Dietary and nutritional considerations for inflammatory bowel disease. Proc Nutr Soc. 2011;70:329-335. [PMID: 21450124 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665111000097]

Factors influencing food-related quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

People diagnosed with Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often have severe dietary restrictions and avoidance due to the uncertainty of intestinal symptoms. Inadequate dietary intake may increase the risk of malnutrition and result in impaired food-related quality of life (FRQoL). Few studies investigated factors influencing FRQoL in patients with IBD. This study aimed to synthesize the existing evidence regarding FRQoL among patients with IBD, including the current situation, measurement instruments, and related influencing factors.

METHOD

The comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, as well as the most commonly used Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang and CBM). Studies published between January 2015 and December 2023 on FRQoL in patients with IBD were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was utilized to evaluate the methodological quality of the selected studies.

RESULTS

Finally, only five studies met the inclusion criteria were reviewed, including three cross-sectional studies and two case-control studies. The Food-related quality of life-29 Scale (FR-QoL-29) with a total core of 145 was the most used instrument measuring FRQoL in patients with IBD. The mean scores of FRQoL ranged from 69.9 to 102.3 in adult patients with IBD and 94.3 in children. A diverse range of factors were associated with FRQoL, including socio-demographic, clinical, psychological, diet-related, and nutrient intake factors.

CONCLUSIONS

The main influencing factors of FRQoL among patients with IBD included disease activity status, severe symptoms, history of IBD surgery, negative emotion reaction, and restrictive eating behaviour. Clinicians should work in concert with dietitians, keeping an eye on the disease status, nutrition intake, and restrictive eating habits, assessing FRQoL and providing personalized dietary recommendation for the patients with IBD.

Dietary intake and nutritional status in patients with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease: insights from the IBSEN III study

BACKGROUND

Dietary recommendations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are inconclusive, and patients may follow restrictive diets with increased risk of malnutrition. The aim of this study was to compare dietary intakes and nutritional status in men and women with newly diagnosed IBD with a general population sample, and to investigate whether intakes were in line with the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study including adults≥ 40 years with IBD from the Inflammatory Bowel Disease in South-Eastern Norway (IBSEN) III cohort study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used in dietary data collection, and a sample from the seventh survey of the Tromsø Study was included as a comparison group.

RESULTS

A total of 227 men and women with IBD were included. IBD patients had higher intake of grain products, sweetened beverages, energy, fat and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA), but lower intake of dairy products, alcohol and iodine compared to adults from the comparison sample (p < 0.01). Intakes of saturated fat and carbohydrates in both genders, and vitamin D in women were not within recommended levels. Anemia and hypoalbuminemia were more prevalent in IBD patients than in the comparison sample.

CONCLUSIONS

Dietary intakes in newly diagnosed IBD patients were mostly in line with Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. Higher proportion of IBD patients exceeded recommended allowances of fat and added sugar than the comparison sample. Insufficient micronutrient intake, anemia and hypoalbuminemia are present challenges in IBD patients that require monitoring.

Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) as novel gut microbiome modulators in noncommunicable diseases

The gut microbiota has a significant role in human health and is affected by many factors. Diet and dietary components have profound impacts on the composition of the gut microbiome and largely contribute to the change in bacterial flora. A high-fiber diet increased dietary fiber (DF) fermentation and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which increased the number of microorganisms. Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs), a subgroup of fermentable carbohydrates such as DF, are defined as indigestible carbohydrates metabolized by microbes. These carbohydrates are important components to sustain the microbial environment of the complicated digestive tract and avoid intestinal dysbiosis. Each MAC has a unique property and can therefore be used as a sensitive output microbiota modulator to support host homeostasis and modulate health. In addition to the overall health-developing effects, MACs are thought to have a promising effect on the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are major health problems worldwide. The aim of the manuscript was to describe microbiota-accessible carbohydrates and summarize their effects on gut modulation and NCDs.

Reducing Disease Activity of Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Consumption of Plant-Based Foods and Nutrients

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic and recurring inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract encompassing ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Although the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remains to be fully elucidated, environmental factors such as diet are believed to play a pivotal role in the onset and management of inflammatory bowel disease. Diet is thought to play an essential role in intestinal inflammation due to its regulatory effects on the microbiota, gut immune system, and epithelial barrier function. Although the evidence remains insufficient to draw firm conclusions on the role of specific dietary components in gastrointestinal diseases, studies have suggested that a Western diet with high intakes of total fats, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat have been associated with intestinal inflammation and relapse of inflammatory bowel disease. In contrast to a Western diet, plant-based diets often result in a reduced intake of total fats and meats and an increased intake of plant fibers which may contribute to reduced intestinal inflammation. This review critically examines the influence of plant-based dietary components on the clinical disease course of inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, this review discusses the benefits and possible limitations of plant-derived dietary components in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease while addressing the principal type of disease and the anatomic site of inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Finally, this review points out important directions for future research on the role of diet in inflammatory bowel disease. A better understanding of the role of diet and intestinal inflammation may pave the way for novel dietary interventions and specific foods- or food supplements, which can support the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

The complex relationship between diet, symptoms, and intestinal inflammation in persons with inflammatory bowel disease: The Manitoba Living With IBD Study

BACKGROUND

We aimed to examine whether an association exists between diet quality, based on the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Healthy Diet Score (HDS), and active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

METHODS

Participants were drawn from the Manitoba Living With IBD Study cohort. The Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to calculate the HDS at two time points: baseline and 1-year follow-up. Using generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression, we assessed the association between the HDS and (1) the IBD Symptom Inventory (IBDSI); (2) intestinal inflammation, measured by fecal calprotectin (FCAL); and (3) self-reported IBD flares.

RESULTS

There were 294 completed FFQs among 153 people. Of these, 100% had completed data about an IBD flare, 98% had FCAL measurements, and 96% had completed IBDSI scores. On a HDS scoring method of 0-8, the odds of FCAL >250 mcg/g were lower for participants with a HDS of 4 vs 0-3 (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.38; 95% CI, 0.19-0.77). When applying a second HDS scoring method (8-40), the odds of having an IBD flare were 3.6 times greater with a HDS between 21 and 24 compared with an HDS ≤20 (adjusted OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.03-12.78).

CONCLUSIONS

We found that active inflammation was less likely among those with a moderate HDS , whereas symptomatic IBD flares were more likely. People may choose to consume a moderate amount of healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables, even knowing that those foods may cause a symptomatic flare.

Food-related quality of life is impaired in inflammatory bowel disease and associated with reduced intake of key nutrients

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may impact the extent to which food, eating, and drinking bring satisfaction and enjoyment to peoples' lives, and this may impact dietary intake. The prevalence of an impaired food-related quality of life (FR-QoL), its associated factors, and its impact on diet have not been explored.

OBJECTIVES

To measure the prevalence and nature of the burden of impaired FR-QoL in people with IBD, the factors associated with these, and their associations with nutrient intake.

METHODS

We recruited 1576 outpatients with IBD (≥16 years old) in person from 7 IBD centers across the United Kingdom. Patients completed validated questionnaires to measure their FR-QoL, quality of life (QoL), distress, fatigue, anxiety, and depression. Dietary intake was recorded using the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer FFQ. A health professional recorded disease activity, Montreal classification, blood results, BMI, and malnutrition risk. FR-QoL was regressed onto explanatory variables using univariable and multivariable analyses.

RESULTS

Data from 1221 patients were available (77.4% response; Crohn's disease, 65%; ulcerative colitis, 35%). The FR-QoL mean (± SD) score was 80.8 ± 26.9, with wide ranges (minimum, 29; maximum, 145). Following multivariable regression, the strongest associations with FR-QoL were the number of recent disease flares (5 flares β = -12.7; P < 0.001), the IBD-specific QoL (β = 0.33; P < 0.001), and IBD-related distress (β = -0.26; P < 0.001). Patients with poorer FR-QoL had lower intakes of fiber (nonstarch polysaccharide; Q1 to Q5 difference = 2.1 g/d; 95% CI: 0.4-3.8; P = 0.048), calcium (192.6 mg/d; 95% CI: 112.5-272.6; P < 0.001), phosphorus (167 mg/d; 95% CI: 58-276; P = 0.041), and magnesium (34.4 mg/d; 95% CI: 9.3-59.4; P = 0.041).

CONCLUSIONS

Impaired FR-QoL is prevalent in IBD and is associated with recurrent disease flares, a reduced IBD-specific QoL, and greater IBD-related distress. A poorer FR-QoL was associated with lower intakes of key nutrients of importance to IBD, including those relating to gut health and bone mineralization.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Nurse-Practical Messages

Background and Objectives: Patients affected by inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex patients with various problems from a clinical and psychological point of view. This complexity must be addressed by a multidisciplinary team, and an inflammatory bowel disease nurse can be the ideal professional figure to create a link between doctor and patient. The objective of this comprehensive review is to describe the figure of inflammatory bowel disease nurses and the various benefits that their introduction into a multidisciplinary team can bring, as well as a focus on how to become an inflammatory bowel disease nurse. Materials and Methods: A search on the PubMed database was performed by associating the terms "IBD" or "inflammatory bowel disease" with the Boolean term AND to the various issues addressed: "life impact", "communication", "fistulas", "ostomy", "diet", "incontinence", "sexuality", "parenthood", "fatigue", "pain management", and "follow up appointments". Regarding the analysis of the benefits that the IBD nurse brings, the terms "IBD", "inflammatory bowel diseases", "Crohn's disease", and "ulcerative colitis" were used, associating them with the terms "benefit", "costs", "team", and "patients". Finally, regarding the focus on how to become an IBD nurse, an IBD nurse was interviewed. Results: An IBD nurse is a valuable nursing figure within the multidisciplinary team that takes care of patients with IBD because this nurse performs important functions from both a clinical assistance point of view (management of fistulas, ostomies, infusion of biological drugs) and an information and therapeutic education point of view (communication with patients, direct contact with patients by telephone or email). Furthermore, this nurse performs the "filter" function between doctor and patient, saving time for doctors that will be used for more outpatient visits. Conclusions: The introduction of an inflammatory bowel disease nurse is therefore recommended for multidisciplinary organizations dealing with the clinical course of patients suffering from IBD.

Growth Delay in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Significance, Causes, and Management

Growth delay with height and weight impairment is a common feature of pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases (PIBD). Up to 2/3 of Crohn Disease patients have impaired weight at diagnosis, and up to 1/3 have impaired height. Ulcerative colitis usually manifests earlier with less impaired growth, though patients can be affected. Ultimately, growth delay, if not corrected, can reduce final adult height. Weight loss, reduced bone mass, and pubertal delay are also concerns associated with growth delay in newly diagnosed PIBD patients. The mechanisms for growth delay in IBD are multifactorial and include reduced nutrient intake, poor absorption, increased fecal losses, as well as direct effects from inflammation and treatment modalities. Management of growth delay requires optimal disease control. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), biologic therapy, and corticosteroids are the primary induction strategies used in PIBD, and both EEN and biologics positively impact growth and bone development. Beyond adequate disease control, growth delay and pubertal delay require a multidisciplinary approach, dependent on diligent monitoring and identification, nutritional rehabilitation, and involvement of endocrinology and psychiatry services as needed. Pitfalls that clinicians may encounter when managing growth delay include refeeding syndrome, obesity (even in the setting of malnutrition), and restrictive diets. Although treatment of PIBD has improved substantially in the last several decades with the era of biologic therapies and EEN, there is still much to be learned about growth delay in PIBD in order to improve outcomes.

Nutritional adequacy in surgical IBD patients

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Despite little evidence available to date, the dietary intake assessment is considered a useful tool to optimize dietary intervention for the improvement of the nutritional status of IBD patients. The primary aim was to compare the dietary intake of IBD patients scheduled for surgery with the dietary reference values (DRVs) for the Italian population (LARN) and the ESPEN guidelines for clinical nutrition in IBD. The secondary aim was to describe the dietary patterns of patients with CD and UC in relation to the disease-specific and nutritional parameters and to compare these results to a control group in order to evaluate if similar nutritional intakes than in oncologic patients are found in IBD.

METHODS

Between January 2019 and March 2020, 62 consecutive IBD patients (46 CD and 16 UC) with age from 18 to 79 years scheduled for surgery were recruited. Patients received a comprehensive nutritional assessment, including food or nutrition-related history, anthropometric and body composition measurements. A group of 61 oncologic patients scheduled for colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery was used as control.

RESULTS

IBD patients showed a higher caloric and nutritional intake than CRC group, despite a higher frequency of underweight, and a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity. IBD patients showed an inadequate intake of proteins, n-3 PUFA, fiber, iron, calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin D and vitamin B12 according to ESPEN guidelines for clinical nutrition in IBD and LARN. Oral intake was not influenced by gender, IBD subtype, longer duration of disease and previous surgery. In CD, fistulizing behaviour negatively influenced oral intake.

CONCLUSIONS

in IBD patients, the evaluation of macronutrients and micronutrients intake before surgery, can contribute to evaluate and to correct the onset of nutritional deficiencies. Specific dietary recommendations seem required, in order to integrate specific nutritional inadequacies. IBD patients referred to surgery have to be considered at high nutritional risk like oncologic patients are.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Environmental Risk Factors: Diet and Gut Microbiota

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review specifically explores the affect that diet has on the gut microbiota and its role on the increasing incidence of IBD around the world in developing countries.

RECENT FINDINGS

This is a The emergence of IBD is consistently observed as a society becomes developed and westernized implicating the critical role that environmental factors play. Environmental factors that could play a significant role in the pathogenesis of IBD include westernization of diet and improved hygiene statust. Westernization of diet is associated with changes in the gastrointestinal microbiota, which could affect the development of the immune system and thus influence the risk of disease occurrence. There remains an important need for extensive and rigorous studies focused on the role of environmental exposures on IBD management. Specifically, if environmental factors can be modified to decrease the possibility of relapse or improve patient quality of life.

Therapeutic Dimensions of Bisphosphonates: A Clinical Update

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are a commonly used class of drugs for the treatment of bone disorders. An extensive review of BPs with their clinical efficacy and safety profile is unavailable. This study aimed to review the available literature on BPs, summarize their role in clinical therapy, and emphasize their safety profile. Authors reviewed the existing literature using the Google Scholar, PubMed, and Micromedex databases and analyzed the collected articles. BPs are the preferred medication for osteoporosis and other similar conditions owing to their efficient antiosteoclastic activity. Few of them are available in oral dosage forms; hence, they are patient-friendly. The mechanism of action, common adverse effects and their clinical applications, precautions and warnings pertaining to the route of administration, and safety profiles have been discussed in this manuscript. The common adverse effects are majorly related to the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and endocrine system. Upon chronic usage, patients may experience serious problems like osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical bone fractures. Although BPs are effective and safe, they may cause GI adverse effects and rare cases of osteonecrosis. Patient counseling could prove beneficial in early identification and prevention of the adverse effects associated with BPs.

Abdominal Pain and Anxious or Depressed State Are Independently Associated With Weight Loss in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background

Many factors impact nutritional status in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We undertook this study to evaluate the potential role that abdominal pain has on weight loss and dietary behavior in IBD.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study utilizing data from an IBD registry at our institution between January 1, 2015 and August 31, 2018. Pain scores and nutritional outcomes were derived from validated questionnaires while key associated clinical data were derived from the medical record.

Results

Three hundred and three patients (154 females; 206 Crohn’s disease) were included in this study. Ninety-six patients (31.7%) had experienced a 6-lb or greater weight loss in the prior month. On multivariate analysis, abdominal pain and anxious/depressed state were independently associated with weight loss, while female gender and NSAID use were inversely associated with weight loss (P < 0.05). IBD patients with abdominal pain also reported significantly poorer dietary behavior than those without this symptom.

Conclusions

Abdominal pain is more likely to result in negative dietary outcomes and independently associated with weight loss in IBD. IBD providers should screen for malnutrition when patients report abdominal pain.

We demonstrated that IBD patients with abdominal pain, anxious or depressed state have poorer nutritional outcomes, regardless of disease activity state. These findings reinforce the importance of screening for malnutrition in IBD patients with one or more of these symptoms.

Nutritional Assessment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)-Development of the Groningen IBD Nutritional Questionnaires (GINQ)

Diet plays a key role in the complex etiology and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Most existing nutritional assessment tools neglect intake of important foods consumed or omitted specifically by IBD patients or incorporate non-Western dietary habits, making the development of appropriate dietary guidelines for (Western) IBD patients difficult. Hence, we developed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the Groningen IBD Nutritional Questionnaires (GINQ-FFQ); suitable to assess dietary intake in IBD patients. To develop the GINQ-FFQ, multiple steps were taken, including: identification of IBD specific foods, a literature search, and evaluation of current dietary assessment methods. Expert views were collected and in collaboration with Wageningen University, division of Human Nutrition and Health, this semi-quantitative FFQ was developed using standard methods to obtain a valid questionnaire. Next, the GINQ-FFQ was digitized into a secure web-based environment which also embeds additional nutritional and IBD related questions. The GINQ-FFQ is an online self-administered FFQ evaluating dietary intake, taking the previous month as a reference period. It consists of 121 questions on 218 food items. This paper describes the design process of the GINQ-FFQ which assesses dietary intake especially (but not exclusively) in IBD patients. Validation of the GINQ-FFQ is needed and planned in the near future.

Perceptions and psychosocial impact of food, nutrition, eating and drinking in people with inflammatory bowel disease: a qualitative investigation of food-related quality of life

INTRODUCTION

Extensive research has provided an important understanding of the impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on nutrient intake, requirements and metabolism. By contrast, there has been limited research examining the psychosocial aspects of food, eating and drinking in IBD. The present study aimed to address this unmet need.

METHODS

Qualitative semi-structured interviews regarding the perceptions and psychosocial impact of food, eating and drinking were undertaken with 28 purposively selected people with IBD. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Colaizzi's framework was used to structure the data analysis.

RESULTS

Five major themes were identified. IBD symptoms and both surgical and medical treatments were described as having a direct impact on eating and drinking, with participants also using different food-related strategies to control IBD symptoms. These included a process of experimentation to identify trigger foods, following a severely restricted and limited diet, eating small portions, and eating more frequently. However, their limited knowledge about if, and how, food affected their symptoms, often resulted in negative coping strategies that impacted on psychosocial functioning, including a lack of enjoyment of eating, being afraid to eat and finding social occasions stressful. Managing food and drinking also made food shopping and preparation more burdensome, creating problems with families, at work and for social life, as well as the need for careful preparation and advanced planning of activities.

CONCLUSIONS

Inflammatory bowel disease has a profound impact on psychosocial aspects of food and nutrition, which impacts on 'food-related quality of life' (FRQoL). Further research is required to identify interventions that will improve FRQoL in patients with IBD.

Incidence and risk factors for anemia among newly-diagnosed intestinal Behcet's disease patients

BACKGROUND

To investigate the incidence, characteristics, and potential risk factors of anemia in patients with newly-diagnosed intestinal Behcet's disease (BD).

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, 106 newly-diagnosed intestinal BD patients were identified, and a gender-, age- and organ involvement-matched control group of 241 non-intestinal BD patients was established. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels below 120 g/L in women and 130 g/L in men were diagnosed as anemia; these were further classified as mild (Hb ≥ 90 g/L), moderate (60  g/L ≤ Hb < 90  g/L), and severe (Hb < 60 g/L) anemia for both genders. The prevalence, type and severity of anemia in these patients were assessed. Logistic regression was performed to analyze the relationship between clinical variables and anemia in newly-diagnosed intestinal BD patients.

RESULTS

The prevalence of anemia was 60.38% in newly-diagnosed patients with intestinal BD, significantly higher than those with non-intestinal BD (27.80%). Patients with intestinal BD had lower Hb, higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) than did patients with non-intestinal BD (P < 0.05). The majority of patients had mild-to-moderate anemia. The most common type of anemia found in both groups was normocytic normochromic anemia (56.25% for intestinal BD and 59.70% for non-intestinal BD). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the independent risk factors for anemia were disease activity index (DAIBD) (OR = 4.949, 95% CI: 1.504-16.282), higher levels of ESR (OR = 1.058, 95% CI: 1.019-1.099), and lower body mass index (BMI) (OR = 0.843, 95% CI: 0.727-0.977) for newly-diagnosed intestinal BD patients.

CONCLUSION

Anemia is common in patients with newly-diagnosed intestinal BD. Although typically mild or moderate, anemia may closely relate with disease activity.

Cross-Sectional Analysis of Overall Dietary Intake and Mediterranean Dietary Pattern in Patients with Crohn's Disease

The primary objective of this study was to explore the macro- and micro-nutrient intakes and dietary patterns of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Secondary objectives were to (a) compare the micronutrient intakes of CD patients with a representative sample of individuals, (b) describe the macro- and micronutrient intakes of male and female CD patients, and (c) describe Mediterranean diet scores (P-MDS) of male and female CD patients in remission that were recruited from an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinic in Calgary, AB. Consecutive patients with ileal and/or colonic CD in endoscopic remission were recruited for participation in this cross-sectional study. Sixty-seven patients were enrolled with a mean age of 45, and a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25. Compared with the representative sample, patients with CD had similar energy, protein, carbohydrate, and total fat intake. However, polyunsaturated fats (PUFA), omega-6 and 3, and monounsaturated fats (MUFA) were lower in CD patients and dietary fiber intake was higher (p < 0.05). Vitamins C, D, thiamin, niacin, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and potassium were all significantly lower in all CD patients when compared to the representative sample (p < 0.05). Few patients with CD met the P-MDS criteria and overall scores were low (mean 4.5, Standard Deviation (SD) = 1.1 in males and 4.7, SD = 1.8 in females). The CD patients in this study had suboptimal dietary intakes and patterns and these data may be used to inform future dietary interventions in this population to improve intake.

NLRX1 Modulates Immunometabolic Mechanisms Controlling the Host-Gut Microbiota Interactions during Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Interactions among the gut microbiome, dysregulated immune responses, and genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nlrx1^−/− mice have exacerbated disease severity, colonic lesions, and increased inflammatory markers. Global transcriptomic analyses demonstrate enhanced mucosal antimicrobial defense response, chemokine and cytokine expression, and epithelial cell metabolism in colitic Nlrx1^−/− mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Cell-specificity studies using cre-lox mice demonstrate that the loss of NLRX1 in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) recapitulate the increased sensitivity to DSS colitis observed in whole body Nlrx1^−/− mice. Further, organoid cultures of Nlrx1^−/− and WT epithelial cells confirm the altered patterns of proliferation, amino acid metabolism, and tight junction expression. These differences in IEC behavior can impact the composition of the microbiome. Microbiome analyses demonstrate that colitogenic bacterial taxa such as Veillonella and Clostridiales are increased in abundance in Nlrx1^−/− mice and in WT mice co-housed with Nlrx1^−/− mice. The transfer of an Nlrx1^−/−-associated gut microbiome through co-housing worsens disease in WT mice confirming the contributions of the microbiome to the Nlrx1^−/− phenotype. To validate NLRX1 effects on IEC metabolism mediate gut–microbiome interactions, restoration of WT glutamine metabolic profiles through either exogenous glutamine supplementation or administration of 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine abrogates differences in inflammation, microbiome, and overall disease severity in Nlrx1^−/− mice. The influence NLRX1 deficiency on SIRT1-mediated effects is identified to be an upstream controller of the Nlrx1^−/− phenotype in intestinal epithelial cell function and metabolism. The altered IEC function and metabolisms leads to changes in barrier permeability and microbiome interactions, in turn, promoting greater translocation and inflammation and resulting in an increased disease severity. In conclusion, NLRX1 is an immunoregulatory molecule and a candidate modulator of the interplay between mucosal inflammation, metabolism, and the gut microbiome during IBD.

Sustainability of Endovenous Iron Deficiency Anaemia Treatment: Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment in IBD Patients

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the main extraintestinal manifestation affecting patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The Health Technology Assessment approach was applied to evaluate the sustainability of intravenous (IV) iron formulations in the Italian hospital setting, with particular focus on ferric carboxymaltose. Data on the epidemiology of IBD and associated IDA, in addition to the efficacy and safety of IV iron formulations currently used in Italy, were retrieved from scientific literature. A hospital-based cost-analysis of the outpatient delivery of IV iron treatments was performed. Organizational and ethical implications were discussed. IDA prevalence in IBD patients varies markedly from 9 to 73%. IV iron preparations were proven to have good efficacy and safety profiles, and ferric carboxymaltose provided a fast correction of haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels in iron-deficient patients. Despite a higher price, ferric carboxymaltose would confer a beneficial effect to the hospital, in terms of reduced cost related to individual patient management and additionally to the patient by reducing the number of infusions and admissions to healthcare facilities. Ethically, the evaluation is appropriate due to its efficacy and compliance. This assessment supports the introduction of ferric carboxymaltose in the Italian outpatient setting.

Handgrip Strength Index Predicts Nutritional Status as a Complement to Body Mass Index in Crohn's Disease

BACKGROUND

Body mass index [BMI] is widely used to measure nutritional status in Crohn's disease [CD] patients, but limitations remain. Measuring handgrip strength index, in addition to BMI, may aid in overcoming limitations.

METHODS

A total of 150 patients with CD and 254 controls were included in this study. All patients and controls underwent BMI, handgrip strength and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Bioelectrical impedance analysis included body cell mass, bone mineral content, skeletal muscle mass and body fat mass. A total of 88 CD patients were age-, sex- and BMI-matched with healthy controls for further analysis.

RESULTS

BMI, body cell mass, body cell mass index, handgrip strength and handgrip strength index were all significantly decreased in the group of CD patients compared with controls [p < 0.0001]. When paired by BMI, healthy controls had significantly increased body cell mass index[p = 0.0344] and handgrip strength index [p = 0.0010] compared to patients. In addition, handgrip strength was well correlated with body cell mass [r = 0.8365, p < 0.0001].

CONCLUSIONS

BMI is widely used for detecting malnutrition, but it is less sensitive in predicting loss of body cell mass and skeletal muscle mass. Our study shows that handgrip strength index is an effective and convenient parameter to predict the functional nutritional status and muscular health in CD patients.

Nutrition interventions in patients with Crohn´s disease

Crohn's disease is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease of any part of the digestive tract. The seriousness of the disease requires a multi-disciplinary approach when providing patients with secondary and tertiary care. Patients also have specific problems from the nursing perspective that require intervention of nurses, e.g. in the area of nutrition. The role of a nurse in a specific community lies in supporting public health in the field of prevention, health education, group educational activities and care of the acutely or chronically ill. The regulation tool of nursing practice when providing community care is the documented form of nursing data expressed by means of expert terminology. The Omaha System is a standardised terminology for multi-disciplinary teams providing community care. The objective of the research is to draw attention to the possibility of using standardised terminology of the Omaha System when supporting public health in patients with Crohn's disease with nutrition problems. The research was divided into 3 stages: in the first stage we assessed the nutrition problem in 100 patients dispensarised in gastroenterology counselling centres using a form from the Omaha System. Out of these, identified 42 patients suffered from Crohn's disease and had problems with nutrition; in the second stage we chose interventions for nutrition from the Intervention Scheme of the Omaha System: their efficiency in patients was assessed by a nurse/nutritionist in the third stage of the research when the patients came to the gastroenterology counselling centre using Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes. When comparing the initial and final nutrition assessment with socio-demographic indicators we found a statistically significant difference (p = 0.000) between the status assessment where women scored a more remarkable advance than men when comparing the initial and the final assessment. With respect to age groups, education and jobs, no statistically significant differences were found (p >0.05). Nutrition interventions, according to the Omaha System, are linked to administering enteral and parenteral nutrition, monitoring of nutrition condition and education, management and consultancy during the diet that is individual and dependent on various factors.

Nutritional Strategies in the Management of Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Dietary Considerations from Active Disease to Disease Remission

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic, lifelong, and relapsing illnesses, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, which involve the gastrointestinal tract. There is no cure for these diseases, but combined pharmacological and nutritional therapy can induce remission and maintain clinical remission. Malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies among IBD patients result in poor clinical outcomes such as growth failure, reduced response to pharmacotherapy, increased risk for sepsis, and mortality. The aim of this review is to highlight the consequences of malnutrition in the management of IBD and describe nutritional interventions to facilitate induction of remission as well as maintenance; we will also discuss alternative delivery methods to improve nutritional status preoperatively.

A cross-sectional study on nutrient intake and -status in inflammatory bowel disease patients

Background and aims

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be associated with nutritional problems. The aim of this study was to investigate diet and nutritional status of IBD patients.

Methods

A total of 78 participants (35 men and 43 women aged 18–74 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. The majority (80 %) of the participant received infliximab treatment. Participants filled out disease related questionnaires and 31 participants also a 3-day food record. Body composition was measured and blood samples analysed in order to estimate nutritional status.

Results

The majority (87 %) claimed that diet affects digestive tract symptoms and 72 % had changed diet accordingly. The most common foods restricted were dairy products (60 %), processed meat (55 %), soft drinks (46 %), alcohol (45 %) and fast food (44 %). Body mass index was mostly in the overweight range but 46 % of the participants had been diagnosed with some nutritional deficiency since IBD diagnosis (most common was iron deficiency: 39 %). Patients who restricted meat products had lower ferritin values (48 ± 39 vs. 95 ± 74 μg/L, P = 0.011). Intake of vitamin D and calcium were not adequate (65 % below recommeded intake for both) and 60 % had poor vitamin D status.

Conclusion

IBD patients often change their dietary intake in order to affect digestive tract symptoms. Many patients have a history of nutrient deficiency. Restriction of dairy and meat consumption is common and is negatively associated with intake or status of micronutrients like calcium and iron. Dietary advice by a dietitian and use of potentially helpful dietary supplements is indicated.

Ginseng Berry Extract Attenuates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Acute and Chronic Colitis

This study investigates the in vivo functions of ginseng berry extract (GB) as a therapy for dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. C57BL/6 mice were given drinking water containing DSS (3%) for eight days to induce acute colitis. At the same time, the mice received an oral dose of GB (50 mg/kg) once daily. The GB-treated mice were less susceptible to the development of acute colitis than were control mice treated with saline, as determined by weight loss, disease activity, and colon histology. The administration of GB to DSS-treated mice also reduced the numbers and inhibited the activation of colon-infiltrating T cells, neutrophils, intestinal CD103(-)CD11c⁺ dendritic cells (cDCs), and macrophages. In addition, GB treatment promoted the migration of CD103⁺CD11c⁺ cDCs and expansion of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells in the colons of DSS-treated mice. Similarly, in the DSS-induced chronic colitis model, GB treatment improved the macroscopic and histological appearance of the colon wall when compared to untreated control mice, as indicated by longer colon length and lower histological scores. This is the first report to show that oral administration of GB suppresses immune activation and protects against experimentally induced colitis.

Mobile Phone Apps for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Self-Management: A Systematic Assessment of Content and Tools

Background

The rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) over the past decade has resulted in increased health care utilization and longer IBD outpatient waiting lists. Self-management is recognized as an important aspect of chronic disease management but its application to IBD has been limited. The age of IBD onset in a majority of patients is in their 20s to 30s. Mobile phone apps are a technology familiar to young adults and represent an opportunity to explore self-management as a new model of health care delivery for IBD.

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the content and tools of existing IBD apps to identify functionalities that may facilitate patient self-management.

Methods

We systematically assessed apps targeted at IBD patients via searches of Google (Android devices) and Apple (iOS devices) app stores with pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Apps were assessed for specific functionalities; presence of professional medical involvement; consistency with international IBD guidelines based on “complete,” “partial,” or “absent” coverage of consensus statements derived from the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation, American College of Gastroenterology, and the Gastroenterology Society of Australia; comprehensiveness of data that could be entered; and average pricing.

Results

Of the 238 apps screened, 26 apps were assessed, including 10 available on Android platforms, 8 on iOS platforms, and 8 on both. Over half (14/26, 54%) of the apps had diary functionalities; over a third (10/26, 39%) provided health information about IBD. None of the apps offered decision support to facilitate the self-initiation of medical therapy. Five of 26 (19%) had professional medical involvement in their design. Apps demonstrated “complete” coverage of only 38% of the international consensus statements explored. The average price of the apps was AUD$1.37.

Conclusions

Apps may provide a useful adjunct to the management of IBD patients. However, a majority of current apps suffer from a lack of professional medical involvement and limited coverage of international consensus guidelines. Future studies and app design for IBD should include professional medical involvement, evidence-based guidelines, and functionalities with decision support that are specifically tailored to patient self-management.

Dietary intake of inulin-type fructans in active and inactive Crohn's disease and healthy controls: a case-control study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Prebiotic inulin-type fructans are widely consumed in the diet and may have contrasting effects in Crohn's disease by stimulating gut microbiota and/or by generating functional gastrointestinal symptoms. The aim of this study was to measure fructan and oligofructose intakes in patients with active and inactive Crohn's disease compared with healthy controls.

METHODS

Patients with active Crohn's disease (n = 98), inactive Crohn's (n = 99) and healthy controls (n = 106) were recruited to a case-control study. Dietary intake of inulin-type fructans was measured using a specific food frequency questionnaire and was compared between the three groups and between patients with different disease phenotypes (Montreal classification). Associations between intakes and disease activity (Harvey-Bradshaw Index, HBI) were also undertaken.

RESULTS

Patients with active Crohn's disease had lower fructan intakes (median 2.9 g/d, interquartile range [IQR] 1.8) than those with inactive Crohn's (3.6 g/d, 2.1, p = 0.036) or controls (3.9 g/d, 2.1, p = 0.003) and lower oligofructose intakes (2.8 g/d, 1.8) than those with inactive Crohn's (3.5 g/d, 2.2, p = 0.048) or controls (3.8 g/d, 2.1, p = 0.003). There were no differences in intakes related to disease site or behaviour. There were negative correlations between HBI well-being score and fructan intake (ρ = -0.154, p = 0.03) and oligofructose intake (ρ = -0.156, p = 0.028) and for the HBI abdominal pain score and fructan (ρ = -0.164, p = 0.021) and oligofructose intake (ρ = -0.157, p = 0.027).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with active Crohn's disease consume lower quantities of fructans and oligofructose than their inactive counterparts and healthy controls. The impact of lower intakes of prebiotic fructans on gut microbiota is unknown and warrants further research.

Unmet treatment needs of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia: gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia Pacific survey

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Data on patient satisfaction with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are scarce in Asia. The perspectives of Asian patients with GERD and their satisfaction with PPI therapy were investigated.

METHODS

The GERD in Asia Pacific Survey (GAPS) was conducted from December 2011 to March 2012. Patients aged 21-55 years with self-reported doctor-diagnosed GERD, who had experienced symptoms in the previous 12 months, and were currently taking PPIs were enrolled. After a pilot study, a questionnaire was completed by respondents from six Asian countries during face-to-face interviews.

RESULTS

A total of 450 patients with GERD participated in the GAPS. Although the respondents generally complied with treatment, response to therapy was only partially successful. Most respondents indicated that PPIs eliminated pain (72%), took effect within 30 min (76%), provided sustained relief (73%), and provided nocturnal relief (77%). However, 45% of respondents reported limited improvement in nocturnal symptoms, and 49% continued to take adjunctive therapy to manage their symptoms. After treatment, respondent's "well-being" had improved. However, GERD still had a negative impact on well-being for 76% of respondents after treatment, compared with 94% before treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Asian patients reported a negative impact of GERD on their daily lives. Many respondents continued to experience symptoms despite reporting good compliance with PPI therapy, emphasizing the shortcomings of currently available therapy for GERD. This survey is the first to highlight Asian patients' perspectives of GERD and PPI therapy, and provides a platform for further evaluation.

What Are Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Eating? A Closer Look at the Dietary Habits of a Population-Based Canadian IBD Cohort

BACKGROUND

A comprehensive study of what individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are eating that encompasses food avoidance, dietary sugar consumption, and a comparison with the non-IBD Canadian population has not been documented. The aim was to analyze these interrelated dietary components.

METHODS

Food avoidance and sugar intake data were collected from 319 patients with IBD enrolled in the University of Manitoba IBD Cohort Study. Diets of those with IBD (n = 256) were compared with a matched, non-IBD Canadian cohort using the nutrition questions obtained from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS).

RESULTS

Food avoidance among IBD is prevalent for alcohol, popcorn, legumes, nuts, seeds, deep-fried food, and processed deli meat, with a higher prevalence among those with active IBD. Patients with active IBD also consumed significantly more portions of sports drinks and sweetened beverages compared with those with inactive disease. Compared with the non-IBD Canadian population, patients with IBD consume significantly less iron-rich food but more milk.

CONCLUSIONS

Food avoidance is common among those with IBD but may be due more to personal preferences, while sugar-laden beverages may be displacing other foods higher in nutrients. The overall diet of patients with IBD differed from that of the non-IBD Canadian population, but deficiencies were observed in both groups. Considering malnutrition among persons living with IBD, nutrition education by trained dietitians as part of the IBD team is imperative to address food avoidance and overall balance nutrition as part of treating and preventing nutrition deficiencies.

A prospective, randomized, controlled, exploratory study of comprehensive dietary advice in ulcerative colitis: impact on disease activity and quality of life

OBJECTIVES

The impact of food on relapse in ulcerative colitis has not been clearly defined. The aim of this prospective, randomized-controlled study was to evaluate the impact of comprehensive dietary guidelines on the clinical course of the disease and quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients were allocated randomly to an intervention or a control group. Participants in the intervention group were provided dietary guidelines in the form of an educational booklet that was recommended for use for 4-6 weeks during disease flare, that patients eat little and often (four to six times a day), drink adequate fluids, decrease excess intake of fat, decrease simple carbohydrates and decrease high-fibre foods during flare.Validated and study-designed questionnaires were used to compare patients' perceived quality of life, colitis activity scores and eating habits before and following the dietary advice provided.

RESULTS

Overall, 112 patients completed the study. Study participants were asked to complete the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire and Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index together with the Food Frequency Questionnaire at 0, 6 and 24 weeks. At 24 weeks, there was a mean reduction in the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index score in the intervention group compared with an increase in the score in the control group [-1.304 (P=0.0108) vs. 0.875 (P=0.0249)]. There was a mean increase in the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire score in the intervention group compared with a reduction in the score in the control group [7.17 (P=0.126) vs. -3.44 (P=0.205)]. A total of 69% of patients in the intervention group found the dietary advice significantly or moderately helpful.

CONCLUSION

The study suggests that there is likely to be a link between the dietary advice provided and symptomatic improvement. The effect of diet may not occur through the addition or the elimination of single nutrients; rather, each food consumed combines many nutrients that allow for a synergistic or an antagonistic action when present in a certain composition.

The murine appendiceal microbiome is altered in spontaneous colitis and its pathological progression

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) is a multifactorial disease that is extensively associated with stool microbiome changes (dysbiosis). Appendicitis and appendectomy limits subsequent colitis, clinically, and in animal models. We wanted to examine how the appendiceal and stool microbiome fared in our spontaneous colitic Winnie (Muc2(-/-)) mice model.

METHODS

Two C57BL/6 and 10 Winnie mice at ages 12 and 15 weeks were euthanized for stool and caecal patch samples. DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit then the V1-V3 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using the Roche/454 GS FLX + pyrosequencing instrument. A Galaxy metagenomic pipeline was used to define phyla and families at sequence similarity threshold of ≥ 80%.

RESULTS

Bacteriodetes was decreased in 15-week Winnie mice appendices compared to corresponding stool samples (P < 0.01). Proteobacteria was increased in appendices of Winnie mice compared to corresponding stool samples (P < 0.05). The Bacteroidetes family Rikenellaceae could be identified only in 15-week-old Winnie mice appendices. A higher quantity of Acetobacteraceae (Proteobacteria phylum) was present in 15-week Winnie mice when compared to 12-week Winnie mice (P < 0.01). Helicobacteraceae (Proteobacteria phylum), which is prominent in all Winnie mice, is absent in control mice.

CONCLUSIONS

The appendiceal dysbiosis observed in our Winnie mice is commensurate with, and adds to extant literature data. The presence of Helicobacteraceae (Proteobacteria) only in colitic Winnie mice (but not control mice) is consistent with reports of increased Helicobacter in IBD patients. Bacteroides (Bacteroidetes) decreases may be a reflection of reduced anti-inflammatory commensal species such as B. fragilis. Further research is warranted to expand and delineate the relationship between IBD and the appendix microbiome.

Variable access to quality nutrition information regarding inflammatory bowel disease: a survey of patients and health professionals and objective examination of written information

BACKGROUND

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) report a range of nutritional and dietary problems and high-quality written information should be available on these. There is little research investigating the availability and quality of such information for patients with IBD.

OBJECTIVE

This study assessed the type and quality of written information on nutrition and diet available to patients with IBD and the opinions of patients and health professionals.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Seventy-two patients with IBD were recruited from a large gastroenterology outpatient centre in England. One hundred dietitians from across the United Kingdom were also recruited.

METHODS

Face-to-face surveys were conducted with patients with IBD. Questions regarding the use, format and usefulness of dietary information received were probed. Dietitians were surveyed regarding written dietary information used in clinical practice. Samples of IBD-specific dietary information used across the UK were objectively assessed using two validated tools.

MAIN RESULTS

The majority of patients rated written information as 'good' or 'very good', with the most useful information relating to 'general diet and IBD'. Forty-nine (49%) dietitians reported gaps in written information available for patients with IBD. Fifty-three different samples of IBD-specific information sheets were returned, with widely variable objective quality ratings. Commercially produced written information scored greater than locally produced information (BMA tool, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Patient access to high-quality, written, IBD-specific dietary information is variable. IBD-specific written nutrition information needs to be developed in accordance with validated tools to empower patients, encourage self-management and overcome nutritional implications of IBD.

Parental Catastrophizing Partially Mediates the Association between Parent-Reported Child Pain Behavior and Parental Protective Responses

This study sought to model and test the role of parental catastrophizing in relationship to parent-reported child pain behavior and parental protective (solicitous) responses to child pain in a sample of children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and their parents (n = 184 dyads). Parents completed measures designed to assess cognitions about and responses to their child's abdominal pain. They also rated their child's pain behavior. Mediation analyses were performed using regression-based techniques and bootstrapping. Results supported a model treating parent-reported child pain behavior as the predictor, parental catastrophizing as the mediator, and parental protective responses as the outcome. Parent-reported child pain behavior predicted parental protective responses and this association was mediated by parental catastrophizing about child pain: indirect effect (SE) = 2.08 (0.56); 95% CI = 1.09, 3.30. The proportion of the total effect mediated was 68%. Findings suggest that interventions designed to modify maladaptive parental responses to children's pain behaviors should assess, as well as target, parental catastrophizing cognitions about their child's pain.

British Dietetic Association evidence-based guidelines for the dietary management of Crohn's disease in adults

BACKGROUND

Crohn's disease is a debilitating chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Appropriate use of diet and nutritional therapy is integral to the overall management strategy of Crohn's disease. The aim was to develop evidence-based guidelines on the dietary management of Crohn's disease in adults.

METHODS

Questions relating to the dietary management of Crohn's disease were developed. These included the roles of enteral nutrition to induce remission, food re-introduction diets to structure food re-introduction and maintain remission, and dietary management of stricturing disease, as well as whether probiotics or prebiotics induce or maintain remission. A comprehensive literature search was conducted and relevant studies from January 1985 to November 2009 were identified using the electronic database search engines CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science. Evidence statements, recommendations, practical considerations and research recommendations were developed.

RESULTS

Fifteen research papers were critically appraised and the evidence formed the basis of these guidelines. Although corticosteroids appear to be more effective, enteral nutrition (elemental or non-elemental) can be offered as an alternative option to induce disease remission. After a course of enteral nutrition, food re-introduction diets may be useful to structure food re-introduction and help maintain disease remission. Dietary fibre is contraindicated in the presence of strictures as a result of the risk of mechanical obstruction. The use of probiotics and prebiotics is not currently supported.

CONCLUSIONS

As an alternative to corticosteroids, evidence supports enteral nutrition to induce disease remission. Food re-introduction diets provide structure to food re-introduction and help maintain disease remission. These guidelines aim to reduce variation in clinical practice.

Reduced fat oxidation rates during submaximal exercise in adolescents with Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND

Children with Crohn's disease (CD) suffer from malnutrition. Understanding substrate utilization during exercise may help patients with CD sustain a healthy active lifestyle without compromising nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine whether substrate utilization and bioavailability during exercise are altered in children with CD compared with controls.

METHODS

Seven children with CD (mean age ± SD: 15.2 ± 2.3 yr) and 7 controls (14.4 ± 2.3 yr) were matched by sex and biological age. Participants completed 60 minutes of cycling at an intensity equivalent to 50% of their peak mechanical power. Rates of total fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation, the amount of fat and CHO oxidized, and the contribution of fat and CHO to total energy expenditure were calculated from expired gases collected during exercise. Blood was collected before, during, and at the end of exercise and analyzed for insulin, free fatty acids, and glucose.

RESULTS

Whole-body fat oxidation rate (expressed in mg · kg(-1) of body weight per min) during exercise was lower in children with CD (5.8 ± 1.0) compared with controls (8.0 ± 2.2, P < 0.05). Children with CD relied significantly more on CHO, with approximately 10% greater contribution toward total energy expenditure (P < 0.05) than controls. There were no differences in plasma insulin, free fatty acids, or glucose between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Fat metabolism during exercise seems to be impaired in children with CD. A greater reliance on CHO is required to meet the energy demands of submaximal exercise.

Huang Qi Jian Zhong Pellet Attenuates TNBS-Induced Colitis in Rats via Mechanisms Involving Improvement of Energy Metabolism

Huang Qi Jian Zhong Pellet (HQJZ) is a famous Chinese medicine formula for treatment of various gastrointestinal tract diseases. This study investigated the role of HQJZ in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- (TNBS-) induced colitis and its underlying mechanism. Colonic mucosal injury was induced by TNBS in the Sprague-Dawley rats. In the HQJZ treatment group, HQJZ was administered (2 g/kg) for 14 days starting from day 1 after TNBS infusion. Colonic mucosal injury occurred obviously 1 day after TNBS challenge and did not recover distinctively until day 15, including an increase in macro- and microscopic scores, a colonic weight index, a decrease in colonic length, a number of functional capillaries, and blood flow. Inverted intravital microscopy and ELISA showed colonic microcirculatory disturbances and inflammatory responses after TNBS stimulation, respectively. TNBS decreased occludin, RhoA, and ROCK-I, while increasing Rac-1, PAK-1, and phosphorylated myosin light chain. In addition, ATP content and ATP5D expression in colonic mucosa decreased after TNBS challenge. Impressively, treatment with HQJZ significantly attenuated all of the alterations evoked by TNBS, promoting the recovery of colonic injury. The present study demonstrated HQJZ as a multitargeting management for colonic mucosal injury, which set in motion mechanisms involving improvement of energy metabolism.

Tetradecylthioacetic acid attenuates inflammation and has antioxidative potential during experimental colitis in rats

BACKGROUND

The fatty acid analogue tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) is a moderate pan-activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and has in previous studies showed potential as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, both through PPAR and non-PPAR mediated mechanisms.

AIMS

This study aimed to determine whether TTA could alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were fed a control diet (control- and DSS-group) or a diet supplemented with 0.4 % TTA (TTA + DSS-group) for 30 days, and DSS was added to the drinking water the last 7 days. Ultrasound measurements were performed at day 29. At day 30, rats were sacrificed and the distal colon was removed for histological evaluation and measurement of cytokine levels, oxidative damage, and gene expression.

RESULTS

The disease activity index was not improved in the TTA + DSS-group compared to the DSS-group. However, ultrasound measurements showed a significantly reduced colonic wall thickening in the TTA + DSS-group. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were reduced at the protein and mRNA level in the TTA + DSS-group. Moreover, TTA-treated rats demonstrated reduced colonic oxidative damage, while inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 mRNA expression was elevated in both the DSS- and TTA + DSS-groups. PPARγ signaling may be involved in the anti-inflammatory response to TTA, as Pparg mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in colon.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that the pan-PPAR agonist TTA reduced colonic oxidative damage and cytokine levels in a rat model of colitis, and its potential to ameliorate colitis should be further explored.

Providing holistic support for patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are life-long, complex conditions. They are characterised by periods of exacerbation and remission and surgical intervention may be required in severe cases. Drugs employed in the management of IBD are used to induce remission and maintain remission. IBD has a physical, psychological and sociological impact on individuals and IBD quality standards have been developed to provide a framework for addressing the services and care that should be available for them. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies play an important role in the holistic approach to management of IBD as they are being increasingly used alongside conventional medical treatments. Community nurses have an important role to play in the management and care of individuals with IBD and in supporting them in making informed and appropriate choices that support their wellbeing and quality of life.

Polymorphisms of the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 gene in a Japanese population

The Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) protein is a polytopic transmembrane protein responsible for dietary cholesterol absorption. Genetic variation in the NPC1L1 gene affects cholesterol absorption and serum cholesterol levels. However, NCP1L1 genotypes have not previously been invesigated. In this study, genotyping of the NPC1L1 gene was examined in healthy individuals as well as patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A total of 541 individuals were enrolled in the study, including 80 patients with HCV hepatitis, 205 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 127 with Crohn's disease (CD). Genotyping was performed using TaqMan^® SNP assays. Minor allelic frequencies of the 17345C>G (rs2072183) and 19031G>A (rs4720470) SNPs were found to be 0.40 and 0.30, respectively. No significant differences were detected in serum HCV levels in the 1735C>G or 19031G>A SNPs. The 1735C>G SNPs were not associated with total cholesterol (TC) levels in the healthy controls and/or HCV patients. However, statistically significant associations between the 1735GG variant and TC levels were detected in CD patients, with 1735GG carriers having the highest TC levels compared to the 1735CC and 1735CG carriers (P=0.048). Similar trends were noted in UC patients, but did not reach statistical significance (P= 0.19). The 19031G>A SNPs were not associated with TC levels in the healthy controls or patients. This study showed the allelic and genotypic distribution of 1735C>G and 19031G>ASNPs of the NPC1L1 gene in a large number of subjects. The NPC1L1 1735GG variant may therefore be favorable for CD accompanied with malnutrition.

Enhanced production of early lineages of monocytic and granulocytic cells in mice with colitis

The bone marrow (BM) is a large, highly active, and responsive tissue. Interestingly, little is known about the impact of colitis on hematopoietic functions. Using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis in mice, we identified significant changes in the BM. Specifically, cells of the monocytic and granulocytic lineages increased nearly 60% and 80%, respectively. This change would support and promote the large infiltration of the gut with neutrophils and monocytes that are the primary cause of inflammation and tissue damage during colitis. Conversely, the early lineages of B and T cells declined in the marrow and thymus with particularly large losses observed among pre-B and pre-T cells with heightened levels of apoptosis noted among CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes from DSS-treated mice. Also noteworthy was the 40% decline in cells of the erythrocytic lineages in the marrow of colitis mice, which undoubtedly contributed to the anemia observed in these mice. The peripheral blood reflected the marrow changes as demonstrated by a 2.6-fold increase in neutrophils, a 60% increase in monocytes, and a decline in the lymphocyte population. Thus, colitis changed the BM in profound ways that parallel the general outcomes of colitis including infiltration of the gut with monocytes and neutrophils, inflammation, and anemia. The data provide important understandings of the full impact of colitis that may lead to unique treatments and therapies.

Nutritional management of adults with inflammatory bowel disease: practical lessons from the available evidence

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with impairment of nutritional status both anthropometrically and biochemically, which results from both qualitative and quantitative changes in dietary intake alongside disease activity. Dietary intervention to replace deficiency is essential and may also be used to treat active disease and to reduce symptoms. The evidence for dietary interventions in this area is reviewed and the following recommendations made: ■Assessment of nutritional status is an essential part of the investigation of all patients with IBD and deficiency should be actively sought.■Any patient with macro- or micronutrient deficiency should be referred for dietetic assessment.■Micronutrient deficiency (most frequently iron, vitamin B12, folate and magnesium) should be replaced aggressively, parenterally if necessary.■Significant improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms can be achieved by low-residue diets (for stricturing disease) and (always under dietetic supervision) management of lactose and other intolerances.■Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in patients with IBD can respond to low fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharide and polyol (FODMAP) diets, again this must be done under dietetic supervision.■Active Crohn's disease can be treated by exclusive enteral nutrition (elemental/polymeric/altered fat formulations all have equivalent efficacy).■Enteral nutrition can maintain remission in Crohn's disease and in this context can be given alongside normal oral intake.■Nutritional support does not have an established role in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis, other than in the management of malnutrition.■Total parenteral nutrition should not be used unless intestinal failure occurs.■There is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of Ω3 fish oil, prebiotics and glutamine in the treatment of active IBD.

Differential effects of energy balance on experimentally-induced colitis

AIM: To characterize the influence of diet-induced changes in body fat on colitis severity in SMAD3-/- mice.

METHODS: SMAD3-/- mice (6-8 wk of age) were randomly assigned to receive a calorie restricted (30% of control; CR), control (CON), or high fat (HF) diet for 20 wk and were gavaged with sterile broth or with Helicobacter hepaticus (H. hepaticus) to induce colitis. Four weeks after infection, mice were sacrificed and the cecum and colons were processed for histological evaluation.

RESULTS: Dietary treatment significantly influenced body composition prior to infection (P < 0.05), with CR mice having less (14% ± 2%) and HF-fed mice more body fat (32% ± 7%) compared to controls (22% ± 4%). Differences in body composition were associated with alterations in plasma levels of leptin (HF > CON > CR) and adiponectin (CON > HF ≥ CR) (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in colitis scores between CON and HF-fed mice 4 wk post-infection. Consistent with this, differences in proliferation and inflammation markers (COX-2, iNOS), and infiltrating cell types (CD3⁺ T lymphocytes, macrophages) were not observed. Unexpectedly, only 40% of CR mice survived infection with H. hepaticus, with mortality observed as early as 1 wk following induction of colitis.

CONCLUSION: Increased adiposity does not influence colitis severity in SMAD3-/- mice. Importantly, caloric restriction negatively impacts survival following pathogen challenge, potentially due to an impaired immune response.