactive compounds in infant nutrition are fundamental to infant health.
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Ailioaie LM, Litscher G. Probiotics, Photobiomodulation, and Disease Management: Controversies and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094942. [PMID: 34066560 PMCID: PMC8124384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, researchers around the world have been studying intensively how micro-organisms that are present inside living organisms could affect the main processes of life, namely health and pathological conditions of mind or body. They discovered a relationship between the whole microbial colonization and the initiation and development of different medical disorders. Besides already known probiotics, novel products such as postbiotics and paraprobiotics have been developed in recent years to create new non-viable micro-organisms or bacterial-free extracts, which can provide benefits to the host with additional bioactivity to probiotics, but without the risk of side effects. The best alternatives in the use of probiotics and postbiotics to maintain the health of the intestinal microbiota and to prevent the attachment of pathogens to children and adults are highlighted and discussed as controversies and challenges. Updated knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the balance between microbiota and immune system for the introspection on the gut-lung-brain axis could reveal the latest benefits and perspectives of applied photobiomics for health. Multiple interconditioning between photobiomodulation (PBM), probiotics, and the human microbiota, their effects on the human body, and their implications for the management of viral infectious diseases is essential. Coupled complex PBM and probiotic interventions can control the microbiome, improve the activity of the immune system, and save the lives of people with immune imbalances. There is an urgent need to seek and develop innovative treatments to successfully interact with the microbiota and the human immune system in the coronavirus crisis. In the near future, photobiomics and metabolomics should be applied innovatively in the SARS-CoV-2 crisis (to study and design new therapies for COVID-19 immediately), to discover how bacteria can help us through adequate energy biostimulation to combat this pandemic, so that we can find the key to the hidden code of communication between RNA viruses, bacteria, and our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Ultramedical & Laser Clinic, 83 Arcu Street, 700135 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-83907
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It's all in the milk: chondroitin sulfate as potential preventative therapy for necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1373-1379. [PMID: 32920604 PMCID: PMC8784957 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating condition affecting up to 5% of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions. Risk factors include preterm delivery, low birth weight, and antibiotic use. The pathogenesis is characterized by a combination of intestinal ischemia, necrosis of the bowel, reperfusion injury, and sepsis typically resulting in surgical resection of afflicted bowel. Targeted medical therapy remains elusive. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) holds the potential to prevent the onset of NEC through its anti-inflammatory properties and protective effect on the gut microbiome. The purpose of this review is to outline the many properties of CS to highlight its potential use in high-risk infants and attenuate the severity of NEC. The purpose of this review is to (1) discuss the interaction of CS with the infant microbiome, (2) review the anti-inflammatory properties of CS, and (3) postulate on the potential role of CS in preventing NEC. IMPACT: NEC is a costly medical burden in the United States. Breast milk is the best preventative measure for NEC, but not all infants in the NICU have access to breast milk. Novel therapies and diagnostic tools are needed for NEC. CS may be a potential therapy for NEC due to its potent anti-inflammatory properties. CS could be added to the formula in an attempt to mitigate breast milk disparities.
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Guo J, Han X, Huang W, You Y, Zhan J. Gut dysbiosis during early life: causes, health outcomes, and amelioration via dietary intervention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7199-7221. [PMID: 33909528 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1912706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The colonization and maturation of gut microbiota (GM) is a delicate and precise process, which continues to influence not only infancy and childhood but also adulthood health by affecting immunity. However, many perinatal factors, including gestational age, delivery mode, antibiotic administration, feeding mode, and environmental and maternal factors, can disturb this well-designed process, increasing the morbidity of various gut dysbiosis-related diseases, such as type-1-diabetes, allergies, necrotizing enterocolitis, and obesity. In this review, we discussed the early-life colonization and maturation of the GM, factors influencing this process, and diseases related to the disruption of this process. Moreover, we focused on discussing dietary interventions, including probiotics, oligosaccharides, nutritional supplementation, and exclusive enteral nutrition, in ameliorating early-life dysbiosis and diseases related to it. Furthermore, possible mechanisms, and shortcomings, as well as potential solutions to the drawbacks of dietary interventions, were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielong Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Han
- Peking University School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin You
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Zhan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Shah P, Wolever TM, Jenkins AL, Ezatagha A, Campbell J, Zurbau A, Jain M, Gote M, Bhaduri A, Mullick A. Acute glycemic and insulin response of Fossence™ alone, or when substituted or added to a carbohydrate challenge: A three-phase, acute, randomized, cross-over, double blind clinical trial. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06805. [PMID: 33997376 PMCID: PMC8102419 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) are well-recognized prebiotic fibers. Fossence™ (FOSS) is a scFOS that has been produced from sucrose via a proprietary fermentation process and has not been tested for its digestibility or glucose/insulin response (GR and IR, respectively). The present randomized, controlled, cross-over study was conducted in 3 phases to explore GR and IR to ingestion of FOSS, when replaced by/added to available-carbohydrates (avCHO) among 25 healthy adults (40 ± 14years). In each phase GR and IR elicited by 3-4 test-meals were measured among the fasted recruited subjects. The interventional test meals were as follows: Phase-1, water alone or 10g FOSS or 10g Dextrose in 250ml water; Phase-2, 250ml water containing Dextrose:FOSS (g:g) in the content as 50:0 or 50:15 or 35:0 or 35:15; Phase-3 portions of white-bread (WB) containing avCHO:FOSS (g:g) in the content as 50:0 or 50:15 or 35:0 or 35:15. Blood samples (finger prick method) were collected at fasting and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after start of test meal ingestion. Plasma glucose and serum insulin were analyzed utilizing standard methods. The primary endpoint was differences in glucose IAUC. All subjects provided their written consent to participate in the study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03755232). The results demonstrated that FOSS, when consumed alone, showed no raise in glycaemia or insulinemia and was statistically equivalent to response of water alone. GR and IR elicited by dextrose:FOSS and WB:FOSS test-meals of Phase 2 and Phase 3, were statistically equivalent to the respective test-meals without FOSS. Result of the 3 phases support the hypothesis that FOSS is resistant to breakdown and is indigestible in the human small-intestine, and therefore can be classified as an unavailable carbohydrate that does not raise post prandial blood glucose or insulin. FOSS, being sweet to taste, may be an acceptable sugar replacer in beverages without compromising their taste and sensory qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyali Shah
- Tata Chemicals Ltd-Innovation Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Manish Jain
- Tata Chemicals Ltd-Innovation Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Gote
- Tata Chemicals Ltd-Innovation Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anirban Bhaduri
- Tata Chemicals Ltd-Innovation Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashim Mullick
- Tata Consumer Products Ltd (formerly at Tata Chemicals Ltd-Innovation Centre), Pune, Maharashtra, India
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36
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Duman H, Kaplan M, Arslan A, Sahutoglu AS, Kayili HM, Frese SA, Karav S. Potential Applications of Endo-β- N-Acetylglucosaminidases From Bifidobacterium longum Subspecies infantis in Designing Value-Added, Next-Generation Infant Formulas. Front Nutr 2021; 8:646275. [PMID: 33898500 PMCID: PMC8063050 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.646275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is the optimal source of infant nutrition. Among many other health benefits, human milk can stimulate the development of a Bifidobacterium-rich microbiome through human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). In recent years, the development of novel formulas has placed particular focus on incorporating some of the beneficial functional properties of human milk. These include adding specific glycans aimed to selectively stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium. However, the bifidogenicity of human milk remains unparalleled. Dietary N-glycans are carbohydrate structures conjugated to a wide variety of glycoproteins. These glycans have a remarkable structural similarity to HMOs and, when released, show a strong bifidogenic effect. This review discusses the biocatalytic potential of the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase enzyme (EndoBI-1) from Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis), in releasing N-glycans inherently present in infant formula as means to increase the bifidogenicity of infant formula. Finally, the potential implications for protein deglycosylation with EndoBI-1 in the development of value added, next-generation formulas are discussed from a technical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Merve Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | | | - Haci Mehmet Kayili
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabük, Turkey
| | - Steven A Frese
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Catenza KF, Donkor KK. Recent approaches for the quantitative analysis of functional oligosaccharides used in the food industry: A review. Food Chem 2021; 355:129416. [PMID: 33774226 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional oligosaccharides (OS) are diverse groups of carbohydrates that confer several health benefits stemming from their prebiotic activity. Commonly used oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides, are used in a wide range of applications from food ingredients to mimic the prebiotic activity of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in infant formula to sugar and fat replacers in dairy and bakery products. However, while consumption of these compounds is associated with several positive health effects, increased consumption can cause intestinal discomfort and aggravation of intestinal bowel syndrome symptoms. Hence, it is essential to develop rapid and reliable techniques to quantify OS for quality control and proper assessment of their functionality in food and food products. The present review will focus on recent analytical techniques used to quantify OS in different matrices such as food and beverage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Catenza
- Department of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - K K Donkor
- Department of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada.
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38
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Arnold JW, Roach J, Fabela S, Moorfield E, Ding S, Blue E, Dagher S, Magness S, Tamayo R, Bruno-Barcena JM, Azcarate-Peril MA. The pleiotropic effects of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides on the aging gut. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:31. [PMID: 33509277 PMCID: PMC7845053 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have an extensively demonstrated beneficial impact on intestinal health. In this study, we determined the impact of GOS diets on hallmarks of gut aging: microbiome dysbiosis, inflammation, and intestinal barrier defects ("leaky gut"). We also evaluated if short-term GOS feeding influenced how the aging gut responded to antibiotic challenges in a mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection. Finally, we assessed if colonic organoids could reproduce the GOS responder-non-responder phenotypes observed in vivo. RESULTS Old animals had a distinct microbiome characterized by increased ratios of non-saccharolytic versus saccharolytic bacteria and, correspondingly, a lower abundance of β-galactosidases compared to young animals. GOS reduced the overall diversity, increased the abundance of specific saccharolytic bacteria (species of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus), increased the abundance of β-galactosidases in young and old animals, and increased the non-saccharolytic organisms; however, a robust, homogeneous bifidogenic effect was not observed. GOS reduced age-associated increased intestinal permeability and increased MUC2 expression and mucus thickness in old mice. Clyndamicin reduced the abundance Bifidobacterium while increasing Akkermansia, Clostridium, Coprococcus, Bacillus, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcus in old mice. The antibiotics were more impactful than GOS on modulating serum markers of inflammation. Higher serum levels of IL-17 and IL-6 were observed in control and GOS diets in the antibiotic groups, and within those groups, levels of IL-6 were higher in the GOS groups, regardless of age, and higher in the old compared to young animals in the control diet groups. RTqPCR revealed significantly increased gene expression of TNFα in distal colon tissue of old mice, which was decreased by the GOS diet. Colon transcriptomics analysis of mice fed GOS showed increased expression of genes involved in small-molecule metabolic processes and specifically the respirasome in old animals, which could indicate an increased oxidative metabolism and energetic efficiency. In young mice, GOS induced the expression of binding-related genes. The galectin gene Lgals1, a β-galactosyl-binding lectin that bridges molecules by their sugar moieties and is an important modulator of the immune response, and the PI3K-Akt and ECM-receptor interaction pathways were also induced in young mice. Stools from mice exhibiting variable bifidogenic response to GOS injected into colon organoids in the presence of prebiotics reproduced the response and non-response phenotypes observed in vivo suggesting that the composition and functionality of the microbiota are the main contributors to the phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Dietary GOS modulated homeostasis of the aging gut by promoting changes in microbiome composition and host gene expression, which was translated into decreased intestinal permeability and increased mucus production. Age was a determining factor on how prebiotics impacted the microbiome and expression of intestinal epithelial cells, especially apparent from the induction of galectin-1 in young but not old mice. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease (CGIBD), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffery Roach
- UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease (CGIBD), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Information Technology Services and Research Computing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Salvador Fabela
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease (CGIBD), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Current affiliation: Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emily Moorfield
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric Blue
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Dagher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Scott Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rita Tamayo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jose M Bruno-Barcena
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease (CGIBD), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Kim M, Jang JK, Park YS. Production Optimization, Structural Analysis, and Prebiotic- and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Gluco-Oligosaccharides Produced by Leuconostoc lactis SBC001. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010200. [PMID: 33477973 PMCID: PMC7835818 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leuconostoc lactis SBC001, isolated from chive, produces glucansucrase and synthesizes oligosaccharides through its enzymatic activity. This study was conducted to optimize oligosaccharide production using response surface methodology, analyze the structure of purified oligosaccharides, and investigate the prebiotic effect on 24 bacterial and yeast strains and the anti-inflammatory activity using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The optimal conditions for oligosaccharide production were a culture temperature of 30 °C and sucrose and maltose concentrations of 9.6% and 7.4%, respectively. Based on 1H-NMR spectroscopic study, the oligosaccharides were identified as gluco-oligosaccharides that consisted of 23.63% α-1,4 glycosidic linkages and 76.37% α-1,6 glycosidic linkages with an average molecular weight of 1137 Da. The oligosaccharides promoted the growth of bacterial and yeast strains, including Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei, L. johnsonii, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, L. rhamnosus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with the oligosaccharides, the production of nitric oxide was decreased; the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 was suppressed; and the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway was inhibited. In conclusion, the gluco-oligosaccharides obtained from Leu. lactis SBC001 exhibited a prebiotic effect on six bacterial and yeast strains and anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
| | - Jae-Kweon Jang
- Food Nutrition Major, School of Food, Chungkang College of Cultural Industries, Icheon 17390, Korea;
| | - Young-Seo Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-5378
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40
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The Role of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Hirsutism. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics and synbiotics are known to have beneficial effects on human health and disease. Hirsutism, a disorder that is characterised by the presence of coarse terminal hairs in a male-like pattern, is usually caused by elevated androgen levels in blood plasma. This disorder is usually observed in PCOS women and it is linked to insulin resistance (IR). Although idiopathic hirsutism (IH) is not shown to have excess androgen production from the ovarian and adrenal glands, increased 5α-reductase in peripheral tissues and insulin resistance are common observations. The effect of probiotics and synbiotics have been recently studied on PCOS women; androgens were also included in the hormonal groups that were investigated. Only a few studies focus on hirsutism and the potential effect of the beneficial microbes mentioned, whereas the increasing interest on insulin resistance and synbiotics indicate a potential beneficial effect on hirsutism through the management of insulin resistance.
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41
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Ke A, Parreira VR, Goodridge L, Farber JM. Current and Future Perspectives on the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics in Controlling Pathogenic Cronobacter Spp. in Infants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:755083. [PMID: 34745060 PMCID: PMC8567173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.755083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species, in particular C. sakazakii, is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen implicated in the development of potentially debilitating illnesses in infants (<12months old). The combination of a poorly developed immune system and gut microbiota put infants at a higher risk of infection compared to other age groups. Probiotics and prebiotics are incorporated in powdered infant formula and, in addition to strengthening gut physiology and stimulating the growth of commensal gut microbiota, have proven antimicrobial capabilities. Postbiotics in the cell-free supernatant of a microbial culture are derived from probiotics and can also exert health benefits. Synbiotics, a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics, may provide further advantages as probiotics and gut commensals degrade prebiotics into short-chain fatty acids that can provide benefits to the host. Cell-culture and animal models have been widely used to study foodborne pathogens, but sophisticated gut models have been recently developed to better mimic the gut conditions, thus giving a more accurate representation of how various treatments can affect the survival and pathogenicity of foodborne pathogens. This review aims to summarize the current understanding on the connection between Cronobacter infections and infants, as well as highlight the potential efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in reducing invasive Cronobacter infections during early infancy.
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Protection of Galacto-Oligosaccharide against E. coli O157 Colonization through Enhancing Gut Barrier Function and Modulating Gut Microbiota. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111710. [PMID: 33233359 PMCID: PMC7700679 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) has been added to infant formula as prebiotics and can bring many benefits to human health. This study proved the effect of GOS in prevention and alleviation against E. coli O157 invasion and colonization and the mechanism behind this was explored in a mice model. The results showed that the expression of Muc2 and Occlaudin were both significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05) by E. coli O157 infection, while GOS alleviated this phenomenon, which means that GOS can reduce the colonization of E. coli O157 by enhancing the gut barrier function. Through the determination of inflammatory cytokines, we found that GOS can relieve inflammation caused by pathogens. At the same time, GOS can promote the growth of probiotics such as Akkermansia, Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroides, thus modulating microorganism environments and improving short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in the intestine. This study provides an explanation for the mechanism behind the protection of GOS against pathogen infection.
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Leung TF, Ulfman LH, Chong MKC, Hon KL, Khouw IMSL, Chan PKS, Delsing DJ, Kortman GAM, Bovee-Oudenhoven IMJ. A randomized controlled trial of different young child formulas on upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections in Chinese toddlers. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31:745-754. [PMID: 32426882 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioactive proteins and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), important ingredients in breast milk, that protect against infections are lacking in young child formula (YCF). This study investigated the effects of new YCFs on respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in toddlers. METHODS Four hundred and sixty one healthy Chinese children aged 1-2.5 years were recruited in this randomized, controlled, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial of different YCFs. They were randomly assigned to either standard milk formula (YCF-Ref) or one of three new YCFs containing bioactive proteins and/or the HMO 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and/or milk fat for six months. Primary outcomes were incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and duration of gastrointestinal tract infections (GITI). RESULTS There were no significant between-group differences in primary outcomes. For secondary outcomes, subjects receiving 2'-FL-supplemented YCF had longer URTI. Subjects receiving YCF supplemented with milk fat and intact bioactive proteins, and 2'-FL at levels found in breast milk, had more GITI episodes and shorter time to first GITI but similar effects on URTI duration than YCF-Ref recipients. No effects on URTI and GITI were observed in toddlers receiving YCF with bioactive proteins at lower levels than breast milk. Occurrence of adverse events and anthropometry were similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS All three YCFs supplemented with different combinations of intact bioactive proteins, 2'-FL, and milk fat are safe in toddlers. No difference is detected among YCFs on URTI incidence and GITI duration. Further studies are needed to verify these findings especially in infants who may benefit most from the immune-boosting effects of bioactive proteins and HMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting F Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Marc K C Chong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kam L Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Paul K S Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Zhang G, Zhao J, Wen R, Zhu X, Liu L, Li C. 2'-Fucosyllactose promotes Bifidobacterium bifidum DNG6 adhesion to Caco-2 cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9825-9834. [PMID: 32896399 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion to the intestinal mucosa is the prerequisite for bifidobacteria to colonize and exert biological functions, whereas the choice of carbon source affects the ability of bifidobacteria to adhere to and interact with intestinal epithelial cells. However, knowledge about the relationship between human milk oligosaccharide consumption by bifidobacteria and its adhesion is still limited. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) as the carbon source on the growth and adhesion properties of Bifidobacterium bifidum DNG6, and make comparisons with galactooligosaccharides and glucose. We found that the growth and adhesion properties of B. bifidum DNG6 grown in different carbon sources were varied. The 2'-FL as a carbon source improves the adhesion ability of B. bifidum DNG6. The expression of adhesion-associated genes was significantly higher in B. bifidum DNG6 grown in 2'-FL after incubation with Caco-2 cells compared with that in galactooligosaccharides and glucose. Our results indicated that 2'-FL may promote B. bifidum DNG6 adhesion to Caco-2 cells through high expression of genes encoding adhesion proteins. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of human milk oligosaccharides in the adhesion of bifidobacteria and further support the potential application of 2'-FL as a prebiotic in infant nutritional supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Rong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xumeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Quin C, Gibson DL. Human behavior, not race or geography, is the strongest predictor of microbial succession in the gut bacteriome of infants. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1143-1171. [PMID: 32249675 PMCID: PMC7524360 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1736973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with microorganisms during infancy represents a critical control point for shaping life-long immune-mediated disease susceptibility. Abnormal colonization or an imbalance of microbes, termed dysbiosis, is implicated in several diseases. Consequently, recent research has aimed at understanding ways to manipulate a dysbiotic microbiome during infancy to resemble a normal, healthy microbiome. However, one of the fundamental issues in microbiome research is characterizing what a "normal" infant microbiome is based on geography, ethnicity and cultural variations. This review provides a comprehensive account of what is currently known about the infant microbiome from a global context. In general, this review shows that the influence of cultural variations in feeding practices, delivery modes and hygiene are the biggest contributors to microbial variability. Despite geography or race, all humans have similar microbial succession during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Quin
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Deanna L. Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada,CONTACT Deanna L. Gibson Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, ASC 386, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BCV1V 1V7, Canada
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Porwal K, Pal S, Kulkarni C, Singh P, Sharma S, Singh P, Prajapati G, Gayen JR, Ampapathi RS, Mullick A, Chattopadhyay N. A prebiotic, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides promotes peak bone mass and maintains bone mass in ovariectomized rats by an osteogenic mechanism. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110448. [PMID: 32776872 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In preclinical studies, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) showed beneficial skeletal effects but its effect on peak bone mass (PBM) and bone loss caused by estrogen (E2) deficiency has not been studied, and we set out to study these effects in rats. Short-chain (sc)-FOS had no effect on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism of ovary intact (sham) and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. scFOS did not affect serum and urinary calcium and phosphorus levels, and on calcium absorption, although an increasing trend was noted in the sham group. Sham and OVX rats given scFOS had better skeletal parameters than their respective controls. scFOS treatment resulted in a higher bone anabolic response but had no effect on the catabolic parameters. scFOS increased serum levels of a short-chain fatty acid, butyrate which is known to have osteogenic effect. Our study for the first time demonstrates that in rats scFOS at the human equivalent dose enhances PBM and protects against E2 deficiency-induced bone loss by selective enhancement of new bone formation, and implicates butyrate in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konica Porwal
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Subhashis Pal
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Chirag Kulkarni
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Priya Singh
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Pragati Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Gurudayal Prajapati
- NMR Facility, SAIF Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Ravi S Ampapathi
- NMR Facility, SAIF Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Ashim Mullick
- Tata Chemicals Limited-Innovation Centre, Paud Road, Mulshi, Pune, Maharashtra 412111, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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Marsaux B, Van den Abbeele P, Ghyselinck J, Prioult G, Marzorati M, Bogićević B. Synbiotic Effect of Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 and Bovine Milk-Derived Oligosaccharides on Infant Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2268. [PMID: 32751149 PMCID: PMC7468906 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the impact of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis CNCM I-3446, Bovine Milk-derived OligoSaccharides (BMOS) and their combination on infant gut microbiota in vitro. In addition, a novel strategy consisting of preculturing B. lactis with BMOS to further enhance their potential synbiotic effects was assessed. METHOD Short-term fecal batch fermentations (48 h) were used to assess the microbial composition and activity modulated by BMOS alone, B. lactis grown on BMOS or dextrose alone, or their combinations on different three-month-old infant microbiota. RESULTS BMOS alone significantly induced acetate and lactate production (leading to pH decrease) and stimulated bifidobacterial growth in 10 donors. A further in-depth study on two different donors proved B. lactis ability to colonize the infant microbiota, regardless of the competitiveness of the environment. BMOS further enhanced this engraftment, suggesting a strong synbiotic effect. This was also observed at the microbiota activity level, especially in a donor containing low initial levels of bifidobacteria. In this donor, preculturing B. lactis with BMOS strengthened further the early modulation of microbiota activity observed after 6 h. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the strong synbiotic effect of BMOS and B. lactis on the infant gut microbiota, and suggests a strategy to improve its effectiveness in an otherwise low-Bifidobacterium microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Marsaux
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.M.); (M.M.)
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.)
| | | | - Jonas Ghyselinck
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Guénolée Prioult
- Nestlé Research and Development Konolfingen, Nestléstrasse 3, 3510 Konolfingen, Switzerland;
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.M.); (M.M.)
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.)
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Laurens MLL, Kraus-Friedberg C, Kar W, Sanfilippo D, Rajasekaran S, Comstock SS. Dietary Intake Influences Metabolites in Healthy Infants: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072073. [PMID: 32668684 PMCID: PMC7400847 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites are generated from exogenous sources such as diet. This scoping review will summarize nascent metabolite literature and discriminating metabolites for formula vs. human- milk-fed infants. Using the PICOS framework (P—Patient, Problem or Population; I—Intervention; C—Comparison; O—Outcome; S—Study Design) and PRISMA item-reporting protocols, infants less than 12 months old, full-term, and previously healthy were included. Protocol was registered with Open Science Framework (OSF). Publications from 1 January 2009–2019 were selected, for various biofluids, study designs, and techniques (such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)). From 711 articles, blinded screening of 214 articles using Abstrackr® software, resulted in 24 for final review. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were adopted, which included a 24-point checklist. Articles were stratified according to biofluid. Of articles reporting discriminating metabolites between formula- and human milk-fed infants, 62.5% (5/8) of plasma/serum/dried blood spot, 88% (7/8) of urine and 100% (6/6) of feces related articles reported such discriminating metabolites. Overall, no differences were found between analytical approach used (targeted (n = 9) vs. un-targeted (n = 10)). Current articles are limited by small sample sizes and differing methodological approaches. Of the metabolites reviewed herein, fecal metabolites provided the greatest distinction between diets, which may be indicative of usefulness for future diet metabolite-focused work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara L. Leimanis Laurens
- Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (D.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-616-267-0106
| | | | - Wreeti Kar
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, Room 139C Trout 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (W.K.); (S.S.C.)
| | - Dominic Sanfilippo
- Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (D.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (D.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah S. Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, Room 139C Trout 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (W.K.); (S.S.C.)
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Nomayo A, Schwiertz A, Rossi R, Timme K, Foster J, Zelenka R, Tvrdik J, Jochum F. Infant formula with cow's milk fat and prebiotics affects intestinal flora, but not the incidence of infections during infancy in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Mol Cell Pediatr 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32613402 PMCID: PMC7329970 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-020-00098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The postnatal intestinal colonization of human milk-fed and formula-fed infants differs substantially, as does the susceptibility to infectious diseases during infancy. Specific ingredients in human milk, such as prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides and a specifically structured fat composition with high proportion of beta-palmitic acid (beta-PA) promote the growth of intestinal bifidobacteria, which are associated with favorable effects on infants’ health. The present study investigates whether addition of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) in combination with higher amounts of beta-PA from cow’s milk fat in infant formula positively affects gut microbiota and the incidence of infections in formula-fed infants. Methods In a double-blind controlled trial, formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to either receive an experimental formula containing a higher proportion of beta-PA (20–25%) from natural cow’s milk fat, and a prebiotic supplement (0.5 g GOS/100 ml), or a standard infant formula with low beta-PA (< 10%), without prebiotics. A breast-fed reference group was also enrolled. After 12 weeks, fecal samples were collected to determine the proportion of fecal bifidobacteria. The number of infections during the first year of life was recorded. Results After 12 weeks, the proportion of fecal bifidobacteria was significantly higher in infants receiving formula with high beta-PA and GOS compared to control, and was similar to the breast-fed group (medians 8.8%, 2.5%, and 5.0% respectively; p < 0.001). The incidence of gastrointestinal or other infections during the first year of life did not differ between groups. Conclusions The combination of higher amounts of beta-PA plus GOS increased significantly the proportion of fecal bifidobacteria in formula-fed infants, but did not affect the incidence of infections. Trial registration The study protocol was registered with Clinical Trials (Protocol Registration and Results System Trial ID: NCT01603719) on 05/15/2012 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Nomayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Rainer Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Timme
- Department of Pediatrics, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Foster
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Josef Tvrdik
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Jochum
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589, Berlin, Germany
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Gibson PR, Halmos EP, Muir JG. Review article: FODMAPS, prebiotics and gut health-the FODMAP hypothesis revisited. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 52:233-246. [PMID: 32562590 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restriction of dietary FODMAP intake can alleviate symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Because many FODMAPs have prebiotic actions, there is concern that their dietary restriction leads to dysbiosis with health consequences, and their intake is being encouraged by addition to foods and via supplements. AIMS To examine the hazards and benefits of high and low FODMAP intake. METHODS Current literature was reviewed and alternative hypotheses formulated. RESULTS Low FODMAP intake reduces abundance of faecal Bifidobacteria without known adverse outcomes and has no effect on diversity, but the reduction in bacterial density may potentially be beneficial to gut health. Supplementary prebiotics can markedly elevate the intake of FODMAPs over levels consumed in the background diet. While this increases the abundance of Bifidobacteria, it adversely affects gut health in animal studies by inducing colonic mucosal barrier dysfunction, mucosal inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity. Rapid colonic fermentation is central to the identified mechanisms that include injury from high luminal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and low pH, and inflammatory effects of increased endotoxin load and glycation of macromolecules. Whether these observations translate into humans requires further study. Opposing hypotheses are presented whereby excessive intake of FODMAPs might have health benefits via prebiotic effects, but might also be injurious and contribute to the apparent increase in functional intestinal disorders. CONCLUSIONS Reduced FODMAP intake has few deleterious effects on gut microbiota. Consequences (both positive and negative) of excessive carbohydrate fermentation in the human intestines from elevated FODMAP intake require more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Emma P Halmos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jane G Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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