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Holleman J, Kåreholt I, Aspö M, Hagman G, Udeh-Momoh CT, Kivipelto M, Solomon A, Sindi S. Life-course stress, cognition, and diurnal cortisol in memory clinic patients without dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 119:105316. [PMID: 38134708 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine associations of life-course stress with cognition and diurnal cortisol patterns in older adulthood, as well as potential mediation effects of diurnal cortisol patterns and perceived stress on the association between life-course stress and cognition. METHODS 127 participants without dementia were selected from a cohort of Swedish memory clinic patients. Cross-sectional associations between scores on two chronic stress questionnaires (perceived stress, stressful life events (SLEs)), five cognitive domains (overall cognition, memory, working memory, processing speed, perceptual reasoning), and two measures of diurnal cortisol patterns (total daily output, diurnal cortisol slope), as well as potential mediation effects of diurnal cortisol patterns and perceived stress on associations between life-course stress and cognition, were assessed using linear regressions. RESULTS Greater lifetime exposure to SLEs was associated with worse memory, working memory, and processing speed performance, but not with diurnal cortisol patterns. A greater number of SLEs in late childhood was associated with worse working memory and processing speed, while a greater number of SLEs in non-recent adulthood were associated with better overall cognition and perceptual reasoning. Greater perceived stress was associated with a flattened diurnal cortisol slope, but not with cognition. No evidence for interplay between self-reported and physiological stress markers was found in relation to cognition, although there appeared to be a significant positive indirect association between economic/legal SLEs and the diurnal cortisol slope via perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS The associations between SLEs and cognition depend on the period during which SLEs occur, but seem independent of late-life cortisol dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Holleman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen 37A - QA32, Stockholm, Solna 17164, Sweden.
| | - Ingemar Kåreholt
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen 37A - QA32, Stockholm, Solna 17164, Sweden; Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Welfare, Aging Research Network -Jönköping (ARN-J), Institute of Gerontology, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Malin Aspö
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen 37A - QA32, Stockholm, Solna 17164, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Hagman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen 37A - QA32, Stockholm, Solna 17164, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chinedu T Udeh-Momoh
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen 37A - QA32, Stockholm, Solna 17164, Sweden; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE), UK; Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, USA; Brain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen 37A - QA32, Stockholm, Solna 17164, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE), UK; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alina Solomon
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen 37A - QA32, Stockholm, Solna 17164, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE), UK; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Shireen Sindi
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Vägen 37A - QA32, Stockholm, Solna 17164, Sweden; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE), UK
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Magin ZE, Park CL, Burke JD, Infurna FJ. Perceived Control and Inflammation: Mediating and Moderating Effects in the Relationship Between Cumulative Trauma and Depression. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:192-201. [PMID: 38193791 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of trauma exposure on depression risk and severity are well established, but psychosocial and biological factors that impact or explain those relationships remain poorly understood. This study examined the moderating and mediating effects of perceived control and inflammation in the relationship between trauma and depression. METHODS Moderation analyses and longitudinal mediation analyses were conducted on data from 945 adults who completed all three waves (spanning around 19 years) of the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study and the MIDUS Biomarker Study. Data were collected during a phone interview, self-report surveys distributed in the mail, and an in-person blood draw. Two dimensions of perceived control-mastery and constraints-were examined separately in all analyses. RESULTS Perceived control did not significantly moderate the relationship between trauma and depression severity at MIDUS 2 ( b = 0.03, SE = .02, p = .091). Constraints significantly mediated the relationship between trauma and MIDUS 3 depression (indirect effect = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p = .016) but not after accounting for MIDUS 2 depression. Perceived control did not have a significant moderating effect in the relationships between trauma and inflammation or inflammation and depression. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study revealed that perceived control may be better characterized as an explanatory factor rather than a buffer in trauma-associated depression. Perceived constraints in particular may be a useful treatment target for trauma-associated depression. Further research is needed to examine whether these results generalize to populations other than among mostly non-Hispanic White adults in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Magin
- From the Department of Psychological Sciences (Magin, Park, Burke), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and Department of Psychology (Infurna), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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Lamar M, Kershaw KN, Leurgans SE, Mukherjee RR, Lange-Maia BS, Marquez DX, Barnes LL. Neighborhood-level social vulnerability and individual-level cognitive and motor functioning over time in older non-Latino Black and Latino adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1125906. [PMID: 37250695 PMCID: PMC10213534 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1125906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite known health disparities in cognitive aging, a comprehensive rationale for the increased burden in older minoritized populations including non-Latino Black and Latino adults has yet to be elucidated. While most work has focused on person-specific risk, studies are increasingly assessing neighborhood-level risk. We evaluated multiple aspects of the environmental milieu that may be critical when considering vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. Methods We investigated associations between a Census-tract derived Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and level of and change in cognitive and motor functioning in 780 older adults (590 non-Latino Black adults, ∼73 years old at baseline; 190 Latinos, ∼70 years old baseline). Total SVI scores (higher = greater neighborhood-level vulnerability) were combined with annual evaluations of cognitive and motor functioning (follow-up ranged from 2 to 18 years). Demographically-adjusted mixed linear regression models tested for associations between SVI and cognitive and motor outcomes in analyses stratified by ethno-racial group. Results For non-Latino Black participants, higher SVI scores were associated with lower levels of global cognitive and motor functioning-specifically, episodic memory, motor dexterity and gait-as well as longitudinal change in visuospatial abilities and hand strength. For Latinos, higher SVI scores were associated with lower levels of global motor functioning only-specifically, motor dexterity; there were no significant associations between SVI and change in motor functioning. Discussion Neighborhood-level social vulnerability is associated with cognitive and motor functioning in non-Latino Black and Latino older adults, although associations appear to contribute to level more so than longitudinal change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kiarri N. Kershaw
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sue E. Leurgans
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - R. Reshmi Mukherjee
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Brittney S. Lange-Maia
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David X. Marquez
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Adverse childhood experiences and late-life diurnal HPA axis activity: Associations of different childhood adversity types and interaction with timing in a sample of older East Prussian World War II refugees. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 139:105717. [PMID: 35313255 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with unfavorable health outcomes throughout the life up to old age. Mechanisms through which ACEs impact later life health are still not entirely clear. There is growing evidence for the idea that alterations in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis might cause the effects of ACEs on later health consequences. Only few studies have investigated associations between ACEs and diurnal HPA axis functioning in older adults. Therefore, we investigated the impact of type and timing of ACEs linked to flight of war on diurnal HPA axis activity in a sample of East Prussian World War II refugees aged 74-91 years. We calculated a dichotomous variable according to the (minimum) age at trauma: early ACE (eACE; 0-5 years) and late ACE (lACE; 6-17 years). Multiple linear regression analysis using different ACEs linked to flight of war (war-related trauma, individual experience of violence, neglect) as well as age at trauma and the interactions of ACEs and age at trauma as predictors and three cortisol outcomes (AUCG (area under the curve with respect to the ground), decline (morning to night) and CAR (cortisol awakening response)) was performed. For AUCG, we found a negative association of individual experience of violence only in lACE participants. For decline, a positive association with neglect was observed for the whole study sample. The overall model for CAR was not statistically significant. Our findings support the hypothesis that type as well as timing of ACEs might influence diurnal HPA axis functioning into old age. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the lifelong influence of ACEs.
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The relationship of childhood adversity with diurnal cortisol patterns and C-reactive protein at 60-64 years of age in the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105362. [PMID: 34333319 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life adversity is increasingly prevalent and associated with greater morbidity and mortality. It is hypothesised that the link between psychosocial early life adversity and poor health in adulthood is due to abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning (often measured as cortisol patterning) and inflammation (often measured via c-reactive protein (CRP)). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between early life psychosocial adversity and cortisol patterning and CRP at 60-64 years of age. METHODS The MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) was used. The analytic "cortisol sample" included 843 individuals and the "CRP sample" included 1150 individuals. Data on adversity experienced between ages 0-15 years were utilised to compose a cumulative childhood psychosocial early life adversity (ELA) score (0, 1, 2, 3+). CRP and salivary cortisol (waking, 30 min after waking, and evening) were collected at 60-64 years. Associations between the psychosocial ELA score and cortisol outcomes (cortisol awakening response (CAR), diurnal slope (DS), and evening and morning cortisol) were assessed using general linear regression. Tobit regression was used to assess the association between psychosocial ELA score and CRP. Adjustments were made for age at follow-up, sex, childhood maternal education, childhood paternal social class, childhood housing tenure, and birth weight. After testing for sex by ELA score interactions, analyses were repeated stratified by sex for the CRP sample. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, individuals who experienced the highest level of childhood psychosocial adversity (3+) had a 24.63 (-41.49, -7.76) % lower waking cortisol and a 7.30 (1.49, 13.12) % lower decline in cortisol across the day compared to those with a psychosocial ELA score of zero. In females, the highest level of childhood psychosocial adversity, compared to the lowest, was associated with 32.61 (2.98, 62.25) % higher CRP at 60-64 years, which attenuated to 20.38% (-9.38, 50.14) upon adjustment for measures of early life socioeconomic position. Conversely, the association between childhood psychosocial adversity and CRP in males was null. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that high-levels of psychosocial adversity in childhood might result in a lower morning cortisol and flatter DS in mid-to-late-adulthood. The finding that adversity was related to higher CRP in females but not males requires replication and further investigation.
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Gong P, Guo W, Zhang X, Cao K, Wang Q, Zhang M, Liu J, Fan Y, Zhang R, Zhou X. Associations of Chinese social face with cortisol level and glucocorticoid receptor gene. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Fontenelle LF, Muhlbauer JE, Albertella L, Eppingstall J. Traumatic and stressful life events in hoarding: the role of loss and deprivation. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1947002. [PMID: 34367527 PMCID: PMC8312593 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1947002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although past research shows hoarding to be associated with stressful life events involving loss and/or deprivation, the temporal relationship between the onset of symptoms and these events is not completely clear. OBJECTIVES In a cross-sectional online study, we examined the relationship between the number of events involving loss or deprivation before/simultaneously vs. after the onset of hoarding and various hoarding-related beliefs, such as emotional attachment to possessions, and symptom severity. Further, we examined whether perceived social support moderated the influence of these events on emotional attachment to objects. METHODS One hundred seventeen subjects with hoarding problems responded to a series of instruments to assess the history and timing of traumatic and stressful loss and/or deprivation in relation to the onset of hoarding, and self-report tools evaluating the severity of hoarding, beliefs/motivations, depression, anxiety, general distress, and perceived social support. RESULTS The number of events involving loss or deprivation occurring before hoarding was related to increased emotional attachment to possessions, whereas events happening after the onset of hoarding were related to increased concerns about memory as drivers of hoarding symptoms. Events happening before hoarding did not interact with perceived social support to influence emotional attachment to objects. CONCLUSIONS The timing of traumatic and stressful life events related to loss and deprivation is associated with different hoarding phenotypes, including beliefs/motivations for hoarding. If confirmed by longitudinal studies, these findings may be relevant for therapeutic and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F Fontenelle
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Obsessive, Compulsive, and Anxiety Spectrum Research Program, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) & D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia E Muhlbauer
- Obsessive, Compulsive, and Anxiety Spectrum Research Program, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) & D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucy Albertella
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jan Eppingstall
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Abstract
The cumulative science linking stress to negative health outcomes is vast. Stress can affect health directly, through autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, but also indirectly, through changes in health behaviors. In this review, we present a brief overview of (a) why we should be interested in stress in the context of health; (b) the stress response and allostatic load; (c) some of the key biological mechanisms through which stress impacts health, such as by influencing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and cortisol dynamics, the autonomic nervous system, and gene expression; and (d) evidence of the clinical relevance of stress, exemplified through the risk of infectious diseases. The studies reviewed in this article confirm that stress has an impact on multiple biological systems. Future work ought to consider further the importance of early-life adversity and continue to explore how different biological systems interact in the context of stress and health processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl B O'Connor
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
| | - Kavita Vedhara
- Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom;
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Kim AW, Adam EK, Bechayda SA, Kuzawa CW. Early life stress and HPA axis function independently predict adult depressive symptoms in metropolitan Cebu, Philippines. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:448-462. [PMID: 32744374 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alterations in adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity have increasingly been linked with early life stress and adult depression, but a limited number of studies have used longitudinal data to explore HPA axis dysregulation as an underlying mechanism driving the long-term depressive impacts of early stressors. Here we address potential long-term impacts of early life, family-based stress on depressive symptoms among young adults in a longitudinal birth cohort study begun in 1983 in the Philippines. MATERIALS AND METHODS We relate a composite measure of family-based stressors experienced between birth and adolescence to circadian dynamics in adult salivary cortisol and depressive risk measured at 21-22 years of age. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between early life stress levels and risk of adult depressive symptoms, as well as the role of adult diurnal cortisol activity in this relationship. RESULTS Greater levels of early life familial stress predicted more severe depressive symptomatology at age 21-22 in a dose-response fashion (p < .0001) independent of adult diurnal cortisol patterns. Flatter diurnal cortisol slopes are directly associated with higher adult depressive symptoms, an effect mostly driven by evening cortisol levels (p = .004). When considering the cumulative effects of early life stress measures, however, exposure to more of these stressors during development is associated with even higher depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION The long-term depressive effects of early life familial stress extend to this large sample of Cebuano young adults, and early life stress and HPA axis function may shape adult depressive symptoms through independent pathways in this sample. Our findings provide further evidence that HPA axis activity is shaped by early life conditions and is associated with depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wooyoung Kim
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Emma K Adam
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Sonny A Bechayda
- Office of Population Studies, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Christopher W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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Iob E, Lacey R, Steptoe A. The long-term association of adverse childhood experiences with C-reactive protein and hair cortisol: Cumulative risk versus dimensions of adversity. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:318-328. [PMID: 31887414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may lead to stress-induced upregulation of inflammatory and neuroendocrine processes. However, it remains unclear whether such effects persist into later life, and which dimensions of ACEs might have the strongest impact on these biological mechanisms. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of ACEs on C-reactive protein (CRP) and hair cortisol in a large sample of older adults, distinguishing between cumulative exposure and dimensions of ACEs. METHODS We utilised data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. ACEs were assessed through retrospective reports at wave 3(2006/07). CRP (N = 4198) was measured at waves 4(2008/09) and 6(2012/13), and hair cortisol (N = 3357) at wave 6. The effects of ACEs cumulative exposure were examined using linear and ordinal logistic regression analysis. ACEs dimensions (i.e. threat, household dysfunction, low parental bonding, and loss of an attachment figure) were identified using explorative and confirmatory factor analysis with cross-validation. All analyses were adjusted for relevant confounders. RESULTS Participants with three or more ACEs had higher CRP levels at wave 4 and an elevated risk of high CRP concentrations across waves 4 and 6 compared with those who did not experience any ACEs. The four ACEs dimensions were all positively associated with both CRP outcomes and had similar effect sizes. In contrast, neither the cumulative score nor the dimensions of ACEs were significantly related to hair cortisol. However, there was a positive, yet small, interaction effect between ACEs and age on hair cortisol. CONCLUSION Older adults who retrospectively reported three or more ACEs had chronically elevated CRP levels and exhibited a slightly steeper increase in hair cortisol with age. Different dimensions of ACEs had similar associations with the biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Iob
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK.
| | - Rebecca Lacey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
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11
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Lasisi TJ, Lawal FB. Preference of saliva over other body fluids as samples for clinical and laboratory investigations among healthcare workers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 34:191. [PMID: 32180865 PMCID: PMC7060920 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.34.191.18738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices of clinicians and laboratory scientists on the use of saliva for clinical or laboratory tests. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey of health care workers (100 clinicians and 62 laboratory scientists) closely involved with specimen collection for clinical and laboratory investigation at two health facilities (secondary and tertiary) in Nigeria. Information was obtained from participants using pretested structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed with SPSS and level of significance set at p < 5%. Results The mean age of the study participants was 34.1 (±6.6) years. The majority (95.7%) knew saliva could be used for clinical/laboratory test. A higher proportion of laboratory scientists knew saliva could be used in diagnosing HIV (59.2%), oral diseases (88.7%), oro-facial tumors (64.4%) and genetic testing (94.5%) compared to (41%), (80%), (40%) and (80%), of clinicians respectively (p < 0.05). More clinicians (85%) indicated saliva as a good specimen for diagnosing systemic diseases compared with scientists (63%), p < 0.001. Saliva was the most comfortable/convenient body fluid to obtain from patients with more clinicians (80%) mentioning this than scientists (49.1%), p < 0.001. Twenty-six clinicians had used saliva for disease diagnosis (64%), treatment monitoring (28%) or research purposes (8%). Saliva sampling for research purposes was more prevalent among clinicians (p = 0.004). Conclusion The majority of the health care workers knew the various uses and advantages of saliva as a specimen for clinical and laboratory investigation. However, few indicated previous use for clinical and laboratory investigation especially in the area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye Jemilat Lasisi
- Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Folake Barakat Lawal
- Department of Periodontology & Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Tene O, Hallevi H, Korczyn AD, Shopin L, Molad J, Kirschbaum C, Bornstein NM, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Kliper E, Auriel E, Usher S, Stalder T, Ben Assayag E. The Price of Stress: High Bedtime Salivary Cortisol Levels Are Associated with Brain Atrophy and Cognitive Decline in Stroke Survivors. Results from the TABASCO Prospective Cohort Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:1365-1375. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Tene
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos D. Korczyn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ludmila Shopin
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Natan M. Bornstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Kliper
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Sali Usher
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tobias Stalder
- Department of Psychology, TU Dresden, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Siegen, Germany
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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13
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Wielaard I, Schaakxs R, Comijs HC, Stek ML, Rhebergen D. The influence of childhood abuse on cortisol levels and the cortisol awakening response in depressed and nondepressed older adults. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:440-449. [PMID: 28120636 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1274829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood abuse has been associated with depression in later life. This may be related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. Therefore we aimed to examine the impact of childhood abuse and its interaction with depression on cortisol levels in older adults. METHODS Data from 418 participants (mean age 70.8 years) in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO) were used; 187 participants experienced childhood abuse; 309 participants had a diagnosis of depression. Diurnal cortisol levels were determined using six saliva samples from every participant. Multiple regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Significant negative associations between childhood abuse and morning cortisol levels were found. In nondepressed persons, both psychological and sexual abuse were associated with greater dynamics of the HPA axis in response to awakening. CONCLUSIONS Childhood abuse is associated with lower basal cortisol levels at awakening irrespective of major depressive disorder (MDD). Higher reactivity of the HPA axis during the hour after awakening was found in nondepressed participants only, which might suggest that late-life depression modifies the effect of childhood abuse on the HPA axis. Older adults with a history of childhood abuse may be more negatively affected by stress or stressful events and this is reflected in dysregulation of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Wielaard
- a GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Roxanne Schaakxs
- a GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Hannie C Comijs
- a GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Max L Stek
- a GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Didi Rhebergen
- a GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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14
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Thomas JC, Magel C, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Madigan S, Letourneau N, Campbell TS, Giesbrecht GF. Adverse childhood experiences and HPA axis function in pregnant women. Horm Behav 2018; 102:10-22. [PMID: 29630895 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chantelle Magel
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lianne Tomfohr-Madsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nicole Letourneau
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, & Cumming School of Medicine (Pediatrics, Psychiatry & Community Health Sciences), University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tavis S Campbell
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gerald F Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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15
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood trauma has been associated with greater psychological and physical morbidity, including a greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). This may partially reflect trauma-induced disturbances in how stress is later perceived and regulated. This study evaluated the associations of childhood trauma with perceived stress and hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in a large sample of adults with coronary artery disease (CAD) and in non-CVD patients experiencing other nonfatal illnesses. Whether sex, age, or CVD status influenced these associations was also examined. METHODS A total of 1124 men and women (aged 65.2 [6.9] years) recruited from a hospital cohort completed the Childhood Trauma and Perceived Stress Questionnaires, whereas hair samples were obtained from 598 participants. Health status was confirmed via medical records. RESULTS Moderate to severe childhood trauma was experienced by 359 participants. Childhood trauma was associated with greater perceived stress levels for the past 2 years (r = .308, p = .01; β = 0.263, p < .001), but not 3-month cortisol secretion in hair. Perceived stress correlated negatively with age (r = -.241, p < .001). In secondary analyses, age moderated the relation between sexual abuse and perceived stress (β = -0.067, p = .016). Although sexual abuse was associated with greater levels of perceived stress among all participants, this relation was strongest in younger individuals. CONCLUSIONS Participants who experienced trauma in their youth reported greater levels of perceived stress, but not HCC, in late adulthood. Whether this suggests intact hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation in those exposed to childhood trauma or whether this reflects the characteristics of our sample requires further investigation.
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16
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Vitaliano PP, Fitzpatrick AL, Williams LE, Montano MA, Russo JE. Demographic-Specific Rates for Life Events in the Cardiovascular Health Study and Comparisons With Other Studies. Innov Aging 2018; 2:igy005. [PMID: 30911687 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Study (1a) We use the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a multi-site heterogeneous sample of Medicare enrollees (N = 5,849) to provide rates for specific life events experienced within 6 months; (1b) We present rates for 29 other studies of community-residing older adults (N = 41,308); (2) For the CHS, we provide demographic-specific rates and predicted probabilities for age [young-old (65-75) vs old-old (≥75)], gender, race, marital status, and education. Design/Methods The CHS sample is 57.6% women, 84.2% white (15.8% black), and 66.3% married. Mean age is 72.8 years (standard deviation [SD] = 5.6, range = 65-100) and education is 13.7 years (SD = 4.8). Life events were interviewer-assessed. Regressions estimated associations of life event rates with demographic groups (e.g., age), controlling for other demographic variables (e.g., gender, etc.). Results (1a) CHS rates ranged from 44.7% (death of someone close) to 1.1% (retirement/work changes). (1b) Most life event studies used total scores and only 5 that met our inclusion criteria used time intervals <1 year; longer intervals were associated with higher rates. (2) In the CHS, the life event for illnesses was related to 5 demographic variables (net the other 4 demographic variables), difficulties caregiving to 4, and worse relationships to 3 demographic variables. Race was related to 8 life events, marital status to 7, education to 6, and age to 4 events. Implications By identifying demographic groups at highest risk for life events, this research focuses on older adults at greatest risk for health problems. These data are necessary for translating research into interventions, practice, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Vitaliano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Seattle
| | - Annette L Fitzpatrick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington Seattle.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington Seattle
| | - Lee E Williams
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington Seattle
| | | | - Joan E Russo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Seattle
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17
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Yajima H, Haijima A, Khairinisa MA, Shimokawa N, Amano I, Takatsuru Y. Early-life stress induces cognitive disorder in middle-aged mice. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 64:139-146. [PMID: 29458841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Early-life stress can induce several neuropsychological disorders in adulthood. However, the underlying mechanisms inducing such disorders are still not fully understood. Furthermore, the effects of early-life stress on the changes in cognitive function with age are still not clarified. In this study, we used maternal deprivation (MD) to examine the cognitive function in middle-aged mice using a touchscreen-equipped operant chamber. In the visual-discrimination task, the aged (∼1.4 years old) control mice could accurately learn to discriminate between different visual stimuli. In contrast, the correct response rate of aged MD mice increased to ∼60% by day 10; it was still significantly lower than that of the control mice (85%). In the hippocampus of aged MD mice, the expression level of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit GluN1 decreased significantly as compared to that in control mice. On the other hand, no significant difference in GluN1 expression level was detected in young (2.5 months old) mice. These findings indicate that early-life stress accelerates cognitive impairment in middle-aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Asahi Haijima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Miski Aghnia Khairinisa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noriaki Shimokawa
- Department of Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Medicine, Johmoh Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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18
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Rippe RCA, Noppe G, Windhorst DA, Tiemeier H, van Rossum EFC, Jaddoe VWV, Verhulst FC, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, van den Akker ELT. Splitting hair for cortisol? Associations of socio-economic status, ethnicity, hair color, gender and other child characteristics with hair cortisol and cortisone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 66:56-64. [PMID: 26773401 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine associations of SES and ethnicity with hair cortisol and cortisone and to identify potential child and family characteristics that can assist in choosing covariates and potential confounders for analyses involving hair cortisol and cortisone concentrations. Hair samples were collected in 2484 6-year-old children from the Generation R Study, a prospective cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Measurements for cortisol and cortisone were used as the outcome in regression analyses. Predictors were SES, ethnicity, hair color and child characteristics such as birthweight, gestational age at birth, BMI, disease, allergy, and medication use. Lower family income, more children to be supported by this income, higher BMI and darker hair color were associated with higher hair cortisol and cortisone levels. Boys also showed higher levels. Ethnicity (Dutch and North European descent) was related to lower levels. High amounts of sun in the month of hair collection was related to higher levels of cortisone only. More recent hair washing was related to lower levels of cortisol and cortisone. Gestational age at birth, birth weight, age, medication use, hair washing frequency, educational level of the mother, marital status of the mother, disease and allergy were not associated with cortisol or cortisone levels. Our results serve as a starting point for choosing covariates and confounders in studies of substantive predictors or outcomes. Gender, BMI, income, the number of persons in a household, ethnicity, hair color and recency of hair washing are strongly suggested to take into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph C A Rippe
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Noppe
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dafna A Windhorst
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Childreńs Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Bann D, Hardy R, Cooper R, Lashen H, Keevil B, Wu FCW, Holly JMP, Ong KK, Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D. Socioeconomic conditions across life related to multiple measures of the endocrine system in older adults: Longitudinal findings from a British birth cohort study. Soc Sci Med 2015; 147:190-9. [PMID: 26588434 PMCID: PMC4686046 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about how socioeconomic position (SEP) across life impacts on different axes of the endocrine system which are thought to underlie the ageing process and its adverse consequences. We examined how indicators of SEP across life related to multiple markers of the endocrine system in late midlife, and hypothesized that lower SEP across life would be associated with an adverse hormone profile across multiple axes. Methods Data were from a British cohort study of 875 men and 905 women followed since their birth in March 1946 with circulating free testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) measured at both 53 and 60–64 years, and evening cortisol at 60–64 years. Indicators of SEP were ascertained prospectively across life—paternal occupational class at 4, highest educational attainment at 26, household occupational class at 53, and household income at 60–64 years. Associations between SEP and hormones were investigated using multiple regression and logistic regression models. Results Lower SEP was associated with lower free testosterone among men, higher free testosterone among women, and lower IGF-I and higher evening cortisol in both sexes. For example, the mean standardised difference in IGF-I comparing the lowest with the highest educational attainment at 26 years (slope index of inequality) was −0.4 in men (95% CI -0.7 to −0.2) and −0.4 in women (−0.6 to −0.2). Associations with each hormone differed by SEP indicator used and sex, and were particularly pronounced when using a composite adverse hormone score. For example, the odds of having 1 additional adverse hormone concentration in the lowest compared with highest education level were 3.7 (95% CI: 2.1, 6.3) among men, and 1.6 (1.0, 2.7) among women (P (sex interaction) = 0.02). We found no evidence that SEP was related to apparent age-related declines in free testosterone or IGF-I. Conclusions Lower SEP was associated with an adverse hormone profile across multiple endocrine axes. SEP differences in endocrine function may partly underlie inequalities in health and function in later life, and may reflect variations in biological rates of ageing. Further studies are required to assess the likely functional relevance of these associations. Socioeconomic position (SEP) across life was related to multiple hormone measures. Lower SEP was related to lower testosterone in men, higher testosterone in women. Lower SEP was related to lower IGF-I and higher evening cortisol in both sexes. SEP differences in multiple hormone axes may underlie later life health inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK; Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Hany Lashen
- Department of Human Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Brian Keevil
- Andrology Research Unit, School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Frederick C W Wu
- Andrology Research Unit, School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- School of Clinical Science, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
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20
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Geerlings MI, Sigurdsson S, Eiriksdottir G, Garcia ME, Harris TB, Gudnason V, Launer LJ. Salivary cortisol, brain volumes, and cognition in community-dwelling elderly without dementia. Neurology 2015; 85:976-83. [PMID: 26291281 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations of morning and evening salivary cortisol levels with regional brain volumes and cognitive functioning in community-dwelling older persons without dementia. METHOD From the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Reykjavik Study, we included 4,244 persons without dementia (age 76 ± 5 years, 58% women) who had 1.5T brain MRI, assessment of cognitive functioning, and saliva collected at home 45 minutes after awakening and at night. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate the cross-sectional relationship among cortisol levels, brain volumes, and cognitive functioning, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Higher evening cortisol was associated with smaller total brain volume (highest vs lowest tertile -16.0 mL; 95% confidence interval -19.7 to -12.2 mL, adjusted for age, sex, education, intracranial volume, smoking, steroid use, white matter lesions, and brain infarcts on MRI). The smaller volumes were observed in all brain regions, but were significantly smaller in gray matter than in white matter regions. Poorer cognitive functioning across all domains was also associated with higher evening cortisol. Higher levels of morning cortisol were associated with slightly greater normal white matter volume and better processing speed and executive functioning, but not with gray matter volume or with memory performance. CONCLUSIONS In older persons, evening and morning cortisol levels may be differentially associated with tissue volume in gray and white matter structures and cognitive function. Understanding these differential associations may aid in developing strategies to reduce the effects of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction on late-life cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam I Geerlings
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (M.I.G., M.E.G., T.B.H., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.I.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Icelandic Heart Association (S.S., G.E., V.G.), Kopavogur, Iceland; and the University of Iceland (V.G.), Reykjavik
| | - Sigurdur Sigurdsson
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (M.I.G., M.E.G., T.B.H., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.I.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Icelandic Heart Association (S.S., G.E., V.G.), Kopavogur, Iceland; and the University of Iceland (V.G.), Reykjavik
| | - Gudny Eiriksdottir
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (M.I.G., M.E.G., T.B.H., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.I.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Icelandic Heart Association (S.S., G.E., V.G.), Kopavogur, Iceland; and the University of Iceland (V.G.), Reykjavik
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (M.I.G., M.E.G., T.B.H., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.I.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Icelandic Heart Association (S.S., G.E., V.G.), Kopavogur, Iceland; and the University of Iceland (V.G.), Reykjavik
| | - Tamara B Harris
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (M.I.G., M.E.G., T.B.H., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.I.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Icelandic Heart Association (S.S., G.E., V.G.), Kopavogur, Iceland; and the University of Iceland (V.G.), Reykjavik
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (M.I.G., M.E.G., T.B.H., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.I.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Icelandic Heart Association (S.S., G.E., V.G.), Kopavogur, Iceland; and the University of Iceland (V.G.), Reykjavik
| | - Lenore J Launer
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (M.I.G., M.E.G., T.B.H., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.I.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Icelandic Heart Association (S.S., G.E., V.G.), Kopavogur, Iceland; and the University of Iceland (V.G.), Reykjavik.
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21
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Hatch DJ, Schwartz S, Norton MC. Depression and antidepressant use moderate association between widowhood and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 30:292-9. [PMID: 24798942 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent decades, biological evidence has implicated chronic stress in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a result, the relationship between widowhood, one of the most stressful life events, and AD has also received attention. This study extends this literature by investigating whether depression, which may indicate proneness to distress, and antidepressant use, which can protect against hippocampal shrinkage, moderate the relationship between widowhood and increased risk for AD. METHODS To investigate this, this study utilized data from the Cache County Memory Study, a large population-based epidemiological study of AD, and the Utah Population Database, one of the world's foremost linked genealogical databases, to regress AD on the interaction between widowhood and history of depression and antidepressant use. RESULTS In Cox regression analyses, history of depression and antidepressant use moderated the association between widowhood and AD (p = 0.007 and p = 0.006, respectively), in that widowhood was associated with 73% and 94% increased hazard of AD among those reporting depression (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001 to 2.99) and those reporting antidepressant use (HR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.33). A significant three-way interaction between widowhood, depression, and antidepressant use was also found (p = 0.02), showing depression to moderate the association between widowhood and AD only among those not using antidepressants (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These findings advance clinical and scientific knowledge concerning the effects of widowhood on risk for AD and underscore the importance of depression and antidepressant use in understanding vulnerability to and protection from these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hatch
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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22
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Zhao X, Zhao L, Lai Y, Jiang S, Shen X, Liu S. Physiological and subjective responses after psychosocial stress in Chinese hepatitis B patients. Stress Health 2015; 31:44-51. [PMID: 24027046 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Compared with healthy participants, Chinese patients with hepatitis B (HB) experience more psychosocial stress. The present study provided the first examination of physiological and subjective responses to stress in Chinese HB patients. A standard psychosocial stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), was administered to 26 Chinese HB patients and 24 healthy control participants. Cortisol concentrations were measured in blood samples collected before and after the stressor. Self-reported emotional responses and cardiovascular measures were examined before and after the TSST. Depression and anxiety were assessed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Chinese HB patients exhibited higher cortisol response to the stressor than healthy control participants. Compared with healthy participants, Chinese HB patients showed higher levels of anxiety, depression and nervousness, and lower levels of calmness after the TSST. HB patients reported more negative life events in the previous 6 months and obtained higher adversity scores, as compared with control participants. Significant correlations were obtained between adversity scores and change cortisol secretion after TSST in HB patients, but not in healthy participants. This study firstly demonstrates that physiological and subjective responses to psychosocial stress among Chinese HB patients were different from that in healthy control participants.
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23
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Groffen DAI, Bosma H, Koster A, von Bonsdorff MB, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Penninx BWJH, Kempen GIJM, Kirschbaum C, Gudnason V, Harris TB. A blunted diurnal cortisol response in the lower educated does not explain educational differences in coronary heart disease: findings from the AGES-Reykjavik study. Soc Sci Med 2014; 127:143-9. [PMID: 25308232 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lower educational attainment generally is a strong predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD). The underlying mechanisms of this effect are, however, less clear. One hypothesis is that stress related to limitations imposed by lower socioeconomic status elicits changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, which, in turn, increases risk of CHD. In a large cohort study, we examined whether educational attainment was related to risk of fatal and non-fatal CHD and the extent to which salivary cortisol mediated this relation independent of potential confounders, including lifestyles. Data came from 3723 participants aged 66 through 96 from the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES) - Reykjavik Study. Between 2002 and 2006, data were collected using questionnaires and examinations including morning and evening salivary samples. Hospital admission records and cause of death registries (ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes) were available until December 2009. Linear regression and Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed. Even after adjustment for potential confounders, including lifestyle, persons with lower educational attainment showed a blunted cortisol response and also greater risk of incident CHD. However, our data did not support the role of cortisol as a mediator in the association between education and CHD in an older sample (192).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle A I Groffen
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Bosma
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Koster
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikaela B von Bonsdorff
- The Gerontology Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertrudis I J M Kempen
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Biological Psychology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chui H, Hoppmann CA, Gerstorf D, Walker R, Luszcz MA. Cumulative Load of Depressive Symptoms Is Associated With Cortisol Awakening Response in Very Old Age. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2014.906738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Are flatter diurnal cortisol rhythms associated with major depression and anxiety disorders in late adolescence? The role of life stress and daily negative emotion. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 25:629-42. [PMID: 23880381 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579413000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning have been associated with major depression disorder (MDD) and some anxiety disorders. Few researchers have tested the possibility that high levels of recent life stress or elevations in negative emotion may partially account for the HPA axis alterations observed in these disorders. In a sample of 300 adolescents from the Youth Emotion Project, we examined associations between MDD and anxiety disorders, dimensional measures of internalizing symptomatology, life stress, mood on the days of cortisol testing, and HPA axis functioning. Adolescents with a past MDD episode and those with a recent MDD episode comorbid with an anxiety disorder had flatter diurnal cortisol slopes than adolescents without a history of internalizing disorders. Higher reports of general distress, a dimension of internalizing symptomatology, were also associated with flatter slopes. Negative emotion, specifically sadness and loneliness, was associated with flatter slopes and partially accounted for the associations between comorbid MDD and anxiety disorders and cortisol. The associations between past MDD and cortisol slopes were not accounted for by negative emotion, dimensional variation in internalizing symptomatology, or levels of life stress, indicating that flatter cortisol slopes may also be a "scar" marker of past experiences of MDD.
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Shah MT, Zonderman AB, Waldstein SR. Sex and age differences in the relation of depressive symptoms with blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:1413-20. [PMID: 23959543 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms and blood pressure have been inconsistent. Most studies have examined incident hypertension as an outcome, and few have examined effect modification. METHODS This study examined moderating influences of sex and age on coincident trajectories of depressive symptoms and blood pressure among 2,087 participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (aged 19-97 years; 53% men; 74% white). Participants underwent clinical blood pressure measurement and completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale on up to 14 occasions (mean = 3.8; SD = 2.6) over up to 29 years (mean = 7.8; SD = 6.4). CES-D was log-transformed (CES-D(log)) for analyses. RESULTS Mixed-effects regression revealed that prospective relations of CES-D(log) to diastolic blood pressure differed by age in women (b = 0.095; P = 0.001) but not men; greater CES-D(log) attenuated the expected age-related decline in diastolic blood pressure. Across all testing sessions, greater CES-D(log) was associated significantly with higher average systolic blood pressure for women (b = 2.238; P = 0.006) but not men. Age-stratified analyses showed that greater CES-D(log) was associated significantly with higher average systolic (b = 3.348; P = 0.02) and diastolic (b = 1.730; P < 0.03) blood pressure for older adults (≥58.8 years at first visit). In the younger age cohort, sex moderated the relation of CES-D(log) to systolic blood pressure (b = -3.563; P = 0.007); greater CES-D(log) in women, but lesser CES-D(log) in men, was associated with higher systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate sex and age differences in the relation between depressive symptoms and blood pressure. Findings suggest the potential importance of preventing, detecting, and lowering depressive symptoms to prevent hypertension among women and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauli T Shah
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
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Hinkelmann K, Muhtz C, Dettenborn L, Agorastos A, Wingenfeld K, Spitzer C, Gao W, Kirschbaum C, Wiedemann K, Otte C. Association between childhood trauma and low hair cortisol in depressed patients and healthy control subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:e15-7. [PMID: 23726317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hinkelmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin.
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Roe JJ, Thompson CW, Aspinall PA, Brewer MJ, Duff EI, Miller D, Mitchell R, Clow A. Green space and stress: evidence from cortisol measures in deprived urban communities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4086-103. [PMID: 24002726 PMCID: PMC3799530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10094086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Contact with green space in the environment has been associated with mental health benefits, but the mechanism underpinning this association is not clear. This study extends an earlier exploratory study showing that more green space in deprived urban neighbourhoods in Scotland is linked to lower levels of perceived stress and improved physiological stress as measured by diurnal patterns of cortisol secretion. Salivary cortisol concentrations were measured at 3, 6 and 9 h post awakening over two consecutive weekdays, together with measures of perceived stress. Participants (n = 106) were men and women not in work aged between 35–55 years, resident in socially disadvantaged districts from the same Scottish, UK, urban context as the earlier study. Results from linear regression analyses showed a significant and negative relationship between higher green space levels and stress levels, indicating living in areas with a higher percentage of green space is associated with lower stress, confirming the earlier study findings. This study further extends the findings by showing significant gender differences in stress patterns by levels of green space, with women in lower green space areas showing higher levels of stress. A significant interaction effect between gender and percentage green space on mean cortisol concentrations showed a positive effect of higher green space in relation to cortisol measures in women, but not in men. Higher levels of neighbourhood green space were associated with healthier mean cortisol levels in women whilst also attenuating higher cortisol levels in men. We conclude that higher levels of green space in residential neighbourhoods, for this deprived urban population of middle-aged men and women not in work, are linked with lower perceived stress and a steeper (healthier) diurnal cortisol decline. However, overall patterns and levels of cortisol secretion in men and women were differentially related to neighbourhood green space and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J. Roe
- School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1904-32-3480; +44-(0)1904-32-2898
| | | | - Peter A. Aspinall
- School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Mark J. Brewer
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK; E-Mails: (M.J.B.); (E.I.D.)
| | - Elizabeth I. Duff
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK; E-Mails: (M.J.B.); (E.I.D.)
| | - David Miller
- James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Richard Mitchell
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Angela Clow
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London W1B 2UW, UK; E-Mail:
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Chronic social stress during adolescence: interplay of paroxetine treatment and ageing. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:38-46. [PMID: 23602985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic stress during developmental periods is a risk factor for a number of psychiatric disorders. While the direct effects of stress exposure have been studied extensively, little is known about the long-lasting effects and the interaction with ageing. The same holds true for the treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which have been shown to prevent or reverse some stress-induced effects. Here, we studied the direct and long-lasting impact of chronic social stress during adolescence and the impact of chronic treatment with the SSRI paroxetine in adulthood and aged animals. Therefore, male CD1 mice at the age of 28 days were subjected to 7 weeks of chronic social stress. Treatment with paroxetine was performed per os with a dosage of 20 mg/g BW. We were able to reverse most of the effects of chronic social stress in adult mice (4 months old) and to some extend in aged animals (15 months old) with the SSRI treatment. Especially the regulation of the HPA axis seems to be affected in aged mice with a shift to the use of vasopressin. Our results demonstrate that chronic stress exposure and antidepressant treatment at the end of the developmental period can have a significant and long-lasting impact, highly relevant for healthy ageing.
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Gershon A, Sudheimer K, Tirouvanziam R, Williams LM, O'Hara R. The long-term impact of early adversity on late-life psychiatric disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2013; 15:352. [PMID: 23443532 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-013-0352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early adversity is a strong and enduring predictor of psychiatric disorders including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance abuse or dependence, and posttraumatic stress disorder. However, the mechanisms of this effect are not well understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize and integrate the current research knowledge pertaining to the long-term effects of early adversity on psychiatric disorders, particularly in late life. We explore definitional considerations including key dimensions of the experience such as type, severity, and timing of adversity relative to development. We then review the potential biological and environmental mediators and moderators of the relationships between early adversity and psychiatric disorders. We conclude with clinical implications, methodological challenges and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, USA.
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Kazmierski J, Banys A, Latek J, Bourke J, Jaszewski R. Cortisol levels and neuropsychiatric diagnosis as markers of postoperative delirium: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2013; 17:R38. [PMID: 23452669 PMCID: PMC3733427 DOI: 10.1186/cc12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathophysiology of delirium after cardiac surgery is largely unknown. The
purpose of this study was to investigate whether increased concentration of
preoperative and postoperative plasma cortisol predicts the development of
delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A second aim was to assess
whether the association between cortisol and delirium is stress related or
mediated by other pathologies, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) or
cognitive impairment. Methods The patients were examined 1 day preoperatively with the Mini International
Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Trail
Making Test to screen for depression and for cognitive impairment, respectively.
Blood samples for cortisol levels were collected both preoperatively and
postoperatively. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit was
used within the first 5 days postoperatively to screen for a diagnosis of
delirium. Results Postoperative delirium developed in 36% (41 of 113) of participants. Multivariate
logistic regression analysis revealed two groups independently associated with an
increased risk of developing delirium: those with preoperatively raised cortisol
levels; and those with a preoperative diagnosis of MDD associated with raised
levels of cortisol postoperatively. According to receiver operating characteristic
analysis, the most optimal cutoff values of the preoperative and postoperative
cortisol concentration that predict the development of delirium were 353.55 nmol/l
and 994.10 nmol/l, respectively. Conclusion Raised perioperative plasma cortisol concentrations are associated with delirium
after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. This may be an important
pathophysiological consideration in the increased risk of postoperative delirium
seen in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of MDD.
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Vrshek-Schallhorn S, Doane LD, Mineka S, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG, Adam EK. The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history. Psychol Med 2013; 43:483-493. [PMID: 22652338 PMCID: PMC3500423 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been shown to predict major depressive episodes (MDEs) over a 1-year period. It is unknown whether this effect: (a) is stable over longer periods of time; (b) is independent of prospective stressful life events; and (c) differentially predicts first onsets or recurrences of MDEs. METHOD A total of 270 older adolescents (mean age 17.06 years at cortisol measurement) from the larger prospective Northwestern-UCLA Youth Emotion Project completed baseline diagnostic and life stress interviews, questionnaires, and a 3-day cortisol sampling protocol measuring the CAR and diurnal rhythm, as well as up to four annual follow-up interviews of diagnoses and life stress. RESULTS Non-proportional person-month survival analyses revealed that higher levels of the baseline CAR significantly predict MDEs for 2.5 years following cortisol measurement. However, the strength of prediction of depressive episodes significantly decays over time, with the CAR no longer significantly predicting MDEs after 2.5 years. Elevations in the CAR did not significantly increase vulnerability to prospective major stressful life events. They did, however, predict MDE recurrences more strongly than first onsets. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a high CAR represents a time-limited risk factor for onsets of MDEs, which increases risk for depression independently of future major stressful life events. Possible explanations for the stronger effect of the CAR for predicting MDE recurrences than first onsets are discussed.
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Kumari M, Head J, Bartley M, Stansfeld S, Kivimaki M. Maternal separation in childhood and diurnal cortisol patterns in mid-life: findings from the Whitehall II study. Psychol Med 2013; 43:633-643. [PMID: 22785027 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that maternal separation is associated with alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through effects that occur in a critical period following birth. Evidence for an association of the diurnal cortisol rhythm with maternal separation in humans is equivocal. METHOD We examined whether maternal separation in childhood is associated with diurnal cortisol pattern in 3712 middle-aged men and women. Two aspects of cortisol release were examined: the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and the diurnal slope in cortisol throughout the day. RESULTS Maternal separation in childhood was reported by 12% of participants. Those participants who reported maternal separation had a larger CAR and flatter slopes in cortisol levels compared to those who did not report maternal separation [adjusted mean CAR in those reporting no separation versus separation: 7.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.7-7.5 v. 8.4, 95% CI 7.3-9.5, p = 0.02, corresponding to adjusted mean diurnal slope: -0.129 (95% CI -0.130 to -0.128) v. -0.126 (95% CI -0.128 to -0.124), p = 0.01]. In participants who reported maternal separation, the age of separation was not associated with either cortisol measure (p = 0.11). The association between maternal separation and slope in cortisol secretion was largely explained by smoking behaviour and marital status at the time of sample collection whereas that of the CAR was explained by childhood psychosocial, material factors and adult health behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that maternal separation in childhood is associated with alterations in the diurnal cortisol pattern in middle age. These associations are predominantly accounted for by adult circumstances and behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
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Higher cortisol predicts less improvement in verbal memory performance after cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2013; 2013:340342. [PMID: 23401745 PMCID: PMC3562642 DOI: 10.1155/2013/340342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. While physical activity can improve verbal memory performance in subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD), there is large variability in response. Elevated cortisol production has been suggested to negatively affect verbal memory performance, yet cortisol concentrations have not been assessed as a predictor of response to exercise intervention in those with CAD. Methods. CAD patients participating in a one-year cardiac rehabilitation program were recruited. Memory was assessed with the California Verbal Learning Test second edition at baseline and one year. Cortisol was measured from a 20 mg, 3.0 cm hair sample collected at baseline. Results. In patients with CAD (n = 56, mean ± SD age = 66 ± 11, 86% male), higher cortisol (hair cortisol concentrations ≥ 153.2 ng/g) significantly predicted less memory improvement (F1,50 = 5.50, P = 0.02) when controlling for age (F1,50 = 0.17, P = 0.68), gender (F1,50 = 2.51, P = 0.12), maximal oxygen uptake (F1,50 = 1.88, P = 0.18), and body mass index (F1,50 = 3.25, P = 0.08). Conclusion. Prolonged hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activation may interfere with exercise-related improvements in memory in CAD.
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Holleman M, Vreeburg SA, Dekker JJM, Penninx BWJH. The relationships of working conditions, recent stressors and childhood trauma with salivary cortisol levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:801-9. [PMID: 22000684 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An etiological model has been suggested where stress leads to high cortisol levels and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, resulting in somatic diseases and psychopathology. To evaluate this model we examined the association of different stressors (working conditions, recent life events and childhood trauma) with various cortisol indicators in a large cohort study. METHODS Data are from 1995 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Most of the selected participants had a current or remitted anxiety and/or depressive disorder. Working conditions were assessed with self-report questionnaires, life-events and childhood trauma were assessed with interview questionnaires. Cortisol levels were measured in seven saliva samples, determining the 1-h cortisol awakening response (CAR), evening cortisol levels and cortisol suppression after a 0.5mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST). RESULTS Regression analyses--adjusted for covariates--showed two significant associations: low social support at work and high job strain were associated with more cortisol suppression after the DST. No other associations were found with any of the cortisol variables. CONCLUSIONS Working conditions, recent stressors and childhood trauma were not convincingly associated with cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Holleman
- Research Department of Arkin Mental Health Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gex-Fabry M, Jermann F, Kosel M, Rossier MF, Van der Linden M, Bertschy G, Bondolfi G, Aubry JM. Salivary cortisol profiles in patients remitted from recurrent depression: one-year follow-up of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy trial. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:80-6. [PMID: 21982583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined changes of diurnal cortisol profiles prospectively, in relation to non-pharmacological interventions such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Fifty-six patients remitted from recurrent depression (≥3 episodes) were included in an 8-week randomized controlled trial comparing MBCT plus treatment as usual (TAU) with TAU for depression relapse prophylaxis. Saliva samples (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 min post-awakening, 3 PM, 8 PM) were collected on six occasions (pre- and post-intervention, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-month follow-up). Cortisol awakening response (CAR), average day exposure (AUCday) and diurnal slope were analyzed with mixed effects models (248 profiles, 1-6 per patient). MBCT (n = 28) and TAU groups (n = 28) did not significantly differ with respect to baseline variables. Intra-individual variability exceeded inter-individual variability for the CAR (62.2% vs. 32.5%), AUC(day) (30.9% vs. 23.6%) and diurnal slope (51.0% vs. 34.2%). No time, group and time by group effect was observed for the CAR and diurnal slope. A significant time effect (p = 0.003) was detected for AUCday, which was explained by seasonal variations (p = 0.012). Later wake-up was associated with lower CAR (-11.7% per 1-hour later awakening, p < 0.001) and lower AUCday (-4.5%, p = 0.014). Longer depression history was associated with dampened CAR (-15.2% per 10-year longer illness, p = 0.003) and lower AUCday (-8.8%, p = 0.011). Unchanged cortisol secretion patterns following participation in MBCT should be interpreted with regard to large unexplained variability, similar relapse rates in both groups and study limitations. Further research is needed to address the scar hypothesis of diminished HPA activity with a longer, chronic course of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Gex-Fabry
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, 2 chemin du Petit-Bel-Air, CH-1225 Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Antonova L, Aronson K, Mueller CR. Stress and breast cancer: from epidemiology to molecular biology. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:208. [PMID: 21575279 PMCID: PMC3219182 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure has been proposed to contribute to the etiology of breast cancer. However, the validity of this assertion and the possible mechanisms involved are not well established. Epidemiologic studies differ in their assessment of the relative contribution of stress to breast cancer risk, while physiological studies propose a clear connection but lack the knowledge of intracellular pathways involved. The present review aims to consolidate the findings from different fields of research (including epidemiology, physiology, and molecular biology) in order to present a comprehensive picture of what we know to date about the role of stress in breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Antonova
- Center for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, TOHCC 3rd floor, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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Abstract
Salivary diagnostics is a dynamic and emerging field utilizing nanotechnology and molecular diagnostics to aid in the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. In this article the author critically reviews the latest advances using oral biomarkers for disease detection. The use of oral fluids is broadening perspectives in clinical diagnosis, disease monitoring, and decision making for patient care. Important elements determining the future possibilities and challenges in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malamud
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Plaschke K, Fichtenkamm P, Schramm C, Hauth S, Martin E, Verch M, Karck M, Kopitz J. Early postoperative delirium after open-heart cardiac surgery is associated with decreased bispectral EEG and increased cortisol and interleukin-6. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:2081-9. [PMID: 20689917 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-2004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is difficult to substantiate the clinical diagnosis of postoperative delirium with objective parameters in intensive care units (ICU). The purpose of this study was to analyze (1) whether the bilateral bispectral (BIS) index, (2) cortisol as a stress marker, and (3) interleukin-6 as a marker of inflammation were different in delirious patients as compared to nondelirious ones after cardiac surgery. METHODS On the first postoperative day, delirium was analyzed in 114 patients by using the confusion assessment method for ICU (CAM-ICU). Bilateral BIS data were determined; immediately thereafter plasma samples were drawn to analyze patients' blood characteristics. The current ICU medication, hemodynamic characteristics, SOFA and APACHE II scores, and artificial ventilation were noted. RESULTS Delirium was detected at 19.1 ± 4.8 h after the end of surgery in 32 of 114 patients (28%). Delirious patients were significantly older than nondelirious ones and were artificially ventilated 4.7-fold more often during the testing. In delirious patients, plasma cortisol and interleukin-6 levels were higher (p = 0.01). The mean BIS index was significantly lower in delirious patients (72.6 (69.6-89.1); median [interquartile range (IQR), 25th-75th percentiles] than in nondelirious patients, 84.8 (76.8-89.9). BIS EEG raw data analysis detected significant lower relative alpha and higher theta power. A significant correlation was found between plasma cortisol levels and BIS index. CONCLUSIONS Early postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery was characterized by increased stress levels and inflammatory reaction. BIS index measurements showed lower cortical activity in delirious patients with a low sensitivity (27%) and high specificity (96%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Plaschke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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