1
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Loedy N, Wallinga J, Hens N, Torneri A. Repetition in social contacts: implications in modelling the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases in pre-pandemic and pandemic settings. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20241296. [PMID: 39043233 PMCID: PMC11265869 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of viral respiratory infections is intricately linked to human interactions, and this relationship can be characterized and modelled using social contact data. However, many analyses tend to overlook the recurrent nature of these contacts. To bridge this gap, we undertake the task of describing individuals' contact patterns over time by characterizing the interactions made with distinct individuals during a week. Moreover, we gauge the implications of this temporal reconstruction on disease transmission by juxtaposing it with the assumption of random mixing over time. This involves the development of an age-structured individual-based model, using social contact data from a pre-pandemic scenario (the POLYMOD study) and a pandemic setting (the Belgian CoMix study), respectively. We found that accounting for the frequency of contacts impacts the number of new, distinct, contacts, revealing a lower total count than a naive approach, where contact repetition is neglected. As a consequence, failing to account for the repetition of contacts can result in an underestimation of the transmission probability given a contact, potentially leading to inaccurate conclusions when using mathematical models for disease control. We, therefore, underscore the necessity of acknowledging contact repetition when formulating effective public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neilshan Loedy
- Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jacco Wallinga
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Blithoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niel Hens
- Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Torneri
- Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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2
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Vandendijck Y, Gressani O, Faes C, Camarda CG, Hens N. Cohort-based smoothing methods for age-specific contact rates. Biostatistics 2024; 25:521-540. [PMID: 36940671 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of social contact rates is widespread in infectious disease modeling since it has been shown that they are key driving forces of important epidemiological parameters. Quantification of contact patterns is crucial to parameterize dynamic transmission models and to provide insights on the (basic) reproduction number. Information on social interactions can be obtained from population-based contact surveys, such as the European Commission project POLYMOD. Estimation of age-specific contact rates from these studies is often done using a piecewise constant approach or bivariate smoothing techniques. For the latter, typically, smoothness is introduced in the dimensions of the respondent's and contact's age (i.e., the rows and columns of the social contact matrix). We propose a smoothing constrained approach-taking into account the reciprocal nature of contacts-introducing smoothness over the diagonal (including all subdiagonals) of the social contact matrix. This modeling approach is justified assuming that when people age their contact behavior changes smoothly. We call this smoothing from a cohort perspective. Two approaches that allow for smoothing over social contact matrix diagonals are proposed, namely (i) reordering of the diagonal components of the contact matrix and (ii) reordering of the penalty matrix ensuring smoothness over the contact matrix diagonals. Parameter estimation is done in the likelihood framework by using constrained penalized iterative reweighted least squares. A simulation study underlines the benefits of cohort-based smoothing. Finally, the proposed methods are illustrated on the Belgian POLYMOD data of 2006. Code to reproduce the results of the article can be downloaded on this GitHub repository https://github.com/oswaldogressani/Cohort_smoothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Vandendijck
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Oswaldo Gressani
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Christel Faes
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Carlo G Camarda
- French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Aubervilliers, France
| | - Niel Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium and Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaxinfectio, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Romanescu RG, Hu S, Nanton D, Torabi M, Tremblay-Savard O, Haque MA. The effective reproductive number: Modeling and prediction with application to the multi-wave Covid-19 pandemic. Epidemics 2023; 44:100708. [PMID: 37499586 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical compartmental models of infectious disease assume that spread occurs through a homogeneous population. This produces poor fits to real data, because individuals vary in their number of epidemiologically-relevant contacts, and hence in their ability to transmit disease. In particular, network theory suggests that super-spreading events tend to happen more often at the beginning of an epidemic, which is inconsistent with the homogeneity assumption. In this paper we argue that a flexible decay shape for the effective reproductive number (Rt) indexed by the susceptible fraction (St) is a theory-informed modeling choice, which better captures the progression of disease incidence over human populations. This, in turn, produces better retrospective fits, as well as more accurate prospective predictions of observed epidemic curves. We extend this framework to fit multi-wave epidemics, and to accommodate public health restrictions on mobility. We demonstrate the performance of this model by doing a prediction study over two years of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan G Romanescu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Center for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Songdi Hu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Douglas Nanton
- Center for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Torabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Md Ashiqul Haque
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
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4
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Zhang N, Liu L, Dou Z, Liu X, Yang X, Miao D, Guo Y, Gu S, Li Y, Qian H, Wei J. Close contact behaviors of university and school students in 10 indoor environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132069. [PMID: 37463561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Close contact routes, including short-range airborne and large-droplet routes, play an important role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments. However, the exposure risk of such routes is difficult to quantify due to the lack of data on the close contact behavior of individuals. In this study, a digital wearable device, based on semi-supervised learning, was developed to automatically record human close contact behavior. We collected 337,056 s of indoor close contact of school and university students from 194.5 h of depth video recordings in 10 types of indoor environments. The correlation between aerosol exposure and close contact behaviors was then evaluated. Individuals in restaurants had the highest close contact ratio (64%), as well as the highest probability of face-to-face pattern (78%) during close contact. Accordingly, university students showed greater exposure potential in dormitories than school students in homes, however, a lower exposure was observed in classrooms and postgraduate student offices in comparison with school students in classrooms. In addition, restaurants had the highest aerosol exposure volume for both short-range inhalation and direct deposition on the facial mucosa. Thus, the classroom was established as the primary indoor environment where school students are exposed to aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyang Dou
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiyue Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xueze Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Doudou Miao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Silan Gu
- Thee First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjian Wei
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Key Laboratory of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Dan S, Chen Y, Chen Y, Monod M, Jaeger VK, Bhatt S, Karch A, Ratmann O. Estimating fine age structure and time trends in human contact patterns from coarse contact data: The Bayesian rate consistency model. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011191. [PMID: 37276210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), large-scale social contact surveys are now longitudinally measuring the fundamental changes in human interactions in the face of the pandemic and non-pharmaceutical interventions. Here, we present a model-based Bayesian approach that can reconstruct contact patterns at 1-year resolution even when the age of the contacts is reported coarsely by 5 or 10-year age bands. This innovation is rooted in population-level consistency constraints in how contacts between groups must add up, which prompts us to call the approach presented here the Bayesian rate consistency model. The model can also quantify time trends and adjust for reporting fatigue emerging in longitudinal surveys through the use of computationally efficient Hilbert Space Gaussian process priors. We illustrate estimation accuracy on simulated data as well as social contact data from Europe and Africa for which the exact age of contacts is reported, and then apply the model to social contact data with coarse information on the age of contacts that were collected in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic from April to June 2020 across five longitudinal survey waves. We estimate the fine age structure in social contacts during the early stages of the pandemic and demonstrate that social contact intensities rebounded in an age-structured, non-homogeneous manner. The Bayesian rate consistency model provides a model-based, non-parametric, computationally tractable approach for estimating the fine structure and longitudinal trends in social contacts and is applicable to contemporary survey data with coarsely reported age of contacts as long as the exact age of survey participants is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozen Dan
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Yining Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Melodie Monod
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Veronika K Jaeger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Samir Bhatt
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - André Karch
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Ratmann
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
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6
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Nixon E, Silvonen T, Barreaux A, Kwiatkowska R, Trickey A, Thomas A, Ali B, Treneman-Evans G, Christensen H, Brooks-Pollock E, Denford S. A mixed methods analysis of participation in a social contact survey. Epidemics 2022; 41:100635. [PMID: 36182804 PMCID: PMC7615368 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social contact survey data forms a core component of modern epidemic models: however, there has been little assessment of the potential biases in such data. METHODS We conducted focus groups with university students who had (n = 13) and had never (n = 14) completed a social contact survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative findings were explored quantitatively by analysing participation data. RESULTS The opportunity to contribute to COVID-19 research, to be heard and feel useful were frequently reported motivators for participating in the contact survey. Reductions in survey engagement following lifting of COVID-19 restrictions may have occurred because the research was perceived to be less critical and/or because the participants were busier and had more contacts. Having a high number of contacts to report, uncertainty around how to report each contact, and concerns around confidentiality were identified as factors leading to inaccurate reporting. Focus groups participants thought that financial incentives or provision of study results would encourage participation. CONCLUSIONS Incentives could improve engagement with social contact surveys. Qualitative research can inform the format, timing, and wording of surveys to optimise completion and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Nixon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Taru Silvonen
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Antoine Barreaux
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; INTERTRYP (Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Rachel Kwiatkowska
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Adam Trickey
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amy Thomas
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Becky Ali
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Georgia Treneman-Evans
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah Christensen
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ellen Brooks-Pollock
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah Denford
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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7
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Godbout A, Drolet M, Mondor M, Simard M, Sauvageau C, De Serres G, Brisson M. Time trends in social contacts of individuals according to comorbidity and vaccination status, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Med 2022; 20:199. [PMID: 35606803 PMCID: PMC9126104 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As we are confronted with more transmissible/severe variants with immune escape and the waning of vaccine efficacy, it is particularly relevant to understand how the social contacts of individuals at greater risk of COVID-19 complications evolved over time. We described time trends in social contacts of individuals according to comorbidity and vaccination status before and during the first three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec, Canada. METHODS We used data from CONNECT, a repeated cross-sectional population-based survey of social contacts conducted before (2018/2019) and during the pandemic (April 2020 to July 2021). We recruited non-institutionalized adults from Quebec, Canada, by random digit dialling. We used a self-administered web-based questionnaire to measure the number of social contacts of participants (two-way conversation at a distance ≤2 m or a physical contact, irrespective of masking). We compared the mean number of contacts/day according to the comorbidity status of participants (pre-existing medical conditions with symptoms/medication in the past 12 months) and 1-dose vaccination status during the third wave. All analyses were performed using weighted generalized linear models with a Poisson distribution and robust variance. RESULTS A total of 1441 and 5185 participants with and without comorbidities, respectively, were included in the analyses. Contacts significantly decreased from a mean of 6.1 (95%CI 4.9-7.3) before the pandemic to 3.2 (95%CI 2.5-3.9) during the first wave among individuals with comorbidities and from 8.1 (95%CI 7.3-9.0) to 2.7 (95%CI 2.2-3.2) among individuals without comorbidities. Individuals with comorbidities maintained fewer contacts than those without comorbidities in the second wave, with a significant difference before the Christmas 2020/2021 holidays (2.9 (95%CI 2.5-3.2) vs 3.9 (95%CI 3.5-4.3); P<0.001). During the third wave, contacts were similar for individuals with (4.1, 95%CI 3.4-4.7) and without comorbidities (4.5, 95%CI 4.1-4.9; P=0.27). This could be partly explained by individuals with comorbidities vaccinated with their first dose who increased their contacts to the level of those without comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS It will be important to closely monitor COVID-19-related outcomes and social contacts by comorbidity and vaccination status to inform targeted or population-based interventions (e.g., booster doses of the vaccine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Godbout
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, G1S 4L8, Canada.,Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Drolet
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, G1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Myrto Mondor
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, G1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Marc Simard
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Sauvageau
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, G1S 4L8, Canada.,Laval University, Québec, Canada.,Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, G1S 4L8, Canada.,Laval University, Québec, Canada.,Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Brisson
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, G1S 4L8, Canada. .,Laval University, Québec, Canada. .,MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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8
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Drolet M, Godbout A, Mondor M, Béraud G, Drolet-Roy L, Lemieux-Mellouki P, Bureau A, Demers É, Boily MC, Sauvageau C, De Serres G, Hens N, Beutels P, Dervaux B, Brisson M. Time trends in social contacts before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: the CONNECT study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1032. [PMID: 35606703 PMCID: PMC9125550 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries, including Canada, have adopted unprecedented physical distancing measures such as closure of schools and non-essential businesses, and restrictions on gatherings and household visits. We described time trends in social contacts for the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods in Quebec, Canada. METHODS CONNECT is a population-based study of social contacts conducted shortly before (2018/2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020 - February 2021), using the same methodology for both periods. We recruited participants by random digit dialing and collected data by self-administered web-based questionnaires. Questionnaires documented socio-demographic characteristics and social contacts for two assigned days. A contact was defined as a two-way conversation at a distance ≤ 2 m or as a physical contact, irrespective of masking. We used weighted generalized linear models with a Poisson distribution and robust variance (taking possible overdispersion into account) to compare the mean number of social contacts over time and by socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS A total of 1291 and 5516 Quebecers completed the study before and during the pandemic, respectively. Contacts significantly decreased from a mean of 8 contacts/day prior to the pandemic to 3 contacts/day during the spring 2020 lockdown. Contacts remained lower than the pre-COVID period thereafter (lowest = 3 contacts/day during the Christmas 2020/2021 holidays, highest = 5 in September 2020). Contacts at work, during leisure activities/in other locations, and at home with visitors showed the greatest decreases since the beginning of the pandemic. All sociodemographic subgroups showed significant decreases of contacts since the beginning of the pandemic. The mixing matrices illustrated the impact of public health measures (e.g. school closure, gathering restrictions) with fewer contacts between children/teenagers and fewer contacts outside of the three main diagonals of contacts between same-age partners/siblings and between children and their parents. CONCLUSION Physical distancing measures in Quebec significantly decreased social contacts, which most likely mitigated the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Drolet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Aurélie Godbout
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Myrto Mondor
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Béraud
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021, Poitiers, France
| | - Léa Drolet-Roy
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Lemieux-Mellouki
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Bureau
- Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé Et de Services Sociaux de La Capitale-Nationale, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Demers
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Boily
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chantal Sauvageau
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Niel Hens
- I-BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- School of Public Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benoit Dervaux
- Institut Pasteur U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Marc Brisson
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
- Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada.
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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9
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Reconstructing social mixing patterns via weighted contact matrices from online and representative surveys. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4690. [PMID: 35304478 PMCID: PMC8931780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented behavioural responses of societies have been evidently shaping the COVID-19 pandemic, yet it is a significant challenge to accurately monitor the continuously changing social mixing patterns in real-time. Contact matrices, usually stratified by age, summarise interaction motifs efficiently, but their collection relies on conventional representative survey techniques, which are expensive and slow to obtain. Here we report a data collection effort involving over [Formula: see text] of the Hungarian population to simultaneously record contact matrices through a longitudinal online and sequence of representative phone surveys. To correct non-representative biases characterising the online data, by using census data and the representative samples we develop a reconstruction method to provide a scalable, cheap, and flexible way to dynamically obtain closer-to-representative contact matrices. Our results demonstrate that although some conventional socio-demographic characters correlate significantly with the change of contact numbers, the strongest predictors can be collected only via surveys techniques and combined with census data for the best reconstruction performance. We demonstrate the potential of combined online-offline data collections to understand the changing behavioural responses determining the future evolution of the outbreak, and to inform epidemic models with crucial data.
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10
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Dorélien AM, Ramen A, Swanson I, Hill R. Analyzing the demographic, spatial, and temporal factors influencing social contact patterns in U.S. and implications for infectious disease spread. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1009. [PMID: 34579645 PMCID: PMC8474922 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06610-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diseases such as COVID-19 are spread through social contact. Reducing social contacts is required to stop disease spread in pandemics for which vaccines have not yet been developed. However, existing data on social contact patterns in the United States (U.S.) is limited. Method We use American Time Use Survey data from 2003–2018 to describe and quantify the age-pattern of disease-relevant social contacts. For within-household contacts, we construct age-structured contact duration matrices (who spends time with whom, by age). For both within-household and non-household contacts, we also estimate the mean number and duration of contact by location. We estimate and test for differences in the age-pattern of social contacts based on demographic, temporal, and spatial characteristics. Results The mean number and duration of social contacts vary by age. The biggest gender differences in the age-pattern of social contacts are at home and at work; the former appears to be driven by caretaking responsibilities. Non-Hispanic Blacks have a shorter duration of contact and fewer social contacts than non-Hispanic Whites. This difference is largely driven by fewer and shorter contacts at home. Pre-pandemic, non-Hispanic Blacks have shorter durations of work contacts. Their jobs are more likely to require close physical proximity, so their contacts are riskier than those of non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanics have the highest number of household contacts and are also more likely to work in jobs requiring close physical proximity than non-Hispanic Whites. With the exceptions of work and school contacts, the duration of social contact is higher on weekends than on weekdays. Seasonal differences in the total duration of social contacts are driven by school-aged respondents who have significantly shorter contacts during the summer months. Contact patterns did not differ by metro status. Age patterns of social contacts were similar across regions. Conclusion Social contact patterns differ by age, race and ethnicity, and gender. Other factors besides contact patterns may be driving seasonal variation in disease incidence if school-aged individuals are not an important source of transmission. Pre-pandemic, there were no spatial differences in social contacts, but this finding has likely changed during the pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06610-w.
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Cipriano LE, Haddara WMR, Zaric GS, Enns EA. Impact of university re-opening on total community COVID-19 burden. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255782. [PMID: 34383796 PMCID: PMC8360395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND University students have higher average number of contacts than the general population. Students returning to university campuses may exacerbate COVID-19 dynamics in the surrounding community. METHODS We developed a dynamic transmission model of COVID-19 in a mid-sized city currently experiencing a low infection rate. We evaluated the impact of 20,000 university students arriving on September 1 in terms of cumulative COVID-19 infections, time to peak infections, and the timing and peak level of critical care occupancy. We also considered how these impacts might be mitigated through screening interventions targeted to students. RESULTS If arriving students reduce their contacts by 40% compared to pre-COVID levels, the total number of infections in the community increases by 115% (from 3,515 to 7,551), with 70% of the incremental infections occurring in the general population, and an incremental 19 COVID-19 deaths. Screening students every 5 days reduces the number of infections attributable to the student population by 42% and the total COVID-19 deaths by 8. One-time mass screening of students prevents fewer infections than 5-day screening, but is more efficient, requiring 196 tests needed to avert one infection instead of 237. INTERPRETATION University students are highly inter-connected with the surrounding off-campus community. Screening targeted at this population provides significant public health benefits to the community through averted infections, critical care admissions, and COVID-19 deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Cipriano
- Ivey Business School, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Wael M. R. Haddara
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | - Gregory S. Zaric
- Ivey Business School, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Eva A. Enns
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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12
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Zhao X, Tatapudi H, Corey G, Gopalappa C. Threshold analyses on combinations of testing, population size, and vaccine coverage for COVID-19 control in a university setting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255864. [PMID: 34370759 PMCID: PMC8351932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We simulated epidemic projections of a potential COVID-19 outbreak in a residential university population in the United States under varying combinations of asymptomatic tests (5% to 33% per day), transmission rates (2.5% to 14%), and contact rates (1 to 25), to identify the contact rate threshold that, if exceeded, would lead to exponential growth in infections. Using this, we extracted contact rate thresholds among non-essential workers, population size thresholds in the absence of vaccines, and vaccine coverage thresholds. We further stream-lined our analyses to transmission rates of 5 to 8%, to correspond to the reported levels of face-mask-use/physical-distancing during the 2020 pandemic. Our results suggest that, in the absence of vaccines, testing alone without reducing population size would not be sufficient to control an outbreak. If the population size is lowered to 34% (or 44%) of the actual population size to maintain contact rates at 4 (or 7) among non-essential workers, mass tests at 25% (or 33%) per day would help control an outbreak. With the availability of vaccines, the campus can be kept at full population provided at least 95% are vaccinated. If vaccines are partially available such that the coverage is lower than 95%, keeping at full population would require asymptomatic testing, either mass tests at 25% per day if vaccine coverage is at 63-79%, or mass tests at 33% per day if vaccine coverage is at 53-68%. If vaccine coverage is below 53%, to control an outbreak, in addition to mass tests at 33% per day, it would also require lowering the population size to 90%, 75%, and 60%, if vaccine coverage is at 38-53%, 23-38%, and below 23%, respectively. Threshold estimates from this study, interpolated over the range of transmission rates, can collectively help inform campus level preparedness plans for adoption of face mask/physical-distancing, testing, remote instructions, and personnel scheduling, during non-availability or partial-availability of vaccines, in the event of SARS-Cov2-type disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Hanisha Tatapudi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - George Corey
- University Health Services, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Chaitra Gopalappa
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
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Prem K, Zandvoort KV, Klepac P, Eggo RM, Davies NG, Cook AR, Jit M. Projecting contact matrices in 177 geographical regions: An update and comparison with empirical data for the COVID-19 era. PLoS Comput Biol 2021. [PMID: 34310590 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.22.20159772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models have played a key role in understanding the spread of directly-transmissible infectious diseases such as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as the effectiveness of public health responses. As the risk of contracting directly-transmitted infections depends on who interacts with whom, mathematical models often use contact matrices to characterise the spread of infectious pathogens. These contact matrices are usually generated from diary-based contact surveys. However, the majority of places in the world do not have representative empirical contact studies, so synthetic contact matrices have been constructed using more widely available setting-specific survey data on household, school, classroom, and workplace composition combined with empirical data on contact patterns in Europe. In 2017, the largest set of synthetic contact matrices to date were published for 152 geographical locations. In this study, we update these matrices with the most recent data and extend our analysis to 177 geographical locations. Due to the observed geographic differences within countries, we also quantify contact patterns in rural and urban settings where data is available. Further, we compare both the 2017 and 2020 synthetic matrices to out-of-sample empirically-constructed contact matrices, and explore the effects of using both the empirical and synthetic contact matrices when modelling physical distancing interventions for the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that the synthetic contact matrices show qualitative similarities to the contact patterns in the empirically-constructed contact matrices. Models parameterised with the empirical and synthetic matrices generated similar findings with few differences observed in age groups where the empirical matrices have missing or aggregated age groups. This finding means that synthetic contact matrices may be used in modelling outbreaks in settings for which empirical studies have yet to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiesha Prem
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin van Zandvoort
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Klepac
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind M Eggo
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G Davies
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex R Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Prem K, van Zandvoort K, Klepac P, Eggo RM, Davies NG, Cook AR, Jit M. Projecting contact matrices in 177 geographical regions: An update and comparison with empirical data for the COVID-19 era. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009098. [PMID: 34310590 PMCID: PMC8354454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models have played a key role in understanding the spread of directly-transmissible infectious diseases such as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as the effectiveness of public health responses. As the risk of contracting directly-transmitted infections depends on who interacts with whom, mathematical models often use contact matrices to characterise the spread of infectious pathogens. These contact matrices are usually generated from diary-based contact surveys. However, the majority of places in the world do not have representative empirical contact studies, so synthetic contact matrices have been constructed using more widely available setting-specific survey data on household, school, classroom, and workplace composition combined with empirical data on contact patterns in Europe. In 2017, the largest set of synthetic contact matrices to date were published for 152 geographical locations. In this study, we update these matrices with the most recent data and extend our analysis to 177 geographical locations. Due to the observed geographic differences within countries, we also quantify contact patterns in rural and urban settings where data is available. Further, we compare both the 2017 and 2020 synthetic matrices to out-of-sample empirically-constructed contact matrices, and explore the effects of using both the empirical and synthetic contact matrices when modelling physical distancing interventions for the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that the synthetic contact matrices show qualitative similarities to the contact patterns in the empirically-constructed contact matrices. Models parameterised with the empirical and synthetic matrices generated similar findings with few differences observed in age groups where the empirical matrices have missing or aggregated age groups. This finding means that synthetic contact matrices may be used in modelling outbreaks in settings for which empirical studies have yet to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiesha Prem
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin van Zandvoort
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Klepac
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind M. Eggo
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G. Davies
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex R. Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Prem K, Zandvoort KV, Klepac P, Eggo RM, Davies NG, Cook AR, Jit M. Projecting contact matrices in 177 geographical regions: An update and comparison with empirical data for the COVID-19 era. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009098. [PMID: 34310590 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4889500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models have played a key role in understanding the spread of directly-transmissible infectious diseases such as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as the effectiveness of public health responses. As the risk of contracting directly-transmitted infections depends on who interacts with whom, mathematical models often use contact matrices to characterise the spread of infectious pathogens. These contact matrices are usually generated from diary-based contact surveys. However, the majority of places in the world do not have representative empirical contact studies, so synthetic contact matrices have been constructed using more widely available setting-specific survey data on household, school, classroom, and workplace composition combined with empirical data on contact patterns in Europe. In 2017, the largest set of synthetic contact matrices to date were published for 152 geographical locations. In this study, we update these matrices with the most recent data and extend our analysis to 177 geographical locations. Due to the observed geographic differences within countries, we also quantify contact patterns in rural and urban settings where data is available. Further, we compare both the 2017 and 2020 synthetic matrices to out-of-sample empirically-constructed contact matrices, and explore the effects of using both the empirical and synthetic contact matrices when modelling physical distancing interventions for the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that the synthetic contact matrices show qualitative similarities to the contact patterns in the empirically-constructed contact matrices. Models parameterised with the empirical and synthetic matrices generated similar findings with few differences observed in age groups where the empirical matrices have missing or aggregated age groups. This finding means that synthetic contact matrices may be used in modelling outbreaks in settings for which empirical studies have yet to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiesha Prem
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin van Zandvoort
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Klepac
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind M Eggo
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G Davies
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex R Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Glynn JR, McLean E, Malava J, Dube A, Katundu C, Crampin AC, Geis S. Effect of Acute Illness on Contact Patterns, Malawi, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:44-50. [PMID: 31855144 PMCID: PMC6924881 DOI: 10.3201/eid2601.181539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The way persons interact when ill could profoundly affect transmission of infectious agents. To obtain data on these patterns in Africa, we recorded self-reported named contacts and opportunities for casual contact in rural northern Malawi. We interviewed 384 patients and 257 caregivers about contacts over three 24-hour periods: day of the clinic visit for acute illness, the next day, and 2 weeks later when well. For participants of all ages, the number of adult contacts and the proportion using public transportation was higher on the day of the clinic visit than later when well. Compared with the day after the clinic visit, well participants (2 weeks later) named a mean of 0.4 extra contacts; the increase was larger for indoor or prolonged contacts. When well, participants were more likely to visit other houses and congregate settings. When ill, they had more visitors at home. These findings could help refine models of infection spread.
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17
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Grantz KH, Cummings DAT, Zimmer S, Vukotich Jr. C, Galloway D, Schweizer ML, Guclu H, Cousins J, Lingle C, Yearwood GMH, Li K, Calderone P, Noble E, Gao H, Rainey J, Uzicanin A, Read JM. Age-specific social mixing of school-aged children in a US setting using proximity detecting sensors and contact surveys. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2319. [PMID: 33504823 PMCID: PMC7840989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparisons of the utility and accuracy of methods for measuring social interactions relevant to disease transmission are rare. To increase the evidence base supporting specific methods to measure social interaction, we compared data from self-reported contact surveys and wearable proximity sensors from a cohort of schoolchildren in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. Although the number and type of contacts recorded by each participant differed between the two methods, we found good correspondence between the two methods in aggregate measures of age-specific interactions. Fewer, but longer, contacts were reported in surveys, relative to the generally short proximal interactions captured by wearable sensors. When adjusted for expectations of proportionate mixing, though, the two methods produced highly similar, assortative age-mixing matrices. These aggregate mixing matrices, when used in simulation, resulted in similar estimates of risk of infection by age. While proximity sensors and survey methods may not be interchangeable for capturing individual contacts, they can generate highly correlated data on age-specific mixing patterns relevant to the dynamics of respiratory virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra H. Grantz
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA ,grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Derek A. T. Cummings
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA ,grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Shanta Zimmer
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.241116.10000000107903411Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045 USA
| | - Charles Vukotich Jr.
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - David Galloway
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Mary Lou Schweizer
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Hasan Guclu
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.411776.20000 0004 0454 921XPresent Address: Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jennifer Cousins
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Present Address: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Carrie Lingle
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,Present Address: Toledo Lucas County Health Department, Toledo, OH USA
| | - Gabby M. H. Yearwood
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Kan Li
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,Present Address: Merck Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Patti Calderone
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Eva Noble
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Hongjiang Gao
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA
| | - Jeanette Rainey
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA ,grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Present Address: Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Amra Uzicanin
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Read
- grid.9835.70000 0000 8190 6402Centre for Health Informatics Computing and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW UK ,grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE UK
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Coletti P, Wambua J, Gimma A, Willem L, Vercruysse S, Vanhoutte B, Jarvis CI, Van Zandvoort K, Edmunds J, Beutels P, Hens N. CoMix: comparing mixing patterns in the Belgian population during and after lockdown. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21885. [PMID: 33318521 PMCID: PMC7736856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown how a newly emergent communicable disease can lay considerable burden on public health. To avoid system collapse, governments have resorted to several social distancing measures. In Belgium, this included a lockdown and a following period of phased re-opening. A representative sample of Belgian adults was asked about their contact behaviour from mid-April to the beginning of August, during different stages of the intervention measures in Belgium. Use of personal protection equipment (face masks) and compliance to hygienic measures was also reported. We estimated the expected reproduction number computing the ratio of [Formula: see text] with respect to pre-pandemic data. During the first two waves (the first month) of the survey, the reduction in the average number of contacts was around 80% and was quite consistent across all age-classes. The average number of contacts increased over time, particularly for the younger age classes, still remaining significantly lower than pre-pandemic values. From the end of May to the end of July , the estimated reproduction number has a median value larger than one, although with a wide dispersion. Estimated [Formula: see text] fell below one again at the beginning of August. We have shown how a rapidly deployed survey can measure compliance to social distancing and assess its impact on COVID-19 spread. Monitoring the effectiveness of social distancing recommendations is of paramount importance to avoid further waves of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Coletti
- UHasselt, Data Science Institute and I-BioStat, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium.
| | - James Wambua
- UHasselt, Data Science Institute and I-BioStat, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Amy Gimma
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E, UK
| | - Lander Willem
- University of Antwerp, Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vercruysse
- UHasselt, Data Science Institute and I-BioStat, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
| | - Bieke Vanhoutte
- University of Antwerp, Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | | | | | - John Edmunds
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E, UK
| | - Philippe Beutels
- University of Antwerp, Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- The University of New South Wales, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Niel Hens
- UHasselt, Data Science Institute and I-BioStat, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers increasingly use social contact data to inform models for infectious disease spread with the aim of guiding effective policies about disease prevention and control. In this article, we undertake a systematic review of the study design, statistical analyses, and outcomes of the many social contact surveys that have been published. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed and Web of Science for articles regarding social contact surveys. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines as closely as possible. RESULTS In total, we identified 64 social contact surveys, with more than 80% of the surveys conducted in high-income countries. Study settings included general population (58%), schools or universities (37%), and health care/conference/research institutes (5%). The largest number of studies did not focus on a specific age group (38%), whereas others focused on adults (32%) or children (19%). Retrospective (45%) and prospective (41%) designs were used most often with 6% using both for comparison purposes. The definition of a contact varied among surveys, e.g., a nonphysical contact may require conversation, close proximity, or both. We identified age, time schedule (e.g., weekday/weekend), and household size as relevant determinants of contact patterns across a large number of studies. CONCLUSIONS We found that the overall features of the contact patterns were remarkably robust across several countries, and irrespective of the study details. By considering the most common approach in each aspect of design (e.g., sampling schemes, data collection, definition of contact), we could identify recommendations for future contact data surveys that may be used to facilitate comparison between studies.
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Zhang N, Chen W, Chan PT, Yen HL, Tang JWT, Li Y. Close contact behavior in indoor environment and transmission of respiratory infection. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:645-661. [PMID: 32259319 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Close contact was first identified as the primary route of transmission for most respiratory infections in the early 20th century. In this review, we synthesize the existing understanding of the mechanisms of close contact transmission. We focus on two issues: the mechanism of transmission in close contact, namely the transmission of the expired particles between two people, and the physical parameters of close contact that affect the exposure of particles from one individual to another, or how the nature of close contact plays a role in transmission. We propose the existence of three sub-routes of transmission: short-range airborne, large droplets, and immediate body-surface contact. We also distinguish a "body contact," which is defined with an interpersonal distance of zero, from a close contact. We demonstrate herein that the short-range airborne sub-route may be most common. The timescales over which data should be collected to assess the transmission risk during close contact events are much shorter than those required for the distant airborne or fomite routes. The current paucity of high-resolution data over short distances and timescales makes it very difficult to assess the risk of infection in these circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenzhao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak-To Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julian Wei-Tze Tang
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of social contact patterns related to infectious diseases in the Guangdong Province, China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6119. [PMID: 32296083 PMCID: PMC7160103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The social contact patterns associated with the infectious disease transmitted by airborne droplets or close contact follow specific rules. Understanding these processes can improve the accuracy of disease transmission models, permitting their integration into model simulations. In this study, we performed a large-scale population-based survey to collect social contact patterns in three cities on the Pearl River Delta of China in winter and summer. A total of 5,818 participants were face-to-face interviewed and 35,542 contacts were recorded. The average number of contacts per person each day was 16.7 considering supplementary professional contacts (SPCs). Contacts that occurred on a daily basis, lasted more than 4 hours, and took place in households were more likely to involve physical contact. The seasonal characteristics of social contact were heterogeneous, such that contact in the winter was more likely to involve physical contact compared to summer months. The spatial characteristics of the contacts were similar. Social mixing patterns differed according to age, but all ages maintained regular contact with their peers. Taken together, these findings describe the spatiotemporal distribution of social contact patterns relevant to infections in the Guangdong Province of China. This information provides important parameters for mathematical models of infectious diseases.
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Zhang J, Klepac P, Read JM, Rosello A, Wang X, Lai S, Li M, Song Y, Wei Q, Jiang H, Yang J, Lynn H, Flasche S, Jit M, Yu H. Patterns of human social contact and contact with animals in Shanghai, China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15141. [PMID: 31641189 PMCID: PMC6805924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
East Asia is as a principal hotspot for emerging zoonotic infections. Understanding the likely pathways for their emergence and spread requires knowledge on human-human and human-animal contacts, but such studies are rare. We used self-completed and interviewer-completed contact diaries to quantify patterns of these contacts for 965 individuals in 2017/2018 in a high-income densely-populated area of China, Shanghai City. Interviewer-completed diaries recorded more social contacts (19.3 vs. 18.0) and longer social contact duration (35.0 vs. 29.1 hours) than self-reporting. Strong age-assortativity was observed in all age groups especially among young participants (aged 7-20) and middle aged participants (25-55 years). 17.7% of participants reported touching animals (15.3% (pets), 0.0% (poultry) and 0.1% (livestock)). Human-human contact was very frequent but contact with animals (especially poultry) was rare although associated with frequent human-human contact. Hence, this densely populated area is more likely to act as an accelerator for human-human spread but less likely to be at the source of a zoonosis outbreak. We also propose that telephone interview at the end of reporting day is a potential improvement of the design of future contact surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Petra Klepac
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Read
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computation and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancashire, UK
| | - Alicia Rosello
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Xiling Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Lai
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Li
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujian Song
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingzhen Wei
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Henry Lynn
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Flasche
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark Jit
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
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le Polain de Waroux O, Cohuet S, Ndazima D, Kucharski AJ, Juan-Giner A, Flasche S, Tumwesigye E, Arinaitwe R, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Boum Y, Nackers F, Checchi F, Grais RF, Edmunds WJ. Characteristics of human encounters and social mixing patterns relevant to infectious diseases spread by close contact: a survey in Southwest Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:172. [PMID: 29642869 PMCID: PMC5896105 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantification of human interactions relevant to infectious disease transmission through social contact is central to predict disease dynamics, yet data from low-resource settings remain scarce. Methods We undertook a social contact survey in rural Uganda, whereby participants were asked to recall details about the frequency, type, and socio-demographic characteristics of any conversational encounter that lasted for ≥5 min (henceforth defined as ‘contacts’) during the previous day. An estimate of the number of ‘casual contacts’ (i.e. < 5 min) was also obtained. Results In total, 566 individuals were included in the study. On average participants reported having routine contact with 7.2 individuals (range 1-25). Children aged 5-14 years had the highest frequency of contacts and the elderly (≥65 years) the fewest (P < 0.001). A strong age-assortative pattern was seen, particularly outside the household and increasingly so for contacts occurring further away from home. Adults aged 25-64 years tended to travel more often and further than others, and males travelled more frequently than females. Conclusion Our study provides detailed information on contact patterns and their spatial characteristics in an African setting. It therefore fills an important knowledge gap that will help more accurately predict transmission dynamics and the impact of control strategies in such areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3073-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- O le Polain de Waroux
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | - D Ndazima
- Epicentre, Uganda Research Centre, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - A J Kucharski
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - S Flasche
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - E Tumwesigye
- Kabwohe Medical Research Centre, Kabwohe, Uganda
| | - R Arinaitwe
- Epicentre, Uganda Research Centre, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - J Mwanga-Amumpaire
- Epicentre, Uganda Research Centre, Mbarara, Uganda.,Mbarara University Of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Y Boum
- Epicentre, Uganda Research Centre, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - F Checchi
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - W J Edmunds
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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McCreesh N, White RG. An explanation for the low proportion of tuberculosis that results from transmission between household and known social contacts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5382. [PMID: 29599463 PMCID: PMC5876383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We currently have little idea where Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transmission occurs in high incidence settings. Molecular studies suggest that only around 8-19% of transmission to adults occurs within-household, or between known social-contacts. This contrasts with findings from social-contact studies, which show that substantial proportions of contact time occur in households, workplaces and schools. A mathematical model of social-contact behaviour and Mtb transmission was developed, incorporating variation in susceptibility and infectiousness. Three types of contact were simulated: household, repeated (individuals outside household contacted repeatedly with daily-monthly frequency) and non-repeated. The model was parameterised using data from Cape Town, South Africa, on mean and variance in contact numbers and contact durations, by contact type, and fitted to an estimate of overdispersion in numbers of secondary cases ('superspreading') in Cape Town. Household, repeated, and non-repeated contacts contributed 36%, 13%, and 51% of contact time, and 13%, 8%, and 79% of disease, respectively. Results suggest contact saturation, exacerbated by long disease durations and superspreading, cause the high proportion of transmission between non-repeated contacts. Household and social-contact tracing is therefore unlikely to reach most tuberculosis cases. A better understanding of transmission locations, and methods to identify superspreaders, are urgently required to improve tuberculosis prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky McCreesh
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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26
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Kwok KO, Cowling B, Wei V, Riley S, Read JM. Temporal variation of human encounters and the number of locations in which they occur: a longitudinal study of Hong Kong residents. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20170838. [PMID: 29367241 PMCID: PMC5805989 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterns of social contact between individuals are important for the transmission of many pathogens and shaping patterns of immunity at the population scale. To refine our understanding of how human social behaviour may change over time, we conducted a longitudinal study of Hong Kong residents. We recorded the social contact patterns for 1450 individuals, up to four times each between May 2012 and September 2013. We found individuals made contact with an average of 12.5 people within 2.9 geographical locations, and spent an average estimated total duration of 9.1 h in contact with others during a day. Distributions of the number of contacts and locations in which contacts were made were not significantly different between study waves. Encounters were assortative by age, and the age mixing pattern was broadly consistent across study waves. Fitting regression models, we examined the association of contact rates (number of contacts, total duration of contact, number of locations) with covariates and calculated the inter- and intra-participant variation in contact rates. Participant age was significantly associated with the number of contacts made, the total duration of contact and the number of locations in which contact occurred, with children and parental-age adults having the highest rates of contact. The number of contacts and contact duration increased with the number of contact locations. Intra-individual variation in contact rate was consistently greater than inter-individual variation. Despite substantial individual-level variation, remarkable consistency was observed in contact mixing at the population scale. This suggests that aggregate measures of mixing behaviour derived from cross-sectional information may be appropriate for population-scale modelling purposes, and that if more detailed models of social interactions are required for improved public health modelling, further studies are needed to understand the social processes driving intra-individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin On Kwok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Vivian Wei
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Read
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computation and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, UK
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, The Farr Institute@HeRC, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Leung K, Jit M, Lau EHY, Wu JT. Social contact patterns relevant to the spread of respiratory infectious diseases in Hong Kong. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28801623 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3874808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of many respiratory infections is determined by contact patterns between infectious and susceptible individuals in the population. There are no published data for quantifying social contact patterns relevant to the spread of respiratory infectious diseases in Hong Kong which is a hotspot for emerging infectious diseases due to its high population density and connectivity in the air transportation network. We adopted a commonly used diary-based design to conduct a social contact survey in Hong Kong in 2015/16 using both paper and online questionnaires. Participants using paper questionnaires reported more contacts and longer contact duration than those using online questionnaires. Participants reported 13 person-hours of contact and 8 contacts per day on average, which decreased over age but increased with household size, years of education and income level. Prolonged and frequent contacts, and contacts at home, school and work were more likely to involve physical contacts. Strong age-assortativity was observed in all age groups. We evaluated the characteristics of social contact patterns relevant to the spread of respiratory infectious diseases in Hong Kong. Our findings could help to improve the design of future social contact surveys, parameterize transmission models of respiratory infectious diseases, and inform intervention strategies based on model outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark Jit
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph T Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
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Social contact patterns relevant to the spread of respiratory infectious diseases in Hong Kong. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7974. [PMID: 28801623 PMCID: PMC5554254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of many respiratory infections is determined by contact patterns between infectious and susceptible individuals in the population. There are no published data for quantifying social contact patterns relevant to the spread of respiratory infectious diseases in Hong Kong which is a hotspot for emerging infectious diseases due to its high population density and connectivity in the air transportation network. We adopted a commonly used diary-based design to conduct a social contact survey in Hong Kong in 2015/16 using both paper and online questionnaires. Participants using paper questionnaires reported more contacts and longer contact duration than those using online questionnaires. Participants reported 13 person-hours of contact and 8 contacts per day on average, which decreased over age but increased with household size, years of education and income level. Prolonged and frequent contacts, and contacts at home, school and work were more likely to involve physical contacts. Strong age-assortativity was observed in all age groups. We evaluated the characteristics of social contact patterns relevant to the spread of respiratory infectious diseases in Hong Kong. Our findings could help to improve the design of future social contact surveys, parameterize transmission models of respiratory infectious diseases, and inform intervention strategies based on model outputs.
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Zhong W. Simulating influenza pandemic dynamics with public risk communication and individual responsive behavior. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL ORGANIZATION THEORY 2017; 23:475-495. [PMID: 32214873 PMCID: PMC7087887 DOI: 10.1007/s10588-016-9238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Individual responsive behavior to an influenza pandemic has significant impacts on the spread dynamics of this epidemic. Current influenza modeling efforts considering responsive behavior either oversimplify the process and may underestimate pandemic impacts, or make other problematic assumptions and are therefore constrained in utility. This study develops an agent-based model for pandemic simulation, and incorporates individual responsive behavior in the model based on public risk communication literature. The resultant model captures the stochastic nature of epidemic spread process, and constructs a realistic picture of individual reaction process and responsive behavior to pandemic situations. The model is then applied to simulate the spread dynamics of 2009 H1N1 influenza in a medium-size community in Arizona. Simulation results illustrate and compare the spread timeline and scale of this pandemic influenza, without and with the presence of pubic risk communication and individual responsive behavior. Sensitivity analysis sheds some lights on the influence of different communication strategies on pandemic impacts. Those findings contribute to effective pandemic planning and containment, particularly at the beginning of an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhong
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872 China
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30
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Gao X, Wei J, Cowling BJ, Li Y. Potential impact of a ventilation intervention for influenza in the context of a dense indoor contact network in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:373-381. [PMID: 27351145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Emerging diseases may spread rapidly through dense and large urban contact networks. We constructed a simple but novel dual-contact network model to account for both airborne contact and close contact of individuals in the densely populated city of Hong Kong. The model was then integrated with an existing epidemiological susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) model, and we used a revised Wells-Riley model to estimate infection risks by the airborne route and an exponential dose-response model for risks by the contact and droplet routes. A potential outbreak of partially airborne influenza was examined, assuming different proportions of transmission through the airborne route. Our results show that building ventilation can have significant effects in airborne transmission-dominated conditions. Moreover, even when the airborne route only contributes 20% to the total infection risk, increasing the ventilation rate has a strong influence on transmission dynamics, and it also can achieve control effects similar to those of wearing masks for patients, isolation and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianjian Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Xiao X, van Hoek AJ, Kenward MG, Melegaro A, Jit M. Clustering of contacts relevant to the spread of infectious disease. Epidemics 2016; 17:1-9. [PMID: 27639116 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infectious disease spread depends on contact rates between infectious and susceptible individuals. Transmission models are commonly informed using empirically collected contact data, but the relevance of different contact types to transmission is still not well understood. Some studies select contacts based on a single characteristic such as proximity (physical/non-physical), location, duration or frequency. This study aimed to explore whether clusters of contacts similar to each other across multiple characteristics could better explain disease transmission. METHODS Individual contact data from the POLYMOD survey in Poland, Great Britain, Belgium, Finland and Italy were grouped into clusters by the k medoids clustering algorithm with a Manhattan distance metric to stratify contacts using all four characteristics. Contact clusters were then used to fit a transmission model to sero-epidemiological data for varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in each country. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Across the five countries, 9-15 clusters were found to optimise both quality of clustering (measured using average silhouette width) and quality of fit (measured using several information criteria). Of these, 2-3 clusters were most relevant to VZV transmission, characterised by (i) 1-2 clusters of age-assortative contacts in schools, (ii) a cluster of less age-assortative contacts in non-school settings. Quality of fit was similar to using contacts stratified by a single characteristic, providing validation that single stratifications are appropriate. However, using clustering to stratify contacts using multiple characteristics provided insight into the structures underlying infection transmission, particularly the role of age-assortative contacts, involving school age children, for VZV transmission between households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xiao
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Albert Jan van Hoek
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael G Kenward
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Alessia Melegaro
- DONDENA Centre for Research on Social Dynamics & Public Policy, Università Bocconi, Via Guglielmo Röntgen n. 1, 20136 Milan, Italy.
| | - Mark Jit
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom.
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Smieszek T, Castell S, Barrat A, Cattuto C, White PJ, Krause G. Contact diaries versus wearable proximity sensors in measuring contact patterns at a conference: method comparison and participants' attitudes. BMC Infect Dis 2016. [PMID: 27449511 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1676-y/figures/3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies measuring contact networks have helped to improve our understanding of infectious disease transmission. However, several methodological issues are still unresolved, such as which method of contact measurement is the most valid. Further, complete network analysis requires data from most, ideally all, members of a network and, to achieve this, acceptance of the measurement method. We aimed at investigating measurement error by comparing two methods of contact measurement - paper diaries vs. wearable proximity sensors - that were applied concurrently to the same population, and we measured acceptability. METHODS We investigated the contact network of one day of an epidemiology conference in September 2014. Seventy-six participants wore proximity sensors throughout the day while concurrently recording their contacts with other study participants in a paper-diary; they also reported on method acceptability. RESULTS There were 329 contact reports in the paper diaries, corresponding to 199 contacts, of which 130 were noted by both parties. The sensors recorded 316 contacts, which would have resulted in 632 contact reports if there had been perfect concordance in recording. We estimated the probabilities that a contact was reported in a diary as: P = 72 % for <5 min contact duration (significantly lower than the following, p < 0.05), P = 86 % for 5-15 min, P = 89 % for 15-60 min, and P = 94 % for >60 min. The sets of sensor-measured and self-reported contacts had a large intersection, but neither was a subset of the other. Participants' aggregated contact duration was mostly substantially longer in the diary data than in the sensor data. Twenty percent of respondents (>1 reported contact) stated that filling in the diary was too much work, 25 % of respondents reported difficulties in remembering contacts, and 93 % were comfortable having their conference contacts measured by sensors. CONCLUSION Reporting and recording were not complete; reporting was particularly incomplete for contacts <5 min. The types of contact that both methods are capable of detecting are partly different. Participants appear to have overestimated the duration of their contacts. Conducting a study with diaries or wearable sensors was acceptable to and mostly easily done by participants. Both methods can be applied meaningfully if their specific limitations are considered and incompleteness is accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Smieszek
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology and MRC Outbreak Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Stefanie Castell
- Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Alain Barrat
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, UMR 7332, Marseille, 13288, France
- Data Science Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Ciro Cattuto
- Data Science Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Peter J White
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology and MRC Outbreak Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Gérard Krause
- Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Smieszek T, Castell S, Barrat A, Cattuto C, White PJ, Krause G. Contact diaries versus wearable proximity sensors in measuring contact patterns at a conference: method comparison and participants' attitudes. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:341. [PMID: 27449511 PMCID: PMC4957345 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies measuring contact networks have helped to improve our understanding of infectious disease transmission. However, several methodological issues are still unresolved, such as which method of contact measurement is the most valid. Further, complete network analysis requires data from most, ideally all, members of a network and, to achieve this, acceptance of the measurement method. We aimed at investigating measurement error by comparing two methods of contact measurement – paper diaries vs. wearable proximity sensors – that were applied concurrently to the same population, and we measured acceptability. Methods We investigated the contact network of one day of an epidemiology conference in September 2014. Seventy-six participants wore proximity sensors throughout the day while concurrently recording their contacts with other study participants in a paper-diary; they also reported on method acceptability. Results There were 329 contact reports in the paper diaries, corresponding to 199 contacts, of which 130 were noted by both parties. The sensors recorded 316 contacts, which would have resulted in 632 contact reports if there had been perfect concordance in recording. We estimated the probabilities that a contact was reported in a diary as: P = 72 % for <5 min contact duration (significantly lower than the following, p < 0.05), P = 86 % for 5-15 min, P = 89 % for 15-60 min, and P = 94 % for >60 min. The sets of sensor-measured and self-reported contacts had a large intersection, but neither was a subset of the other. Participants’ aggregated contact duration was mostly substantially longer in the diary data than in the sensor data. Twenty percent of respondents (>1 reported contact) stated that filling in the diary was too much work, 25 % of respondents reported difficulties in remembering contacts, and 93 % were comfortable having their conference contacts measured by sensors. Conclusion Reporting and recording were not complete; reporting was particularly incomplete for contacts <5 min. The types of contact that both methods are capable of detecting are partly different. Participants appear to have overestimated the duration of their contacts. Conducting a study with diaries or wearable sensors was acceptable to and mostly easily done by participants. Both methods can be applied meaningfully if their specific limitations are considered and incompleteness is accounted for. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1676-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Smieszek
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology and MRC Outbreak Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Modelling and Economics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Stefanie Castell
- Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Alain Barrat
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, UMR 7332, Marseille, 13288, France.,Data Science Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Ciro Cattuto
- Data Science Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Peter J White
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology and MRC Outbreak Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Modelling and Economics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Gérard Krause
- Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Kiti MC, Tizzoni M, Kinyanjui TM, Koech DC, Munywoki PK, Meriac M, Cappa L, Panisson A, Barrat A, Cattuto C, Nokes DJ. Quantifying social contacts in a household setting of rural Kenya using wearable proximity sensors. EPJ DATA SCIENCE 2016; 5:21. [PMID: 27471661 PMCID: PMC4944592 DOI: 10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Close proximity interactions between individuals influence how infections spread. Quantifying close contacts in developing world settings, where such data is sparse yet disease burden is high, can provide insights into the design of intervention strategies such as vaccination. Recent technological advances have enabled collection of time-resolved face-to-face human contact data using radio frequency proximity sensors. The acceptability and practicalities of using proximity devices within the developing country setting have not been investigated. We present and analyse data arising from a prospective study of 5 households in rural Kenya, followed through 3 consecutive days. Pre-study focus group discussions with key community groups were held. All residents of selected households carried wearable proximity sensors to collect data on their close (<1.5 metres) interactions. Data collection for residents of three of the 5 households was contemporaneous. Contact matrices and temporal networks for 75 individuals are defined and mixing patterns by age and time of day in household contacts determined. Our study demonstrates the stability of numbers and durations of contacts across days. The contact durations followed a broad distribution consistent with data from other settings. Contacts within households occur mainly among children and between children and adults, and are characterised by daily regular peaks in the morning, midday and evening. Inter-household contacts are between adults and more sporadic when measured over several days. Community feedback indicated privacy as a major concern especially regarding perceptions of non-participants, and that community acceptability required thorough explanation of study tools and procedures. Our results show for a low resource setting how wearable proximity sensors can be used to objectively collect high-resolution temporal data without direct supervision. The methodology appears acceptable in this population following adequate community engagement on study procedures. A target for future investigation is to determine the difference in contact networks within versus between households. We suggest that the results from this study may be used in the design of future studies using similar electronic devices targeting communities, including households and schools, in the developing world context. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0084-2) contains supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses C Kiti
- />KEMRI - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Michele Tizzoni
- />Data Science Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Via Alassio 11/c, Torino, 10126 Italy
| | - Timothy M Kinyanjui
- />KEMRI - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- />School of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | - Luca Cappa
- />Data Science Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Via Alassio 11/c, Torino, 10126 Italy
| | - André Panisson
- />Data Science Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Via Alassio 11/c, Torino, 10126 Italy
| | - Alain Barrat
- />Data Science Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Via Alassio 11/c, Torino, 10126 Italy
- />Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, UMR 7332, Marseille, 13288 France
| | - Ciro Cattuto
- />Data Science Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Via Alassio 11/c, Torino, 10126 Italy
| | - D James Nokes
- />KEMRI - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- />School of Life Sciences and WIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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35
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Leecaster M, Toth DJA, Pettey WBP, Rainey JJ, Gao H, Uzicanin A, Samore M. Estimates of Social Contact in a Middle School Based on Self-Report and Wireless Sensor Data. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153690. [PMID: 27100090 PMCID: PMC4839567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimates of contact among children, used for infectious disease transmission models and understanding social patterns, historically rely on self-report logs. Recently, wireless sensor technology has enabled objective measurement of proximal contact and comparison of data from the two methods. These are mostly small-scale studies, and knowledge gaps remain in understanding contact and mixing patterns and also in the advantages and disadvantages of data collection methods. We collected contact data from a middle school, with 7th and 8th grades, for one day using self-report contact logs and wireless sensors. The data were linked for students with unique initials, gender, and grade within the school. This paper presents the results of a comparison of two approaches to characterize school contact networks, wireless proximity sensors and self-report logs. Accounting for incomplete capture and lack of participation, we estimate that "sensor-detectable", proximal contacts longer than 20 seconds during lunch and class-time occurred at 2 fold higher frequency than "self-reportable" talk/touch contacts. Overall, 55% of estimated talk-touch contacts were also sensor-detectable whereas only 15% of estimated sensor-detectable contacts were also talk-touch. Contacts detected by sensors and also in self-report logs had longer mean duration than contacts detected only by sensors (6.3 vs 2.4 minutes). During both lunch and class-time, sensor-detectable contacts demonstrated substantially less gender and grade assortativity than talk-touch contacts. Hallway contacts, which were ascertainable only by proximity sensors, were characterized by extremely high degree and short duration. We conclude that the use of wireless sensors and self-report logs provide complementary insight on in-school mixing patterns and contact frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Leecaster
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Damon J. A. Toth
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Warren B. P. Pettey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jeanette J. Rainey
- Department of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hongjiang Gao
- Department of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amra Uzicanin
- Department of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew Samore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America
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36
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Edwards CH, Tomba GS, de Blasio BF. Influenza in workplaces: transmission, workers' adherence to sick leave advice and European sick leave recommendations. Eur J Public Health 2016; 26:478-85. [PMID: 27060594 PMCID: PMC4884332 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Knowledge about influenza transmission in the workplace and whether staying home from work when experiencing influenza-like illness can reduce the spread of influenza is crucial for the design of efficient public health initiatives. Aim: This review synthesizes current literature on sickness presenteeism and influenza transmission in the workplace and provides an overview of sick leave recommendations in Europe for influenza. Methods: A search was performed on Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, Cinahl, Web of Science, Scopus and SweMed to identify studies related to workplace contacts, -transmission, -interventions and compliance with recommendations to take sick leave. A web-based survey on national recommendations and policies for sick leave during influenza was issued to 31 European countries. Results: Twenty-two articles (9 surveys; 13 modelling articles) were eligible for this review. Results from social mixing studies suggest that 20–25% of weekly contacts are made in the workplace, while modelling studies suggest that on average 16% (range 9–33%) of influenza transmission occurs in the workplace. The effectiveness of interventions to reduce workplace presenteeism is largely unknown. Finally, estimates from studies reporting expected compliance with sick leave recommendations ranged from 71 to 95%. Overall, 18 countries participated in the survey of which nine (50%) had issued recommendations encouraging sick employees to stay at home during the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic, while only one country had official recommendations for seasonal influenza. Conclusions: During the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic, many European countries recommended ill employees to take sick leave. Further research is warranted to quantify the effect of reduced presenteeism during influenza illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hansen Edwards
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gianpaolo Scalia Tomba
- Department of Mathematics, University of Rome Tor Vergata Via Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - Birgitte Freiesleben de Blasio
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway Oslo Group for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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McCreesh N, Looker C, Dodd PJ, Plumb ID, Shanaube K, Muyoyeta M, Godfrey-Faussett P, Corbett EL, Ayles H, White RG. Comparison of indoor contact time data in Zambia and Western Cape, South Africa suggests targeting of interventions to reduce Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission should be informed by local data. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:71. [PMID: 26861444 PMCID: PMC4746903 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In high incidence settings, the majority of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) transmission occurs outside the household. Little is known about where people’s indoor contacts occur outside the household, and how this differs between different settings. We estimate the number of contact hours that occur between adults and adult/youths and children in different building types in urban areas in Western Cape, South Africa, and Zambia. Methods Data were collected from 3206 adults using a cross-sectional survey, on buildings visited in a 24-h period, including building function, visit duration, and number of adults/youths and children (5–12 years) present. The mean numbers of contact hours per day by building function were calculated. Results Adults in Western Cape were more likely to visit workplaces, and less likely to visit shops and churches than adults in Zambia. Adults in Western Cape spent longer per visit in other homes and workplaces than adults in Zambia. More adults/youths were present at visits to shops and churches in Western Cape than in Zambia, and fewer at homes and hairdressers. More children were present at visits to shops in Western Cape than in Zambia, and fewer at schools and hairdressers. Overall numbers of adult/youth indoor contact hours were the same at both sites (35.4 and 37.6 h in Western Cape and Zambia respectively, p = 0.4). Child contact hours were higher in Zambia (16.0 vs 13.7 h, p = 0.03). Adult/youth and child contact hours were highest in workplaces in Western Cape and churches in Zambia. Compared to Zambia, adult contact hours in Western Cape were higher in workplaces (15.2 vs 8.0 h, p = 0.004), and lower in churches (3.7 vs 8.6 h, p = 0.002). Child contact hours were higher in other peoples’ homes (2.8 vs 1.6 h, p = 0.03) and workplaces (4.9 vs 2.1 h, p = 0.003), and lower in churches (2.5 vs 6.2, p = 0.004) and schools (0.4 vs 1.5, p = 0.01). Conclusions Patterns of indoor contact between adults and adults/youths and children differ between different sites in high M.tb incidence areas. Targeting public buildings with interventions to reduce M.tb transmission (e.g. increasing ventilation or UV irradiation) should be informed by local data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1406-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky McCreesh
- TB Modelling Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Clare Looker
- TB Modelling Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Peter J Dodd
- TB Modelling Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Health Economics and Decision Science, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Ian D Plumb
- TB Modelling Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Kwame Shanaube
- ZAMBART Project, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Monde Muyoyeta
- ZAMBART Project, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. .,TB Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Peter Godfrey-Faussett
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Elizabeth L Corbett
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,HIV and TB Theme, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Helen Ayles
- ZAMBART Project, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. .,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Richard G White
- TB Modelling Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Dodd PJ, Looker C, Plumb ID, Bond V, Schaap A, Shanaube K, Muyoyeta M, Vynnycky E, Godfrey-Faussett P, Corbett EL, Beyers N, Ayles H, White RG. Age- and Sex-Specific Social Contact Patterns and Incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:156-66. [PMID: 26646292 PMCID: PMC4706676 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to model the incidence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis among adults using data on infection incidence in children, disease prevalence in adults, and social contact patterns. We conducted a cross-sectional face-to-face survey of adults in 2011, enumerating "close" (shared conversation) and "casual" (shared indoor space) social contacts in 16 Zambian communities and 8 South African communities. We modeled the incidence of M. tuberculosis infection in all age groups using these contact patterns, as well as the observed incidence of M. tuberculosis infection in children and the prevalence of tuberculosis disease in adults. A total of 3,528 adults participated in the study. The reported rates of close and casual contact were 4.9 per adult per day (95% confidence interval: 4.6, 5.2) and 10.4 per adult per day (95% confidence interval: 9.3, 11.6), respectively. Rates of close contact were higher for adults in larger households and rural areas. There was preferential mixing of close contacts within age groups and within sexes. The estimated incidence of M. tuberculosis infection in adults was 1.5-6 times higher (2.5%-10% per year) than that in children. More than 50% of infections in men, women, and children were estimated to be due to contact with adult men. We conclude that estimates of infection incidence based on surveys in children might underestimate incidence in adults. Most infections may be due to contact with adult men. Treatment and control of tuberculosis in men is critical to protecting men, women, and children from tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard G. White
- Correspondence to Dr. Richard G. White, TB Modelling Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT (e-mail: )
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39
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Stein ML, van der Heijden PGM, Buskens V, van Steenbergen JE, Bengtsson L, Koppeschaar CE, Thorson A, Kretzschmar MEE. Tracking social contact networks with online respondent-driven detection: who recruits whom? BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:522. [PMID: 26573658 PMCID: PMC4647802 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission of respiratory pathogens in a population depends on the contact network patterns of individuals. To accurately understand and explain epidemic behaviour information on contact networks is required, but only limited empirical data is available. Online respondent-driven detection can provide relevant epidemiological data on numbers of contact persons and dynamics of contacts between pairs of individuals. We aimed to analyse contact networks with respect to sociodemographic and geographical characteristics, vaccine-induced immunity and self-reported symptoms. Methods In 2014, volunteers from two large participatory surveillance panels in the Netherlands and Belgium were invited for a survey. Participants were asked to record numbers of contacts at different locations and self-reported influenza-like-illness symptoms, and to invite 4 individuals they had met face to face in the preceding 2 weeks. We calculated correlations between linked individuals to investigate mixing patterns. Results In total 1560 individuals completed the survey who reported in total 30591 contact persons; 488 recruiter-recruit pairs were analysed. Recruitment was assortative by age, education, household size, influenza vaccination status and sentiments, indicating that participants tended to recruit contact persons similar to themselves. We also found assortative recruitment by symptoms, reaffirming our objective of sampling contact persons whom a participant may infect or by whom a participant may get infected in case of an outbreak. Recruitment was random by sex and numbers of contact persons. Relationships between pairs were influenced by the spatial distribution of peer recruitment. Conclusions Although complex mechanisms influence online peer recruitment, the observed statistical relationships reflected the observed contact network patterns in the general population relevant for the transmission of respiratory pathogens. This provides useful and innovative input for predictive epidemic models relying on network information. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1250-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart L Stein
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter G M van der Heijden
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Vincent Buskens
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jim E van Steenbergen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. .,Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Linus Bengtsson
- Department of Public Health Sciences-Global Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Anna Thorson
- Department of Public Health Sciences-Global Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mirjam E E Kretzschmar
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Liccardo A, Fierro A. Multiple Lattice Model for Influenza Spreading. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141065. [PMID: 26513580 PMCID: PMC4626091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral differences among age classes, together with the natural tendency of individuals to prefer contacts with individuals of similar age, naturally point to the existence of a community structure in the population network, in which each community can be identified with a different age class. Data on age-dependent contact patterns also reveal how relevant is the role of the population age structure in shaping the spreading of an infectious disease. In the present paper we propose a simple model for epidemic spreading, in which a contact network with an intrinsic community structure is coupled with a simple stochastic SIR model for the epidemic spreading. The population is divided in 4 different age-communities and hosted on a multiple lattice, each community occupying a specific age-lattice. Individuals are allowed to move freely to nearest neighbor empty sites on the age-lattice. Different communities are connected with each other by means of inter-lattices edges, with a different number of external links connecting different age class populations. The parameters of the contact network model are fixed by requiring the simulated data to fully reproduce the contact patterns matrices of the Polymod survey. The paper shows that adopting a topology which better implements the age-class community structure of the population, one gets a better agreement between experimental contact patterns and simulated data, and this also improves the accordance between simulated and experimental data on the epidemic spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Liccardo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annalisa Fierro
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) - Institute Superconductors, oxides and other innovative materials and devices (SPIN), Napoli, Italy
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Duan W, Fan Z, Zhang P, Guo G, Qiu X. Mathematical and computational approaches to epidemic modeling: a comprehensive review. FRONTIERS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE 2015; 9:806-826. [PMID: 32288946 PMCID: PMC7133607 DOI: 10.1007/s11704-014-3369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical and computational approaches are important tools for understanding epidemic spread patterns and evaluating policies of disease control. In recent years, epidemiology has become increasingly integrated with mathematics, sociology, management science, complexity science, and computer science. The cross of multiple disciplines has caused rapid development of mathematical and computational approaches to epidemic modeling. In this article, we carry out a comprehensive review of epidemic models to provide an insight into the literature of epidemic modeling and simulation. We introduce major epidemic models in three directions, including mathematical models, complex network models, and agent-based models. We discuss the principles, applications, advantages, and limitations of these models. Meanwhile, we also propose some future research directions in epidemic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Duan
- Center of Computational Experiments and Parallel Systems Technology, College of Information Systems and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Zongchen Fan
- Center of Computational Experiments and Parallel Systems Technology, College of Information Systems and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center of Computational Experiments and Parallel Systems Technology, College of Information Systems and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Gang Guo
- Center of Computational Experiments and Parallel Systems Technology, College of Information Systems and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Xiaogang Qiu
- Center of Computational Experiments and Parallel Systems Technology, College of Information Systems and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
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Kifle YW, Goeyvaerts N, Van Kerckhove K, Willem L, Faes C, Leirs H, Hens N, Beutels P. Animal Ownership and Touching Enrich the Context of Social Contacts Relevant to the Spread of Human Infectious Diseases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133461. [PMID: 26193480 PMCID: PMC4508096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human infectious diseases originate from animals or are transmitted through animal vectors. We aimed to identify factors that are predictive of ownership and touching of animals, assess whether animal ownership influences social contact behavior, and estimate the probability of a major zoonotic outbreak should a transmissible influenza-like pathogen be present in animals, all in the setting of a densely populated European country. A diary-based social contact survey (n = 1768) was conducted in Flanders, Belgium, from September 2010 until February 2011. Many participants touched pets (46%), poultry (2%) or livestock (2%) on a randomly assigned day, and a large proportion of participants owned such animals (51%, 15% and 5%, respectively). Logistic regression models indicated that larger households are more likely to own an animal and, unsurprisingly, that animal owners are more likely to touch animals. We observed a significant effect of age on animal ownership and touching. The total number of social contacts during a randomly assigned day was modeled using weighted-negative binomial regression. Apart from age, household size and day type (weekend versus weekday and regular versus holiday period), animal ownership was positively associated with the total number of social contacts during the weekend. Assuming that animal ownership and/or touching are at-risk events, we demonstrate a method to estimate the outbreak potential of zoonoses. We show that in Belgium animal-human interactions involving young children (0-9 years) and adults (25-54 years) have the highest potential to cause a major zoonotic outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimer Wasihun Kifle
- Center for Health Economics Research & Modeling of Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nele Goeyvaerts
- Center for Health Economics Research & Modeling of Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Kerckhove
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lander Willem
- Center for Health Economics Research & Modeling of Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christel Faes
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Center for Health Economics Research & Modeling of Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Center for Health Economics Research & Modeling of Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Grijalva CG, Goeyvaerts N, Verastegui H, Edwards KM, Gil AI, Lanata CF, Hens N. A household-based study of contact networks relevant for the spread of infectious diseases in the highlands of Peru. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118457. [PMID: 25734772 PMCID: PMC4348542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have quantified social mixing in remote rural areas of developing countries, where the burden of infectious diseases is usually the highest. Understanding social mixing patterns in those settings is crucial to inform the implementation of strategies for disease prevention and control. We characterized contact and social mixing patterns in rural communities of the Peruvian highlands. METHODS AND FINDINGS This cross-sectional study was nested in a large prospective household-based study of respiratory infections conducted in the province of San Marcos, Cajamarca-Peru. Members of study households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire of social contacts (conversation or physical interaction) experienced during the last 24 hours. We identified 9015 reported contacts from 588 study household members. The median age of respondents was 17 years (interquartile range [IQR] 4-34 years). The median number of reported contacts was 12 (IQR 8-20) whereas the median number of physical (i.e. skin-to-skin) contacts was 8.5 (IQR 5-14). Study participants had contacts mostly with people of similar age, and with their offspring or parents. The number of reported contacts was mainly determined by the participants' age, household size and occupation. School-aged children had more contacts than other age groups. Within-household reciprocity of contacts reporting declined with household size (range 70%-100%). Ninety percent of household contact networks were complete, and furthermore, household members' contacts with non-household members showed significant overlap (range 33%-86%), indicating a high degree of contact clustering. A two-level mixing epidemic model was simulated to compare within-household mixing based on observed contact networks and within-household random mixing. No differences in the size or duration of the simulated epidemics were revealed. CONCLUSION This study of rural low-density communities in the highlands of Peru suggests contact patterns are highly assortative. Study findings support the use of within-household homogenous mixing assumptions for epidemic modeling in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. Grijalva
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nele Goeyvaerts
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases, and Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Kathryn M. Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ana I. Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Niel Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases, and Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Kiti MC, Kinyanjui TM, Koech DC, Munywoki PK, Medley GF, Nokes DJ. Quantifying age-related rates of social contact using diaries in a rural coastal population of Kenya. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104786. [PMID: 25127257 PMCID: PMC4134222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved understanding and quantification of social contact patterns that govern the transmission dynamics of respiratory viral infections has utility in the design of preventative and control measures such as vaccination and social distancing. The objective of this study was to quantify an age-specific matrix of contact rates for a predominantly rural low-income population that would support transmission dynamic modeling of respiratory viruses. METHODS AND FINDINGS From the population register of the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System, coastal Kenya, 150 individuals per age group (<1, 1-5, 6-15, 16-19, 20-49, 50 and above, in years) were selected by stratified random sampling and requested to complete a day long paper diary of physical contacts (e.g. touch or embrace). The sample was stratified by residence (rural-to-semiurban), month (August 2011 to January 2012, spanning seasonal changes in socio-cultural activities), and day of week. Usable diary responses were obtained from 568 individuals (∼50% of expected). The mean number of contacts per person per day was 17.7 (95% CI 16.7-18.7). Infants reported the lowest contact rates (mean 13.9, 95% CI 12.1-15.7), while primary school students (6-15 years) reported the highest (mean 20.1, 95% CI 18.0-22.2). Rates of contact were higher within groups of similar age (assortative), particularly within the primary school students and adults (20-49 years). Adults and older participants (>50 years) exhibited the highest inter-generational contacts. Rural contact rates were higher than semiurban (18.8 vs 15.6, p = 0.002), with rural primary school students having twice as many assortative contacts as their semiurban peers. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE This is the first age-specific contact matrix to be defined for tropical Sub-Saharan Africa and has utility in age-structured models to assess the potential impact of interventions for directly transmitted respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Muiruri Kinyanjui
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Mathematics and WIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - David James Nokes
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences and WIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Barrat A, Cattuto C, Tozzi AE, Vanhems P, Voirin N. Measuring contact patterns with wearable sensors: methods, data characteristics and applications to data-driven simulations of infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:10-6. [PMID: 24267942 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to recent technological advances, measuring real-world interactions by the use of mobile devices and wearable sensors has become possible, allowing researchers to gather data on human social interactions in a variety of contexts with high spatial and temporal resolution. Empirical data describing contact networks have thus acquired a high level of detail that may yield new insights into the dynamics of infection transmission between individuals. At the same time, such data bring forth new challenges related to their statistical description and analysis, and to their use in mathematical models. In particular, the integration of highly detailed empirical data in computational frameworks designed to model the spread of infectious diseases raises the issue of assessing which representations of the raw data work best to inform the models. There is an emerging need to strike a balance between simplicity and detail in order to ensure both generalizability and accuracy of predictions. Here, we review recent work on the collection and analysis of highly detailed data on temporal networks of face-to-face human proximity, carried out in the context of the SocioPatterns collaboration. We discuss the various levels of coarse-graining that can be used to represent the data in order to inform models of infectious disease transmission. We also discuss several limitations of the data and future avenues for data collection and modelling efforts in the field of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barrat
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CPT, UMR 7332, Marseille; Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, UMR 7332, La Garde, France; Data Science Laboratory, ISI Foundation, Torino
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Social contact patterns of school-age children in Taiwan: comparison of the term time and holiday periods. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:1139-47. [PMID: 25078611 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
School closure is one of the most common interventions in the early weeks of an influenza pandemic. Few studies have investigated social contact patterns and compared individual student contact characteristics during the school term and holiday periods in Taiwan. Here, we conducted a well-used questionnaire survey in a junior high school (grades 7-8) in June 2013. All 150 diary-based effective questionnaires covering conversation and skin-to-skin contact behaviour were surveyed. Two questionnaires for each participant were designed to investigate the individual-level difference of contact numbers per day during the two periods. The questionnaire response rate was 44%. The average number of contacts during term time (20·0 contacts per day) and holiday periods (12·6 contacts per day) were significantly different (P < 0·05). The dominant contact frequencies and duration were everyday contact (89·10%) and contacts lasting less than 5 minutes (37·09%). The greatest differences occurred within the 13-19 years age groups. The result presented in this study provide an indication of the likely reduction in daily contact frequency that might occur if a school closure policy was adopted in the event of an influenza pandemic in Taiwan. Comparing contact patterns during term time and holiday periods, the number of contacts decreased by 40%. This study is the first research to investigate the contact numbers and contact characteristics for school-age children during the school term and a holiday period in Taiwan. With regard to public health, this study could provide the basic contact information and database for modelling influenza epidemics for minimizing the spread of influenza that depends on personal contacts for transmission.
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Mao L. Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network-An agent-based simulation. APPLIED GEOGRAPHY (SEVENOAKS, ENGLAND) 2014; 50:31-39. [PMID: 32287519 PMCID: PMC7124377 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A typical epidemic often involves the transmission of a disease, the flow of information regarding the disease, and the spread of human preventive behaviors against the disease. These three processes diffuse simultaneously through human social networks, and interact with one another, forming negative and positive feedback loops in the complex human-disease systems. Few studies, however, have been devoted to coupling all the three diffusions together and representing their interactions. To fill the knowledge gap, this article proposes a spatially explicit agent-based model to simulate a triple-diffusion process in a metropolitan area of 1 million people. The individual-based approach, network model, behavioral theories, and stochastic processes are used to formulate the three diffusions and integrate them together. Compared to the observed facts, the model results reasonably replicate the trends of influenza spread and information propagation. The model thus could be a valid and effective tool to evaluate information/behavior-based intervention strategies. Besides its implications to the public health, the research findings also contribute to network modeling, systems science, and medical geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Mao
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117315, 3142 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Smieszek T, Barclay VC, Seeni I, Rainey JJ, Gao H, Uzicanin A, Salathé M. How should social mixing be measured: comparing web-based survey and sensor-based methods. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:136. [PMID: 24612900 PMCID: PMC3984737 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contact surveys and diaries have conventionally been used to measure contact networks in different settings for elucidating infectious disease transmission dynamics of respiratory infections. More recently, technological advances have permitted the use of wireless sensor devices, which can be worn by individuals interacting in a particular social context to record high resolution mixing patterns. To date, a direct comparison of these two different methods for collecting contact data has not been performed. Methods We studied the contact network at a United States high school in the spring of 2012. All school members (i.e., students, teachers, and other staff) were invited to wear wireless sensor devices for a single school day, and asked to remember and report the name and duration of all of their close proximity conversational contacts for that day in an online contact survey. We compared the two methods in terms of the resulting network densities, nodal degrees, and degree distributions. We also assessed the correspondence between the methods at the dyadic and individual levels. Results We found limited congruence in recorded contact data between the online contact survey and wireless sensors. In particular, there was only negligible correlation between the two methods for nodal degree, and the degree distribution differed substantially between both methods. We found that survey underreporting was a significant source of the difference between the two methods, and that this difference could be improved by excluding individuals who reported only a few contact partners. Additionally, survey reporting was more accurate for contacts of longer duration, and very inaccurate for contacts of shorter duration. Finally, female participants tended to report more accurately than male participants. Conclusions Online contact surveys and wireless sensor devices collected incongruent network data from an identical setting. This finding suggests that these two methods cannot be used interchangeably for informing models of infectious disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Smieszek
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Stein ML, van Steenbergen JE, Chanyasanha C, Tipayamongkholgul M, Buskens V, van der Heijden PGM, Sabaiwan W, Bengtsson L, Lu X, Thorson AE, Kretzschmar MEE. Online respondent-driven sampling for studying contact patterns relevant for the spread of close-contact pathogens: a pilot study in Thailand. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85256. [PMID: 24416371 PMCID: PMC3885693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information on social interactions is needed to understand the spread of airborne infections through a population. Previous studies mostly collected egocentric information of independent respondents with self-reported information about contacts. Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a sampling technique allowing respondents to recruit contacts from their social network. We explored the feasibility of webRDS for studying contact patterns relevant for the spread of respiratory pathogens. Materials and Methods We developed a webRDS system for facilitating and tracking recruitment by Facebook and email. One-day diary surveys were conducted by applying webRDS among a convenience sample of Thai students. Students were asked to record numbers of contacts at different settings and self-reported influenza-like-illness symptoms, and to recruit four contacts whom they had met in the previous week. Contacts were asked to do the same to create a network tree of socially connected individuals. Correlations between linked individuals were analysed to investigate assortativity within networks. Results We reached up to 6 waves of contacts of initial respondents, using only non-material incentives. Forty-four (23.0%) of the initially approached students recruited one or more contacts. In total 257 persons participated, of which 168 (65.4%) were recruited by others. Facebook was the most popular recruitment option (45.1%). Strong assortative mixing was seen by age, gender and education, indicating a tendency of respondents to connect to contacts with similar characteristics. Random mixing was seen by reported number of daily contacts. Conclusions Despite methodological challenges (e.g. clustering among respondents and their contacts), applying RDS provides new insights in mixing patterns relevant for close-contact infections in real-world networks. Such information increases our knowledge of the transmission of respiratory infections within populations and can be used to improve existing modelling approaches. It is worthwhile to further develop and explore webRDS for the detection of clusters of respiratory symptoms in social networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart L. Stein
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jim E. van Steenbergen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Vincent Buskens
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. M. van der Heijden
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Wasamon Sabaiwan
- Faculty of Communication Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Linus Bengtsson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Information System and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Anna E. Thorson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirjam E. E. Kretzschmar
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Vanhems P, Barrat A, Cattuto C, Pinton JF, Khanafer N, Régis C, Kim BA, Comte B, Voirin N. Estimating potential infection transmission routes in hospital wards using wearable proximity sensors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73970. [PMID: 24040129 PMCID: PMC3770639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contacts between patients, patients and health care workers (HCWs) and among HCWs represent one of the important routes of transmission of hospital-acquired infections (HAI). A detailed description and quantification of contacts in hospitals provides key information for HAIs epidemiology and for the design and validation of control measures. Methods and Findings We used wearable sensors to detect close-range interactions (“contacts”) between individuals in the geriatric unit of a university hospital. Contact events were measured with a spatial resolution of about 1.5 meters and a temporal resolution of 20 seconds. The study included 46 HCWs and 29 patients and lasted for 4 days and 4 nights. 14,037 contacts were recorded overall, 94.1% of which during daytime. The number and duration of contacts varied between mornings, afternoons and nights, and contact matrices describing the mixing patterns between HCW and patients were built for each time period. Contact patterns were qualitatively similar from one day to the next. 38% of the contacts occurred between pairs of HCWs and 6 HCWs accounted for 42% of all the contacts including at least one patient, suggesting a population of individuals who could potentially act as super-spreaders. Conclusions Wearable sensors represent a novel tool for the measurement of contact patterns in hospitals. The collected data can provide information on important aspects that impact the spreading patterns of infectious diseases, such as the strong heterogeneity of contact numbers and durations across individuals, the variability in the number of contacts during a day, and the fraction of repeated contacts across days. This variability is however associated with a marked statistical stability of contact and mixing patterns across days. Our results highlight the need for such measurement efforts in order to correctly inform mathematical models of HAIs and use them to inform the design and evaluation of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vanhems
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d’Hygiène, Epidémiologie et Prévention, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, laboratoire de Biométrie et de Biologie Evolutive, Equipe Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Barrat
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CPT, UMR 7332, Marseille, France
- Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, UMR 7332, La Garde, France
- Data Science Lab, ISI Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Jean-François Pinton
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5672, Lyon, France
| | - Nagham Khanafer
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d’Hygiène, Epidémiologie et Prévention, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, laboratoire de Biométrie et de Biologie Evolutive, Equipe Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Régis
- Université de Lyon, université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, laboratoire de Biométrie et de Biologie Evolutive, Equipe Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, Lyon, France
| | - Byeul-a Kim
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de gériatrie, Lyon, France
| | - Brigitte Comte
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de gériatrie, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Voirin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d’Hygiène, Epidémiologie et Prévention, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, laboratoire de Biométrie et de Biologie Evolutive, Equipe Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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