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Riley B, Gould E, Lloyd J, Hallum LE, Vlajkovic S, Todd K, Freestone PS. Dopamine transmission in the tail striatum: Regional variation and contribution of dopamine clearance mechanisms. J Neurochem 2024; 168:251-268. [PMID: 38308566 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The striatum can be divided into four anatomically and functionally distinct domains: the dorsolateral, dorsomedial, ventral and the more recently identified caudolateral (tail) striatum. Dopamine transmission in these striatal domains underlies many important behaviours, yet little is known about this phenomenon in the tail striatum. Furthermore, the tail is divided anatomically into four divisions (dorsal, medial, intermediate and lateral) based on the profile of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons, something that is not seen elsewhere in the striatum. Considering this organisation, how dopamine transmission occurs in the tail striatum is of great interest. We recorded evoked dopamine release in the four tail divisions, with comparison to the dorsolateral striatum, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in rat brain slices. Contributions of clearance mechanisms were investigated using dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rats, pharmacological transporter inhibitors and dextran. Evoked dopamine release in all tail divisions was smaller in amplitude than in the dorsolateral striatum and, importantly, regional variation was observed: dorsolateral ≈ lateral > medial > dorsal ≈ intermediate. Release amplitudes in the lateral division were 300% of that in the intermediate division, which also exhibited uniquely slow peak dopamine clearance velocity. Dopamine clearance in the intermediate division was most dependent on DAT, and no alternative dopamine transporters investigated (organic cation transporter-3, norepinephrine transporter and serotonin transporter) contributed significantly to dopamine clearance in any tail division. Our findings confirm that the tail striatum is not only a distinct dopamine domain but also that each tail division has unique dopamine transmission characteristics. This supports that the divisions are not only anatomically but also functionally distinct. How this segregation relates to the overall function of the tail striatum, particularly the processing of multisensory information, is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Riley
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emily Gould
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jordan Lloyd
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Luke E Hallum
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Srdjan Vlajkovic
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn Todd
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter S Freestone
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Dean B. Muscarinic M1 and M4 receptor agonists for schizophrenia: promising candidates for the therapeutic arsenal. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1113-1121. [PMID: 37994870 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2288074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Successful phase 3 trials of KarXT in people with schizophrenia herald a new era of treating the disorder with drugs that do not target the dopamine D2 receptor. The active component of KarXT is xanomeline, a muscarinic (CHRM) M1 and M4 agonist, making muscarinic receptors a viable target for treating schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED This review covers the process of taking drugs that activate the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors from conceptualization to the clinic and details the mechanisms by which activating the CHRM1 and 4 can affect the broad spectrum of symptoms experienced by people with schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION Schizophrenia is a syndrome which means drugs that activate muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors, as was the case for antipsychotic drugs acting on the dopamine D2 receptor, will not give optimal outcomes in everyone within the syndrome. Thus, it would be ideal to identify people who are responsive to drugs activating the CHRM1 and 4. Given knowledge of the actions of these receptors, it is possible treatment non-response could be restricted to sub-groups within the syndrome who have deficits in cortical CHRM1 or those with one of the cognitive endophenotypes that may be identifiable by changes in the blood transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Xia Y, Li G, Zhu Y, He Q, Hu C. Facile preparation of metal-free graphitic-like carbon nitride/graphene oxide composite for simultaneous determination of uric acid and dopamine. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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4
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Dean B, Bakker G, Ueda HR, Tobin AB, Brown A, Kanaan RAA. A growing understanding of the role of muscarinic receptors in the molecular pathology and treatment of schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1124333. [PMID: 36909280 PMCID: PMC9992992 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1124333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical models, postmortem and neuroimaging studies all support a role for muscarinic receptors in the molecular pathology of schizophrenia. From these data it was proposed that activation of the muscarinic M1 and/or M4 receptor would reduce the severity of the symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is now supported by results from two clinical trials which indicate that activating central muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors can reduce the severity of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder. This review will provide an update on a growing body of evidence that argues the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors have critical roles in CNS functions that are dysregulated by the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This realization has been made possible, in part, by the growing ability to visualize and quantify muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors in the human CNS using molecular neuroimaging. We will discuss how these advances have provided evidence to support the notion that there is a sub-group of patients within the syndrome of schizophrenia that have a unique molecular pathology driven by a marked loss of muscarinic M1 receptors. This review is timely, as drugs targeting muscarinic receptors approach clinical use for the treatment of schizophrenia and here we outline the background biology that supported development of such drugs to treat the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Advanced Research Centre (ARC), School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard A A Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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5
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Benjamin KJM, Chen Q, Jaffe AE, Stolz JM, Collado-Torres L, Huuki-Myers LA, Burke EE, Arora R, Feltrin AS, Barbosa AR, Radulescu E, Pergola G, Shin JH, Ulrich WS, Deep-Soboslay A, Tao R, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Erwin JA, Weinberger DR, Paquola ACM. Analysis of the caudate nucleus transcriptome in individuals with schizophrenia highlights effects of antipsychotics and new risk genes. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1559-1568. [PMID: 36319771 PMCID: PMC10599288 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of gene expression in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia have focused on cortical regions, but subcortical nuclei such as the striatum are prominently implicated in the disease, and current antipsychotic drugs target the striatum's dense dopaminergic innervation. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the genetic and transcriptional landscape of schizophrenia in the postmortem caudate nucleus of the striatum of 443 individuals (245 neurotypical individuals, 154 individuals with schizophrenia and 44 individuals with bipolar disorder), 210 from African and 233 from European ancestries. Integrating expression quantitative trait loci analysis, Mendelian randomization with the latest schizophrenia genome-wide association study, transcriptome-wide association study and differential expression analysis, we identified many genes associated with schizophrenia risk, including potentially the dopamine D2 receptor short isoform. We found that antipsychotic medication has an extensive influence on caudate gene expression. We constructed caudate nucleus gene expression networks that highlight interactions involving schizophrenia risk. These analyses provide a resource for the study of schizophrenia and insights into risk mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kynon J M Benjamin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neumora Therapeutics, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Joshua M Stolz
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Emily E Burke
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ria Arora
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arthur S Feltrin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - André Rocha Barbosa
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Inter-Institutional Graduate Program on Bioinformatics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giulio Pergola
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A Erwin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Apuã C M Paquola
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Mary Tomy A, Cyriac J. Simultaneous detection of dopamine, uric acid and α-lipoic acid using nickel hydroxide nanosheets. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Todd KL, Lipski J, Freestone PS. The Subthalamic Nucleus Exclusively Evokes Dopamine Release in the Tail of the Striatum. J Neurochem 2022; 162:417-429. [PMID: 35869680 PMCID: PMC9541146 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A distinct population of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars lateralis (SNL) has a unique projection to the most caudolateral (tail) region of the striatum. Here, using two electrochemical techniques to measure basal dopamine and electrically evoked dopamine release in anesthetized rats, we characterized this pathway, and compared it with the ‘classic’ nigrostriatal pathway from neighboring substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine neurons to the dorsolateral striatum. We found that the tail striatum constitutes a distinct dopamine domain compared with the dorsolateral striatum, with consistently lower basal and evoked dopamine, and diverse dopamine release kinetics. Importantly, electrical stimulation of the SNL and SNc evoked dopamine release in entirely separate striatal regions; the tail and dorsolateral striatum, respectively. Furthermore, we showed that stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) evoked dopamine release exclusively in the tail striatum, likely via the SNL, consistent with previous anatomical evidence of STN afferents to SNL dopamine neurons. Our work identifies the STN as an important modulator of dopamine release in a novel dopamine pathway to the tail striatum, largely independent of the classic nigrostriatal pathway, which necessitates a revision of the basal ganglia circuitry with the STN positioned as a central integrator of striatal information.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Todd
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Janusz Lipski
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Peter S. Freestone
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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8
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Serotonergic-Muscarinic Interaction within the Prefrontal Cortex as a Novel Target to Reverse Schizophrenia-Related Cognitive Symptoms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168612. [PMID: 34445318 PMCID: PMC8395335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that the activation of serotonergic 5-HT1A and muscarinic M1, M4, or M5 receptors prevent MK-801-induced cognitive impairments in animal models. In the present study, the effectiveness of the simultaneous activation of 5-HT1A and muscarinic receptors at preventing MK-801-induced cognitive deficits in novel object recognition (NOR) or Y-maze tests was investigated. Activators of 5-HT1A (F15599), M1 (VU0357017), M4 (VU0152100), or M5 (VU0238429) receptors administered at top doses for seven days reversed MK-801-induced deficits in the NOR test, similar to the simultaneous administration of subeffective doses of F15599 (0.05 mg/kg) with VU0357017 (0.15 mg/kg), VU0152100 (0.05 mg/kg), or VU0238429 (1 mg/kg). The compounds did not prevent the MK-801-induced impairment when administered acutely. Their activity was less evident in the Y-maze. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed high brain penetration of F15599 (brain/plasma ratio 620%), which was detected in the frontal cortex (FC) up to 2 h after administration. Decreases in the brain penetration properties of the compounds were observed after acute administration of the combinations, which might have influenced behavioral responses. This negative effect on brain penetration was not observed when the compounds were administered repeatedly. Based on our results, prolonged administration of a 5-HT1A activator with muscarinic receptor ligands may be effective at reversing cognitive decline related to schizophrenia, and the FC may play a critical role in this interaction.
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9
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Ferdinand JM, Peters KZ, Yavas E, Young AMJ. Modulation of stimulated dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens shell by GABA in vitro: Effect of sub-chronic phencyclidine pretreatment. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1885-1901. [PMID: 33848365 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine signaling in nucleus accumbens (NAc) is modulated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acting through GABA-A and GABA-B receptors: dysregulation of GABAergic control of dopamine function may be important in behavioral deficits in schizophrenia. We investigated the effect of GABA-A (muscimol) and GABA-B (baclofen) receptor agonists on electrically stimulated dopamine release. Furthermore, we explored whether drug-induced changes were disrupted by pretreatment with phencyclidine, which provides a well-validated model of schizophrenia. Using brain slices from female rats, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry was used to measure electrically stimulated dopamine release in NAc shell. Both muscimol and baclofen caused concentration-dependent attenuation of evoked dopamine release: neither effect was changed by dihydro-β-erythroidine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, or the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), precluding indirect mechanisms using these transmitter systems in the GABAergic actions. In slices taken from rats pretreated with phencyclidine, the attenuation of evoked dopamine release by baclofen was abolished, but the attenuation by muscimol was unaffected. Since phencyclidine pretreatment was followed by drug-free washout period of at least a week, the drug was not present during recording. Therefore, disruption of GABA-B modulation of dopamine is due to long-term functional changes resulting from the treatment, rather than transient changes due to the drug's presence at test. This enduring dysregulation of GABA-B modulation of accumbal dopamine release provides a plausible mechanism through which GABA dysfunction influences accumbal dopamine leading to behavioral changes seen in schizophrenia and may provide a route for novel therapeutic strategies to treat the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Z Peters
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Ersin Yavas
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Andrew M J Young
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
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10
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Etchepare L, Gréa H, Durand P, Bouchet D, Groc L. NMDA receptor membrane dynamics tunes the firing pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J Physiol 2021; 599:2933-2951. [PMID: 33651437 DOI: 10.1113/jp281104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS NMDA receptors (NMDARs) expressed by dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play a central role in glutamate synapse plasticity, neuronal firing and adaptative behaviours. The NMDAR surface dynamics shapes synaptic adaptation in hippocampal networks, as well as associative memory. We investigated the basic properties and role of the NMDAR surface dynamics on cultured mesencephalic and VTA dopamine neurons in rodents. Using a combination of single molecule imaging and electrophysiological recordings, we demonstrate that NMDARs are highly diffusive at the surface of mesencephalic dopamine neurons. Unexpectedly, the NMDAR membrane dynamics per se regulates the firing pattern of VTA dopaminergic neurons, probably through a functional interplay between NMDARs receptors and small-conductance calcium-dependent potassium (SK) channels. ABSTRACT Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons play a central role in major physiological brain functions, and their dysfunctions have been associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. The activity of midbrain DA neurons is controlled by ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, such as the glutamate NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and small-conductance calcium-dependent potassium (SK) channels. However, the cellular mechanisms through which these channels tune the firing pattern of midbrain DA neurons remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether the surface dynamics and distribution of NMDARs tunes the firing pattern of midbrain DA neurons. Using a combination of single molecule imaging and electrophysiological recordings, we report that NMDARs are highly diffusive at the surface of cultured midbrain DA neurons from rodents and humans. Reducing acutely the NMDAR membrane dynamics, which leaves the ionotropic function of the receptor intact, robustly altered the firing pattern of midbrain DA neurons without altering synaptic glutamatergic transmission. The reduction of NMDAR surface dynamics reduced apamin (SK channel blocker)-induced firing change and the distribution of SK3 channels in DA neurons. Together, these data show that the surface dynamics of NMDAR, and not solely its ionotropic function, tune the firing pattern of midbrain DA neurons partly through a functional interplay with SK channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Etchepare
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, F-33000, France.,CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Gréa
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, F-33000, France.,CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Durand
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, F-33000, France.,CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Bouchet
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, F-33000, France.,CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Groc
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, F-33000, France.,CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
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11
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Posha B, Asha N, Sandhyarani N. Carbon nitride quantum dots tethered on CNTs for the electrochemical detection of dopamine and uric acid. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00555c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 0D–1D CNQDs/f-CNT architecture composed of 0D CNQDs tethered on a 1D functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (f-CNT) network was used for dopamine sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyas Posha
- Nanoscience Research laboratory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- India
| | | | - N. Sandhyarani
- Nanoscience Research laboratory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- India
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12
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DeLisi LE. What a Clinician Should Know About the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia: A Historical Perspective to Current Understanding. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2020; 18:368-374. [PMID: 33343248 PMCID: PMC7725146 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The brain is no doubt the "organ" of psychiatry; yet, over the years, few evidence-based classifications of psychiatric disorders have been based on brain mechanisms. The National Institute of Mental Health notably proposed one such system, known as Research Domain Criteria, although it has not yet influenced any changes in the DSM. Of all the major psychiatric disorders, the brain has been studied most extensively in schizophrenia, with its speculative pathology first documented by Emil Kraepelin as early as the beginning of the 20th century. Subsequently, the revolution in technology over the past 50 years has changed how investigators are able to view the brain before death without performing biopsies. Schizophrenia is thus found to have both structural and functional widespread brain anomalies that likely lead to its clinical deterioration. At the onset of illness, acquiring an MRI scan could be part of the routine evaluation to determine how progressive the disease has so far been. However, this practice is not yet recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in any of its guidelines on the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Remington
- University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College St., Toronto, M5T 1R8, ON, Canada.
| | - Shitij Kapur
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
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14
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Baltzersen OB, Meltzer HY, Frokjaer VG, Raghava JM, Baandrup L, Fagerlund B, Larsson HBW, Fibiger HC, Glenthøj BY, Knudsen GM, Ebdrup BH. Identification of a Serotonin 2A Receptor Subtype of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders With Pimavanserin: The Sub-Sero Proof-of-Concept Trial Protocol. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:591. [PMID: 32425802 PMCID: PMC7204912 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background All current approved antipsychotic drugs against schizophrenia spectrum disorders share affinity for the dopamine receptor (D2R). However, up to one-third of these patients respond insufficiently, and in some cases, side-effects outweigh symptom reduction. Previous data have suggested that a subgroup of antipsychotic-naïve patients will respond to serotonin 2A receptor (2AR) blockade. Aims This investigator-initiated, translational, proof-of-concept study has overall two aims; 1) To test the clinical effectiveness of monotherapy with the newly approved drug against Parkinson's disease psychosis, pimavanserin, in antipsychotic-free patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders; 2) To characterize the neurobiological profile of responders to pimavaserin. Materials and Equipment Forty patients will be enrolled in this 6-week open label, one-armed trial with the selective serotonin 2AR antagonist (pimavanserin 34 mg/day). At baseline, patients will undergo: positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the serotonin 2AR using the radioligand [¹¹C]Cimbi-36; structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); MR spectroscopy of cerebral glutamate levels and diffusion tensor imaging; cognitive and psychopathological examinations; electrocardiogram, and blood sampling for genetic- and metabolic analyses. Outcome Measures The primary clinical endpoint will be reduction in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive score. Secondary clinical endpoints comprise multiple clinical ratings (positive and negative symptoms, depressive-, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, quality of life, social functioning, sexual functioning, and side-effects). PET, MRI, and cognitive parameters will be used for in-depth neuropsychiatric characterization of pimavanserin response. Anticipated Results Clinically, we expect pimavanserin to reduce psychotic symptoms with similar effect as observed with conventional antipsychotics, for which we have comparable historical data. We expect pimavanserin to induce minimal side-effects. Neurobiologically, we expect psychotic symptom reduction to be most prominent in patients with low frontal serotonin 2AR binding potential at baseline. Potential pro-cognitive and brain structural effects of pimavanserin will be explored. Perspectives Sub-Sero will provide unique information about the role serotonin 2AR in antipsychotic-free, first-episode psychosis. If successful, Sub-Sero will aid identification of a “serotonergic subtype” of schizophrenia spectrum patients, thereby promoting development of precision medicine in clinical psychiatry. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials, identifier NCT03994965.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga B Baltzersen
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Centre for Clinical Intervention & Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Herbert Y Meltzer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology, and Physiology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vibe G Frokjaer
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jayachandra M Raghava
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Centre for Clinical Intervention & Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Functional Imaging Unit (FIU), Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lone Baandrup
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Centre for Clinical Intervention & Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Centre for Clinical Intervention & Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik B W Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit (FIU), Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - H Christian Fibiger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Birte Y Glenthøj
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Centre for Clinical Intervention & Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjørn H Ebdrup
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Centre for Clinical Intervention & Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Katthagen T, Kaminski J, Heinz A, Buchert R, Schlagenhauf F. Striatal Dopamine and Reward Prediction Error Signaling in Unmedicated Schizophrenia Patients. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1535-1546. [PMID: 32318717 PMCID: PMC7751190 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased striatal dopamine synthesis capacity has consistently been reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, the mechanism translating this into behavior and symptoms remains unclear. It has been proposed that heightened striatal dopamine may blunt dopaminergic reward prediction error signaling during reinforcement learning. In this study, we investigated striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, reward prediction errors, and their association in unmedicated schizophrenia patients (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 23). They took part in FDOPA-PET and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, where they performed a reversal-learning paradigm. The groups were compared regarding dopamine synthesis capacity (Kicer), fMRI neural prediction error signals, and the correlation of both. Patients did not differ from controls with respect to striatal Kicer. Taking into account, comorbid alcohol abuse revealed that patients without such abuse showed elevated Kicer in the associative striatum, while those with abuse did not differ from controls. Comparing all patients to controls, patients performed worse during reversal learning and displayed reduced prediction error signaling in the ventral striatum. In controls, Kicer in the limbic striatum correlated with higher reward prediction error signaling, while there was no significant association in patients. Kicer in the associative striatum correlated with higher positive symptoms and blunted reward prediction error signaling was associated with negative symptoms. Our results suggest a dissociation between striatal subregions and symptom domains, with elevated dopamine synthesis capacity in the associative striatum contributing to positive symptoms while blunted prediction error signaling in the ventral striatum related to negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Katthagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; tel: +49-(0)-30-450-517389, fax: +49-(0)-30-450-517962, e-mail:
| | - Jakob Kaminski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Buchert
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schlagenhauf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Methylation-related metabolic effects of D4 dopamine receptor expression and activation. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:295. [PMID: 31719518 PMCID: PMC6851363 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
D4 dopamine receptor (D4R) activation uniquely promotes methylation of plasma membrane phospholipids, utilizing folate-derived methyl groups provided by methionine synthase (MS). We evaluated the impact of D4R expression on folate-dependent phospholipid methylation (PLM) and MS activity, as well as cellular redox and methylation status, in transfected CHO cells expressing human D4R variants containing 2, 4, or 7 exon III repeats (D4.2R, D4.4R, D4.7R). Dopamine had no effect in non-transfected CHO cells, but increased PLM to a similar extent for both D4.2R- and D4.4R-expressing cells, while the maximal increase was for D4.7R was significantly lower. D4R expression in CHO cells decreased basal MS activity for all receptor subtypes and conferred dopamine-sensitive MS activity, which was greater with a higher number of repeats. Consistent with decreased MS activity, D4R expression decreased basal levels of methylation cycle intermediates methionine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), as well as cysteine and glutathione (GSH). Conversely, dopamine stimulation increased GSH, SAM, and the SAM/SAH ratio, which was associated with a more than 2-fold increase in global DNA methylation. Our findings illustrate a profound influence of D4R expression and activation on MS activity, coupled with the ability of dopamine to modulate cellular redox and methylation status. These previously unrecognized signaling activities of the D4R provide a unique link between neurotransmission and metabolism.
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17
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D'Addario C, Bellia F, Benatti B, Grancini B, Vismara M, Pucci M, De Carlo V, Viganò C, Galimberti D, Fenoglio C, Scarpini E, Maccarrone M, Dell'Osso B. Exploring the role of BDNF DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 114:17-23. [PMID: 31004918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogeneous neuropsychiatric condition associated with profound disability, whose susceptibility, stemming from genetic and environmental factors that intersect with each other, is still under investigation. In this perspective, we sought to explore the transcriptional regulation of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), a promising candidate biomarker in both development and etiology of different neuropsychiatric conditions, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from OCD patients and healthy controls. In particular, we focused on BDNF gene expression and interrogated in depth DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation at gene promoters (exons I, IV and IX) in a sample of OCD patients attending a tertiary OCD Clinic to receive guidelines-recommended treatment, and matched controls. Our preliminary data showed a significant increase in BDNF gene expression and a significant correlation with changes in the two epigenetic modifications selectively at promoter exon I, with no changes in the other promoters under study. We can conclude that transcriptional regulation of BDNF in OCD engages epigenetic mechanisms, and can suggest that this is likely evoked by the long-term pharmacotherapy. It is important to underline that many different factors need to be taken into account (i.e. age, sex, duration of illness, treatment), and thus further studies are mandatory to investigate their role in the epigenetic regulation of BDNF gene. Of note, we provide unprecedented evidence for the importance of analyzing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels to correctly evaluate 5-methylcytosine changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Addario
- University of Teramo, Bioscience, Teramo, Italy; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Beatrice Benatti
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Grancini
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Vismara
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Vera De Carlo
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina Viganò
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- University of Milan, Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- University of Milan, Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- University of Milan, Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Santa Lucia, Unit of Lipid Neurochemistry, Rome, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milano, Italy; CRC "Aldo Ravelli", University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA, USA.
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18
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Wan X, Yang S, Cai Z, He Q, Ye Y, Xia Y, Li G, Liu J. Facile Synthesis of MnO 2 Nanoflowers/N-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite and Its Application for Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine and Uric Acid. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E847. [PMID: 31159490 PMCID: PMC6631201 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reports facile synthesis of MnO2 nanoflowers/N-doped reduced graphene oxide (MnO2NFs/NrGO) composite and its application on the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). The microstructures, morphologies, and electrochemical performances of MnO2NFs/NrGO were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. The electrochemical experiments showed that the MnO2NFs/NrGO composites have the largest effective electroactive area and lowest charge transfer resistance. MnO2NFs/NrGO nanocomposites displayed superior catalytic capacity toward the electro-oxidation of DA and UA due to the synergistic effect from MnO2NFs and NrGO. The anodic peak currents of DA and UA increase linearly with their concentrations varying from 0.2 μM to 6.0 μM. However, the anodic peak currents of DA and UA are highly correlated to the Napierian logarithm of their concentrations ranging from 6.0 μM to 100 μM. The detection limits are 0.036 μM and 0.029 μM for DA and UA, respectively. Furthermore, the DA and UA levels of human serum samples were accurately detected by the proposed sensor. Combining with prominent advantages such as facile preparation, good sensitivity, and high selectivity, the proposed MnO2NFs/NrGO nanocomposites have become the most promising candidates for the simultaneous determination of DA and UA from various actual samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wan
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Shihui Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Zhaotian Cai
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Quanguo He
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Yabing Ye
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Yonghui Xia
- Zhuzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhuzhou 412000, China.
| | - Guangli Li
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
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19
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Cai Z, Ye Y, Wan X, Liu J, Yang S, Xia Y, Li G, He Q. Morphology-Dependent Electrochemical Sensing Properties of Iron Oxide-Graphene Oxide Nanohybrids for Dopamine and Uric Acid. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E835. [PMID: 31159377 PMCID: PMC6631868 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various morphologies of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs), including cubic, thorhombic and discal shapes were synthesized by a facile meta-ion mediated hydrothermal route. To further improve the electrochemical sensing properties, discal Fe2O3 NPs with the highest electrocatalytic activity were coupled with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. The surface morphology, microstructures and electrochemical properties of the obtained Fe2O3 NPs and Fe2O3/GO nanohybrids were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. As expected, the electrochemical performances were found to be highly related to morphology. The discal Fe2O3 NPs coupled with GO showed remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA), due to their excellent synergistic effect. The electrochemical responses of both DA and UA were linear to their concentrations in the ranges of 0.02-10 μM and 10-100 μM, with very low limits of detection (LOD) of 3.2 nM and 2.5 nM for DA and UA, respectively. Moreover, the d-Fe2O3/GO nanohybrids showed good selectivity and reproducibility. The proposed d-Fe2O3/GO/GCE realized the simultaneous detection of DA and UA in human serum and urine samples with satisfactory recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotian Cai
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Yabing Ye
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Xuan Wan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Shihui Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Yonghui Xia
- Zhuzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhuzhou 412000, China.
| | - Guangli Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Quanguo He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
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20
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O'Connell KS, McGregor NW, Lochner C, Emsley R, Warnich L. The genetic architecture of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 88:300-307. [PMID: 29505902 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) share a common molecular aetiology, despite their unique clinical diagnostic criteria. The aim of this study was therefore to determine and characterise the common and unique molecular architecture of ASD, SCZ, BD and OCD. Gene lists were obtained from previously published studies for ASD, BD, SCZ and for OCD. Genes identified to be common to all disorders, or unique to one specific disorder, were included for enrichment analyses using the web-server tool Enrichr. Ten genes were identified to be commonly associated with the aetiology of ASD, SCZ, BD and OCD. Enrichment analyses determined that these genes are predominantly involved in the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways, the voltage-gated calcium ion channel gene network, folate metabolism, regulation of the hippo signaling pathway, and the regulation of gene silencing and expression. In addition to well-characterised and previously described pathways, regulation of the hippo signaling pathway was commonly associated with ASD, SCZ, BD and OCD, implicating neural development and neuronal maintenance as key in neuropsychiatric disorders. In contrast, a large number of previously associated genes were shown to be disorder-specific. And unique disorder-specific pathways and biological processes were presented for ASD, BD, SCZ and OCD aetiology. Considering the current global incidence and prevalence rates of mental health disorders, focus should be placed on cross-disorder commonalities in order to realise actionable and translatable results to combat mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S O'Connell
- System Genetics Working Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nathaniel W McGregor
- System Genetics Working Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Christine Lochner
- SU/UCT MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Robin Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Louise Warnich
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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21
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Vijayraghavan S, Major AJ, Everling S. Neuromodulation of Prefrontal Cortex in Non-Human Primates by Dopaminergic Receptors during Rule-Guided Flexible Behavior and Cognitive Control. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:91. [PMID: 29259545 PMCID: PMC5723345 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is indispensable for several higher-order cognitive and executive capacities of primates, including representation of salient stimuli in working memory (WM), maintenance of cognitive task set, inhibition of inappropriate responses and rule-guided flexible behavior. PFC networks are subject to robust neuromodulation from ascending catecholaminergic systems. Disruption of these systems in PFC has been implicated in cognitive deficits associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. Over the past four decades, a considerable body of work has examined the influence of dopamine on macaque PFC activity representing spatial WM. There has also been burgeoning interest in neuromodulation of PFC circuits involved in other cognitive functions of PFC, including representation of rules to guide flexible behavior. Here, we review recent neuropharmacological investigations conducted in our laboratory and others of the role of PFC dopamine receptors in regulating rule-guided behavior in non-human primates. Employing iontophoresis, we examined the effects of local manipulation of dopaminergic subtypes on neuronal activity during performance of rule-guided pro- and antisaccades, an experimental paradigm sensitive to PFC integrity, wherein deficits in performance are reliably observed in many neuropsychiatric disorders. We found dissociable effects of dopamine receptors on neuronal activity for rule representation and oculomotor responses and discuss these findings in the context of prior studies that have examined the role of dopamine in spatial delayed response tasks, attention, target selection, abstract rules, visuomotor learning and reward. The findings we describe here highlight the common features, as well as heterogeneity and context dependence of dopaminergic neuromodulation in regulating the efficacy of cognitive functions of PFC in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheel Vijayraghavan
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alex J Major
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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22
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Recent advances in transition-metal dichalcogenides based electrochemical biosensors: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 97:305-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Challenges and opportunities for the development of new antipsychotic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 143:10-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Hallucinogens evoke sensory, perceptual, affective, and cognitive effects that may be useful to understand the neurobiological basis of mood and psychotic disorders. The present chapter reviews preclinical research carried out in recent years in order to better understand the action of psychotomimetic agents such as the noncompetitive NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) antagonists and serotonergic hallucinogens. Our studies have focused on the mechanisms through which these agents alter cortical activity. Noncompetitive NMDA-R antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and MK-801 (dizocilpine), as well as the serotonergic hallucinogens DOI and 5-MeO-DMT, produce similar effects on cellular and population activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC); these effects include alterations of pyramidal neuron discharge (with an overall increase in firing), as well as a marked attenuation of the low frequency oscillations (0.2-4 Hz) to which neuronal discharge is coupled in anesthetized rodents. PCP increases c-fos expression in excitatory neurons from various cortical and subcortical areas, particularly the thalamus. This effect of PCP involves the preferential blockade of NMDA-R on GABAergic neurons of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, which provides feedforward inhibition to the rest of thalamic nuclei. It is still unknown whether serotonergic hallucinogens also affect thalamocortical networks. However, when examined, similar alterations in other cortical areas, such as the primary visual cortex (V1), have been observed, suggesting that these agents affect cortical activity in sensory and associative areas. Interestingly, the disruption of PFC activity induced by PCP, DOI and 5-MeO-DMT is reversed by classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. This effect suggests a possible link between the mechanisms underlying the disruption of perception by multiple classes of hallucinogenic agents and the therapeutic efficacy of antipsychotic agents.
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25
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Synthesis and biological investigation of new equatorial (β) stereoisomers of 3-aminotropane arylamides with atypical antipsychotic profile. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3994-4007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Debbané M, Salaminios G, Luyten P, Badoud D, Armando M, Solida Tozzi A, Fonagy P, Brent BK. Attachment, Neurobiology, and Mentalizing along the Psychosis Continuum. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:406. [PMID: 27597820 PMCID: PMC4992687 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we outline the evidence linking attachment adversity to psychosis, from the premorbid stages of the disorder to its clinical forms. To better understand the neurobiological mechanisms through which insecure attachment may contribute to psychosis, we identify at least five neurobiological pathways linking attachment to risk for developing psychosis. Besides its well documented influence on the hypothalamic-pituary-adrenal (HPA) axis, insecure attachment may also contribute to neurodevelopmental risk through the dopaminergic and oxytonergic systems, as well as bear influence on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress responses. We further consider the neuroscientific and behavioral studies that underpin mentalization as a suite of processes potentially moderating the risk to transition to psychotic disorders. In particular, mentalization may help the individual compensate for endophenotypical impairments in the integration of sensory and metacognitive information. We propose a model where embodied mentalization would lie at the core of a protective, resilience response mitigating the adverse and potentially pathological influence of the neurodevelopmental cascade of risk for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Debbané
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Office Médico-PédagogiqueGeneva, Switzerland
| | - George Salaminios
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Deborah Badoud
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Benjamin K. Brent
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
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27
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The dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene polymorphism rs1611114 is associated with schizophrenia in the Chinese Zhuang but not Chinese Han population. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1813-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Brown PJ, Cleghorn JM, Brown GM, Blackall MH. The Neuroendocrinology of Schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.1980.11448865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Walters SH, Robbins EM, Michael AC. Modeling the kinetic diversity of dopamine in the dorsal striatum. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1468-75. [PMID: 26083009 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that exhibits numerous functions in the healthy, injured, and diseased brain. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry paired with electrical stimulation of dopamine axons is a popular and powerful method for investigating the dynamics of dopamine in the extracellular space. Evidence now suggests that the heterogeneity of electrically evoked dopamine responses reflects the inherent kinetic diversity of dopamine systems, which might contribute to their diversity of physiological function. Dopamine measurements by fast scan cyclic voltammetry are affected by the adsorption of dopamine to carbon fiber electrodes. The temporal distortion caused by dopamine adsorption is correctable by a straightforward mathematical procedure. The corrected responses exhibit excellent agreement with a dopamine kinetic model cast to provide a generic description of restricted diffusion, short-term plasticity of dopamine release, and first-order dopamine clearance. The new DA kinetic model brings to light the rich kinetic information content of electrically evoked dopamine responses recorded via fast scan cyclic voltammetry in the rat dorsal striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Elaine M. Robbins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Adrian C. Michael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Dynamics. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8694. [PMID: 25732993 PMCID: PMC4346799 DOI: 10.1038/srep08694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) has emerged as a convincing susceptibility gene for multiple mental disorders, but its mechanistic link to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia related psychiatric conditions is yet to be further understood. Here, we showed that DISC1 localizes to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). EXOC1, a subunit of the exocyst complex, interacted with DISC1 and affected its recruitment to inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1). Notably, knockdown of DISC1 and EXOC1 elicited an exaggerated ER calcium response upon stimulation of IP3R agonists. Similar abnormal ER calcium responses were observed in hippocampal neurons from DISC1-deficient mutant mice. Moreover, perturbation of ER calcium dynamics upon DISC1 knockdown was effectively reversed by treatment with antipsychotic drugs, such as clozapine and haloperidol. These results collectively indicate that DISC1 is a regulatory factor in ER calcium dynamics, linking a perturbed intracellular calcium signaling and schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Fitzgerald PJ. Is elevated norepinephrine an etiological factor in some cases of schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:497-504. [PMID: 24485408 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A number of hypotheses have been put forth regarding the etiology of schizophrenia, including the dopamine hypothesis, NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis, and others. A lesser known theory is that elevated noradrenergic signaling plays a causative role in the disease. This paper briefly re-examines the merits of this hypothesis, including as it relates to some recently published studies. Several lines of evidence are investigated, including: endogenous level studies of norepinephrine (NE); modulation of the disease by noradrenergic drugs; association of the disease with bipolar disorder and hypertension, since these latter two conditions may involve elevated NE transmission; and effects of psychological stress on the disease, since stress can produce elevated release of NE. For many of these lines of evidence, their relationship with prepulse inhibition of startle is examined. A number of these studies support the hypothesis, and several suggest that elevated NE signaling plays a particularly prominent role in the paranoid subtype of schizophrenia. If the hypothesis is correct for some persons, conventional pharmaceutical treatment options, such as use of atypical antipsychotics (which may themselves modulate noradrenergic signaling), may be improved if selective NE transmission modulating agents are added to or even substituted for these conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Room 3200 ILSB, TX 77843-4235, USA.
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Pedersen CA. Schizophrenia and alcohol dependence: diverse clinical effects of oxytocin and their evolutionary origins. Brain Res 2014; 1580:102-23. [PMID: 24508579 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Beginning in 1979 with the first report that central administration of oxytocin stimulates maternal behavior in virgin rats, decades of animal research and more recent human studies have demonstrated that oxytocin has many pro-social effects. These many findings suggest that oxytocin may be an effective treatment for social deficits that are hallmark features of disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Effects in preclinical animal models also imply that oxytocin may be an efficacious pharmacotherapy in a wide range of psychiatric disorders including psychoses and addictions. To date, 3 small clinical trials found that daily intranasal oxytocin treatment for 2-8 weeks significantly reduced psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Two of these trials also found improvement in social cognition or neurocognition, areas in which patients have significant deficiencies that do not respond to conventional antipsychotic treatment and contribute to disability. In another small trial, intranasal oxytocin potently blocked alcohol withdrawal. After reviewing the rationale for these trials, they are described in more detail. Questions are then asked followed by discussions of the large gaps in our knowledge about brain oxytocin systems in humans. The hope is to highlight important directions for future investigations of the role of oxytocin in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders and addictions and to extend clinical research in these areas. Heretofore unrecognized roles for which oxytocin may have been selected during the evolution of placental mammalian maternal-infant and other social attachments are considered as possible origins of oxytocin antipsychotic and antiaddiction effects.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin and Social Behav.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cort A Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry, CB# 7160, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA.
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Suh J, Foster DJ, Davoudi H, Wilson MA, Tonegawa S. Impaired hippocampal ripple-associated replay in a mouse model of schizophrenia. Neuron 2014; 80:484-93. [PMID: 24139046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia presumably result from impairments of information processing in neural circuits. We recorded neural activity in the hippocampus of freely behaving mice that had a forebrain-specific knockout of the synaptic plasticity-mediating phosphatase calcineurin and were previously shown to exhibit behavioral and cognitive abnormalities, recapitulating the symptoms of schizophrenia. Calcineurin knockout (KO) mice exhibited a 2.5-fold increase in the abundance of sharp-wave ripple (SWR) events during awake resting periods and single units in KO were overactive during SWR events. Pairwise measures of unit activity, however, revealed that the sequential reactivation of place cells during SWR events was completely abolished in KO. Since this relationship during postexperience awake rest periods has been implicated in learning, working memory, and subsequent memory consolidation, our findings provide a mechanism underlying impaired information processing that may contribute to the cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyup Suh
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Sun H, Chao J, Zuo X, Su S, Liu X, Yuwen L, Fan C, Wang L. Gold nanoparticle-decorated MoS2 nanosheets for simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04046e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Rao NP, Remington G. Targeting the dopamine receptor in schizophrenia: investigational drugs in Phase III trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 15:373-83. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.873790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Haloperidol blocks reacquisition of operant running during extinction following a single priming trial with food reward. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03334621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rao NP, Remington G. Investigational drugs for schizophrenia targeting the dopamine receptor: Phase II trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:881-94. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.795945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The suggestion that the neurohormone oxytocin may have clinical application in the treatment of schizophrenia was first published in 1972. Since then, a considerable body of research on a variety of fronts--including several recent double-blind treatment trials-has buttressed these early reports, providing support for the assertion that the oxytocin system is a promising and novel therapeutic target for this devastating malady. Herein, we review the diverse, convergent lines of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of oxytocin in psychotic illness. METHODS We performed a systematic review of preclinical and clinical literature pertaining to oxytocin's role in schizophrenia. RESULTS Multiple lines of evidence converge to support the antipsychotic potential of oxytocin. These include several animal models of schizophrenia, pharmacological studies examining the impact of antipsychotics on the oxytocin system, human trials in patients examining aspects of the oxytocin system, and several double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical treatment trials. CONCLUSIONS There exists considerable, convergent evidence that oxytocin has potential as a novel antipsychotic with a unique mechanism of action. Auspiciously, based on the few chronic trials to date, its safety profile and tolerability appear very good. That said, several critical clinical questions await investigation before widespread use is clinically warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Macdonald
- University of California, San Diego Medical Center Department of Psychiatry
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Gold JM, Waltz JA, Matveeva TM, Kasanova Z, Strauss GP, Herbener ES, Collins AGE, Frank MJ. Negative symptoms and the failure to represent the expected reward value of actions: behavioral and computational modeling evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 69:129-38. [PMID: 22310503 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Negative symptoms are a core feature of schizophrenia, but their pathogenesis remains unclear. Negative symptoms are defined by the absence of normal function. However, there must be a productive mechanism that leads to this absence. OBJECTIVE To test a reinforcement learning account suggesting that negative symptoms result from a failure in the representation of the expected value of rewards coupled with preserved loss-avoidance learning. DESIGN Participants performed a probabilistic reinforcement learning paradigm involving stimulus pairs in which choices resulted in reward or in loss avoidance. Following training, participants indicated their valuation of the stimuli in a transfer test phase. Computational modeling was used to distinguish between alternative accounts of the data. SETTING A tertiary care research outpatient clinic. PATIENTS In total, 47 clinically stable patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 28 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Patients were divided into a high-negative symptom group and a low-negative symptom group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The number of choices leading to reward or loss avoidance, as well as performance in the transfer test phase. Quantitative fits from 3 different models were examined. RESULTS Patients in the high-negative symptom group demonstrated impaired learning from rewards but intact loss-avoidance learning and failed to distinguish rewarding stimuli from loss-avoiding stimuli in the transfer test phase. Model fits revealed that patients in the high-negative symptom group were better characterized by an "actor-critic" model, learning stimulus-response associations, whereas control subjects and patients in the low-negative symptom group incorporated expected value of their actions ("Q learning") into the selection process. CONCLUSIONS Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are associated with a specific reinforcement learning abnormality: patients with high-negative symptoms do not represent the expected value of rewards when making decisions but learn to avoid punishments through the use of prediction errors. This computational framework offers the potential to understand negative symptoms at a mechanistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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Muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists and allosteric modulators for the treatment of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:16-42. [PMID: 21956443 PMCID: PMC3238081 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs) are emerging as important targets for the development of novel treatments for the symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Preclinical and early proof-of-concept clinical studies have provided strong evidence that activators of specific mAChR (M(1) and M(4)) and nAChR (α(7) and α(2)β(4)) subtypes are effective in animal models of antipsychotic-like activity and/or cognitive enhancement, and in the treatment of positive and cognitive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. While early attempts to develop selective mAChR and nAChR agonists provided important preliminary findings, these compounds have ultimately failed in clinical development due to a lack of true subtype selectivity and subsequent dose-limiting adverse effects. In recent years, there have been major advances in the discovery of highly selective activators for the different mAChR and nAChR subtypes with suitable properties for optimization as potential candidates for clinical trials. One novel strategy has been to identify ligands that activate a specific receptor subtype through actions at sites that are distinct from the highly conserved ACh-binding site, termed allosteric sites. These allosteric activators, both allosteric agonists and positive allosteric modulators, of mAChR and nAChR subtypes demonstrate unique mechanisms of action and high selectivity in vivo, and may provide innovative treatment strategies for schizophrenia.
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Kuepper R, Skinbjerg M, Abi-Dargham A. The dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia revisited: new insights into topography and course. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:1-26. [PMID: 23129326 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25761-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has long been associated with an imbalance in dopamine (DA) neurotransmission, and brain imaging has played an important role in advancing our knowledge and providing evidence for the dopaminergic abnormalities. This chapter reviews the evidence for DA dysfunction in different brain regions in schizophrenia, in particular striatal, extrastriatal, and prefrontal regions, with emphasis on recently published findings. As opposed to the traditional view that most striatal dopaminergic excess, associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, involves the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway, recent evidence points to the nigrostriatal pathway as the area of highest dysregulation. Furthermore, evidence from translational research suggests that dopaminergic excess may be present in the prodromal phase, and may by itself, as suggested by the phenotype observed in transgenic mice with developmental overexpression of dorso-striatal D(2) receptors, be an early pathogenic condition, leading to irreversible cortical dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kuepper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Schulman JJ, Cancro R, Lowe S, Lu F, Walton KD, Llinás RR. Imaging of thalamocortical dysrhythmia in neuropsychiatry. Front Hum Neurosci 2011; 5:69. [PMID: 21863138 PMCID: PMC3149146 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal brain activity dynamics, in the sense of a thalamocortical dysrhythmia (TCD), has been proposed as the underlying mechanism for a subset of disorders that bridge the traditional delineations of neurology and neuropsychiatry. In order to test this proposal from a psychiatric perspective, a study using magnetoencephalography (MEG) was implemented in subjects with schizophrenic spectrum disorder (n = 14), obsessive–compulsive disorder (n = 10), or depressive disorder (n = 5) and in control individuals (n = 18). Detailed CNS electrophysiological analysis of these patients, using MEG, revealed the presence of abnormal theta range spectral power with typical TCD characteristics, in all cases. The use of independent component analysis and minimum-norm-based methods localized such TCD to ventromedial prefrontal and temporal cortices. The observed mode of oscillation was spectrally equivalent but spatially distinct from that of TCD observed in other related disorders, including Parkinson's disease, central tinnitus, neuropathic pain, and autism. The present results indicate that the functional basis for much of these pathologies may relate most fundamentally to the category of calcium channelopathies and serve as a model for the cellular substrate for low-frequency oscillations present in these psychiatric disorders, providing a basis for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Schulman
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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Keshavan MS, Nasrallah HA, Tandon R. Schizophrenia, "Just the Facts" 6. Moving ahead with the schizophrenia concept: from the elephant to the mouse. Schizophr Res 2011; 127:3-13. [PMID: 21316923 PMCID: PMC3391657 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current construct of schizophrenia as a unitary disease is far from satisfactory, and is in need of reconceptualization. The first five papers in our "facts" series reviewed what is known about schizophrenia to date, and a limited number of key facts appear to stand out. Schizophrenia is characterized by persistent cognitive deficits, positive and negative symptoms typically beginning in youth, substantive heritability, and brain structural, functional and neurochemical alterations including dopaminergic dysregulation. Several pathophysiological models have been proposed with differing interpretations of the illness, like the fabled six blind Indian men groping different parts of an elephant coming up with different conclusions. However, accumulating knowledge is integrating the several extant models of schizophrenia etiopathogenesis into unifying constructs; we discuss an example, involving a neurodevelopmental imbalance in excitatory/inhibitory neural systems leading to impaired neural plasticity. This imbalance, which may be proximal to clinical manifestations, could result from a variety of genetic, epigenetic and environmental causes, as well as pathophysiological processes such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Such efforts to "connect the dots" (and visualizing the elephant) are still limited by the substantial clinical, pathological, and etiological heterogeneity of schizophrenia and its blurred boundaries with several other psychiatric disorders leading to a "fuzzy cluster" of overlapping syndromes, thereby reducing the content, discriminant and predictive validity of a unitary construct of this illness. The way ahead involves several key directions: a) choosing valid phenotype definitions increasingly derived from translational neuroscience; b) addressing clinical heterogeneity by a cross-diagnostic dimensional and a staging approach to psychopathology; c) addressing pathophysiological heterogeneity by elucidating independent families of "extended" intermediate phenotypes and pathophysiological processes (e.g. altered excitatory/inhibitory, salience or executive circuitries, oxidative stress systems) that traverse structural, functional, neurochemical and molecular domains; d) resolving etiologic heterogeneity by mapping genomic and environmental factors and their interactions to syndromal and specific pathophysiological signatures; e) separating causal factors from consequences and compensatory phenomena; and f) formulating or reformulating hypotheses that can be refuted/tested, perhaps in the mouse or other experimental models. These steps will likely lead to the current entity of schizophrenia being usefully deconstructed and reconfigured into phenotypically overlapping, but etiopathologically unique and empirically testable component entities (similar to mental retardation, epilepsy or cancer syndromes). The mouse may be the way to rescue the trapped elephant!
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Affiliation(s)
- Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Henry A Nasrallah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rajiv Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Udawela M, Scarr E, Hannan AJ, Thomas EA, Dean B. Phospholipase C beta 1 expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from patients with schizophrenia at different stages of illness. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011; 45:140-7. [PMID: 21091263 DOI: 10.3109/00048674.2010.533364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our recent microarray study detected decreases in the expression of phospholipase C beta 1 mRNA in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from subjects with schizophrenia at different stages of illness. Thus we aimed to validate and extend these findings. METHOD We measured levels of mRNA and protein for phospholipase C beta 1 variant a and b using real-time PCR and western blot analysis, respectively, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from subjects with schizophrenia, who had a short (< 7 years) or long (> 22 years) duration of illness. RESULTS Compared to age/sex matched controls, levels of phospholipase C beta 1 variant a and b mRNAs were decreased (-33% and -50%, respectively) in short duration schizophrenia. By contrast, only variant a mRNA was decreased (-24%) in long duration schizophrenia. There was no significant difference in the protein levels of either phospholipase C beta 1 variant in schizophrenia, irrespective of duration of illness (variant a; P = 0.84, variant b; P = 0.73). CONCLUSION Our data confirm that phospholipase C beta 1 transcript levels are decreased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from subjects with schizophrenia. However, the changes in levels of mRNA do not translate into a change at the level of protein. It is possible protein expression is regulated independently of mRNA and it remains to be determined whether there is a functional consequence of this change in mRNA relating to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhara Udawela
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Coyle JT, Balu D, Benneyworth M, Basu A, Roseman A. Beyond the dopamine receptor: novel therapeutic targets for treating schizophrenia. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [PMID: 20954431 PMCID: PMC3181979 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2010.12.3/jcoyle] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
All current drugs approved to treat schizophrenia appear to exert their antipsychotic effects through blocking the dopamine D2 receptor. Recent meta-analyses and comparative efficacy studies indicate marginal differences in efficacy of newer atypical antipsychotics and the older drugs, and little effects on negative and cognitive symptoms. This review integrates findings from postmortem, imaging, and drug-challenge studies to elucidate a corticolimbic “pathologic circuit” in schizophrenia that may be particularly relevant to the negative symptoms and cognitive impairments of schizophrenia. Potential sites for pharmacologic intervention targeting glutatatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission to treat these symptoms of schizophrenia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Does dopamine mediate the psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis? A review and integration of findings across disciplines. Schizophr Res 2010; 121:107-17. [PMID: 20580531 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
General population epidemiological studies have consistently found that cannabis use increases the risk of developing psychotic disorders in a dose-dependent manner. While the epidemiological signal between cannabis and psychosis has gained considerable attention, the biological mechanism whereby cannabis increases risk for psychosis remains poorly understood. Animal research suggests that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the main psychoactive component of cannabis) increases dopamine levels in several regions of the brain, including striatal and prefrontal areas. Since dopamine is hypothesized to represent a crucial common final pathway between brain biology and actual experience of psychosis, a focus on dopamine may initially be productive in the examination of the psychotomimetic effects of cannabis. Therefore, this review examines the evidence concerning the interactions between THC, endocannabinoids and dopamine in the cortical as well as subcortical regions implicated in psychosis, and considers possible mechanisms whereby cannabis-induced dopamine dysregulation may give rise to delusions and hallucinations. It is concluded that further study of the mechanisms underlying the link between cannabis and psychosis may be conducted productively from the perspective of progressive developmental sensitization, resulting from gene-environment interactions.
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New hybrids of clozapine and haloperidol and their isosteric analogues: synthesis, X-ray crystallography, conformational analysis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation. Struct Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-010-9591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram K Yeragani
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA, India
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Inta D, Monyer H, Sprengel R, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Gass P. Mice with genetically altered glutamate receptors as models of schizophrenia: a comprehensive review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:285-94. [PMID: 19651155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical evidence for the effectiveness of new antipsychotic drugs that specifically target glutamate receptors has rekindled interest in the glutamatergic system regarding pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. The glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia was triggered by the clinical/behavioural observation that NMDA receptor antagonists can induce psychosis in humans and abnormal behaviour with schizophrenia-like symptoms in animals. Initial models focused on NMDA receptor hypofunction as a potential pathogenetic mechanism. More recent genetic and pharmacological studies revealed that malfunction of other components of the glutamatergic system might also be relevant in explaining specific symptoms of this complex disease. Here, we review mutant mouse models with relevance for schizophrenia. These rodent models, in which specific glutamate receptor subtypes or various components of their intracellular transduction machinery are genetically altered, permit a detailed dissection of the contribution of different components of the glutamate system in inducing schizophrenia-like behaviours. They may provide insight into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and prove useful in the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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Singer P, Feldon J, Yee BK. Interactions between the glycine transporter 1(GlyT1) inhibitor SSR504734 and psychoactive drugs in mouse motor behaviour. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19:571-80. [PMID: 19282154 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The specific glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitor, SSR504734, is highly effective in enhancing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function by elevating the availability of the NMDAR co-agonist, glycine, in the vicinity of NMDAR-containing glutamatergic synapses. According to the glutamatergic hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia, SSR504734 may therefore possess antipsychotic potential. Here, we evaluated the effects of SSR504734 in response to three psychomimetic drugs: phencyclidine, amphetamine, and apomorphine in male C57BL/6 mice. SSR504734 attenuated phencyclidine-induced (5 mg/kg, i.p.) hyperlocomotion, but potentiated the motor stimulant and motor depressant effects of amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and apomorphine (0.75 mg/kg, s.c.), respectively. Hence, SSR504734 not only confers resistance to NMDAR blockade, but also enhances the locomotor response to dopaminergic stimulation. The latter finding adds to reports that SSR504734 may modulate dopamine-mediated behaviour by interference with normal glutamate-dopamine interaction. The specificity of this action of SSR504734 will be highly relevant to its potential application as an antipsychotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Singer
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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