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Golomazou E, Mamedova S, Eslahi AV, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170057. [PMID: 38242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant contributor to global foodborne and waterborne disease burden. It is a widespread cause of diarrheal diseases that affect humans and animals worldwide. Agricultural environments can become a source of contamination with Cryptosporidium species through faecal material derived from humans and animals. This review aims to report the main findings of scientific research on Cryptosporidium species related to various agricultural sectors, and highlights the risks of cryptosporidiosis in agricultural production, the contamination sources, the importance of animal production in transmission, and the role of farmed animals as hosts of the parasites. Agricultural contamination sources can cause water pollution in groundwater and different surface waters used for drinking, recreational purposes, and irrigation. The application of contaminated manure, faecal sludge management, and irrigation with inadequately treated water are the main concerns associated with foodborne and waterborne cryptosporidiosis related to agricultural activities. The review emphasizes the public health implications of agriculture concerning the transmission risk of Cryptosporidium parasites and the urgent need for a new concept in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, the findings of this review provide valuable information for developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan & Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Egan S, Barbosa AD, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. Critters and contamination: Zoonotic protozoans in urban rodents and water quality. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121165. [PMID: 38290188 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Rodents represent the single largest group within mammals and host a diverse array of zoonotic pathogens. Urbanisation impacts wild mammals, including rodents, leading to habitat loss but also providing new resources. Urban-adapted (synanthropic) rodents, such as the brown rat (R. norvegicus), black rat (R. rattus), and house mouse (Mus musculus), have long successfully adapted to living close to humans and are known carriers of zoonotic pathogens. Two important enteric, zoonotic protozoan parasites, carried by rodents, include Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Their environmental stages (oocysts/cysts), released in faeces, can contaminate surface and wastewaters, are resistant to common drinking water disinfectants and can cause water-borne related gastritis outbreaks. At least 48 species of Cryptosporidium have been described, with C. hominis and C. parvum responsible for the majority of human infections, while Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B are the main human-infectious assemblages. Molecular characterisation is crucial to assess the public health risk linked to rodent-related water contamination due to morphological overlap between species. This review explores the global molecular diversity of these parasites in rodents, with a focus on evaluating the zoonotic risk from contamination of water and wasterwater with Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts/cysts from synanthropic rodents. Analysis indicates that while zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia are prevalent in farmed and pet rodents, host-specific Cryptosporidium and Giardia species dominate in urban adapted rodents, and therefore the risks posed by these rodents in the transmission of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia are relatively low. Many knowledge gaps remain however, and therefore understanding the intricate dynamics of these parasites in rodent populations is essential for managing their impact on human health and water quality. This knowledge can inform strategies to reduce disease transmission and ensure safe drinking water in urban and peri‑urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhon Egan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Amanda D Barbosa
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Bitilinyu-Bangoh JEV, Riesebosch S, Rebel M, Chiwaya P, Verschoor SP, Voskuijl WP, Schallig HDFH. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in under-five children with diarrhoea in Blantyre, Malawi. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:68. [PMID: 38195415 PMCID: PMC10777657 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-08979-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoeal diseases are common among children in low- and middle-income countries and are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are considered to be the main parasitic causes of diarrhoea in children. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection in children under five years of age presenting at two health centres (Ndirande and Limbe) in Blantyre, Malawi. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed from February to July 2019 and included 972 children under 5 years of age with diarrhoea. Stool samples were immediately tested after collection at enrolment with a rapid diagnostic test for Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the prevalence of these protozoan parasitic infections, and differences in the basic demographic and anthroponotic variables (between children with diarrhoea and parasite infection, being either Cryptosporidium and Giardia or both versus children with diarrhoea but no RDT confirmed parasite infection) were assessed. Their association with Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection was analysed using simple logistic regressions. RESULTS Of the children recruited, 88 (9.1%) tested positive for Cryptosporidium and 184 (18.9%) for Giardia. Children with only a Giardia infection or a coinfection (of both parasites) were significantly older (mean age 24-26 months) compared to children with only a Cryptosporidium infection (mean age 13 months) or no parasitic infection (mean age 14 months). No significant differences were found with respect to gender, body temperature, stunting or wasting between the different groups of children with moderate to severe diarrhoea. Children attending the Ndirande health centre had almost two times higher odds of testing positive for both infections than those attending Limbe health centre. CONCLUSION Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections are highly prevalent in children < 5 years with moderate to severe diarrhoea attending the Limbe and Ndirande health centres in Blantyre, Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E V Bitilinyu-Bangoh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University for Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Public Health Institute of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Samra Riesebosch
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Rebel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Chiwaya
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University for Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Sjoerd P Verschoor
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Global Child Health, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Training Institute Global Health and Tropical Medicine (OIGT), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wieger P Voskuijl
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Global Child Health, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Henk D F H Schallig
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wang P, Zheng L, Liu L, Yu F, Jian Y, Wang R, Zhang S, Zhang L, Ning C, Jian F. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from sheep and goats in China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:361. [PMID: 36175887 PMCID: PMC9524073 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have molecularly characterized the potential zoonotic protozoa, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep and goats in China, therefore total 472 fecal samples were collected from eight provinces and infection rates of three protozoa were determined by PCR analysis of corresponding loci. All PCR positive samples were sequenced to identify the genotype. Results The overall infection rates for Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi were 1.9% (9/472), 20.6% (97/472), and 44.5% (210/472), respectively. C. xiaoi (n = 5), C. ubiquitum (n = 3), and C. anderson (n = 1) were identified in goats. 97 G. duodenalis strains were successfully detected, and assembly E (n = 96) and assembly A (n = 1) were identified. Two novel G. duodenalis multilocus genotype (MLGs) were identified, with one belonging to subgroup AI and the other to subgroup E5. Nine known genotype (BEB6, CD6, CHC8, CHG3, CHG5, Peru6, CHG1, CHG2, and COS-I) and four new genotype (CHG26, CHG27, CHG28, and CHS18) were identified in E. bieneusi, with CHG3 dominant in this group. Conclusions The present results highlight the role of sheep and goats as reservoir hosts for this three gastrointestinal pathogens. In summary, we provided a platform for more detailed research on genotyping or subtyping intestinal pathogens to better understand their risks and modes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Linke Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yichen Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Essendi WM, Muleke C, Miheso M, Otachi E. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium species in Njoro Sub County, Nakuru, Kenya. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:262-271. [PMID: 35299918 PMCID: PMC8901856 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. cause cryptosporidiosis in humans through zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission. Previous studies illustrated the significance of domestic animals as reservoirs of this parasite. Cryptosporidium occurs in Njoro River; a main source of water to humans and animals. However, there is no information on the Cryptosporidium spp. and genotypes circulating in Njoro Sub County. A total of 2174 samples from humans, cattle, chickens, sheep and goats were assessed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. Thirty-three positive samples were subsequently successfully sequenced and compared to Cryptosporidium sequences in the GenBank repository using NCBI's (National Center for Biotechnology Information) online BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) algorithmic program. Sequence alignment was done using the Clustal W program and phylogenetic analysis was executed in MEGA X (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version X). The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Njoro Sub County is 6.99%. Cryptosporidium spp. present in the watershed showed great genetic diversity and nine Cryptosporidium species were recorded: Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium andersoni, Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium xiaoi and Cryptosporidium viatorum. This is the first study to report the presence of C. viatorum in Kenya. Cattle is the major reservoir of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. while goats harbored the lowest number of species. Humans and domestic animals drink the contaminated water from Njoro River, humans are therefore, exposed to a high cryptosporidiosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Muleke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Manfred Miheso
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Food Crops Research Centre Njoro, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Elick Otachi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
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Ryan U, Zahedi A, Feng Y, Xiao L. An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3307. [PMID: 34828043 PMCID: PMC8614385 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric parasite, Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. No effective therapeutics or vaccines are available and therefore control is dependent on understanding transmission dynamics. The development of molecular detection and typing tools has resulted in the identification of a large number of cryptic species and genotypes and facilitated our understanding of their potential for zoonotic transmission. Of the 44 recognised Cryptosporidium species and >120 genotypes, 19 species, and four genotypes have been reported in humans with C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. felis being the most prevalent. The development of typing tools that are still lacking some zoonotic species and genotypes and more extensive molecular epidemiological studies in countries where the potential for transmission is highest are required to further our understanding of this important zoonotic pathogen. Similarly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) are important for more accurately tracking transmission and understanding the mechanisms behind host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6152, Australia;
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6152, Australia;
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.F.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.F.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Ryan UM, Feng Y, Fayer R, Xiao L. Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia - a 50 year perspective (1971-2021). Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1099-1119. [PMID: 34715087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia are significant causes of diarrhoea worldwide and are responsible for numerous waterborne and foodborne outbreaks of diseases. Over the last 50 years, the development of improved detection and typing tools has facilitated the expanding range of named species. Currently at least 44 Cryptosporidium spp. and >120 genotypes, and nine Giardia spp., are recognised. Many of these Cryptosporidium genotypes will likely be described as species in the future. The phylogenetic placement of Cryptosporidium at the genus level is still unclear and further research is required to better understand its evolutionary origins. Zoonotic transmission has long been known to play an important role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, and the development and application of next generation sequencing tools is providing evidence for this. Comparative whole genome sequencing is also providing key information on the genetic mechanisms for host specificity and human infectivity, and will enable One Health management of these zoonotic parasites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una M Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ronald Fayer
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Chen S, Chai Y, Deng L, Liu H, Zhong Z, Fu H, Hu Y, Shen L, Zhou Z, Geng Y, Peng G. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. IN PET DWARF WINTER WHITE RUSSIAN HAMSTERS (PHODOPUS SUNGORIS SUNGORIS) IN CHINA. J Parasitol 2021; 107:770-777. [PMID: 34547101 DOI: 10.1645/20-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. have been identified in a wide range of hosts, such as humans and domestic and wild animals, while less information about the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pet hamsters is documented. A total of 351 dwarf winter white Russian hamsters' fecal specimens were collected from 6 pet markets from the cities of Luzhou and Ziyang in Sichuan province in the southwestern part of China. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. determined with nested-PCR amplification of the partial small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene was 39.32% (138/351). The highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was in pet market 5 (79.49%, 62/78), followed by pet market 6 (38.64%, 17/44). The lowest prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was observed in pet market 3 (14.89%, 7/47). Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. were observed among different pet markets (χ2 = 76.386, df = 5, P < 0.05), and a further post hoc test revealed that only pet market 5 was significantly different from other pet markets. Molecular analysis showed that 4 different Cryptosporidium species or genotypes were identified: Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 127), Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype III (n = 6), Cryptosporidium andersoni (n = 4), and Cryptosporidium wrairi (n = 1). The identification of Cryptosporidium spp. was further tested with the 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene, and the positive rate was 29.7% (41/138). This is the first molecular report on Cryptosporidium spp. infection in dwarf winter white Russian hamsters in China. With C. parvum and C. andersoni being identified in both humans and pet hamsters, these findings suggest that pet hamsters may be potential reservoirs of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yijun Chai
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lei Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yi Geng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
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Omolabi KF, Odeniran PO, Soliman ME. A meta-analysis of Cryptosporidium species in humans from southern Africa (2000-2020). J Parasit Dis 2021; 46:304-316. [PMID: 34421234 PMCID: PMC8371598 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in southern Africa is largely unknown. The disease is associated with diarrhea and nutritional deficiencies, leading to severe morbidity and mortality among immune-compromised patients. This study aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection among immune-compromised humans in southern Africa over the past 20 years. Reports of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in humans published between 2000 and 2020 using Google Scholar, PubMed, Ovid Medline, African Journal Online (AJOL), and Web of Science literature databases were obtained. Inclusion criteria of sorted articles for Cryptosporidium spp. infection were standardized using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A total of 22 eligible studies were sorted for meta-analysis. Overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in southern African countries with reports was 16.8% (95% CI 9.7-25.3). Sub-group analysis showed a pooled prevalence of 25.2, 20.5, and 17.9% among HIV/AIDS patients, children, and diarrhoeic individuals, respectively. Pooled prevalence was highest in South Africa and lowest in Zimbabwe across examined individuals. The pooled prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infections in diarrhoeic patients was highest in individuals from Botswana (17.6%) which is significantly different (Χ 2 = 9.337; P = 0.002) from South Africans (12.7%). South African individuals with HIV/AIDS showed the highest pooled prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections than other countries. The high prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infections among immune-compromised patients in southern Africa showed that the pathogen is of significant importance in this region. Continuous studies on the genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolates and associated risk factors are needed across southern Africa to identify the predominant subtypes in humans. Graphic abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12639-021-01436-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Foluke Omolabi
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001 South Africa
| | - Paul Olalekan Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001 South Africa
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Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/2/e00087-19. [PMID: 33627442 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00087-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important causes of moderate to severe diarrhea and diarrhea-related mortality in children under 2 years of age in low- and middle-income countries. In recent decades, genotyping and subtyping tools have been used in epidemiological studies of human cryptosporidiosis. Results of these studies suggest that higher genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. is present in humans in these countries at both species and subtype levels and that anthroponotic transmission plays a major role in human cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium hominis is the most common Cryptosporidium species in humans in almost all the low- and middle-income countries examined, with five subtype families (namely, Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and If) being commonly found in most regions. In addition, most Cryptosporidium parvum infections in these areas are caused by the anthroponotic IIc subtype family rather than the zoonotic IIa subtype family. There is geographic segregation in Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes, as revealed by multilocus subtyping. Concurrent and sequential infections with different Cryptosporidium species and subtypes are common, as immunity against reinfection and cross protection against different Cryptosporidium species are partial. Differences in clinical presentations have been observed among Cryptosporidium species and C. hominis subtypes. These observations suggest that WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene)-based interventions should be implemented to prevent and control human cryptosporidiosis in low- and middle-income countries.
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Peng H, Tang L, Wu C, Li J, Tao L, Li C, Chen Z, Xie Y. Recombinant Expression And Indirect ELISA For COWP And HSP70 Proteins From Cryptosporidium andersoni. Acta Trop 2021; 214:105767. [PMID: 33245908 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. infect cattle at a high rates, and reduce milk production. Cryptosporidiosis has caused economic losses for the dairy industry. Studies in Western countries have shown that Cryptosporidium can also infect humans. Therefore, the development of methods for the early detection of Cryptosporidium is an important public health objective. Total RNA isolated from C. andersoni was used as template for generating cDNA encoding the COWP and HSP70 proteins. The recombinant plasmid, pET-32a(+)-COWP-HSP70, was constructed by double digestion and subcloning. The expression of the three recombinant proteins was induced in Escherichia coli BL21 using isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The antigenicity of the recombinant proteins was examined using western blotting and indirect ELISA. The identities of the COWP fusion protein (CFP), HSP70 fusion protein (HFP), and COWP-HSP70 fusion protein (CHFP) were confirmed by BLAST searches of known sequences in GenBank respectively. The ELISA and western blot analyses indicated that all three of the proteins were highly immunogenic and antigenic. An indirect ELISA method was developed using the three recombinant proteins as coating antigens for the analysis of 40 clinical samples. The results showed that CHFP was the best candidate antigen for clinical testing, with a detection rate of 100%, compared with general parasitological screening. Above of all, the recombinant CHFP protein represents the best candidate antigen among three ones for detecting anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies in clinical samples. The development of the indirect ELISA lays the foundation for further research in immunodiagnosis and disease prevention of cryptosporidiosis.
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Wu Y, Gong B, Liu X, Jiang Y, Cao J, Yao L, Li H, Liu A, Shen Y. Identification of Uncommon Cryptosporidium viatorum (a Novel Subtype XVcA2G1c) and Cryptosporidium andersoni as Well as Common Giardia duodenalis Assemblages A and B in Humans in Myanmar. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:614053. [PMID: 33324584 PMCID: PMC7724083 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.614053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two important zoonotic intestinal protozoa responsible for diarrheal diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Feces from infected hosts, water and food contaminated by Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts as well as predictors such as poverty have been involved in their transmission. Myanmar is one of the world’s most impoverished countries. To date, there are few epidemiological studies of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in humans. To understand the prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in humans in Myanmar, a molecular epidemiological investigation of the two protozoa was conducted in four villages of Shan State. 172 fecal specimens were collected from Wa people (one each) and identified for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis by sequence analysis of their respective small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. 1.74% of investigated people were infected with Cryptosporidium spp.—C. andersoni (n = 2) and C. viatorum (n = 1) while 11.05% infected with G. duodenalis—assemblages A (n = 6) and B (n = 13). By sequence analysis of 60-kDa glycoprotein gene, the C. viatorum isolate belonged to a novel subtype XVcA2G1c. DNA preparations positive for G. duodenalis were further subtyped. Five of them were amplified and sequenced successfully: different assemblage B sequences (n = 2) at the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) locus; sub-assemblage AII sequence (n = 1) and identical assemblage B sequences (n = 2) at the β-giardin (bg) locus. This is the first molecular epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in humans in Myanmar at both genotype and subtype levels. Due to unclear transmission patterns and dynamics of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis, future research effort should focus on molecular epidemiological investigations of the two parasites in humans and animals living in close contact in the investigated areas, even in whole Myanmar. These data will aid in making efficient control strategies to intervene with and prevent occurrence of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baiyan Gong
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
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Robertson LJ, Johansen ØH, Kifleyohannes T, Efunshile AM, Terefe G. Cryptosporidium Infections in Africa-How Important Is Zoonotic Transmission? A Review of the Evidence. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:575881. [PMID: 33195574 PMCID: PMC7580383 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.575881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa, is the etiological agent of cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal infection characterized by profuse watery diarrhea. Over 30 species of Cryptosporidium are recognized, some host specific whereas others infect a broader host range. Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are the species most commonly associated with human infection; C. hominis is largely associated only with human infections, but C. parvum is also associated with infection in animals, especially young ruminants. In some regions, cryptosporidiosis is a serious veterinary problem, particularly for calves, and lambs. Many outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis have been associated with zoonotic transmission following contact with infected animals. In Africa, where cryptosporidiosis is a major contributor to pediatric morbidity and mortality, evidence suggests transmission is principally anthroponotic. Given the frequent close contact between humans and animals in Africa, the apparent predominance of human-to-human transmission is both interesting and puzzling. In this article, after a brief "text book" introduction to the parasite, we consider in separate sections the different aspects of relevance to Cryptosporidium transmission in African countries, describing different aspects of the various species and subtypes in human and animal infections, considering livestock management practices in different African countries, and looking for any characteristic "hot spots" where zoonotic transmission has apparently occurred. Studies where transmission networks have been investigated are particularly relevant. Finally, in a separate section, we try to gather these different strands of evidence together in order to assess the reasons behind the apparent predominance of anthroponotic transmission in Africa. Reviewing the available evidence provides an opportunity to re-think transmission pathways, not only in Africa but also elsewhere, and also to pose questions. Does the predominance of human-to-human transmission in Africa reflect a relative absence of zoonotic C. parvum in African livestock? Are Africans less susceptible to zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection, perhaps resulting from early immunostimulation by C. hominis or due to inherent genetic traits? Is the African environment-in all its variety-simply more detrimental to oocyst survival? Will the so-called hypertransmissible subtypes, currently relatively rare in Africa, be introduced from Europe or elsewhere, and, if so, will they fade out or establish and spread? Our intention with this manuscript is not only to summarize and consolidate diverse data, thereby providing an overview of data gaps, but also to provide food for thought regarding transmission of a parasite that continues to have a considerable impact on both human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J. Robertson
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Haarklau Johansen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Tsegabirhan Kifleyohannes
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Veterinary Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Akinwale Michael Efunshile
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Getachew Terefe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Zahedi A, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium – An update with an emphasis on foodborne and waterborne transmission. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:500-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are ubiquitous protozoan parasites that infect a broad range of vertebrate hosts, including domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Both parasites are of medical and veterinary importance. Infections with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in ruminants are associated with diarrhea outbreaks, mainly in young animals. Ruminants are potential sources of infection for humans because some species of Cryptosporidium and assemblages of Giardia duodenalis have been isolated from both ruminants and humans. Knowledge of these parasites has greatly expanded in the last 2 decades from simple microscopic observations of organisms to the knowledge acquired from molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, BARC-East, Building 173, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Liu A, Gong B, Liu X, Shen Y, Wu Y, Zhang W, Cao J. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of human Cryptosporidium infection in China during the past three decades (1987-2018). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008146. [PMID: 32226011 PMCID: PMC7145189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging infectious disease of public health significance worldwide. The burden of disease caused by Cryptosporidium varies between and within countries/areas. To have a comprehensive understanding of epidemiological status and characteristics of human Cryptosporidium infection in China since the first report in 1987, a retrospective epidemiological analysis was conducted by presenting differences in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium by province, year, population, living environment and season and possible transmission routes and risk factors as well as genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium in humans. Methodology/Principal findings A systematic search was conducted to obtain epidemiological papers of human Cryptosporidium infection/cryptosporidiosis from PubMed and Chinese databases. Finally, 164 papers were included in our analysis. At least 200,054 people from 27 provinces were involved in investigational studies of Cryptosporidium, with an average prevalence of 2.97%. The prevalence changed slightly over time. Variable prevalences were observed: 0.65–11.15% by province, 1.89–47.79% by population, 1.77–12.87% and 0–3.70% in rural and urban areas, respectively. The prevalence peak occurred in summer or autumn. Indirect person-to-person transmission was documented in one outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a pediatric hospital. 263 Cryptosporidium isolates were obtained, and seven Cryptosporidium species were identified: C. hominis (48.3%), C. andersoni (22.43%), C. parvum (16.7%), C. meleagridis (8.36%), C. felis (3.04%), C. canis (0.76%) and C. suis (0.38%). Conclusions/Significances This systematic review reflects current epidemiological status and characteristics of Cryptosporidium in humans in China. These data will be helpful to develop efficient control strategies to intervene with and prevent occurrence of human Cryptosporidium infection/cryptosporidiosis in China as well as have a reference effect to other countries. Further studies should focus on addressing a high frequency of C. andersoni in humans and a new challenge with respect to cryptosporidiosis with an increasing population of elderly people and patients with immunosuppressive diseases. Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans globally. Due to the lack of effective drug treatment and vaccine prevention against cryptosporidiosis, it is particularly important to develop efficient control strategies to intervene with and prevent Cryptosporidium infection in humans. The present review presented and analyzed epidemiological status and characteristics of Cryptosporidium infection in humans in China since the first report in 1987. To date, epidemiological investigations of Cryptosporidium infecion have been carried out in different populations in 27 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. Average prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 2.97% (5,933/200,054). Like other infectious disease, due to poor sanitation conditions in rural areas, people living in rural areas had a significantly higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium (1.77–12.87%) than those living in urban areas (0–3.70%). Seven Cryptosporidium species were identified, including C. hominis, C. andersoni, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. felis, C. canis and C. suis. This retrospective epidemiological analysis indicates wide geographical distribution of human Cryptosporidium infection/cryptosporidiosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail: (AL); (JC)
| | - Baiyan Gong
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Center`for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchen Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Center`for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (AL); (JC)
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17
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Wang SN, Sun Y, Zhou HH, Lu G, Qi M, Liu WS, Zhao W. Prevalence and genotypic identification of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in captive Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in Heilongjiang and Fujian provinces of China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:84. [PMID: 32151253 PMCID: PMC7063761 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are two important pathogens with zoonotic potential that cause enteric infections in a wide range of hosts, including humans. Both are transmitted from animals to humans by direct contact or through contaminated equipment. Bears are frequently found in Chinese zoos as ornamental animals as well as farmed as commercial animals, and are therefore in close contact with zoo- or farm-keepers, but the prevalence and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi in bears is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to provide data on the occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi in Asiatic black bears from Heilongjiang and Fujian, China. From May 2015 to December 2017, 218 fresh fecal specimens were collected from captive Asiatic black bears in Heilongjiang (n = 36) and Fujian (n = 182), China. Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi were examined by PCR amplification of the partial small subunit of ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, respectively. C. andersoni-positive isolates were subtyped through PCR analysis of the four minisatellite/microsatellite (MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16) loci. RESULTS The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi were 2.4% (4/218) and 6.4% (14/218), respectively, with 2.8% (1/36) and 22.2% (8/36) in the Heilongjiang Province, and 1.6% (3/182) and 3.3% (6/182) in the Fujian Province. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium species: C. andersoni (n = 3) and a genotype termed Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV (n = 1). All three identified C. andersoni belonged to the MLST subtype A4, A4, A4, A1. Two known E. bieneusi genotypes D (n = 4) and SC02 (n = 10) were identified, both of which belong to zoonotic Group 1. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of C. andersoni and Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV in bears. The discovery of the zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi genotype D in bears highlights its significant zoonotic potential and potential threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Wang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,The Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute of HaiBei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Xining, 810299, HaiBei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Wei-Shi Liu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China. .,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China. .,Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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18
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Bitilinyu-Bangoh J, Voskuijl W, Thitiri J, Menting S, Verhaar N, Mwalekwa L, de Jong DB, van Loenen M, Mens PF, Berkley JA, Bandsma RHJ, Schallig HDFH. Performance of three rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in children with severe acute malnutrition and diarrhoea. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:96. [PMID: 31775877 PMCID: PMC6882336 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is significant need for accurate diagnostic tools for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis infections in resource limited countries where diarrhoeal disease caused by these parasites is often prevalent. The present study assessed the diagnostic performance of three commercially available rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) based on faecal-antigen detection for Cryptosporidium spp. and/or G. duodenalis infections in stool samples of children admitted with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and diarrhoea. An established multiplex PCR was used as reference test. Methods Stool samples from children with SAM and diarrhoea enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (registered at clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02246296) in Malawi (n = 175) and Kenya (n = 120) between December 2014 and December 2015 were analysed by a multiplex PCR for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis or Entamoeba histolytica parasite DNA. Cryptosporidium-positive samples were species typed using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. A sub-sample of the stool specimens (n = 236) was used for testing with three different RDTs. Diagnostic accuracy of the tests under evaluation was assessed using the results of PCR as reference standard using MedCalc software. Pearson Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to determine (significant) difference between the number of cryptosporidiosis or giardiasis cases found by PCR in Malawi and Kenya. The overall diagnostic accuracy of each RDT was calculated by plotting a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for each test and to determine the area under the curve (AUC) using SPSS8 software. Results Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. by PCR was 20.0 and 21.7% in Malawi and Kenya respectively, mostly C. hominis. G. duodenalis prevalence was 23.4 and 5.8% in Malawi and Kenya respectively. E. histolytica was not detected by PCR. RDT testing followed the same pattern of prevalence. RDT sensitivities ranged for cryptosporidiosis from 42.9 to 76.9% and for G. duodenalis from 48.2 to 85.7%. RDT specificities ranged from 88.4 to 100% for Cryptosporidium spp. and from 91.2 to 99.2% for G. duodenalis infections. Based on the estimated area under the curve (AUC) values, all tests under evaluation had an acceptable overall diagnostic accuracy (> 0.7), with the exception of one RDT for Cryptosporidium spp. in Malawi. Conclusions All three RDTs for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis evaluated in this study have a moderate sensitivity, but sufficient specificity. The main value of the RDTs is within their rapidness and their usefulness as screening assays in surveys for diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bitilinyu-Bangoh
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Wieger Voskuijl
- College of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.,Global Child Health Group, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Thitiri
- The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya.,KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sandra Menting
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Verhaar
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daisy B de Jong
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merlin van Loenen
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra F Mens
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James A Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya.,KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robert H J Bandsma
- The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya.,Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Henk D F H Schallig
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Jones TPW, Hart JD, Kalua K, Bailey RL. A prevalence survey of enteral parasites in preschool children in the Mangochi District of Malawi. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:838. [PMID: 31604429 PMCID: PMC6956491 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminthic and protozoan infections are common, particularly in low- or middle-income countries. Although an association between parasite carriage and markers of poor growth have been shown in some studies, systematic reviews have suggested only a modest impact of clearing carriage. The prevalence of these pathogens and the effect that they have on growth in preschool children has never been investigated in Malawi. METHODS One hundred ninety-three children aged 0-72 months were randomly recruited from rural villages in the Mangochi district of Malawi. Formol-ether concentration was performed on stool and the samples examined with a light microscope. Anthropometric data was taken for each child and the haemoglobin measured with a point of care test. RESULTS The mean age of the children was 2 years 4 months. Overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 37.3%. Protozoa were found in 28.5% of children, while helminths were found in 8.8%. The most commonly found organisms were Giardia lambia (12.4%), Entamoeba coli (10.4%) and Hookworm species (3.6%). Stunting was seen in 47.8% of children, 12.9% were underweight and 5.0% were wasted. No significant association was found between markers of poor growth and infection with any intestinal parasite. CONCLUSIONS We found that prevalence of helminth infection was low in preschool children living in the Mangochi district compared to international standards. However a significant proportion of the preschool population are infected with protozoa, particularly Giardia lambia. In this cohort, despite a significant prevalence of stunting, helminth infection was not significantly associated with any markers of poor growth. The significance of protozoal carriage and contribution to growth restriction in this context creates further avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. W. Jones
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG UK
| | - John D. Hart
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Khumbo Kalua
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, P.O. Box E180, Blantyre, Malawi
- Blantyre Institute for Community Ophthalmology, Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, P.O. Box E180, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
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Nyangulu W, Van Voorhis W, Iroh Tam PY. Evaluating respiratory cryptosporidiosis in pediatric diarrheal disease: protocol for a prospective, observational study in Malawi. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:728. [PMID: 31426759 PMCID: PMC6701119 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is among the most common causes of severe diarrhea in African children 0–23 months old. It is associated with excess mortality, stunting and malnutrition. The most common manifestation of cryptosporidium is intestinal diarrheal disease. However, respiratory cryptosporidiosis has been documented in up to a third of children presenting with diarrhea. It is unclear whether respiratory involvement is a transient phenomenon or a reservoir for gastrointestinal (GI) disease. This study aims to evaluate the role of respiratory cryptosporidiosis in pediatric diarrheal disease. Methods This is a prospective, observational study conducted at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) in Blantyre, Malawi. Young children aged 2–24 months hospitalized with diarrhea will be enrolled. Enrolled children will have induced sputum, nasopharyngeal (NP) swab and stool samples collected. All participants positive for cryptosporidium on sputum/NP/stool PCR testing will be followed up fortnightly after discharge from the hospital up to 8 weeks post-discharge. Sputum/NP/stool sample collection will be done at each visit. The primary outcomes will be presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in sputum/NP/stool. The secondary outcome will be presence of respiratory and GI symptoms, mortality and stunting. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Malawi College of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (COMREC) and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM) research ethics committee. Discussion The study began recruitment activities at QECH in February 2019. The protocol allows for expansion of recruitment to secondary sites within Blantyre and Chikwawa districts in the event that targets are not met at QECH. Study recruitment is expected to continue until early 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongani Nyangulu
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | | | - Pui-Ying Iroh Tam
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Mackinnon E, Ayah R, Taylor R, Owor M, Ssempebwa J, Olago LD, Kubalako R, Dia AT, Gaye C, C Campos L, Fottrell E. 21st century research in urban WASH and health in sub-Saharan Africa: methods and outcomes in transition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:457-478. [PMID: 30545246 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1550193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tackling global inequalities in access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) remains an urgent issue - 58% of annual diarrhoeal deaths are caused by inadequate WASH provision. A global context of increasing urbanisation, changing demographics and health transitions demands an understanding and impact of WASH on a broad set of health outcomes. We examine the literature, in terms of health outcomes, considering WASH access and interventions in urban sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2017. Our review of studies which evaluate the effectiveness of specific WASH interventions, reveals an emphasis of WASH research on acute communicable diseases, particularly diarrhoeal diseases. In contrast, chronic communicable and non-communicable health outcomes were notable gaps in the literature as well as a lack of focus on cross-cutting issues, such as ageing, well-being and gender equality. We recommend a broader focus of WASH research and interventions in urban Africa to better reflect the demographic and health transitions happening. Abbreviations: CBA: Controlled Before and After; GSD: Government Service Delivery; IWDSSD: International Drinking-Water, Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD); KAP: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices; IBD: Irritable Bowel Diseases; MDG: Millennium Development Goals; NTD: Neglected Tropical Diseases; PSSD: Private Sector Service Delivery; SDG: Sustainable Development Goals; SSA: Sub Saharan Africa; SODIS: Solar Disinfection System; STH: Soil Transmitted Helminths; RCT: Randomised Control Trial; WASH: Water Sanitation and Hygiene; WHO: World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Mackinnon
- a Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Richard Ayah
- b Faculty of Science Engineering and Health , Daystar University Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Richard Taylor
- c Department of Geography , University College London , London , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Michael Owor
- d Department of Geology and Petroleum Studies , Makerere University , Kampala , Uganda
| | - John Ssempebwa
- e College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences , Makerere University , Kampala , Uganda
| | - L Daniel Olago
- b Faculty of Science Engineering and Health , Daystar University Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Robinah Kubalako
- e College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences , Makerere University , Kampala , Uganda
| | - Anta Tal Dia
- f Department of Geology, FST , Universite Cheikh Anta Diop , Dakar , Senegal
| | - Cheikh Gaye
- f Department of Geology, FST , Universite Cheikh Anta Diop , Dakar , Senegal
| | - Luiza C Campos
- a Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Edward Fottrell
- g University College, London Institute of Global Health , London , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Cryptosporidium infection in rural Gambian children: Epidemiology and risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007607. [PMID: 31348795 PMCID: PMC6685629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is a major pathogen associated with diarrheal disease in young children. We studied Cryptosporidium diarrhea in children enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in rural Gambia. Methods We recruited children <5 years of age with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) for 3 years (2008–2010), and children with either MSD or less severe diarrhea (LSD) for one year (November 2011-November 2012) at sentinel health centers. One or more randomly selected controls were matched to each case. Stool samples were tested to identify Cryptosporidium by immunoassay. A subset of randomly selected case-controls pairs were tested for Cryptosporidium species. We investigated the epidemiology of, and evaluated possible risk factors for, Cryptosporidium-positive diarrhea. Results We enrolled 1938 cases (1381 MSD, 557 LSD) and 2969 matched controls; 231/1929 (12.0%) of diarrhea cases and 141/2962 (4.8%) of controls were positive for Cryptosporidium. Most Cryptosporidium diarrhea cases (85.7%, 198/231) were aged 6–23 months, and most (81.4%, 188/231) occurred during the rainy season. Cryptosporidium hominis (C. hominis) was the predominant (82.6%) species. We found associations between increased risk of Cryptosporidium-positive MSD or LSD, or both, with consumption of stored drinking water and certain animals living in the compound—cow, cat (MSD only) and rodents (LSD only). Larger households, fowl living in the compound, and the presence of Giardia infection were associated with decreased risk of Cryptosporidium MSD and LSD. Conclusion Cryptosporidium-positive diarrhea is prevalent in this setting, especially at 6–23 months of age. The preponderance of Cryptosporidium infection in the rainy season and increased risk of Cryptosporidium-positive diarrhea with consumption of stored drinking water suggest water-borne transmission. Further investigation is needed to clarify the role of animals and contamination of stored drinking water in Cryptosporidium transmission. Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, is one of the most common diarrheal pathogens in young children living in developing countries. We describe the prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium diarrhea in under-five children in The Gambia using data from the Global Enteric Study (GEMS), conducted in seven developing countries in Asia and Africa (2008–2012). We enrolled 1938 diarrhea cases and 2969 matched controls. We found that 12.0% of diarrhea cases and 4.8% controls were positive for Cryptosporidium. Most (85.7%) Cryptosporidium diarrhea cases were aged 6–23 months, and most (81.4%) occurred during the rainy season. Cryptosporidium hominis was the predominant species (82.6%). We found that consumption of stored drinking water and animals (cow, cat, rodents) living in the compound are potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium diarrhea. Improved drinking water storage may reduce the burden of Cryptosporidium diarrhea in a resource poor hygienic and sanitation setting.
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23
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Multiplex Real-time PCR Detection of Intestinal Protozoa in HIV-infected Children in Malawi: Enterocytozoon Bieneusi Is Common and Associated With Gastrointestinal Complaints and May Delay BMI (Nutritional Status) Recovery. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:910-915. [PMID: 29762365 PMCID: PMC6093278 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal protozoa are common opportunistic infections in HIV patients. Longitudinal studies on either the clinical relevance or the effect of immune reconstitution by antiretroviral therapy on intestinal protozoan infections in children are lacking however. This study investigates prevalence and clinical relevance of intestinal protozoa in HIV-infected Malawian children before and during their first year of antiretroviral treatment (ART). METHODS Stool samples collected at enrolment and during follow-up were tested for nonopportunistic (Giardia lamblia, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica) and opportunistic protozoa (Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli) using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. Associations between infections and clinical symptoms were evaluated using univariate methods. RESULTS Nonopportunistic and opportunistic protozoa were detected in 40% (14/35) and 46% (16/35) of children at baseline, respectively. E. bieneusi was the most prevalent protozoa (37%, 13/35) and associated with gastrointestinal complaints (43% in positive (10/13) versus 18% (4/22) in E. bieneusi-negative children, P = 0.001. Body mass index recovery during 12 months of ART was more commonly delayed in E. bieneusi-positive children (+0.29 +standard deviation 0.83) than E. bieneusi-negative children (+1.03 +standard deviation 1.25; P = 0.05). E. bieneusi was not detected after 12 months of ART. CONCLUSIONS E. bieneusi was the most prevalent opportunistic intestinal protozoa, present in over a third of study participants before initiation of ART. Although all children cleared E. bieneusi after 12 months of ART, E. bieneusi was associated with gastrointestinal complaints and may delay body mass index recovery. Trials to assess effect of treatment of E. bieneusi on nutritional status should be considered in HIV-infected African children.
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Adeyemo FE, Singh G, Reddy P, Stenström TA. Methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia: From microscopy to nucleic acid based tools in clinical and environmental regimes. Acta Trop 2018; 184:15-28. [PMID: 29395034 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection and characterization of genotypes and sub genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for their enumeration, surveillance, prevention, and control. Different diagnostic methods are available for the analysis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia including conventional phenotypic tools that face major limitations in the specific diagnosis of these protozoan parasites. The substantial advancement in the development of genetic signature based molecular tools for the quantification, diagnosis and genetic variation analysis has increased the understanding of the epidemiology and preventive measures of related infections. The conventional methods such as microscopy, antibody and enzyme based approaches, offer better detection results when combined with advanced molecular methods. Gene based approaches increase the precision of identification, for example, many signatures detected in environmental matrices represent species/genotype that are not infectious to humans. This review summarizes the available methods and the advantages and limitations of advance detection techniques like nucleic acid-based approaches for the detection of viable oocysts and cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia along with the conventional and widely accepted detection techniques like microscopy, antibody and enzyme based ones. This technical article also encourages the wide application of molecular methods in genetic characterization of distinct species of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, to adopt necessary preventive measures with reliable identification and mapping the source of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folasade Esther Adeyemo
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Gulshan Singh
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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25
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Mosnier E, Martin N, Razakandrainibe R, Dalle F, Roux G, Buteux A, Favennec L, Brousse P, Guarmit B, Blanchet D, Epelboin L, Girouin C, Martin E, Djossou F, Nacher M, Demar M. Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak in Immunocompetent Children from a Remote Area of French Guiana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1727-1732. [PMID: 29692312 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2014, an increase in the number of Cryptosporidium spp. gastrointestinal tract infections was reported over a 6-month period among children living in a remote area along the Maroni River in French Guiana. Children presented gastroenteritis symptoms with Cryptosporidium-positive stools. Questionnaires were administered and stool examinations were controlled 3 months after the onset of symptoms. Data collection included demographics, food consumption, river behavior, symptoms, and outcome. Stool specimens were tested using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Samples from the water systems were examined for turbidity and culture for bacteria. Data from the reference laboratory were analyzed to calculate the median cryptosporidiosis incidence among immunocompetent patients from 2008 to 2015. Data on gastroenteritis cases reported by the Delocalized Center for Prevention and Care in the area were also collected. We report a cluster of 14 cases. All cases were children, aged between 4.5 and 38 months. Seven reported moderate to severe dehydration and required hospitalization. Speciation and microbiological typing revealed the cluster strain was Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2 but C. hominis IbA9G2 and IbA15G1 strains were also identified. The median incidence in French Guiana was 5.8 cases per year before the outbreak. The first cases of the cluster appeared in the dry season. We describe the clinical features, epidemiology, and state of current investigations for the largest documented outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in French Guiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mosnier
- Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Noémie Martin
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne/AgrSup, Dijon, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Guillaume Roux
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Arnaud Buteux
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Loïc Favennec
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Paul Brousse
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Basma Guarmit
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Denis Blanchet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | | | - Elise Martin
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Félix Djossou
- Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane, France.,Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
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26
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Ghafari R, Rafiei A, Tavalla M, Moradi Choghakabodi P, Nashibi R, Rafiei R. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species isolated from HIV/AIDS patients in southwest of Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 56:39-44. [PMID: 29406282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and species of Cryptosporidium among HIV/AIDS patients in southwest of Iran. Two hundred fifty faecal samples from HIV patients were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts using a conventional coproscopic approach. Such oocysts were detected in 18 (7.2%) out of 250 faecal samples. Genomic DNAs from 250 samples were then subjected to a nested-PCR-RFLP technique targeting different loci of 18S rRNA gene for species identification. Out of 250 samples, 27 (10.8%) were positive for different Cryptosporidium spp; Restriction patterns resulting from the digestion of the nested amplicon with restriction endonucleases VspI and SspI showed that C. parvum (70.38%) was the most prevalent species, followed by C. hominis (25.92%) and C. meleagridis (3.7%), respectively. The mean CD4+ T-cell count was 215 cells/μL. There was a strong association between cryptosporidiosis and CD4+ T-cell count (P = 0.000) with the highest prevalence recorded among patients with CD4+ T-cell count < 200 cells/μL. This confirms that there is a low opportunity for this parasite to get established as the patients CD4+ T-cell count increases. Also HIV infection increased the risk of having Cryptosporidium. Our epidemiological findings are useful for any preventive intervention to control disease diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghafari
- Department of Parasitology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Rafiei
- Department of Parasitology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tavalla
- Department of Parasitology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Rohangez Nashibi
- Department of infectious Diseases, Razi Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Rafiei
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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27
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Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Xiao L. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:1-12. [PMID: 29122606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illness, the majority of which is caused by enteric infectious agents, costs global economies billions of dollars each year. The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is particularly suited to foodborne transmission and is responsible for >8 million cases of foodborne illness annually. Procedures have been developed for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts on fresh produce and molecular diagnostic assays have been widely used in case linkages and infection source tracking, especially during outbreak investigations. The integrated use of advanced diagnostic techniques with conventional epidemiological studies is essential to improve our understanding of the occurrence, source and epidemiology of foodborne cryptosporidiosis. The implementation of food safety management tools such as Good Hygienic Practices (GHP), Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) in industrialised nations and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in developing countries is central for prevention and control and foodborne cryptosporidiosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Nawal Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, PO Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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28
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Zahedi A, Durmic Z, Gofton AW, Kueh S, Austen J, Lawson M, Callahan L, Jardine J, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium homai n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiiae) from the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Vet Parasitol 2017; 245:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Xiao L, Feng Y. Molecular epidemiologic tools for waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2017; 8-9:14-32. [PMID: 32095639 PMCID: PMC7034008 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tools have played an important role in improving our understanding of the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, which are two of the most important waterborne parasites in industrialized nations. Genotyping tools are frequently used in the identification of host-adapted Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis assemblages, allowing the assessment of infection sources in humans and public health potential of parasites found in animals and the environment. In contrast, subtyping tools are more often used in case linkages, advanced tracking of infections sources, and assessment of disease burdens attributable to anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission. More recently, multilocus typing tools have been developed for population genetic characterizations of transmission dynamics and delineation of mechanisms for the emergence of virulent subtypes. With the recent development in next generation sequencing techniques, whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis are increasingly used in characterizing Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. The use of these tools in epidemiologic studies has identified significant differences in the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans between developing countries and industrialized nations, especially the role of zoonotic transmission in human infection. Geographic differences are also present in the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in humans. In contrast, there is little evidence for widespread zoonotic transmission of giardiasis in both developing and industrialized countries. Differences in virulence have been identified among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes, and possibly between G. duodenalis assemblages A and B, and genetic recombination has been identified as one mechanism for the emergence of virulent C. hominis subtypes. These recent advances are providing insight into the epidemiology of waterborne protozoan parasites in both developing and developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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30
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Local and global genetic diversity of protozoan parasites: Spatial distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005736. [PMID: 28704362 PMCID: PMC5526614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are recognized as significant enteric diseases due to their long-term health effects in humans and their economic impact in agriculture and medical care. Molecular analysis is essential to identify species and genotypes causing these infectious diseases and provides a potential tool for monitoring. This study uses information on species and genetic variants to gain insights into the geographical distribution and spatial patterns of Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites. Here, we describe the population heterogeneity of genotypic groups within Cryptosporidium and Giardia present in New Zealand using gp60 and gdh markers to compare the observed variation with other countries around the globe. Four species of Cryptosporidium (C. hominis, C. parvum, C. cuniculus and C. erinacei) and one species of Giardia (G. intestinalis) were identified. These species have been reported worldwide and there are not unique Cryptosporidium gp60 subtype families and Giardiagdh assemblages in New Zealand, most likely due to high gene flow of historical and current human activity (travel and trade) and persistence of large host population sizes. The global analysis revealed that genetic variants of these pathogens are widely distributed. However, genetic variation is underestimated by data biases (e.g. neglected submission of sequences to genetic databases) and low sampling. New genotypes are likely to be discovered as sampling efforts increase according to accumulation prediction analyses, especially for C. parvum. Our study highlights the need for greater sampling and archiving of genotypes globally to allow comparative analyses that help understand the population dynamics of these protozoan parasites. Overall our study represents a comprehensive overview for exploring local and global protozoan genotype diversity and advances our understanding of the importance for surveillance and potential risk associated with these infectious diseases. Infectious diseases threaten the health and well-being of wildlife, livestock and human populations and contribute to significant economic impact in agriculture and medical care. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are enteric protozoan pathogens that cause diarrhea and nutritional disorders on a global level. Using molecular analysis and a review framework we showed that species and genetic variants within genera Cryptosporidium and Giardia (including two species recently infecting humans) found in an island system are not different from other parts of the world. This similarity is likely due to high gene flow of historical and current human activity (travel and trade) and persistence of large host population sizes, such as cattle and people. We also show that, although species and genotypes are widely distributed, new variants will arise when sampling effort increase and their dispersal will be facilitated by human activity. These findings suggest that geographical distribution of species and genotypes within Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites may yield important clues for designing effective surveillance strategies and identification of factors driving within and cross species transmission.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Cryptosporidium spp. is a zoonotic infection, now being recognized as a significant cause of diarrhea in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. However, there still exist significant knowledge gaps in its estimated global burden, epidemiology, diagnosis and management. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A semi-systematic search was performed across PubMed to select studies on epidemiological burden of cryptosporidium diarrhea using the following keywords- ['crytosporidiosis' OR 'cryptosporidium'] AND ['diarrhea' OR 'diarrhoea']. Articles were included if participants were 'Humans', belonged to pediatric (0-18 y) age group, and were published after 1990. The results were compiled separately for acute and persistent diarrhea. RESULTS Cryptosporidium spp is commonly detected in stools of both cases (acute/ persistent diarrhea) and asymptomatic controls. The prevalence is higher in children with diarrhea than non-diarrheal controls (1.7-35% vs 0.3-15%); varying widely across different studies. The positivity rate is higher in younger children (<2 years) suffering from diarrhea. The main symptoms associated with cryptosporidiosis include fever, vomiting and abdominal pain with propensity for prolonged duration of diarrhea. It predisposes to malnutrition, which is also a risk factor for cryptosporidiosis. The prevalence is higher in HIV positive patients; certain socio-demographic factors play a more important role than mere geographical distribution for infection. CONCLUSION The high positivity rates during both acute and persistent diarrhea highlights the need to suspect this infection even in immunocompetent children.
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Squire SA, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:195. [PMID: 28427454 PMCID: PMC5397716 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important causes of diarrhoeal illness. Adequate knowledge of the molecular diversity and geographical distribution of these parasites and the environmental and climatic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology of these parasites in Africa. Cryptosporidium is associated with moderate to severe diarrhoea and increased mortality in African countries and both parasites negatively affect child growth and development. Malnutrition and HIV status are also important contributors to the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in African countries. Molecular typing of both parasites in humans, domestic animals and wildlife to date indicates a complex picture of both anthroponotic, zoonotic and spill-back transmission cycles that requires further investigation. For Cryptosporidium, the only available drug (nitazoxanide) is ineffective in HIV and malnourished individuals and therefore more effective drugs are a high priority. Several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist for Giardia, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance threatens clinical utility. Climate change and population growth are also predicted to increase both malnutrition and the prevalence of these parasites in water sources. Dedicated and co-ordinated commitments from African governments involving "One Health" initiatives with multidisciplinary teams of veterinarians, medical workers, relevant government authorities, and public health specialists working together are essential to control and prevent the burden of disease caused by these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Afriyie Squire
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Animal Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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Hussain G, Roychoudhury S, Singha B, Paul J. Incidence of Cryptosporidium andersoni in diarrheal patients from southern Assam, India: a molecular approach. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1023-1032. [PMID: 28102513 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and public health significance of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in humans and bovine differ across geographical areas. Cryptosporidium species causes a disease known as cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. To characterize the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in humans in southern Assam, India, stool samples (n = 1119) of diarrhea patients were collected from different hospitals and from the community during the period January 2014 to July 2016. Fecal smears were examined microscopically for Cryptosporidium species using modified acid fast staining and were screened to ascertain the presence of Cryptosporidium antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The genomic DNA of positive fecal samples were analyzed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which were subsequently genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), based on small subunit (SSU) 18S rRNA. It was found that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was high during the monsoon season. The average infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was found to be 2.4% (27/1119) microscopically. When subjected to nested PCR using amplification of the 18S rRNA gene, Cryptosporidium was found to be 8.57% (98/1119). Based on the 18S rRNA gene, two Cryptosporidium spp., namely Cryptosporidium andersoni (6.97%: 78/1119) and Cryptosporidium parvum (1.7%: 20/1119), were identified. Cryptosporidium andersoni infections were found to be of either zoonotic or anthroponotic origin. The prevalence was statistically significant (p = 0.03, R2 = 0.042) considering age, gender, and cast.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hussain
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Gurucharan College, Silchar, 788004, Assam, India.,Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - S Roychoudhury
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - B Singha
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Gurucharan College, Silchar, 788004, Assam, India.
| | - J Paul
- School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, Delhi, India
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Lapen DR, Schmidt PJ, Thomas JL, Edge TA, Flemming C, Keithlin J, Neumann N, Pollari F, Ruecker N, Simhon A, Topp E, Wilkes G, Pintar KDM. Towards a more accurate quantitative assessment of seasonal Cryptosporidium infection risks in surface waters using species and genotype information. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:625-637. [PMID: 27721171 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many Cryptosporidium species/genotypes are not considered infectious to humans, and more realistic estimations of seasonal infection risks could be made using human infectious species/genotype information to inform quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRA). Cryptosporidium oocyst concentration and species/genotype data were collected from three surface water surveillance programs in two river basins [South Nation River, SN (2004-09) and Grand River, GR (2005-13)] in Ontario, Canada to evaluate seasonal infection risks. Main river stems, tributaries, agricultural drainage streams, water treatment plant intakes, and waste water treatment plant effluent impacted sites were sampled. The QMRA employed two sets of exposure data to compute risk: one assuming all observed oocysts were infectious to humans, and the other based on the fraction of oocysts that were C. hominis and/or C. parvum (dominant human infectious forms of the parasite). Viability was not considered and relative infection risk was evaluated using a single hypothetical recreational exposure. Many sample site groupings for both river systems, had significant seasonality in Cryptosporidium occurrence and concentrations (p ≤ 0.05); occurrence and concentrations were generally highest in autumn for SN, and autumn and summer for GR. Mean risk values (probability of infection per exposure) for all sites combined, for each river system, were roughly an order of magnitude lower (avg. of SN and GR 5.3 × 10-5) when considering just C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts, in relation to mean infection risk (per exposure) assuming all oocysts were infectious to humans (5.5 × 10-4). Seasonality in mean risk (targeted human infectious oocysts only) was most strongly evident in SN (e.g., 7.9 × 10-6 in spring and 8.1 × 10-5 in summer). Such differences are important if QMRA is used to quantify effects of water safety/quality management practices where inputs from a vast array of fecal pollution sources can readily occur. Cryptosporidium seasonality in water appears to match the seasonality of human infections from Cryptosporidium in the study regions. This study highlights the importance of Cryptosporidium species/genotype data to help determine surface water pollution sources and seasonality, as well as to help more accurately quantify human infection risks by the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Lapen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - P J Schmidt
- Philip J. Schmidt Technical Consulting Inc., Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Thomas
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T A Edge
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Flemming
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Keithlin
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - N Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - F Pollari
- FoodNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Ruecker
- Water Quality Services, City of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A Simhon
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Wilkes
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - K D M Pintar
- Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium in animal and human isolates from Jordan. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:116-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Aldeyarbi HM, Abu El-Ezz NMT, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis: the African perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13811-13821. [PMID: 27126869 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present overview discusses the findings of cryptosporidiosis research conducted in Africa and highlights the currently available information on Cryptosporidium epidemiology, genetic diversity, and distribution on the African continent, particularly among vulnerable populations, including children. It also emphasizes the burden of cryptosporidiosis, which is underestimated due to the presence of many silent asymptomatic carriers.Cryptosporidiosis is recognized as one of the leading causes of childhood diarrhea in African countries. It has dramatic adverse effects on child growth and development and causes increased mortality on a continent where HIV, poverty, and lack of sanitation and infrastructure increase the risk of cryptosporidial waterborne infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatalla M Aldeyarbi
- Center for Anatomy, Institute I, University of Colognem, Joseph-Stelzmann-Street 9, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
- Present address: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Nadia M T Abu El-Ezz
- Center for Anatomy, Institute I, University of Colognem, Joseph-Stelzmann-Street 9, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Present address: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Center for Anatomy, Institute I, University of Colognem, Joseph-Stelzmann-Street 9, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Present address: Thousand Talents Plan of the Chinese Government, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, China
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Abu Samra N, Jori F, Cacciò SM, Frean J, Poonsamy B, Thompson PN. Cryptosporidium genotypes in children and calves living at the wildlife or livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 83:a1024. [PMID: 27247067 PMCID: PMC6238718 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v83i1.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium infection is one of the most common causes of parasitic diarrhoea worldwide in cattle and humans. In developing countries, human cryptosporidiosis is most prevalent during early childhood and links between zoonotic infection and animal related activities have been demonstrated. This study investigated the prevalence and species/genotype distribution of Cryptosporidium among children (< 5 years) and calves (< 6 months) living in a rural farming area adjacent to the Kruger National Park in South Africa, where interactions between humans and wild and domestic animals are known to occur. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 8/143 stool samples of children recruited within the hospital system (5.6%; 95% CI 2.4%, 10.7%) and in 2/352 faecal samples of calves (0.6%; 95% CI 0.1%, 2.0%) using the modified Ziehl–Neelsen (MZN) staining technique. Microscopy positive samples from children were further analysed by PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene and identified as Cryptosporidium hominis (3/4) and Cryptosporidium meleagridis (1/4). Regardless of the microscopy outcome, randomly selected samples (n = 36) from calves 0–4 months of age were amplified and sequenced at the 18S rRNA gene using nested PCR. Two calves tested positive (5.6%; 95% CI 1.7%, 18.7%), and revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium bovis. The detection of only two zoonotic species (C. parvum in one calf and C. meleagridis in one child) suggests that zoonotic cryptosporidiosis is not currently widespread in our study area; however, the potential exists for amplification of transmission in an immunocompromised population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Abu Samra
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria.
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Lal A. Spatial Modelling Tools to Integrate Public Health and Environmental Science, Illustrated with Infectious Cryptosporidiosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:186. [PMID: 26848669 PMCID: PMC4772206 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary spatial modelling tools can help examine how environmental exposures such as climate and land use together with socio-economic factors sustain infectious disease transmission in humans. Spatial methods can account for interactions across global and local scales, geographic clustering and continuity of the exposure surface, key characteristics of many environmental influences. Using cryptosporidiosis as an example, this review illustrates how, in resource rich settings, spatial tools have been used to inform targeted intervention strategies and forecast future disease risk with scenarios of environmental change. When used in conjunction with molecular studies, they have helped determine location-specific infection sources and environmental transmission pathways. There is considerable scope for such methods to be used to identify data/infrastructure gaps and establish a baseline of disease burden in resource-limited settings. Spatial methods can help integrate public health and environmental science by identifying the linkages between the physical and socio-economic environment and health outcomes. Understanding the environmental and social context for disease spread is important for assessing the public health implications of projected environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Lal
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2602, Australia.
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Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 5:88-109. [PMID: 28560163 PMCID: PMC5439462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an enteric parasite that is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, water and food. Humans, wildlife and domestic livestock all potentially contribute Cryptosporidium to surface waters. Human encroachment into natural ecosystems has led to an increase in interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife populations. Increasing numbers of zoonotic diseases and spill over/back of zoonotic pathogens is a consequence of this anthropogenic disturbance. Drinking water catchments and water reservoir areas have been at the front line of this conflict as they can be easily contaminated by zoonotic waterborne pathogens. Therefore, the epidemiology of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium in free-ranging and captive wildlife is of increasing importance. This review focuses on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species reported in global wildlife populations to date, and highlights their significance for public health and the water industry.
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Highly specific detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in human stool samples by undemanding and inexpensive phase contrast microscopy. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1229-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang T, Chen Z, Xie Y, Hou R, Wu Q, Gu X, Lai W, Peng X, Yang G. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in Sichuan province, China. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:344. [PMID: 26108274 PMCID: PMC4484627 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp. have been extensively reported to cause significant diarrheal disease in humans and domestic animals. On the contrary, little information is available on the prevalence and characterization of Cryptosporidium in wild animals in China, especially in giant pandas. The aim of the present study was to detect Cryptosporidium infections and identify Cryptosporidium species at the molecular level in both captive and wild giant pandas in Sichuan province, China. Findings Using a PCR approach, we amplified and sequenced the 18S rRNA gene from 322 giant pandas fecal samples (122 from 122 captive individuals and 200 collected from four habitats) in Sichuan province, China. The Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified via a BLAST comparison against published Cryptosporidium sequences available in GenBank followed by phylogenetic analysis. The results revealed that both captive and wild giant pandas were infected with a single Cryptosporidium species, C. andersoni, at a prevalence of 15.6 % (19/122) and 0.5 % (1/200) in captive and wild giant pandas, respectively. Conclusions The present study revealed the existence of C. andersoni in both captive and wild giant panda fecal samples for the first time, and also provided useful fundamental data for further research on the molecular epidemiology and control of Cryptosporidium infection in giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.46, Xingkang Road, Yucheng District, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Zuqin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.46, Xingkang Road, Yucheng District, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.46, Xingkang Road, Yucheng District, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610081, Chengdu, China
| | - Qidun Wu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610081, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobing Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.46, Xingkang Road, Yucheng District, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiming Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.46, Xingkang Road, Yucheng District, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014, Ya'an, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.46, Xingkang Road, Yucheng District, 611130, Chengdu, China.
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Low sensitivity of the ImmunocardSTAT ® Crypto/Giardia Rapid Assay test for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in fecal samples from children living in Libreville, Central Africa. J Parasit Dis 2015; 40:1179-1183. [PMID: 27876910 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are now recognized as neglected tropical parasitic diseases. The risk of their dissemination in developing countries, such as Gabon, is increasing, due to urban crowding and poor sanitation. Accurate, simple and rapid diagnosis tools are thus necessary for the estimation of their real burden. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of the ImmunocardSTAT®Crypto/Giardia Rapid Assay test for the detection of Cryptosporidium (C.) spp. and Giardia (G.) duodenalis in children living in Libreville, Gabon. Stool samples of 173 healthy children were screened by routine microscopic using the merthiolate iodine formol concentration technique for Giardia, the modified Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining for Cryptosporidium and the ImmunocardSTAT® Crypto/Giardia RDT for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium parasite forms and antigens respectively. G. duodenalis was detected with microscopy and the ImmunocardSTAT® Crypto/Giardia in 27 (15.6 %) and 22 (13.3 %) fecal samples respectively. C. spp. oocysts were found in 18 (10.4 %) ones, whereas only one sample was positive with the immunochromatographic assay. When microscopic examination was considered as the reference method, sensitivity and specificity of the ImmunocardSTAT® Crypto/Giardia Rapid Assay were found to be 63.0 %, 96.6 and 5.5 %, 99.3 % for G. duodenalis and C. spp. respectively. The prevalence of G. duodenalis and C. spp. carriage is high in children from Libreville. A low sensitivity of the ImmunocardSTAT® Crypto/Giardia for the detection of both parasites is observed. It is thus inappropriate as a diagnostic tool for detecting asymptomatic carriers.
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Wang T, Chen Z, Yu H, Xie Y, Gu X, Lai W, Peng X, Yang G. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in captive lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens) in China. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:773-6. [PMID: 25563613 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a global epidemic parasite and one of the most important intestinal pathogens causing diarrhea in animals and humans. Despite extensive research on this parasite group, little is known about rates of Cryptosporidium infection in lesser pandas. In this study, we use molecular diagnostic tools to detect Cryptosporidium infections and identify Cryptosporidium species in the lesser panda. Using a PCR approach, we sequenced the 18S rRNA gene in fecal samples collected from 110 captive lesser pandas held throughout China (approximately one third of the captive population). We determined Cryptosporidium species via a BLAST comparison of our sequences against those of published Cryptosporidium sequences available in GenBank and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. We report that captive lesser pandas were infected with a single Cryptosporidium species, Cryptosporidium andersoni, at a prevalence of 6.36 % (7/110). The present investigation revealed the existence of C. andersoni infection in captive lesser panda and suggested that proper control measures should be taken carefully to protect the welfare of zoo workers and visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.46, Xingkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, 625014, China
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Hu Y, Feng Y, Huang C, Xiao L. Occurrence, source, and human infection potential of Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in drinking source water in Shanghai, China, during a pig carcass disposal incident. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14219-14227. [PMID: 25383482 PMCID: PMC5788171 DOI: 10.1021/es504464t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In March 2013, thousands of domestic pig carcasses were found floating in the Huangpu River, a drinking source water in Shanghai, China. To investigate the impact of the pig carcass incident on microbial water quality, 178 river water samples were collected from the upper Huangpu River from March 2013 to March 2014. Samples were concentrated by calcium carbonate flocculation and examined for host-adapted Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by ploymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive PCR products were sequenced to determine Cryptosporidium species and E. bieneusi genotypes. A total of 67 (37.6%) and 56 (31.5%) samples were PCR-positive for Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi, respectively. The occurrence rates of Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi in March 2013 (83.3%; 41.7%) and May 2013 (73.5%; 44.1%) were significantly higher than rates in later sampling times. Among the 13 Cryptosporidium species/genotypes identified, C. andersoni and C. suis were the most common species, being found in 38 and 27 samples, respectively. Seventeen E. bieneusi genotypes were found, belonging to 11 established genotypes (EbpC, EbpA, D, CS-8, PtEb IX, Peru 8, Peru 11, PigEBITS4, EbpB, G, O) and six new ones (RWSH1 to RWSH6), most of which belonged to pig-adapted Groups 1d and 1e. EbpC was the most common genotype, being found in 37 samples. The distribution of Cryptosporidium species and E. bieneusi genotypes suggest that dead pigs contributed significantly to Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi contamination in the Huangpu River. Although most Cryptosporidium species found in river water were not major human pathogens, the majority of E. bieneusi genotypes detected were endemic in China. Data from this study should be useful in the development of strategies in addressing future contamination events in drinking water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chengchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, United States
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Jiang Y, Ren J, Yuan Z, Liu A, Zhao H, Liu H, Chu L, Pan W, Cao J, Lin Y, Shen Y. Cryptosporidium andersoni as a novel predominant Cryptosporidium species in outpatients with diarrhea in Jiangsu Province, China. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:555. [PMID: 25344387 PMCID: PMC4225042 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum are usually considered to be the major pathogens responsible for human cryptosporidiosis. However, there have been few studies regarding the molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in human infections in China. Here we investigated Cryptosporidium infection in patients with diarrhea, in Danyang Hospital of Jiangsu Province, China, at the genotype level. Methods A total of 232 stool specimens were collected from outpatients with diarrhea in Danyang Hospital of Jiangsu Province, China, from February 2012 to January 2013. Each specimen was stained from direct fecal smears and examined for Cryptosporidium using modified acid fast staining and microscopy. Moreover, genomic DNA of each fecal sample was screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium with nested PCR, which was genotyped by analyzing the DNA sequences of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA). Results The average infection rate of Cryptosporidium was 1.3% (3/232) by microscopy and subjected to PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium, with 9.91% (23/232) being positive for Cryptosporidium with a significant peak in autumn. Based on the SSU rRNA gene, two Cryptosporidium spp. were identified, including C. andersoni (n =21) and C. hominis (n =2). Two types of C. andersoni, designated as A370+ and A370- , were found in the SSU rRNA gene in our present study, which was 100% homologous to C. andersoni infections derived from dairy calves and goats, respectively. The clinical questionnaires showed no significant difference in age, gender and frequency of diarrhea, but duration of diarrhea was shorter for C. andersoni than that of C. hominis (mean, 2 vs. 4 days; p <0.01). Conclusions C. andersoni is the dominant species in Danyang City of Jiangsu Province. The fact that SSU rRNA sequences of C. andersoni obtained from human stools exhibited 100% homologous to those derived from dairy calves and goats supported that C. andersoni infection might be attributable to animal origin. The difference in the duration of diarrhea of C. andersoni and C. hominis indicated that different Cryptosporidium species might cause different clinical manifestations.
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Ananta SM, Suharno, Hidayat A, Matsubayashi M. Survey on gastrointestinal parasites and detection of Cryptosporidium spp. on cattle in West Java, Indonesia. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:197-201. [PMID: 24507639 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the presence of gastrointestinal parasites on cattle in Indonesia because the prevalence of parasites varies between countries depending on the terrain surrounding livestock farms and investigations in Indonesia have never been performed. METHODS Fecal samples from cattle at 35 farms in 7 districts in West Java, Indonesia, has been examined using the floatation or sedimentation methods, and a immunofluorescence assay and experimentally inoculation to mice for Cryptosporidium or Giardia.spp. RESULTS 153 of 394 examined cattle (38.8%) were infected with gastrointestinal parasites. The prevalence of Eimeria spp., Nematoda spp. (including Oesophagustomum and Bunostomum-like), Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum spp. was 22.4%, 11.2%, 12.5% and 3.8%, respectively. Cryptosporidium andersoni (C. andersoni) was also found in two samples. One isolate of this parasite was confirmed to be transmitted to mice, in contrast to the isolates from other countries. CONCLUSIONS although this survey is preliminary, the results shows that the infection of gastrointestinal parasites in Indonesia was not high, but these infected cattle could be as a potential source leading to economic losses in livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Maharani Ananta
- Parasitology Laboratory, Disease Investigation Center Subang, West Java, Indonesia. Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Jl. Terusan Garuda Blok Werasari, RT.33/RW.11, Subang, West Java, Indonesia, 41212
| | - Suharno
- Parasitology Laboratory, Disease Investigation Center Subang, West Java, Indonesia. Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Jl. Terusan Garuda Blok Werasari, RT.33/RW.11, Subang, West Java, Indonesia, 41212
| | - Adi Hidayat
- Parasitology Laboratory, Disease Investigation Center Subang, West Java, Indonesia. Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Jl. Terusan Garuda Blok Werasari, RT.33/RW.11, Subang, West Java, Indonesia, 41212
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Laboratory of Protozoan Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitology 2014; 141:1667-85. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20Cryptosporidiumspecies and genotypes that have been reported in humans,Cryptosporidium hominisandCryptosporidium parvumare responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with severalCryptosporidiumspecies or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission ofCryptosporidiumspecies, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for manyCryptosporidiumspecies of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity ofCryptosporidiumspecies and impact of climate change on the transmission ofCryptosporidium.
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Zhao W, Wang R, Zhang W, Liu A, Cao J, Shen Y, Yang F, Zhang L. MLST subtypes and population genetic structure of Cryptosporidium andersoni from dairy cattle and beef cattle in northeastern China's Heilongjiang Province. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102006. [PMID: 24999982 PMCID: PMC4084942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are the main reservoir host of C. andersoni, which shows a predominance in yearlings and adults of cattle. To understand the subtypes of C. andersoni and the population genetic structure in Heilongjiang Province, fecal specimens were collected from 420 dairy cattle and 405 beef cattle at the age of 12-14 months in eight cattle farms in five areas within this province and were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts by microscopy after Sheather's sugar flotation technique. The average prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 19.15% (158/825) and all the Cryptosporidium isolates were identified as C. andersoni by the SSU rRNA gene nested PCR-RFLP using SspI, VspI and MboII restriction enzymes. A total of 50 C. andersoni isolates were randomly selected and sequenced to confirm the RFLP results before they were subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at the four microsatellite/minisatellite loci (MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16). Four, one, two and one haplotypes were obtained at the four loci, respectively. The MLST subtype A4,A4,A4,A1 showed an absolute predominance and a wide distribution among the six MLST subtypes obtained in the investigated areas. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed the presence of a clonal population genetic structure of C. andersoni in cattle, suggesting the absence of recombination among lineages. The finding of a clonal population genetic structure indicated that the prevalence of C. andersoni in cattle in Heilongjiang Province is not attributed to the introduction of cattle. Thus, prevention and control strategies should be focused on making stricter measures to avoid the occurrence of cross-transmission and re-infection between cattle individuals. These molecular data will also be helpful to explore the source attribution of infection/contamination of C. andersoni and to elucidate its transmission dynamics in Heilongjiang Province, even in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail: (AL); (LZ)
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengkun Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (AL); (LZ)
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Ma J, Cai J, Ma J, Feng Y, Xiao L. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in yaks (Bos grunniens) in China. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cryptosporidiosis in Iranian Farm Workers and Their Household Members: A Hypothesis about Possible Zoonotic Transmission. J Trop Med 2014; 2014:405875. [PMID: 24876850 PMCID: PMC4020192 DOI: 10.1155/2014/405875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium and the risk factors of zoonotic transmission in Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran dairy farms were examined. Methods. One fecal sample was collected from all calves less than 6 months old in eight dairy farms around Najafabad (Isfahan province, Central Iran) as well as individuals working in these farms and their household members. A two-step nested PCR protocol was used to amplify the 18S rRNA gene (830 bp). Results. Cryptosporidium was identified in the stool of 36 (prevalence 8.5%) of 96 farm workers and 326 household members. Furthermore, 31 (14.2%) of 218 calf samples were positive. Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in 15 (72%) of the positive farm workers and 10 (65%) of the positive household members. Of the positive calves, 20 (64.5%) were infected with C. parvum, indicating possible zoonotic transmission in these farms. Contact with calves (P < 0.0001) was the most significant risk factor of C. parvum infection. A considerable negative association was observed between C. parvum infection and cleaning of shoes/boots after daily work (P = 0.004), hand washing (P = 0.013), and use of piped water (P < 0.006). In the multivariate analysis with logistic regression, only contact with calves was significant. Conclusion. Zoonotic transmission of C. parvum due to contact with calves is predominant among farm workers and their household members of this region and appropriate health measures must be applied to control the infection and decrease of zoonotic transmission of this parasite.
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