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Lu R, Lin J, Zhou Y, Chen Q, Fan Z, Wu S, Qin P, Li L. Rabies vaccination adherence and associated factors among rabies-exposed patients in Shenzhen, China: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e15. [PMID: 38195536 PMCID: PMC10894897 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Adherence to post-exposure prophylaxis and post-exposure vaccination (PEV) is an important measure to prevent rabies. The purpose of this study was to explore the adherence to the vaccination protocol and its influencing factors among rabies-exposed patients in Shenzhen, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Shenzhen, China, to obtain epidemiological characteristics of patients; knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of rabies prevention; and medical records. A total of 326 patients requiring full rabies PEV were included in this study, and only 62% (202) completed the full course of vaccination according to the norms of the vaccination guidelines. After multifactor logistic regression, the factors influencing adherence to vaccination were as follows: age 31 to 40 years, time spent to reach the nearest rabies prevention clinic was >60 min, the time of injury was at night to early morning, the place of injury was a school/laboratory, the animal causing injury was a cat, the health status of the animal causing injury could not be determined, and patients with higher practice scores (all p<0.05). Understanding the factors influencing rabies vaccination adherence among rabies-exposed patients in urban areas of China and promote changes in patients' practice toward rabies prevention is essential for rabies elimination by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Lu
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinsheng Lin
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zaiying Fan
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuning Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pei Qin
- Clinical Center for Public Health, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Li
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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2
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Mosca S, Lin Q, Stokes R, Bharucha T, Gangadharan B, Clarke R, Fernandez LG, Deats M, Walsby-Tickle J, Arman BY, Chunekar SR, Patil KD, Gairola S, Van Assche K, Dunachie S, Merchant HA, Kuwana R, Maes A, McCullagh J, Caillet C, Zitzmann N, Newton PN, Matousek P. Innovative method for rapid detection of falsified COVID-19 vaccines through unopened vials using handheld Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS). Vaccine 2023; 41:6960-6968. [PMID: 37865599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Preventing, detecting, and responding to substandard and falsified vaccines is of critical importance for ensuring the safety, efficacy, and public trust in vaccines. This is of heightened importance in context of public health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in which extreme world-wide shortages of vaccines provided a fertile ground for exploitation by falsifiers. Here, a proof-of-concept study explored the feasibility of using a handheld Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) device to authenticate COVID-19 vaccines through rapid analysis of unopened vaccine vials. The results show that SORS can verify the chemical identity of dominant excipients non-invasively through vaccine vial walls. The ability of SORS to identify potentially falsified COVID-19 vaccines was demonstrated by measurement of surrogates for falsified vaccines contained in vaccine vials. In all cases studied, the SORS technique was able to differentiate between surrogate samples from the genuine COVISHIELD™ vaccine. The genuine vaccines tested included samples from six batches across two manufacturing sites to account for any potential variations between batches or manufacturing sites. Batch and manufacturing site variations were insignificant. In conjunction with existing security features, for example on labels and packaging, SORS provided an intrinsic molecular fingerprint of the dominant excipients of the vaccines. The technique could be extended to other COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 vaccines, as well as other liquid medicines. As handheld and portable SORS devices are commercially available and widely used for other purposes, such as airport security, they are rapidly deployable non-invasive screening tools for vaccine authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mosca
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UKRI, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Qianqi Lin
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UKRI, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Robert Stokes
- Agilent Technologies LDA UK, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Tehmina Bharucha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bevin Gangadharan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rebecca Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Laura Gomez Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Michael Deats
- Medicine Quality Research Group, NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Centre of Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | | | - Benediktus Yohan Arman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Kundan D Patil
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Sunil Gairola
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Kerlijn Van Assche
- Medicine Quality Research Group, NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Centre of Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hamid A Merchant
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Rutendo Kuwana
- Regulation and Safety Unit, Regulation and Prequalification Department, Access to Medicines and Health Products Division, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandrine Maes
- Regulation and Safety Unit, Regulation and Prequalification Department, Access to Medicines and Health Products Division, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James McCullagh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Céline Caillet
- Medicine Quality Research Group, NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Centre of Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Paul N Newton
- Medicine Quality Research Group, NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Centre of Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK.
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UKRI, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX, UK; Medicine Quality Research Group, NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Centre of Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK.
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Hasib A, Silaen OSM, Widodo A, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Moses IB, Riwu KHP, Yanestria SM. Tracking lethal threat: in-depth review of rabies. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1385-1399. [PMID: 38107233 PMCID: PMC10725282 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An infectious disease known as rabies (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus) causes severe damage to mammals' central nervous systems (CNS). This illness has been around for a very long time. The majority of human cases of rabies take place in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Following viral transmission, the Rhabdovirus enters the peripheral nervous system and proceeds to the CNS, where it targets the encephalon and produces encephalomyelitis. Postbite prophylaxis requires laboratory confirmation of rabies in both people and animals. All warm-blooded animals can transmit the Lyssavirus infection, while the virus can also develop in the cells of cold-blooded animals. In the 21st century, more than 3 billion people are in danger of contracting the rabies virus in more than 100 different nations, resulting in an annual death toll of 50,000-59,000. There are three important elements in handling rabies disease in post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), namely wound care, administration of anti-rabies serum, and anti-rabies vaccine. Social costs include death, lost productivity as a result of early death, illness as a result of vaccination side effects, and the psychological toll that exposure to these deadly diseases has on people. Humans are most frequently exposed to canine rabies, especially youngsters and the poor, and there are few resources available to treat or prevent exposure, making prevention of human rabies challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, Indonesia
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Rathnadiwakara H, Gunatilake M, Servat A, Wasniewski M, Thibault JC, Cliquet F. Potency of Veterinary Rabies Vaccines Marketed in Sri Lanka. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050961. [PMID: 37243065 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven brands of veterinary rabies vaccines are commercially available in Sri Lanka, but there is no established procedure to test the potency of the vaccines at the local level, especially prior to their release. The aim of this study was to test the potency of these vaccines using a mouse challenge test in collaboration with the EU/WOAH/WHO Reference Laboratory for Rabies, ANSES-Nancy, France. Based on the European Pharmacopoeia, the inactivated rabies vaccines complied with the mouse potency test if the estimated potency is ≥1.0 IU in the smallest prescribed dose. Among the eight tested vaccines, four single-dose preparations (Rabisin™, Raksharab™, Nobivac™ RL, and Nobivac™ Rabies) were compliant, with potencies of 12 IU/dose, 7.2 IU/dose, 4.4 IU/dose, and 3.4 IU/dose, respectively. Three of the single-dose preparations (Canvac™ R, Defensor™ 3, and Rabies killed vaccine) were not compliant, with potency values <1.0 IU/dose. One multidose preparation (Raksharab™ multidose) had a potency of 1.3 IU/dose, even though the test was not validated. Based on these results, it appears that some rabies vaccine batches that are currently available in the local market do not comply with the mouse potency test. Testing the vaccines' potency before registration and release to the market appears to be an important step to allow good immunization to animals during pre-exposure vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasanthi Rathnadiwakara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Mangala Gunatilake
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Alexandre Servat
- EU/WOAH/WHO Reference Laboratory for Rabies, OMCL for Rabies Vaccines, 54220 Nancy, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- EU/WOAH/WHO Reference Laboratory for Rabies, OMCL for Rabies Vaccines, 54220 Nancy, France
| | | | - Florence Cliquet
- EU/WOAH/WHO Reference Laboratory for Rabies, OMCL for Rabies Vaccines, 54220 Nancy, France
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5
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Shen T, Welburn SC, Sun L, Yang GJ. Progress towards dog-mediated rabies elimination in PR China: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:30. [PMID: 37024944 PMCID: PMC10077633 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies continues to be a serious threat to global public health endangering people's health and public health safety. In the People's Republic of China, multi-sectoral and comprehensive prevention and control strategies have aimed to extensively curb human rabies transmission. Here, we examine the current state of rabies infection in China, explore strategic interventions put in place in response to WHO's ambition of "Zero rabies deaths by 2030" and critically assess the constraints and feasibility of dog-mediated rabies elimination in China. METHODS This study analyzed and evaluated the process towards dog-mediated rabies elimination in China from five perspectives: namely, human, dog, policy, challenge, and prospects. Evidence-based data on progress of dog-mediated rabies elimination in China was derived from a number of sources; a literature search was undertaken using PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI databases, distribution data for human rabies cases as derived from the Data-center of the China Public Health Science and policy and document data were obtained from official websites of the relevant China ministries and commissions. RESULTS The incidence of human rabies cases in China have shown a downward trend year-on-year since 2007. Implementation of a government-led, multi-sectoral "One Health" approach to combating rabies has driven down the total number of rabies deaths nationwide to around 200 in 2020. The number of provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) reporting human cases of rabies has also decreased to 21 in 2020, 13 of which reported less than 10 cases. Furthermore, the number of outpatient visits seeking rabies post-exposure prophylaxis has risen dramatically over the past two decades, with demand being 15 times higher than it was initially. There remain however, significant gaps in rabies elimination outcomes across the different regions of China. To date the target of achieving a canine rabies vaccination rate of > 75% has not been met. The challenges of rabies immunization of dogs and dog management in underdeveloped cities and rural areas need to be addressed together with more effective animal surveillance and rabies risk from and too wildlife and livestock. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese government-led, multi-sectoral "One Health" approach to combating rabies and has made significant progress over the past decade. Development and adoption of more cost-effective One Health strategies can achieve more nationally beneficial rabies elimination outcomes. The ambitious target of "Zero rabies deaths by 2030" can be met through establishment of long-lasting herd immunity in dogs by means of dog mass vaccination campaigns, dog population management, epidemiological surveillance and the application of large-scale oral rabies vaccine to eliminate rabies in wild animals coupled with deployment of cost-effective human post-exposure prophylaxis, and community education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Shen
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, 314400, People's Republic of China
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, 314400, People's Republic of China
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Long Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, The School of Tropical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK.
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6
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Yale G, Sudarshan S, Taj S, Patchimuthu GI, Mangalanathan BV, Belludi AY, Shampur MN, Krishnaswamy TG, Mazeri S. Investigation of protective level of rabies antibodies in vaccinated dogs in Chennai, India. Vet Rec Open 2021; 8:e8. [PMID: 33981442 PMCID: PMC8110021 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is still endemic in India causing an estimated 20,000 human deaths a year. Free roaming dogs and unvaccinated owned dogs play a major role in the maintenance of the disease. Dog vaccination is the most crucial aspect of rabies prevention and control strategies; therefore vaccine immunogenicity and longevity are important determinants of the efficiency of rabies control efforts. METHODS In this study at Madras Veterinary College, India, a total of 297 serum samples were collected from owned dogs that were vaccinated against rabies. Data regarding age, gender, breed, neuter status and last date of vaccination were collected at the time of blood collection. The level of rabies virus neutralising antibodies in the sera of these dogs was measured through rapid focus fluorescence inhibition test. The factors associated with protective level of rabies antibodies in vaccinated dogs were investigated through multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS This cross-sectional investigation shows that only 40% (119/297) of the all the dogs in the study showed presence of protective level of anti-rabies antibodies, and 40% (72/180) of the dogs vaccinated within the last year showed presence of protective levels of antibodies causing concern about rabies vaccine quality and its impact on rabies control. The study also shows that older and neutered dogs are more likely to have protective titre among vaccinated dogs, while non-descript breed dogs are less likely to have a protective titre compared to pure breeds. CONCLUSION In this study 60% (108/180) of young prima dogs and adult dogs did not show protective levels of antibodies within the year of last rabies vaccination, although they had previous vaccination history. This high percentage of apparent non-responders is a cause of concern of administration, distribution, storage, potency and quality management of vaccines in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Yale
- Mission RabiesVeterinary Hospital ComplexPanajiGoaIndia
| | - Sampada Sudarshan
- Department of NeurovirologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | - Shaheen Taj
- Department of NeurovirologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | | | - Bharathi Vijaya Mangalanathan
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineMadras Veterinary CollegeTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Ashwin Yajaman Belludi
- Department of NeurovirologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | | | - Tirumurugaan Gopalan Krishnaswamy
- Zoonoses Research LaboratoryCentre for Animal Health StudiesTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsThe Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of Edinburgh, MidlothianUK
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7
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Tasiame W, El-Duah P, Johnson SAM, Owiredu EW, Bleicker T, Veith T, Schneider J, Emikpe B, Folitse RD, Burimuah V, Akyereko E, Drosten C, Corman VM. Rabies virus in slaughtered dogs for meat consumption in Ghana: A potential risk for rabies transmission. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e71-e81. [PMID: 34331389 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually worldwide. Although dog slaughter for human consumption and its potential risk for rabies transmission has been reported, mainly in some parts of Western Africa and South-East Asia, more information on this and factors that influence dog meat consumption is required for a better understanding from places like Ghana where the practice is common. We tested 144 brain tissues from apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption for the presence of rabies viruses using a Lyssavirus-specific real-Time RT-PCR. Positive samples were confirmed by virus genome sequencing. We also administered questionnaires to 541 dog owners from three regions in Ghana and evaluated factors that could influence dog meat consumption. We interacted with butchers and observed slaughtering and meat preparation procedures. Three out of 144 (2.1%) brain tissues from apparently healthy dogs tested positive for rabies virus RNA. Two of the viruses with complete genomes were distinct from one another, but both belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. The third virus with a partial genome fragment had high sequence identity to the other two and also belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. Almost half of the study participants practiced dog consumption [49% (265/541)]. Males were almost twice (cOR = 1.72, 95% CI (1.17-2.52), p-value = .006) as likely to consume dog meat compared to females. Likewise, the Frafra tribe from northern Ghana [cOR = 825.1, 95% CI (185.3-3672.9), p-value < .0001] and those with non-specific tribes [cOR = 47.05, 95% CI (10.18-217.41), p-value < .0001] presented with higher odds of dog consumption compared to Ewes. The butchers used bare hands in meat preparation. This study demonstrates the presence of rabies virus RNA in apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Ghana and suggests a potential risk for rabies transmission. Veterinary departments and local assemblies are recommended to monitor and regulate this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tasiame
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip El-Duah
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sherry A M Johnson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, CBAS, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eddie-Williams Owiredu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tobias Bleicker
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Talitha Veith
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Emikpe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Raphael D Folitse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Vitus Burimuah
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ernest Akyereko
- Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030: perspectives from quantitative and mathematical modelling. Gates Open Res 2020; 3:1564. [PMID: 32596645 PMCID: PMC7308633 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13074.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog-mediated rabies continues to kill tens of thousands of people every year in low- and middle-income countries despite being an entirely vaccine-preventable disease. WHO and partners have launched a global campaign to reach zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. The primary tools for reaching this target are mass dog vaccination to interrupt transmission in domestic dog populations that maintain infection, appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for rabies-exposed persons to prevent the fatal onset of disease, together with education to support their effective uptake. Models have been developed to assess the feasibility, impact and cost-effectiveness of these measures. From these models, we argue that the 2030 target of zero human rabies deaths is achievable, but will require concerted effort, engagement and investment. A proposed Gavi investment in human rabies vaccines has potential to drive progress towards the 2030 target; however, concomitant investment is needed to scale up mass dog vaccination or this target will be missed. Predicted economic benefits of mass dog vaccination vary according to national PEP provisioning and healthcare access. Integrated Bite Case Management can enhance surveillance and rationalize PEP use, but needs adapting to and integrating within local health systems and international reporting systems to improve PEP accountability, monitor impacts and support verification of disease freedom. Modelling approaches need refining to project realistic and geographically specific timelines for achieving targets. Model iterations informed by data on the implementation of interventions can be used to evaluate progress and guide future strategies. Critically such models are needed to advocate for investment, since the greatest risk to the ‘Zero by 30’ strategy is the limited long-term cross-sectoral or targeted financing to support countries to deliver and sustain mass dog vaccination.
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9
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Ertl HC, Miranda NLJ. Rabies Prevention in Asia: Institutionalizing Implementation Capacities. RABIES AND RABIES VACCINES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7196719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21084-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Rabies in Asia and Africa contributes to over 99% of human rabies deaths that occur in the world today. The vast majority or 60% of these deaths are in Asia. Practically, more than four billion people in Asia or about 60% of the world’s population are at risk of getting rabies where an estimated 96% of documented human cases are from an infected dog bite. Canine-mediated rabies is one of the few communicable diseases that can possibly be eliminated by currently available vaccines and tools for veterinary and public health interventions. With a more comprehensive and integrated approach, it is expected that dog rabies will be eliminated in target areas, and there will be an eventual decline and disappearance of human rabies cases. The burden of rabies is primarily on human health but the disease control has to be focused on the animal source. The ultimate goal of a truly regional disease program is to control and eliminate dog-mediated rabies and protect and maintain rabies-free areas in Asia. Current regional efforts aim to strengthen the intercountry coordination, and technical and institutional capacities to manage dog rabies elimination programs. The regional and national implementation efforts provide strategic direction and cooperation to ensure successful implementation of rabies control measures and eventual elimination. The focus areas include human rabies prevention through pre- and postexposure prophylaxis, mass dog vaccination, surveillance and epidemiology, laboratory diagnostic capability, public awareness and risk communication, legislation, dog population management, and establishment and protection of rabies-free zones/areas. Existing mechanisms for implementation, when applied, give emphasis on One Health collaborations.
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10
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Yu J, Xiao H, Yang W, Dellicour S, Kraemer MUG, Liu Y, Cai J, Huang ZXY, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Huang W, Zhang H, Gilbert M, Tian H. The impact of anthropogenic and environmental factors on human rabies cases in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2544-2553. [PMID: 32348020 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human rabies is a public health problem in Asia, especially in less-developed regions where the disease is under-reported because of a lack of epidemiological surveillance. To address this gap, we collected data on human rabies in Yunnan Province, China, between 2005 and 2016. Using statistical mapping techniques, we correlated the occurrence of human rabies to environmental (elevation, precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], temperature and distance to the nearest main rivers) and anthropogenic (human and dog population density, distance to the nearest main roads and gross domestic product [GDP]) factors. We used a performance score, the average area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (0.88), to validate our risk model. Using this model, we found that environmental factors were more strongly associated with human rabies occurrence than anthropogenic factors. Areas with elevation below 2000 metres, GDP per capita between $750 and $4500/year and NDVI below 0.07 were associated with greater risk of human rabies. Rabies control in China should specifically target these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng X Y Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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11
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Rimal S, Ojha KC, Chaisowwong W, Shah Y, Pant DK, Sirimalaisuwan A. Detection of virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in the vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231967. [PMID: 32339182 PMCID: PMC7185695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a vaccine-preventable neglected tropical viral zoonosis. It occurs worldwide, creating a very heavy burden in many developing countries, including Nepal. Dogs are the principle vector for the transmission of this disease in urban areas. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure in areas where dogs are the principle source of infection. This study was conducted with the aim of detecting virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu valley. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 110 vaccinated pet dogs in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur districts of Nepal. The samples were taken to the laboratory of the National Zoonosis and Food Hygiene Research Center where serum was separated. An indirect immune-enzymatic assay (PlateliaTM Rabies II kit ad usum Veterinarium, Biorad, China) was used for the detection of rabies virus anti-glycoprotein antibodies in the dog serum samples following the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions. Optical density values for unknown samples were compared with the positive sera titers in quantification tests obtained after a direct reading on the standard curve. Results were expressed as equivalent units per ml (EU/ml). FINDINGS Of the total samples, 89.09% exceeded the required seroconversion level (≥ 0.5 EU/ml); another 9.09% did not reach the seroconversion level (0.125-0.5 EU/ml); and 1.81% had undetectable seroconversion levels (<0.125 EU/ml) suggesting that the animal had not seroconverted according to the PLATELIA™ RABIES II test. Only one factor, the condition under which the dog was kept, was significantly associated with the antibody titer level. No association was found for any of the other factors included in the study. INTERPRETATION Vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention and control of rabies. The locally manufactured brand of vaccine, which is available in Nepal, is potent enough to generate a sufficient amount of protective antibodies, equal to international brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Rimal
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kalimati, Nepal
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific and Excellent Center of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Warangkhana Chaisowwong
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific and Excellent Center of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yogendra Shah
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kalimati, Nepal
| | - Dhan Kumar Pant
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kalimati, Nepal
- Institute of Medicine, Teaching Hospital, Tribhuwan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
- National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anucha Sirimalaisuwan
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific and Excellent Center of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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12
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Zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030: perspectives from quantitative and mathematical modelling. Gates Open Res 2020; 3:1564. [PMID: 32596645 PMCID: PMC7308633 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13074.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dog-mediated rabies continues to kill tens of thousands of people every year in low- and middle-income countries despite being an entirely vaccine-preventable disease. WHO and partners have launched a global campaign to reach zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. The primary tools for reaching this target are mass dog vaccination to interrupt transmission in domestic dog populations that maintain infection, appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for rabies-exposed persons to prevent the fatal onset of disease, together with education to support their effective uptake. Models have been developed to assess the feasibility, impact and cost-effectiveness of these measures. From these models, we argue that the 2030 target of zero human rabies deaths is achievable, but will require concerted effort, engagement and investment. A proposed Gavi investment in human rabies vaccines has potential to drive progress towards the 2030 target; however, concomitant investment is needed to scale up mass dog vaccination or this target will be missed. Predicted economic benefits of mass dog vaccination vary according to national PEP provisioning and healthcare access. Integrated Bite Case Management can enhance surveillance and rationalize PEP use, but needs adapting to and integrating within local health systems and international reporting systems to improve PEP accountability, monitor impacts and support verification of disease freedom. Modelling approaches need refining to project realistic and geographically specific timelines for achieving targets. Model iterations informed by data on the implementation of interventions can be used to evaluate progress and guide future strategies. Critically such models are needed to advocate for investment, since the greatest risk to the 'Zero by 30' strategy is the limited long-term cross-sectoral or targeted financing to support countries to deliver and sustain mass dog vaccination.
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13
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Yan X, Owens JR, Wen Y, Su X, Wang Z, Liu S, Zhang D, Callan R, Wenlei B, Qi D, Spotila JR, Hou R, Zhang Z. Dogs and Disease Threats to Giant Pandas in China. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Jacob R. Owens
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Sichuan Agriculture University Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Su
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Zhenghao Wang
- Sichuan Agriculture University Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Songrui Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Ramana Callan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Bi Wenlei
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - James R. Spotila
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental ScienceDrexel University Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
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14
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Zhang W, Cheng N, Wang Y, Zheng X, Zhao Y, Wang H, Wang C, Han Q, Gao Y, Shan J, Yang S, Xia X. Adjuvant activity of PCP-II, a polysaccharide from Poria cocos, on a whole killed rabies vaccine. Virus Res 2019; 270:197638. [PMID: 31173772 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are important components of vaccination strategies because they boost and accelerate the immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate the adjuvant activity of PCP-II, a polysaccharide isolated from Poria cocos, together with an inactivated rabies vaccine. The polysaccharide PCP-II was compared with the common veterinary rabies vaccine adjuvant Alhydrogel by co-administration of either adjuvant with the inactivated rabies virus rCVS-11-G to mice via the intramuscular route. Blood samples were collected to determine the virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) titer and assess activation of B and T lymphocytes. Inguinal lymph node samples were collected, and proliferation of B lymphocytes was measured. Splenocytes were isolated, and antigen-specific cellular immune responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunospot and immunosorbent assays (ELISpot assay and ELISA, respectively). The results showed that PCP-II enhanced and promoted an increase in the VNA titer in the mice compared to Alhydrogel. Flow cytometry assays revealed that the polysaccharide activated more B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and more B and T lymphocytes in the blood. Assessment of antigen-specific cellular immune responses showed that PCP-II strongly induced T lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen and high levels of cytokine secretion from splenocytes. All of these data suggest that PCP-II possesses excellent adjuvant activity and enhances both cellular and humoral immunity in mice. After examining the adjuvant activities of PCP-II in mice, dogs were immunized with rCVS-11-G together with Alhydrogel or PCP-II as an adjuvant; the control group was injected with a commercial rabies vaccine. Serum samples were collected, and the VNA titers were measured. PCP-II caused increases in the VNA titers in both the booster and single-dose immunization tests when co-administered with rCVS-11-G compared with Alhydrogel. The VNA titer of the commercial vaccine group was also significantly lower than that of the PCP-II group. These data indicate that PCP-II is an excellent candidate adjuvant for inactive rabies vaccines in the veterinary setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiao Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Cheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Qiuxue Han
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Junjie Shan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
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15
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Taylor E, Banyard AC, Bourhy H, Cliquet F, Ertl H, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Horton DL, Mani RS, Müller T, Rupprecht CE, Schnell MJ, Del Rio Vilas V, Fooks AR. Avoiding preventable deaths: The scourge of counterfeit rabies vaccines. Vaccine 2019; 37:2285-2287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Guo C, Li Y, Huai Y, Rao CY, Lai S, Mu D, Yin W, Yu H, Nie S. Exposure history, post-exposure prophylaxis use, and clinical characteristics of human rabies cases in China, 2006-2012. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17188. [PMID: 30464190 PMCID: PMC6249250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is still a public health threat in China. Evaluating the exposure history, clinical characteristics, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of the cases could help in identifying approaches to reducing the number of these preventable deaths. We analysed data collected from 10,971 case-investigations conducted in China from 2006 to 2012. Most cases (n = 7,947; 92.0%) were caused by animal bites; 5,800 (55.8%) and 2,974 (28.6%) exposures were from domestic and free-roaming dogs, respectively. Only 278 (4.8%) of these domestic dogs had previously received rabies vaccination. Among all cases, 5,927 (59.7%) cases had category III wounds, 1,187 (11.7%) cases initiated the rabies PEP vaccination and 234 (3.9%) cases with category III wounds received rabies immunoglobulin. In our adjusted logistic regression model, male cases (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.44) and farmers (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.10-1.77) and person older than 55 years (aOR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.01-2.17) were less likely than females and persons in other occupations or younger than 15 years to initiate PEP vaccination. The median incubation period was 66 days (interquartile range (IQR): 33-167 days). To reduce the number of human deaths due to rabies, rabies prevention campaigns targeting males and farmers and older people should be conducted. Increasing routine rabies vaccination among domestic dogs will be essential in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Huai
- International Emerging Infections Program, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Carol Y Rao
- International Emerging Infections Program, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shengjie Lai
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Mu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shaofa Nie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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17
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Chidumayo NN. System dynamics modelling approach to explore the effect of dog demography on rabies vaccination coverage in Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205884. [PMID: 30359399 PMCID: PMC6201891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs are important reservoirs of rabies, a zoonotic viral encephalitis that kills thousands of people in Asia and Africa annually. Mass dog vaccination is recommended for the prevention of rabies in both humans and dogs. Mass vaccinations should be conducted annually but more frequent campaigns may be required in areas with high dog turnover rates. Consequently, a good understanding of dog demography is essential for the control of the disease. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of dog demography on rabies vaccination coverage following a mass vaccination campaign with at least 70% vaccination coverage. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A dog population model was constructed to explore the effect of dog demography on rabies vaccination coverage decline. Important model parameters were identified through a comprehensive literature search on dog demography in Africa. A system dynamics approach was adopted to build a dog population model to simulate the effects of demographic processes on rabies vaccination coverage. Vensim PLE Plus software was used to construct the model. Multivariate sensitivity simulations using data from 22 studies and 12 African countries were performed to investigate the effect of dog turnover rates on vaccination coverage decline. In addition, an adjusted vaccination coverage to estimate the proportion of vaccinated dogs with adequate immunity at 12 months post-vaccination was calculated. The results demonstrated that the vaccination coverage and adjusted vaccination coverage remained over 30% and 20% respectively at 12 months if annual mass vaccinations achieved at least 70% coverage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results demonstrated that annual mass vaccination campaigns with at least 70% vaccination coverage would maintain a herd immunity of 20‒45% between campaigns.
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18
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Fooks AR, Cliquet F, Finke S, Freuling C, Hemachudha T, Mani RS, Müller T, Nadin-Davis S, Picard-Meyer E, Wilde H, Banyard AC. Rabies. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3:17091. [PMID: 29188797 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a life-threatening neglected tropical disease: tens of thousands of cases are reported annually in endemic countries (mainly in Africa and Asia), although the actual numbers are most likely underestimated. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by infection with viruses of the Lyssavirus genus, which are transmitted via the saliva of an infected animal. Dogs are the most important reservoir for rabies viruses, and dog bites account for >99% of human cases. The virus first infects peripheral motor neurons, and symptoms occur after the virus reaches the central nervous system. Once clinical disease develops, it is almost certainly fatal. Primary prevention involves dog vaccination campaigns to reduce the virus reservoir. If exposure occurs, timely post-exposure prophylaxis can prevent the progression to clinical disease and involves appropriate wound care, the administration of rabies immunoglobulin and vaccination. A multifaceted approach for human rabies eradication that involves government support, disease awareness, vaccination of at-risk human populations and, most importantly, dog rabies control is necessary to achieve the WHO goal of reducing the number of cases of dog-mediated human rabies to zero by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute of Infection &Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Disease-Health Science Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (WHO Collaborating Centre for Control, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Rabies in Carnivores), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Henry Wilde
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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19
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Gai W, Zheng W, Wang C, Wong G, Song Y, Zheng X. Immunization with recombinant rabies virus expressing Interleukin-18 exhibits enhanced immunogenicity and protection in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91505-91515. [PMID: 29207661 PMCID: PMC5710941 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that interleukin-18 (IL-18) plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we investigated the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant rabies virus expressing IL-18 (rHEP-IL18). Experimental results showed that Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice that received a single intramuscular immunization with rHEP-IL18 elicited the highest titers of serum neutralizing antibodies and the strongest cell-mediated immune responses to prevent the development of rabies disease, compared with immunization with the parent virus HEP-Flury. Mice inoculated with rHEP-IL18 developed significantly higher IFN-γ responses, increased percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes compared to HEP-Flury. Flow cytometry results show that rHEP-IL18 recruited more activated T- and B-cells in lymph nodes or peripheral blood, which is beneficial for virus clearance in the early stages of infection. A higher percentage of mice immunized with rHEP-IL18 survived wild-type rabies virus (RABV) challenge, compared to HEP-Flury mice. Our results show that rHEP-IL18 is promising as a novel vaccine for RABV prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Gary Wong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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20
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Hsu AP, Tseng CH, Barrat J, Lee SH, Shih YH, Wasniewski M, Mähl P, Chang CC, Lin CT, Chen RS, Tu WJ, Cliquet F, Tsai HJ. Safety, efficacy and immunogenicity evaluation of the SAG2 oral rabies vaccine in Formosan ferret badgers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184831. [PMID: 28977009 PMCID: PMC5627901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, rabies cases have been reported among Formosan ferret badgers in Taiwan, and they have been shown to be the major reservoirs for Taiwanese enzootics. To control and eradicate rabies, the authorities plan to implement a vaccination programme. Before distributing live vaccines in the field, this study assessed the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of SAG2 vaccine on ferret badgers by direct oral instillation. After application of 109 TCID50/dose, no virus was excreted into the oral cavity 1-7 days post-application, and safety was also satisfactorily verified over a 266-day period. Moreover, despite the low level of rabies virus neutralising antibodies induced after vaccination of a 108 TCID50/dose, the efficacy assessment revealed a 100% survival rate (15/15) of vaccinees and an 87.5% fatality rate (7/8) in control animals after a challenge on the 198th day post-vaccination. The immunisation and protection rates obtained more than 6 months after a single vaccination dose demonstrated that SAG2 is an ideal vaccine candidate to protect Formosan ferret badgers against rabies in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ping Hsu
- Division of Biologics, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Tseng
- Division of Biologics, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jacques Barrat
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Shu-Hwae Lee
- Animal Drugs Inspection Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Shih
- Division of Biologics, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | | | - Chia-Chia Chang
- Animal Drugs Inspection Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ta Lin
- Animal Drugs Inspection Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Re-Shang Chen
- Division of Biologics, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jane Tu
- Division of Biologics, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Zoonoses Research Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Generation of a novel live rabies vaccine strain with a high level of safety by introducing attenuating mutations in the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein. Vaccine 2017; 35:5622-5628. [PMID: 28882441 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The current live rabies vaccine SAG2 is attenuated by only one mutation (Arg-to-Glu) at position 333 in the glycoprotein (G333). This fact generates a potential risk of the emergence of a pathogenic revertant by a back mutation at this position during viral propagation in the body. To circumvent this risk, it is desirable to generate a live vaccine strain highly and stably attenuated by multiple mutations. However, the information on attenuating mutations other than that at G333 is very limited. We previously reported that amino acids at positions 273 and 394 in the nucleoprotein (N273/394) (Leu and His, respectively) of fixed rabies virus Ni-CE are responsible for the attenuated phenotype by enhancing interferon (IFN)/chemokine gene expressions in infected neural cells. In this study, we found that amino acid substitutions at N273/394 (Phe-to-Leu and Tyr-to-His, respectively) attenuated the pathogenicity of the oral live vaccine ERA, which has a virulent-type Arg at G333. Then we generated ERA-N273/394-G333 attenuated by the combination of the above attenuating mutations at G333 and N273/394, and checked its safety. Similar to the ERA-G333, which is attenuated by only the mutation at G333, ERA-N273/394-G333 did not cause any symptoms in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation, indicating a low level of residual pathogenicity of ERA-N273/394-G333. Further examination revealed that infection with ERA-N273/394-G333 induces IFN-β and CXCL10 mRNA expressions more strongly than ERA-G333 infection in a neuroblastoma cell line. Importantly, we found that the ERA-N273/394-G333 stain has a lower risk for emergence of a pathogenic revertant than does the ERA-G333. These results indicate that ERA-N273/394-G333 has a potential to be a promising candidate for a live rabies vaccine strain with a high level of safety.
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Ruan S. Modeling the transmission dynamics and control of rabies in China. Math Biosci 2017; 286:65-93. [PMID: 28188732 PMCID: PMC7094565 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human rabies was first recorded in ancient China in about 556 BC and is still one of the major public-health problems in China. From 1950 to 2015, 130,494 human rabies cases were reported in Mainland China with an average of 1977 cases per year. It is estimated that 95% of these human rabies cases are due to dog bites. The purpose of this article is to provide a review about the models, results, and simulations that we have obtained recently on studying the transmission of rabies in China. We first construct a basic susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered (SEIR) type model for the spread of rabies virus among dogs and from dogs to humans and use the model to simulate the human rabies data in China from 1996 to 2010. Then we modify the basic model by including both domestic and stray dogs and apply the model to simulate the human rabies data from Guangdong Province, China. To study the seasonality of rabies, in Section 4 we further propose a SEIR model with periodic transmission rates and employ the model to simulate the monthly data of human rabies cases reported by the Chinese Ministry of Health from January 2004 to December 2010. To understand the spatial spread of rabies, in Section 5 we add diffusion to the dog population in the basic SEIR model to obtain a reaction-diffusion equation model and determine the minimum wave speed connecting the disease-free equilibrium to the endemic equilibrium. Finally, in order to investigate how the movement of dogs affects the geographically inter-provincial spread of rabies in Mainland China, in Section 6 we propose a multi-patch model to describe the transmission dynamics of rabies between dogs and humans and use the two-patch submodel to investigate the rabies virus clades lineages and to simulate the human rabies data from Guizhou and Guangxi, Hebei and Fujian, and Sichuan and Shaanxi, respectively. Some discussions are provided in Section 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigui Ruan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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23
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Rabies Outbreaks and Vaccination in Domestic Camels and Cattle in Northwest China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004890. [PMID: 27583559 PMCID: PMC5008758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to many countries where rabies has been well controlled in humans and livestock, even in wildlife, rabies is still endemic in almost regions of China. In Northwest China, rabies transmitted by stray dogs and wild foxes has caused heavy economic losses to local herdsmen, as well as causing numbers of human cases. In this study, as part of an investigation of ways to prevent rabies epidemics in livestock, we report an analysis of domestic cattle and camel rabies cases in Ningxia Hui (NHAR) and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) and the immune efficacy of canine inactivated rabies vaccines in these animals. We found that rabies viruses from these animals are closely related to dog-hosted China I and fox-associated China III lineages, respectively, indicating that the infections originated from two different sources (dogs and wild foxes). As well as the previously reported Arctic and Arctic-related China IV lineage in IMAR, at least three separate phylogenetic groups of rabies virus consistently exist and spread throughout Northwest China. Since there is no licensed oral vaccine for wild foxes and no inactivated vaccine for large livestock, local canine inactivated vaccine products were used for emergency immunization of beef and milk cattle and bactrian (two-humped) camels in local farms. Compared with a single injection with one (low-efficacy) or three doses (high-cost), a single injection of a double dose of canine vaccine provided low-price and convenience for local veterinarians while inducing levels of virus neutralizing antibodies indicative of protection against rabies for at least 1 year in the cattle and camels. However, licensed vaccines for wildlife and large domestic animals are still needed in China. Rabies virus continues to cross carnivorous species and to infect humans and livestock in China. Rabies vaccination of the principal reservoir animals is even now being neglected in most regions of China, resulting in continuous expansion of rabies epidemics. Since there is no oral vaccine for stray dogs and wild animals and no inactivated vaccine for large domestic animals, rabies is not currently controlled in this country. We report rabies outbreaks caused by bites of dogs and wild foxes and the long-term effects on protection against rabies using canine inactivated vaccines in domestic camels and cattle. Our results indicate that at least three separate phylogenetic groups of rabies virus consistently exist and spread throughout Northwest China. Local canine vaccine products can be used to induce levels of virus neutralizing antibodies indicative of protection against rabies in cattle and camels; however, licensed oral and inactivated vaccines for reservoir carnivores and large domestic animals are urgently needed for elimination of rabies in China.
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24
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Navid MT, Li Y, Zhou M, Cui M, Fu ZF, Tang L, Zhao L. Comparison of the immunogenicity of two inactivated recombinant rabies viruses overexpressing the glycoprotein. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2863-70. [PMID: 27438075 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two recombinant rabies viruses overexpressing their glycoprotein (G) were compared in this study, with the overexpressed G inserted between P and M genes (named LBNSE-PM-G), and between the G and L genes (named LBNSE-GL-G), respectively. LBNSE-PM-G produced more G protein and induced stronger apoptosis than LBNSE-GL-G in infected cells, while the amount of virion-incorporated G in LBNSE-PM-G was less than in LBNSE-GL-G. Mice immunized with inactivated LBNSE-PM-G produced lower titers of virus-neutralizing antibody, and this recombinant conferred worse protection than LBNSE-GL-G. Our results suggest that over expressed G gene inserted between G and L, but not between P and M, enhanced the immunogenicity when used as an inactivated rabies vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariq Navid
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lijun Tang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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25
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Zhang X, Hou F, Li X, Zhou L, Liu Y, Zhang T. Study of surveillance data for class B notifiable disease in China from 2005 to 2014. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 48:7-13. [PMID: 27094249 PMCID: PMC7110548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The surveillance of infection is very important for public health management and disease control. It has been 10 years since China implemented its new web-based infection surveillance system, which covers the largest population in the world. Methods In this study, time series data were collected for 28 infectious diseases reported from 2005 to 2014 . Seasonality and long-term trends were explored using decomposition methods. Seasonality was expressed by calculating the seasonal indices. Long-term trends in the diseases were assessed using a linear regression model on the deseasonalized series. Results During the 10-year period, 38 982 567 cases and 126 372 deaths were reported in the system. The proportion of deaths caused by AIDS increased from 12% in 2005 to 78% in 2014. There were six diseases for which the seasonal index range was greater than 2: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, anthrax, cerebrospinal meningitis, and measles . Among the 28 diseases, the incidence of syphilis increased fastest, with an average increase of 0.018626/100 000 every month after adjustment for seasonality. Conclusions Effective surveillance is helpful in gaining a better understanding of the infection behaviour of infectious diseases; this will greatly facilitate disease control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17 Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fengsu Hou
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Institute of State Governance, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17 Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Sichuan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17 Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17 Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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26
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Zhang W, Zheng X, Cheng N, Gai W, Xue X, Wang Y, Gao Y, Shan J, Yang S, Xia X. Isatis indigotica root polysaccharides as adjuvants for an inactivated rabies virus vaccine. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 87:7-15. [PMID: 26875535 PMCID: PMC7112441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants can enhance vaccine immunogenicity and induce long-term enhancement of immune responses. Thus, adjuvants are important for vaccine research. Polysaccharides isolated from select Chinese herbs have been demonstrated to possess various beneficial functions and excellent adjuvant abilities. In the present study, the polysaccharides IIP-A-1 and IIP-2 were isolated from Isatis indigotica root and compared with the common vaccine adjuvant aluminum hydroxide via intramuscular co-administration of inactivated rabies virus rCVS-11-G into mice. Blood was collected to determine virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers and B and T lymphocyte activation status. Inguinal lymph node samples were collected and used to measure B lymphocyte proliferation. Splenocytes were isolated, from which antigen-specific cellular immune responses were detected via ELISpot, ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining. The results revealed that both types of polysaccharides induce more rapid changes and higher VNA titers than aluminum hydroxide. Flow cytometry assays revealed that the polysaccharides activated more B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and more B and T lymphocytes in the blood than aluminum hydroxide. Antigen-specific cellular immune responses showed that IIP-2 strongly induced T lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen and high levels of cytokine secretion from splenocytes, whereas aluminum hydroxide induced proliferation in only a small number of lymphocytes and the secretion of only small quantities of cytokines. Collectively, these data suggest that the polysaccharide IIP-2 exhibits excellent adjuvant activity and can enhance both cellular and humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Cheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Gai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghong Xue
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Junjie Shan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in Zhejiang Province, China. METHODS Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed using data collected through interview with human rabies cases or their relatives during 2007 to 2014. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect the data. RESULTS Two hundred and one cases of human rabies were diagnosed in Zhejiang Province between 2007 and 2014, with a gradually declining annual incidence. Of the rabies cases identified, 61.2% were aged 40-65 years, and the male to female ratio was 2.30:1; 63.7% of cases occurred in the summer and autumn. The two most reported occupations were farmer (69.2%) and rural laborer (15.4%). Wenzhou, Jinhua, and Huzhou were the three cities with the most reported cases. The majority of cases (92.8%) were attributed to canines, and 71.0% of animal vectors were household animals. Less than half of the cases (41.4%) sought wound treatment after exposure. Post-exposure passive immunization was given to 9.7% and active immunization to 2.3%. Cases with a wound on the head/face only had a significantly shorter incubation than those with wounds at other sites (p<0.05); cases with a wound on the hand only had a significantly shorter incubation than those with a wound on the lower limb below the knee only (p<0.001). Non-resident cases were significantly younger (p<0.001) and had a shorter disease duration (p=0.015) than locally resident cases. CONCLUSIONS The majority of rabies cases occurred among 40-65-year-old male residents of northern, mid-west, and southeast Zhejiang Province. Further health education is needed to increase the coverage of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in people exposed to possible rabid animals and rabies vaccine use in household animals.
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28
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Glycoprotein from street rabies virus BD06 induces early and robust immune responses when expressed from a non-replicative adenovirus recombinant. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2315-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Morters MK, McKinley TJ, Horton DL, Cleaveland S, Schoeman JP, Restif O, Whay HR, Goddard A, Fooks AR, Damriyasa IM, Wood JLN. Achieving population-level immunity to rabies in free-roaming dogs in Africa and Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3160. [PMID: 25393023 PMCID: PMC4230884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies can be effectively controlled by vaccination with readily available, high-quality vaccines. These vaccines should provide protection from challenge in healthy dogs, for the claimed period, for duration of immunity, which is often two or three years. It has been suggested that, in free-roaming dog populations where rabies is endemic, vaccine-induced protection may be compromised by immuno-suppression through malnutrition, infection and other stressors. This may reduce the proportion of dogs that seroconvert to the vaccine during vaccination campaigns and the duration of immunity of those dogs that seroconvert. Vaccination coverage may also be limited through insufficient vaccine delivery during vaccination campaigns and the loss of vaccinated individuals from populations through demographic processes. This is the first longitudinal study to evaluate temporal variations in rabies vaccine-induced serological responses, and factors associated with these variations, at the individual level in previously unvaccinated free-roaming dog populations. Individual-level serological and health-based data were collected from three cohorts of dogs in regions where rabies is endemic, one in South Africa and two in Indonesia. We found that the vast majority of dogs seroconverted to the vaccine; however, there was considerable variation in titres, partly attributable to illness and lactation at the time of vaccination. Furthermore, >70% of the dogs were vaccinated through community engagement and door-to-door vaccine delivery, even in Indonesia where the majority of the dogs needed to be caught by net on successive occasions for repeat blood sampling and vaccination. This demonstrates the feasibility of achieving population-level immunity in free-roaming dog populations in rabies-endemic regions. However, attrition of immune individuals through demographic processes and waning immunity necessitates repeat vaccination of populations within at least two years to ensure communities are protected from rabies. These findings support annual mass vaccination campaigns as the most effective means to control canine rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K. Morters
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevelyan J. McKinley
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Johan P. Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Olivier Restif
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R. Whay
- Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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30
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Knight-Jones TJD, Edmond K, Gubbins S, Paton DJ. Veterinary and human vaccine evaluation methods. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132839. [PMID: 24741009 PMCID: PMC4043076 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the universal importance of vaccines, approaches to human and veterinary vaccine evaluation differ markedly. For human vaccines, vaccine efficacy is the proportion of vaccinated individuals protected by the vaccine against a defined outcome under ideal conditions, whereas for veterinary vaccines the term is used for a range of measures of vaccine protection. The evaluation of vaccine effectiveness, vaccine protection assessed under routine programme conditions, is largely limited to human vaccines. Challenge studies under controlled conditions and sero-conversion studies are widely used when evaluating veterinary vaccines, whereas human vaccines are generally evaluated in terms of protection against natural challenge assessed in trials or post-marketing observational studies. Although challenge studies provide a standardized platform on which to compare different vaccines, they do not capture the variation that occurs under field conditions. Field studies of vaccine effectiveness are needed to assess the performance of a vaccination programme. However, if vaccination is performed without central co-ordination, as is often the case for veterinary vaccines, evaluation will be limited. This paper reviews approaches to veterinary vaccine evaluation in comparison to evaluation methods used for human vaccines. Foot-and-mouth disease has been used to illustrate the veterinary approach. Recommendations are made for standardization of terminology and for rigorous evaluation of veterinary vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. D. Knight-Jones
- The Pirbright Institute,
Pirbright, UK
- The Royal Veterinary College (VEEPH),
University of London, London,
UK
| | - K. Edmond
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health
(SPACH), The University of Western Australia,
Crawley, Australia
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31
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Ginsenoside Re as an adjuvant to enhance the immune response to the inactivated rabies virus vaccine in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:283-9. [PMID: 24680943 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The inactivated rabies virus vaccine (RV) is a relatively expensive vaccine, prone to failure in some cases. Ginsenoside Re (Re) is a saponin isolated from Panax ginseng, and has an adjuvant property. Here the adjuvant effect of Re to improve the immune response to the RV is evaluated in mice. ICR mice were immunized with saline, 2.50mg/kg Re, 20μl RV, 100μl RV, or 20μl of RV adjuvanted with Re (1.25, 2.50 or 5.00mg/kg). Different time points after boosting, we measured serum antibodies in blood samples and separated splenocytes to detect lymphocyte proliferation and the production of IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-γ in vitro. We also compared immunizations containing 20μl RV and 20μl RV adjuvanted with Re (5.00mg/kg) for the expression of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets at different time points. Results indicated that co-administration of Re significantly enhanced serum antibody titers, increased the CD4(+):CD8(+) ratio, and enhanced both proliferation responses and IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-γ secretions. Both Th1 and Th2 immune responses were activated. The supplementation of the Re (5.00mg/kg) to 20μl of RV significantly amplified serum antibody responses and Th1/Th2 responses inducing similar protection as did 100μl of RV. This suggests that Re could be used to reduce the dose, and therefore the cost, of the RV to achieve the same effective protection. Re merits further studies for use with vaccines of mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses.
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32
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Safety and serological response to a matrix gene-deleted rabies virus-based vaccine vector in dogs. Vaccine 2014; 32:1716-9. [PMID: 24508037 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dogs account for the majority of human exposures and deaths due to rabies virus (RABV) worldwide. In this report, we show that a replication-deficient RABV-based vaccine in which the matrix gene is deleted (RABV-ΔM) is safe and induces rapid and potent VNA titers after a single inoculation in dogs. Average VNA titers peaked at 3.02 or 5.11 international units (IU/ml) by 14 days post-immunization with a single dose of 10(6) or 10(7) focus forming units (ffu), respectively, of RABV-ΔM. By day 70 post immunization, all dogs immunized with either dose of vaccine showed VNA titers >0.5IU/ml, the level indicative of a satisfactory immunization. Importantly, no systemic or local reactions were noted in any dog immunized with RABV-ΔM. The elimination of dog rabies through mass vaccination is hindered by limited resources, requirement for repeat vaccinations often for the life of a dog, and in some parts of the world, inferior vaccine quality. Our preliminary safety and immunogenicity data in dogs suggest that RABV-ΔM might complement currently used inactivated RABV-based vaccines in vaccination campaigns by helping to obtain 100% response in vaccinated dogs, thereby increasing overall vaccination coverage.
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33
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Yin W, Dong J, Tu C, Edwards J, Guo F, Zhou H, Yu H, Vong S. Challenges and needs for China to eliminate rabies. Infect Dis Poverty 2013; 2:23. [PMID: 24088366 PMCID: PMC3851465 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-2-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, rabies is a significant public health concern where dogs remain the main reservoir of disease transmission to humans; rabies-related mortality ranks second in the world.We compiled all published articles and official documents on rabies in mainland China to examine challenges and needs to eliminate rabies in the country. The Chinese authorities have identified rabies as a priority, recognized rabies control in dogs as key to control rabies in humans and required intersectoral collaborations. Efforts have been made to respond effectively to the latest re-emergence of rabies, which peaked in 2007 with >3,300 cases. Despite these outcomes and the increasing volume of publications and regulations in the recent years, our review points to some major information gaps to improve rabies control activities and envisage elimination program. An emphasis on laboratory or pathogen-associated and basic epidemiology research in the literature has contrasted with the absence of information to monitor various systems in humans and animals (e.g. quality of surveillance, response and post-exposure prophylaxis). Information is also lacking to appropriately inform policymakers (e.g. economic disease burden, impact of policies) and assist program managers (e.g. comprehensive and strategic guidance for cost-effective prevention and control activities, public education and dog population management).In conclusion, strategic planning is needed to provide a sense of direction, demonstrate feasibility of elimination in China, and develop a research agenda, addressing country's operational needs and constraints. The planning should be a multisectoral effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Yin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- National Institute for viral disease control and prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - John Edwards
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sirenda Vong
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Beijing, China
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34
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Epidemic and maintenance of rabies in Chinese ferret badgers (Melogale moschata) indicated by epidemiology and the molecular signatures of rabies viruses. Virol Sin 2013; 28:146-51. [PMID: 23689981 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemic of Chinese ferret badger-associated human rabies was investigated in Wuyuan county, Jiangxi province and rabies viruses isolates from ferret badgers in different districts in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces were sequenced with their nucleotides and amino acids and aligned for epidemiological analysis. The results showed that the human rabies in Wuyuan are only associated with ferret badger bites; the rabies virus can be isolated in a high percentage of ferret badgers in the epidemic areas in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces; the isolates share the same molecular features in nucleotides and have characteristic amino acid signatures, i.e., 2 sites in the nucleoprotein and 3 sites in the glycoprotein, that are distinct from virus isolates from dogs in the same region. We conclude that rabies in Chinese ferret badgers has formed an independent transmission cycle and ferret badgers may serve as another important rabies reservoir independent of dog rabies in China.
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35
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Banyard AC, Horton DL, Freuling C, Müller T, Fooks AR. Control and prevention of canine rabies: the need for building laboratory-based surveillance capacity. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:357-64. [PMID: 23603498 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are the source of more than 99% of human rabies virus infections in endemic regions. Without postexposure prophylaxis, almost all cases are fatal, making rabies the most lethal infectious disease. Tens of thousands of deaths are reported annually, but the official figures are believed to be gross underestimates. Controlling canine rabies, especially in free-ranging dogs, is the first priority to reduce the burden of human disease. Because of their limited medical infrastructure, most endemic countries lack the laboratory facilities needed to diagnose human cases of viral encephalitis. Moreover, the veterinary sectors are often unable to undertake systematic surveillance and reporting of rabies in animals. Without an adequate and functioning risk assessment system that is primed for use, rabies will remain a 'neglected' and omnipresent disease, especially in poverty-stricken regions of the world. Fortunately, experience with the elimination of canine rabies from many industrialized countries has shown that these barriers are not insurmountable. Successful rabies prevention and control strategies that prove the absence of the disease depend on laboratory-based surveillance, rapid data reporting and an adequate system of risk assessment. Future control and prevention programmes should therefore coordinate the development of these key factors, creating synergies to eliminate rabies at its animal source. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on the global elimination of canine rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Banyard
- Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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36
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhang F, Hu R. Adaptation of a Chinese ferret badger strain of rabies virus to high-titered growth in BHK-21 cells for canine vaccine development. Arch Virol 2012; 157:2397-403. [PMID: 22886183 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus strain JX08-45CC was derived from a Chinese isolate (JX08-45) by serial passage in the BHK-21 cell line, reaching a titer of 10(8) TCID(50)/mL. JX08-45CC produced rabies in adult mice but was nonpathogenic in dogs after intramuscular injection. A comparison of the entire genomes of JX08-45 and JX08-45CC led to the identification of 17 nucleotide substitutions, resulting in seven amino acid changes in the mature G and L proteins. The immunogenicity of β-propiolactone-inactivated JX08-45CC was similar to the immunogenicity of the live vaccine strains widely used in China. The inactivated vaccine induced antibody responses for more than 6 months and provided full protection from an intramuscular challenge in dogs. JX08-45CC has excellent potential for development as an inactivated vaccine for dogs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
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37
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhang F, Hu R. A semi-quantitative serological method to assess the potency of inactivated rabies vaccine for veterinary use. Virol Sin 2012; 27:259-64. [PMID: 22899435 PMCID: PMC8218049 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Potency is one of the most important indexes of inactivated vaccines. A number of methods have been established to assay the potency, of which the NIH test and single-dose mouse protection test are the "prescribed methods". Here, we report a method to semi-quantitatively assay the potency of an inactivated rabies vaccine, which uses fewer animals and takes less time to complete. Depending on the quality requirements of a vaccine (e.g. minimum potency), a rabies reference vaccine is, for example, diluted to the minimum potency, and 50 μL of the dilution is taken to inoculate 10 mice. The same amount of the test rabies vaccine is inoculated into another 10 mice. After two weeks, all mice are bled and serum samples are assayed for viral neutralizing antibody by the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test. By comparing the median and interquartile range of antibody titers of the reference vaccine with those of the test vaccine, the test vaccine potency can be semi-quantitatively judged as to whether it is in accord with the required quality. The reliability of this method was also confirmed in dogs. The procedure can be recommended for batch potency testing during inactivated rabies vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
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38
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Montgomery JP, Zhang Y, Wells EV, Liu Y, Clayton JL, Wang X, Boulton ML. Human rabies in Tianjin, China. J Public Health (Oxf) 2012; 34:505-11. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fds041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Davlin SL, VonVille HM. Canine rabies vaccination and domestic dog population characteristics in the developing world: A systematic review. Vaccine 2012; 30:3492-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Yin CP, Zhou H, Wu H, Tao XY, Rayner S, Wang SM, Tang Q, Liang GD. Analysis on factors related to rabies epidemic in China from 2007-2011. Virol Sin 2012; 27:132-43. [PMID: 22492004 PMCID: PMC8218126 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze features of the rabies epidemic in China between 2007 and 2011, identify factors influencing the epidemic and to provide a scientific basis for further control and prevention of rabies, Descriptive epidemiological methods and statistical analysis was used on data collected from the National Disease Reporting Information System between 2007 to 2011 and the National Active Surveillance System between 2007 and 2010. Our analysis shows that while the number of human rabies cases decreased year by year, the number of districts reporting cases did not show significant change. The situations in Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Hunan provinces clearly improved over the period but they remain provinces with high-incidence, and consequently influence the epidemic situation of surrounding provinces and possibly the whole country. Summer and autumn were high-incidence seasons. Farmers, students and pre-school children represent the high-risk populations, and rates of cases in farmers increased, those for students decreased, and pre-school children remained unchanged. Provinces with active surveillance programs reported a total of 2346 individual cases, of which 88.53% were associated with canines. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) of rabies cases was not significantly improved, whereas PEP in post-exposure population was good. In rural regions of China, canine density was reduced somewhat, and the immunization rate increased slightly. Finally we show that while the epidemic decreased 2007 to 2011 in China, cases continued to be diffused in certain regions. Lack of standardization of PEP on rabies cases was the main reason of morbidity. The high density and low immunization of dog in rural areas and the defective situation of PEP are still continuous occurrences in China and remain a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-ping Yin
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Hui Wu
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xiao-yan Tao
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Simon Rayner
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Shu-mei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Qing Tang
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Guo-dong Liang
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
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41
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Adjuvant activity of Chinese herbal polysaccharides in inactivated veterinary rabies vaccines. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:598-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Zhang L, Wilson DP. Trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China: implications for surveillance and population health policy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31076. [PMID: 22359565 PMCID: PMC3281048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China, in their historical context. Both English and Chinese literature was searched and diseases were categorised according to the type of disease or transmission route. Temporal trends of morbidity and mortality rates were calculated for eight major infectious diseases types. Strong government commitment to public health responses and improvements in quality of life has led to the eradication or containment of a wide range of infectious diseases in China. The overall infectious diseases burden experienced a dramatic drop during 1975-1995, but since then, it reverted and maintained a gradual upward trend to date. Most notifiable diseases are contained at a low endemic level; however, local small-scale outbreaks remain common. Tuberculosis, as a bacterial infection, has re-emerged since the 1990s and has become prevalent in the country. Sexually transmitted infections are in a rapid, exponential growth phase, spreading from core groups to the general population. Together human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), they account for 39% of all death cases due to infectious diseases in China in 2008. Zoonotic infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), rabies and influenza, pose constant threats to Chinese residents and remain the most deadly disease type among the infected individuals. Therefore, second-generation surveillance of behavioural risks or vectors associated with pathogen transmission should be scaled up. It is necessary to implement public health interventions that target HIV and relevant coinfections, address transmission associated with highly mobile populations, and reduce the risk of cross-species transmission of zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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43
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Hou Q, Jin Z, Ruan S. Dynamics of rabies epidemics and the impact of control efforts in Guangdong Province, China. J Theor Biol 2012; 300:39-47. [PMID: 22273729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a major public health problem in some developing countries including China. One of the reasons is that there is a very large number of dogs, both domestic and stray, especially in Guangdong Province which has the third most rabies cases (after Guangxi and Hunan) among the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in Mainland China, and at least 18.2% of the human rabies cases are caused by stray dogs. In this paper, based on the reported data and characteristics of the rabies infection in Guangdong Province, we propose a mathematical model for the dog-human transmission of rabies. We first determine the basic reproduction number R₀ and discuss the stability of the disease-free equilibrium and persistence of the disease. By carrying out sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number in terms of some parameters, we find that the domestic dog vaccination rate, the recruitment rate of domestic dogs, and the quantity of stray dogs play important roles in the transmission of rabies. This study suggests that rabies control and prevention strategies should include public education and awareness about rabies, increase of the domestic dog vaccination rate and reduction of the stray dog population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hou
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shan'xi 030051, People's Republic of China
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44
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Lembo T, Attlan M, Bourhy H, Cleaveland S, Costa P, de Balogh K, Dodet B, Fooks AR, Hiby E, Leanes F, Meslin FX, Miranda ME, Müller T, Nel LH, Rupprecht CE, Tordo N, Tumpey A, Wandeler A, Briggs DJ. Renewed global partnerships and redesigned roadmaps for rabies prevention and control. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:923149. [PMID: 21776359 PMCID: PMC3135331 DOI: 10.4061/2011/923149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies, responsible for most human rabies deaths, is a serious global public health concern. This zoonosis is entirely preventable, but by focusing solely upon rabies prevention in humans, this “incurable wound” persists at high costs. Although preventing human deaths through canine rabies elimination is feasible, dog rabies control is often neglected, because dogs are not considered typical economic commodities by the animal health sector. Here, we demonstrate that the responsibility of managing rabies falls upon multiple sectors, that a truly integrated approach is the key to rabies elimination, and that considerable progress has been made to this effect. Achievements include the construction of global rabies networks and organizational partnerships; development of road maps, operational toolkits, and a blueprint for rabies prevention and control; and opportunities for scaling up and replication of successful programs. Progress must continue towards overcoming the remaining challenges preventing the ultimate goal of rabies elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Lembo
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, 529 Humboldt Street, Suite 1, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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45
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Wu X, Zhao J, Hou Y, Zhang F, Velasco-Villa A, Rupprecht CE, Hu R. Ferret badger rabies origin and its revisited importance as potential source of rabies transmission in Southeast China. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:234. [PMID: 20691095 PMCID: PMC2927599 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequent occurrence of ferret badger-associated human rabies cases in southeast China highlights the lack of laboratory-based surveillance and urges revisiting the potential importance of this animal in rabies transmission. To determine if the ferret badgers actually contribute to human and dog rabies cases, and the possible origin of the ferret badger-associated rabies in the region, an active rabies survey was conducted to determine the frequency of rabies infection and seroprevalence in dogs and ferret badgers. METHODS A retrospective survey on rabies epidemics was performed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Anhui provinces in southeast China. The brain tissues from ferret badgers and dogs were assayed by fluorescent antibody test. Rabies virus was isolated and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The sera from ferret badgers and dogs were titrated using rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) test. RESULTS The ferret badgers presented a higher percentage of rabies seroconversion than dogs did in the endemic region, reaching a maximum of 95% in the collected samples. Nine ferret badger-associated rabies viruses were isolated, sequenced, and were phylogenetically clustered as a separate group. Nucleotide sequence revealed 99.4-99.8% homology within the ferret badger isolates, and 83-89% homology to the dog isolates in the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes in the same rabies endemic regions. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest ferret badger-associated rabies has likely formed as an independent enzootic originating from dogs during the long-term rabies infestation in southeast China. The eventual role of FB rabies in public health remains unclear. However, management of ferret badger bites, rabies awareness and control in the related regions should be an immediate need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 1068 Qinglong Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 1068 Qinglong Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xianfu Wu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 1068 Qinglong Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yanli Hou
- Nanling Campus, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 1068 Qinglong Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Andres Velasco-Villa
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Charles E Rupprecht
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 1068 Qinglong Road, Changchun 130062, China
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46
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Powell JC. Evaluating risk: rabies exposure and occupational implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 57:465-71; quiz 472-3. [PMID: 19968210 DOI: 10.3928/08910162-20091027-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in vaccination, rabies remains a significant worldwide public health problem. Although the death rate is low in the United States, treatment and prevention costs are high. Occupational health nurses and occupational health nurse practitioners should consider rabies epidemiology, pathophysiology, and disease prevention and management when evaluating an employee's risk of exposure and subsequent infection.
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Wu X, Hu R, Zhang Y, Dong G, Rupprecht CE. Reemerging rabies and lack of systemic surveillance in People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1159-64. [PMID: 19751575 PMCID: PMC2815959 DOI: 10.3201/eid1508.081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a reemerging disease in China. The high incidence of rabies leads to numerous concerns: a potential carrier-dog phenomenon, undocumented transmission of rabies virus from wildlife to dogs, counterfeit vaccines, vaccine mismatching, and seroconversion testing in patients after their completion of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). These concerns are all scientifically arguable given a modern understanding of rabies. Rabies reemerges periodically in China because of high dog population density and low vaccination coverage in dogs. Mass vaccination campaigns rather than depopulation of dogs should be a long-term goal for rabies control. Seroconversion testing after vaccination is not necessary in either humans or animals. Human PEP should be initiated on the basis of diagnosis of biting animals. Reliable national systemic surveillance of rabies-related human deaths and of animal rabies prevalence is urgently needed. A laboratory diagnosis-based epidemiologic surveillance system can provide substantial information about disease transmission and effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfu Wu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Tao XY, Tang Q, Li H, Mo ZJ, Zhang H, Wang DM, Zhang Q, Song M, Velasco-Villa A, Wu X, Rupprecht CE, Liang GD. Molecular epidemiology of rabies in Southern People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1192-8. [PMID: 19751579 PMCID: PMC2815963 DOI: 10.3201/eid1508.081551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration and transport of dogs may have caused recent epidemics of human rabies. In recent years, the number of human rabies cases in the People’s Republic of China has increased during severe epidemics in 3 southern provinces (Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan). To analyze the causes of the high incidence of human rabies in this region, during 2005–2007, we collected 2,887 brain specimens from apparently healthy domestic dogs used for meat consumption in restaurants, 4 specimens from suspected rabid dogs, and 3 from humans with rabies in the 3 provinces. Partial nucleoprotein gene sequences were obtained from rabies-positive specimens. Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of viruses were determined. We infer that the spread of rabies viruses from high-incidence regions, particularly by long-distance movement or transprovincial translocation of dogs caused by human-related activities, may be 1 cause of the recent massive human rabies epidemics in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Tao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Despite advances in vaccination, rabies remains a significant worldwide public health problem. Although the death rate is low in the United States, treatment and prevention costs are high. Occupational health nurses and occupational health nurse practitioners should consider rabies epidemiology, pathophysiology, and disease prevention and management when evaluating an employee's risk of exposure and subsequent infection.
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