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Friedrichsen K, Hsiang JC, Lin CI, McCoy L, Valkova K, Kerschensteiner D, Morgan JL. Subcellular pathways through VGluT3-expressing mouse amacrine cells provide locally tuned object-motion-selective signals in the retina. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2965. [PMID: 38580652 PMCID: PMC10997783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
VGluT3-expressing mouse retinal amacrine cells (VG3s) respond to small-object motion and connect to multiple types of bipolar cells (inputs) and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs, outputs). Because these input and output connections are intermixed on the same dendrites, making sense of VG3 circuitry requires comparing the distribution of synapses across their arbors to the subcellular flow of signals. Here, we combine subcellular calcium imaging and electron microscopic connectomic reconstruction to analyze how VG3s integrate and transmit visual information. VG3s receive inputs from all nearby bipolar cell types but exhibit a strong preference for the fast type 3a bipolar cells. By comparing input distributions to VG3 dendrite responses, we show that VG3 dendrites have a short functional length constant that likely depends on inhibitory shunting. This model predicts that RGCs that extend dendrites into the middle layers of the inner plexiform encounter VG3 dendrites whose responses vary according to the local bipolar cell response type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Friedrichsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Jen-Chun Hsiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Chin-I Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Liam McCoy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katia Valkova
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Josh L Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Li HQ, Jiang W, Ling L, Pratelli M, Chen C, Gupta V, Godavarthi SK, Spitzer NC. Generalized fear after acute stress is caused by change in neuronal cotransmitter identity. Science 2024; 383:1252-1259. [PMID: 38484078 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Overgeneralization of fear to harmless situations is a core feature of anxiety disorders resulting from acute stress, yet the mechanisms by which fear becomes generalized are poorly understood. In this study, we show that generalized fear in mice results from a transmitter switch from glutamate to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in serotonergic neurons of the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe. Similar change in transmitter identity was found in the postmortem brains of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Overriding the transmitter switch in mice prevented the acquisition of generalized fear. Corticosterone release and activation of glucocorticoid receptors mediated the switch, and prompt antidepressant treatment blocked the cotransmitter switch and generalized fear. Our results provide important insight into the mechanisms involved in fear generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Quan Li
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wuji Jiang
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Li Ling
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marta Pratelli
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vaidehi Gupta
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Swetha K Godavarthi
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas C Spitzer
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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3
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Tong C, Moayedi Y, Lumpkin EA. Merkel cells and keratinocytes in oral mucosa are activated by mechanical stimulation. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15826. [PMID: 38246872 PMCID: PMC10800296 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The detection of mechanical qualities of foodstuffs is essential for nutrient acquisition, evaluation of food freshness, and bolus formation during mastication. However, the mechanisms through which mechanosensitive cells in the oral cavity transmit mechanical information from the periphery to the brain are not well defined. We hypothesized Merkel cells, which are epithelial mechanoreceptors and important for pressure and texture sensing in the skin, can be mechanically activated in the oral cavity. Using live-cell calcium imaging, we recorded Merkel cell activity in ex vivo gingival and palatal preparations from mice in response to mechanical stimulation. Merkel cells responded with distinct temporal patterns and activation thresholds in a region-specific manner, with Merkel cells in the hard palate having a higher mean activation threshold than those in the gingiva. Unexpectedly, we found that oral keratinocytes were also activated by mechanical stimulation, even in the absence of Merkel cells. This indicates that mechanical stimulation of oral mucosa independently activates at least two subpopulations of epithelial cells. Finally, we found that oral Merkel cells contribute to preference for consuming oily emulsion. To our knowledge, these data represent the first functional study of Merkel-cell physiology and its role in flavor detection in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi‐Kun Tong
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiophysicsColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Yalda Moayedi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiophysicsColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Present address:
Departments of Neurology and Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ellen A. Lumpkin
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiophysicsColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of DermatologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Present address:
Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
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4
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Gaynes JA, Budoff SA, Grybko MJ, Poleg-Polsky A. Heterogeneous presynaptic receptive fields contribute to directional tuning in starburst amacrine cells. eLife 2023; 12:RP90456. [PMID: 38149980 PMCID: PMC10752589 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing of visual information by retinal starburst amacrine cells (SACs) involves transforming excitatory input from bipolar cells (BCs) into directional calcium output. While previous studies have suggested that an asymmetry in the kinetic properties of BCs along the soma-dendritic axes of the postsynaptic cell could enhance directional tuning at the level of individual branches, it remains unclear whether biologically relevant presynaptic kinetics contribute to direction selectivity (DS) when visual stimulation engages the entire dendritic tree. To address this question, we built multicompartmental models of the bipolar-SAC circuit and trained them to boost directional tuning. We report that despite significant dendritic crosstalk and dissimilar directional preferences along the dendrites that occur during whole-cell stimulation, the rules that guide BC kinetics leading to optimal DS are similar to the single-dendrite condition. To correlate model predictions to empirical findings, we utilized two-photon glutamate imaging to study the dynamics of bipolar release onto ON- and OFF-starburst dendrites in the murine retina. We reveal diverse presynaptic dynamics in response to motion in both BC populations; algorithms trained on the experimental data suggested that the differences in the temporal release kinetics are likely to correspond to heterogeneous receptive field properties among the different BC types, including the spatial extent of the center and surround components. In addition, we demonstrate that circuit architecture composed of presynaptic units with experimentally recorded dynamics could enhance directional drive but not to levels that replicate empirical findings, suggesting other DS mechanisms are required to explain SAC function. Our study provides new insights into the complex mechanisms underlying DS in retinal processing and highlights the potential contribution of presynaptic kinetics to the computation of visual information by SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Gaynes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Samuel A Budoff
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Michael J Grybko
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Alon Poleg-Polsky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
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5
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Jo A, Deniz S, Cherian S, Xu J, Futagi D, DeVries SH, Zhu Y. Modular interneuron circuits control motion sensitivity in the mouse retina. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7746. [PMID: 38008788 PMCID: PMC10679153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural computations arise from highly precise connections between specific types of neurons. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with similar stratification patterns are positioned to receive similar inputs but often display different response properties. In this study, we used intersectional mouse genetics to achieve single-cell type labeling and identified an object motion sensitive (OMS) AC type, COMS-AC(counter-OMS AC). Optogenetic stimulation revealed that COMS-AC makes glycinergic synapses with the OMS-insensitive HD2p-RGC, while chemogenetic inactivation showed that COMS-AC provides inhibitory control to HD2p-RGC during local motion. This local inhibition, combined with the inhibitory drive from TH2-AC during global motion, explains the OMS-insensitive feature of HD2p-RGC. In contrast, COMS-AC fails to make synapses with W3(UHD)-RGC, allowing it to exhibit OMS under the control of VGlut3-AC and TH2-AC. These findings reveal modular interneuron circuits that endow structurally similar RGC types with different responses and present a mechanism for redundancy-reduction in the retina to expand coding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jo
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sercan Deniz
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Suraj Cherian
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daiki Futagi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Steven H DeVries
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yongling Zhu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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6
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Mani A, Yang X, Zhao TA, Leyrer ML, Schreck D, Berson DM. A circuit suppressing retinal drive to the optokinetic system during fast image motion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5142. [PMID: 37612305 PMCID: PMC10447436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) assists stabilization of the retinal image during head rotation. OKN is driven by ON direction selective retinal ganglion cells (ON DSGCs), which encode both the direction and speed of global retinal slip. The synaptic circuits responsible for the direction selectivity of ON DSGCs are well understood, but those sculpting their slow-speed preference remain enigmatic. Here, we probe this mechanism in mouse retina through patch clamp recordings, functional imaging, genetic manipulation, and electron microscopic reconstructions. We confirm earlier evidence that feedforward glycinergic inhibition is the main suppressor of ON DSGC responses to fast motion, and reveal the source for this inhibition-the VGluT3 amacrine cell, a dual neurotransmitter, excitatory/inhibitory interneuron. Together, our results identify a role for VGluT3 cells in limiting the speed range of OKN. More broadly, they suggest VGluT3 cells shape the response of many retinal cell types to fast motion, suppressing it in some while enhancing it in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mani
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xinzhu Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tiffany A Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Megan L Leyrer
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Daniel Schreck
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David M Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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7
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Li HQ, Jiang W, Ling L, Gupta V, Chen C, Pratelli M, Godavarthi SK, Spitzer NC. Generalized fear following acute stress is caused by change in co-transmitter identity of serotonergic neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.10.540268. [PMID: 37214936 PMCID: PMC10197626 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.540268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Overgeneralization of fear to harmless situations is a core feature of anxiety disorders resulting from acute stress, yet the mechanisms by which fear becomes generalized are poorly understood. Here we show that generalized fear in mice in response to footshock results from a transmitter switch from glutamate to GABA in serotonergic neurons of the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe. We observe a similar change in transmitter identity in the postmortem brains of PTSD patients. Overriding the transmitter switch in mice using viral tools prevents the acquisition of generalized fear. Corticosterone release and activation of glucocorticoid receptors trigger the switch, and prompt antidepressant treatment blocks the co-transmitter switch and generalized fear. Our results provide new understanding of the plasticity involved in fear generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Quan Li
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Wuji Jiang
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Lily Ling
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Vaidehi Gupta
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Marta Pratelli
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Swetha K Godavarthi
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Nicholas C Spitzer
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
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8
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Pomaville MB, Wright KM. Follicle-innervating Aδ-low threshold mechanoreceptive neurons form receptive fields through homotypic competition. Neural Dev 2023; 18:2. [PMID: 37106422 PMCID: PMC10134579 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-023-00170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian somatosensory system is comprised of multiple neuronal populations that form specialized, highly organized sensory endings in the skin. The organization of somatosensory endings is essential to their functions, yet the mechanisms which regulate this organization remain unclear. Using a combination of genetic and molecular labeling approaches, we examined the development of mouse hair follicle-innervating low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) and explored competition for innervation targets as a mechanism involved in the patterning of their receptive fields. We show that follicle innervating neurons are present in the skin at birth and that LTMR receptive fields gradually add follicle-innervating endings during the first two postnatal weeks. Using a constitutive Bax knockout to increase the number of neurons in adult animals, we show that two LTMR subtypes have differential responses to an increase in neuronal population size: Aδ-LTMR neurons shrink their receptive fields to accommodate the increased number of neurons innervating the skin, while C-LTMR neurons do not. Our findings suggest that competition for hair follicles to innervate plays a role in the patterning and organization of follicle-innervating LTMR neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Pomaville
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kevin M Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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9
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Moayedi Y, Xu S, Obayashi SK, Hoffman BU, Gerling GJ, Lumpkin EA. The cellular basis of mechanosensation in mammalian tongue. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112087. [PMID: 36763499 PMCID: PMC10409885 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory neurons that innervate the tongue provide essential information to guide feeding, speech, and social grooming. We use in vivo calcium imaging of mouse trigeminal ganglion neurons to identify functional groups of mechanosensory neurons innervating the anterior tongue. These sensory neurons respond to thermal and mechanical stimulation. Analysis of neuronal activity patterns reveal that most mechanosensory trigeminal neurons are tuned to detect moving stimuli across the tongue. Using an unbiased, multilayer hierarchical clustering approach to classify pressure-evoked activity based on temporal response dynamics, we identify five functional classes of mechanosensory neurons with distinct force-response relations and adaptation profiles. These populations are tuned to detect different features of touch. Molecular markers of functionally distinct clusters are identified by analyzing cluster representation in genetically marked neuronal subsets. Collectively, these studies provide a platform for defining the contributions of functionally distinct mechanosensory neurons to oral behaviors crucial for survival in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Moayedi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shan Xu
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Sophie K Obayashi
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin U Hoffman
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gregory J Gerling
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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10
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Chemogenetic activation of VGLUT3-expressing neurons decreases movement. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 935:175298. [PMID: 36198338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) are responsible for the storage of glutamate into secretory vesicles. The VGLUT3 isoform is mainly expressed in neurons that secrete other classical neurotransmitters, including the cholinergic interneurons in the striatum, and VGLUT3-expressing neurons often secrete two distinct neurotransmitters. VGLUT3 is discretely distributed throughout the brain and is found in subpopulations of spinal cord interneurons, in subset of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, and in Merkel cells. Mice with a global loss of VGLUT3 are hyperactive and the modulation of specific VGLUT3-expressing circuits can lead to changes in movement. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that increased activity of VGLUT3-expressing neurons is associated with decreased movement. Using a mouse line expressing excitatory designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (hM3Dq-DREADD) on VGLUT3-expressing neurons, we showed that activation of hM3Dq signalling acutely decreased locomotor activity. This decreased locomotion was likely not due to circuit changes mediated by glutamate nor acetylcholine released from VGLUT3-expressing neurons, as activation of hM3Dq signalling in mice that do not release glutamate or acetylcholine from VGLUT3-expressing neurons also decreased locomotor activity. This suggests that other neurotransmitters are likely driving this hypoactive phenotype. We used these mouse lines to compare the effects of DREADD agonists in vivo. We observed that clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), clozapine, compound 21 and perlapine show small differences in the speed at which they prompt behavioural responses but the four of them are selective DREADD ligands.
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11
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Fazekas CL, Szabó A, Török B, Bánrévi K, Correia P, Chaves T, Daumas S, Zelena D. A New Player in the Hippocampus: A Review on VGLUT3+ Neurons and Their Role in the Regulation of Hippocampal Activity and Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:790. [PMID: 35054976 PMCID: PMC8775679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory amino acid in the central nervous system. Neurons using glutamate as a neurotransmitter can be characterised by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Among the three subtypes, VGLUT3 is unique, co-localising with other "classical" neurotransmitters, such as the inhibitory GABA. Glutamate, manipulated by VGLUT3, can modulate the packaging as well as the release of other neurotransmitters and serve as a retrograde signal through its release from the somata and dendrites. Its contribution to sensory processes (including seeing, hearing, and mechanosensation) is well characterised. However, its involvement in learning and memory can only be assumed based on its prominent hippocampal presence. Although VGLUT3-expressing neurons are detectable in the hippocampus, most of the hippocampal VGLUT3 positivity can be found on nerve terminals, presumably coming from the median raphe. This hippocampal glutamatergic network plays a pivotal role in several important processes (e.g., learning and memory, emotions, epilepsy, cardiovascular regulation). Indirect information from anatomical studies and KO mice strains suggests the contribution of local VGLUT3-positive hippocampal neurons as well as afferentations in these events. However, further studies making use of more specific tools (e.g., Cre-mice, opto- and chemogenetics) are needed to confirm these assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Lea Fazekas
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS) INSERM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Adrienn Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bánrévi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Pedro Correia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tiago Chaves
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stéphanie Daumas
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS) INSERM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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12
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Miller DS, Wright KM. Neuronal Dystroglycan regulates postnatal development of CCK/cannabinoid receptor-1 interneurons. Neural Dev 2021; 16:4. [PMID: 34362433 PMCID: PMC8349015 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-021-00153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of functional neural circuits requires the precise formation of synaptic connections between diverse neuronal populations. The molecular pathways that allow GABAergic interneuron subtypes in the mammalian brain to initially recognize their postsynaptic partners remain largely unknown. The transmembrane glycoprotein Dystroglycan is localized to inhibitory synapses in pyramidal neurons, where it is required for the proper function of CCK+ interneurons. However, the precise temporal requirement for Dystroglycan during inhibitory synapse development has not been examined. Methods In this study, we use NEXCre or Camk2aCreERT2 to conditionally delete Dystroglycan from newly-born or adult pyramidal neurons, respectively. We then analyze forebrain development from postnatal day 3 through adulthood, with a particular focus on CCK+ interneurons. Results In the absence of postsynaptic Dystroglycan in developing pyramidal neurons, presynaptic CCK+ interneurons fail to elaborate their axons and largely disappear from the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and olfactory bulb during the first two postnatal weeks. Other interneuron subtypes are unaffected, indicating that CCK+ interneurons are unique in their requirement for postsynaptic Dystroglycan. Dystroglycan does not appear to be required in adult pyramidal neurons to maintain CCK+ interneurons. Bax deletion did not rescue CCK+ interneurons in Dystroglycan mutants during development, suggesting that they are not eliminated by canonical apoptosis. Rather, we observed increased innervation of the striatum, suggesting that the few remaining CCK+ interneurons re-directed their axons to neighboring areas where Dystroglycan expression remained intact. Conclusion Together these findings show that Dystroglycan functions as part of a synaptic partner recognition complex that is required early for CCK+ interneuron development in the forebrain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13064-021-00153-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Miller
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kevin M Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, VIB 3435A, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L474, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
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13
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Kljakic O, Al-Onaizi M, Janíčková H, Chen KS, Guzman MS, Prado MAM, Prado VF. Cholinergic transmission from the basal forebrain modulates social memory in male mice. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6075-6092. [PMID: 34308559 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions in social behaviour are prevalent in many neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorders. However, the underlying neurochemical regulation of social behaviour is still not well understood. The central cholinergic system has been proposed to contribute to the regulation of social behaviour. For instance, decreased global levels of acetylcholine release in the brain leads to decreased social interaction and an impairment of social memory in mice. Nonetheless, it has been difficult to ascertain the specific brain areas where cholinergic signalling influences social preference and social memory. In this study, we investigated the impact of different forebrain cholinergic regions on social behaviour by examining mouse lines that differ in their regional expression level of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter-the protein that regulates acetylcholine secretion. We found that when cholinergic signalling is highly disrupted in the striatum, hippocampus, cortex and amygdala mice have intact social preference but are impaired in social memory, as they cannot remember a familiar conspecific nor recognize a novel one. A similar pattern emerges when acetylcholine release is disrupted mainly in the striatum, cortex, and amygdala; however, the ability to recognize novel conspecifics is retained. In contrast, cholinergic signalling of the striatum and amygdala does not appear to significantly contribute to the modulation of social memory and social preference. Furthermore, we demonstrated that increasing global cholinergic tone does not increase social behaviours. Together, these data suggest that cholinergic transmission from the hippocampus and cortex are important for regulating social memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornela Kljakic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Helena Janíčková
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin S Chen
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica S Guzman
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Lee S, Chen M, Shi Y, Zhou ZJ. Selective glycinergic input from vGluT3 amacrine cells confers a suppressed-by-contrast trigger feature in a subtype of M1 ipRGCs in the mouse retina. J Physiol 2021; 599:5047-5060. [PMID: 34292589 DOI: 10.1113/jp281717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS M1 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are known to encode absolute light intensity (irradiance) for non-image-forming visual functions (subconscious vision), such as circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex. It remains unclear how M1 cells respond to relative light intensity (contrast) and patterned visual signals. The present study identified a special form of contrast sensitivity (suppressed-by-contrast) in M1 cells, suggesting a role of patterned visual signals in regulating non-image-forming vision and a potential role of M1 ipRGCs in encoding image-forming visual cues. The study also uncovered a synaptic mechanism and a retinal circuit mediated by vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (vGluT3) amacrine cells that underlie the suppressed-by-contrast response of M1 cells. M1 ipRGC subtypes (M1a and M1b) were revealed that are distinguishable based on synaptic connectivity with vGluT3 amacrine cells, receptive field properties, intrinsic photo sensitivity and membrane excitability, and morphological features, suggesting a division of visual tasks among discrete M1 subpopulations. ABSTRACT The M1 type ipRGC (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell) is known to encode ambient light signals for non-image-forming visual functions such as circadian photo-entrainment and the pupillary light reflex. Here, we report that a subpopulation of M1 cells (M1a) in the mouse retina possess the suppressed-by-contrast (sbc) trigger feature that is a receptive field property previously found only in ganglion cells mediating image-forming vision. Using optogenetics and the dual patch clamp technique, we found that vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (vGluT3) (vGluT3) amacrine cells make glycinergic, but not glutamatergic, synapses specifically onto M1a cells. The spatiotemporal and pharmacological properties of visually evoked responses of M1a cells closely matched the receptive field characteristics of vGluT3 cells, suggesting a major role of the vGluT3 amacrine cell input in shaping the sbc trigger feature of M1a cells. We found that the other subpopulation of M1 cells (M1b), which did not receive a direct vGluT3 cell input, lacked the sbc trigger feature, being distinctively different from M1a cells in intrinsic photo responses, membrane excitability, receptive-field characteristics and morphological features. Together, the results reveal a retinal circuit that uses the sbc trigger feature to regulate irradiance coding and potentially send image-forming cues to non-image-forming visual centres in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Minggang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuelin Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Z Jimmy Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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Grimes WN, Aytürk DG, Hoon M, Yoshimatsu T, Gamlin C, Carrera D, Nath A, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Ahlquist RM, Sabnis A, Berson DM, Diamond JS, Wong RO, Cepko C, Rieke F. A High-Density Narrow-Field Inhibitory Retinal Interneuron with Direct Coupling to Müller Glia. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6018-6037. [PMID: 34083252 PMCID: PMC8276741 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0199-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amacrine cells are interneurons composing the most diverse cell class in the mammalian retina. They help encode visual features, such as edges or directed motion, by mediating excitatory and inhibitory interactions between input (i.e., bipolar) and output (i.e., ganglion) neurons in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Like other brain regions, the retina also contains glial cells that contribute to neurotransmitter uptake, metabolic regulation, and neurovascular control. Here, we report that, in mouse retina (of either sex), an abundant, though previously unstudied inhibitory amacrine cell is coupled directly to Müller glia. Electron microscopic reconstructions of this amacrine type revealed chemical synapses with known retinal cell types and extensive associations with Müller glia, the processes of which often completely ensheathe the neurites of this amacrine cell. Microinjecting small tracer molecules into the somas of these amacrine cells led to selective labeling of nearby Müller glia, leading us to suggest the name "Müller glia-coupled amacrine cell," or MAC. Our data also indicate that MACs release glycine at conventional chemical synapses, and viral retrograde transsynaptic tracing from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus showed selective connections between MACs and a subpopulation of retinal ganglion cell types. Visually evoked responses revealed a strong preference for light increments; these "ON" responses were primarily mediated by excitatory chemical synaptic input and direct electrical coupling with other cells. This initial characterization of the MAC provides the first evidence for neuron-glia coupling in the mammalian retina and identifies the MAC as a potential link between inhibitory processing and glial function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Gap junctions between pairs of neurons or glial cells are commonly found throughout the nervous system and play multiple roles, including electrical coupling and metabolic exchange. In contrast, gap junctions between neurons and glia cells have rarely been reported and are poorly understood. Here we report the first evidence for neuron-glia coupling in the mammalian retina, specifically between an abundant (but previously unstudied) inhibitory interneuron and Müller glia. Moreover, viral tracing, optogenetics, and serial electron microscopy provide new information about the neuron's synaptic partners and physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Grimes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Didem Göz Aytürk
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mrinalini Hoon
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Takeshi Yoshimatsu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Clare Gamlin
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Daniel Carrera
- National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Amurta Nath
- National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Richard M Ahlquist
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Adit Sabnis
- National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - David M Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rachel O Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Connie Cepko
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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16
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Outer Hair Cell Glutamate Signaling through Type II Spiral Ganglion Afferents Activates Neurons in the Cochlear Nucleus in Response to Nondamaging Sounds. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2930-2943. [PMID: 33574178 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0619-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) are known to uniquely participate in auditory processing through their electromotility, and like inner hair cells, are also capable of releasing vesicular glutamate onto spiral ganglion (SG) neurons: in this case, onto the sparse Type II SG neurons. However, unlike glutamate signaling at the inner hair cell-Type I SG neuron synapse, which is robust across a wide spectrum of sound intensities, glutamate signaling at the OHC-Type II SG neuron synapse is weaker and has been hypothesized to occur only at intense, possibly damaging sound levels. Here, we tested the ability of the OHC-Type II SG pathway to signal to the brain in response to moderate, nondamaging sound (80 dB SPL) as well as to intense sound (115 dB SPL). First, we determined the VGluTs associated with OHC signaling and then confirmed the loss of glutamatergic synaptic transmission from OHCs to Type II SG neurons in KO mice using dendritic patch-clamp recordings. Next, we generated genetic mouse lines in which vesicular glutamate release occurs selectively from OHCs, and then assessed c-Fos expression in the cochlear nucleus in response to sound. From these analyses, we show, for the first time, that glutamatergic signaling at the OHC-Type II SG neuron synapse is capable of activating cochlear nucleus neurons, even at moderate sound levels.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Evidence suggests that cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) release glutamate onto Type II spiral ganglion neurons only when exposed to loud sound, and that Type II neurons are activated by tissue damage. Knowing whether moderate level sound, without tissue damage, activates this pathway has functional implications for this fundamental auditory pathway. We first determined that OHCs rely largely on VGluT3 for synaptic glutamate release. We then used a genetically modified mouse line in which OHCs, but not inner hair cells, release vesicular glutamate to demonstrate that moderate sound exposure activates cochlear nucleus neurons via the OHC-Type II spiral ganglion pathway. Together, these data indicate that glutamate signaling at the OHC-Type II afferent synapse participates in auditory function at moderate sound levels.
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17
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Interrelationships between Cellular Density, Mosaic Patterning, and Dendritic Coverage of VGluT3 Amacrine Cells. J Neurosci 2021; 41:103-117. [PMID: 33208470 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1027-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amacrine cells of the retina are conspicuously variable in their morphologies, their population demographics, and their ensuing functions. Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGluT3) amacrine cells are a recently characterized type of amacrine cell exhibiting local dendritic autonomy. The present analysis has examined three features of this VGluT3 population, including their density, local distribution, and dendritic spread, to discern the extent to which these are interrelated, using male and female mice. We first demonstrate that Bax-mediated cell death transforms the mosaic of VGluT3 cells from a random distribution into a regular mosaic. We subsequently examine the relationship between cell density and mosaic regularity across recombinant inbred strains of mice, finding that, although both traits vary across the strains, they exhibit minimal covariation. Other genetic determinants must therefore contribute independently to final cell number and to mosaic order. Using a conditional KO approach, we further demonstrate that Bax acts via the bipolar cell population, rather than cell-intrinsically, to control VGluT3 cell number. Finally, we consider the relationship between the dendritic arbors of single VGluT3 cells and the distribution of their homotypic neighbors. Dendritic field area was found to be independent of Voronoi domain area, while dendritic coverage of single cells was not conserved, simply increasing with the size of the dendritic field. Bax-KO retinas exhibited a threefold increase in dendritic coverage. Each cell, however, contributed less dendrites at each depth within the plexus, intermingling their processes with those of neighboring cells to approximate a constant volumetric density, yielding a uniformity in process coverage across the population.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Different types of retinal neuron spread their processes across the surface of the retina to achieve a degree of dendritic coverage that is characteristic of each type. Many of these types achieve a constant coverage by varying their dendritic field area inversely with the local density of like-type neighbors. Here we report a population of retinal amacrine cells that do not develop dendritic arbors in relation to the spatial positioning of such homotypic neighbors; rather, this cell type modulates the extent of its dendritic branching when faced with a variable number of overlapping dendritic fields to approximate a uniformity in dendritic density across the retina.
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18
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Gouwens NW, Sorensen SA, Baftizadeh F, Budzillo A, Lee BR, Jarsky T, Alfiler L, Baker K, Barkan E, Berry K, Bertagnolli D, Bickley K, Bomben J, Braun T, Brouner K, Casper T, Crichton K, Daigle TL, Dalley R, de Frates RA, Dee N, Desta T, Lee SD, Dotson N, Egdorf T, Ellingwood L, Enstrom R, Esposito L, Farrell C, Feng D, Fong O, Gala R, Gamlin C, Gary A, Glandon A, Goldy J, Gorham M, Graybuck L, Gu H, Hadley K, Hawrylycz MJ, Henry AM, Hill D, Hupp M, Kebede S, Kim TK, Kim L, Kroll M, Lee C, Link KE, Mallory M, Mann R, Maxwell M, McGraw M, McMillen D, Mukora A, Ng L, Ng L, Ngo K, Nicovich PR, Oldre A, Park D, Peng H, Penn O, Pham T, Pom A, Popović Z, Potekhina L, Rajanbabu R, Ransford S, Reid D, Rimorin C, Robertson M, Ronellenfitch K, Ruiz A, Sandman D, Smith K, Sulc J, Sunkin SM, Szafer A, Tieu M, Torkelson A, Trinh J, Tung H, Wakeman W, Ward K, Williams G, Zhou Z, Ting JT, Arkhipov A, Sümbül U, Lein ES, Koch C, Yao Z, Tasic B, Berg J, Murphy GJ, Zeng H. Integrated Morphoelectric and Transcriptomic Classification of Cortical GABAergic Cells. Cell 2020; 183:935-953.e19. [PMID: 33186530 PMCID: PMC7781065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are frequently classified into distinct types on the basis of structural, physiological, or genetic attributes. To better constrain the definition of neuronal cell types, we characterized the transcriptomes and intrinsic physiological properties of over 4,200 mouse visual cortical GABAergic interneurons and reconstructed the local morphologies of 517 of those neurons. We find that most transcriptomic types (t-types) occupy specific laminar positions within visual cortex, and, for most types, the cells mapping to a t-type exhibit consistent electrophysiological and morphological properties. These properties display both discrete and continuous variation among t-types. Through multimodal integrated analysis, we define 28 met-types that have congruent morphological, electrophysiological, and transcriptomic properties and robust mutual predictability. We identify layer-specific axon innervation pattern as a defining feature distinguishing different met-types. These met-types represent a unified definition of cortical GABAergic interneuron types, providing a systematic framework to capture existing knowledge and bridge future analyses across different modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agata Budzillo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brian R Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tim Jarsky
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lauren Alfiler
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Eliza Barkan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kyla Berry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Kris Bickley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jasmine Bomben
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas Braun
- Byte Physics, Schwarzastraße 9, Berlin 12055, Germany
| | - Krissy Brouner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tamara Casper
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rachel Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tsega Desta
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Tom Egdorf
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Rachel Enstrom
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Luke Esposito
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Colin Farrell
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olivia Fong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rohan Gala
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Clare Gamlin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amanda Gary
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Melissa Gorham
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lucas Graybuck
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hong Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kristen Hadley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Alex M Henry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - DiJon Hill
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Madie Hupp
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sara Kebede
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tae Kyung Kim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lisa Kim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew Kroll
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Changkyu Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Rusty Mann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Medea McGraw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Alice Mukora
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lindsay Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Aaron Oldre
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Park
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hanchuan Peng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Osnat Penn
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thanh Pham
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alice Pom
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zoran Popović
- Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Shea Ransford
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Augustin Ruiz
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Sandman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kimberly Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Josef Sulc
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Tieu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amy Torkelson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Herman Tung
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wayne Wakeman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katelyn Ward
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Grace Williams
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Anton Arkhipov
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Uygar Sümbül
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jim Berg
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gabe J Murphy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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19
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Peirs C, Williams SPG, Zhao X, Arokiaraj CM, Ferreira DW, Noh MC, Smith KM, Halder P, Corrigan KA, Gedeon JY, Lee SJ, Gatto G, Chi D, Ross SE, Goulding M, Seal RP. Mechanical Allodynia Circuitry in the Dorsal Horn Is Defined by the Nature of the Injury. Neuron 2020; 109:73-90.e7. [PMID: 33181066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The spinal dorsal horn is a major site for the induction and maintenance of mechanical allodynia, but the circuitry that underlies this clinically important form of pain remains unclear. The studies presented here provide strong evidence that the neural circuits conveying mechanical allodynia in the dorsal horn differ by the nature of the injury. Calretinin (CR) neurons in lamina II inner convey mechanical allodynia induced by inflammatory injuries, while protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ) neurons at the lamina II/III border convey mechanical allodynia induced by neuropathic injuries. Cholecystokinin (CCK) neurons located deeper within the dorsal horn (laminae III-IV) are important for both types of injuries. Interestingly, the Maf+ subset of CCK neurons is composed of transient vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (tVGLUT3) neurons, which convey primarily dynamic allodynia. Identification of an etiology-based circuitry for mechanical allodynia in the dorsal horn has important implications for the mechanistic and clinical understanding of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Peirs
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sean-Paul G Williams
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Cynthia M Arokiaraj
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David W Ferreira
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Myung-Chul Noh
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kelly M Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Priyabrata Halder
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kelly A Corrigan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeremy Y Gedeon
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Suh Jin Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Graziana Gatto
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Chi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sarah E Ross
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Martyn Goulding
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rebecca P Seal
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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20
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Kim T, Shen N, Hsiang JC, Johnson KP, Kerschensteiner D. Dendritic and parallel processing of visual threats in the retina control defensive responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eabc9920. [PMID: 33208370 PMCID: PMC7673819 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc9920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Approaching predators cast expanding shadows (i.e., looming) that elicit innate defensive responses in most animals. Where looming is first detected and how critical parameters of predatory approaches are extracted are unclear. In mice, we identify a retinal interneuron (the VG3 amacrine cell) that responds robustly to looming, but not to related forms of motion. Looming-sensitive calcium transients are restricted to a specific layer of the VG3 dendrite arbor, which provides glutamatergic input to two ganglion cells (W3 and OFFα). These projection neurons combine shared excitation with dissimilar inhibition to signal approach onset and speed, respectively. Removal of VG3 amacrine cells reduces the excitation of W3 and OFFα ganglion cells and diminishes defensive responses of mice to looming without affecting other visual behaviors. Thus, the dendrites of a retinal interneuron detect visual threats, divergent circuits downstream extract critical threat parameters, and these retinal computations initiate an innate survival behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kim
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - N Shen
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - J-C Hsiang
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - K P Johnson
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - D Kerschensteiner
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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21
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Low-Threshold Mechanosensitive VGLUT3-Lineage Sensory Neurons Mediate Spinal Inhibition of Itch by Touch. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7688-7701. [PMID: 32895292 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0091-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innocuous mechanical stimuli, such as rubbing or stroking the skin, relieve itch through the activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors. However, the mechanisms behind this inhibition remain unknown. We presently investigated whether stroking the skin reduces the responses of superficial dorsal horn neurons to pruritogens in male C57BL/6J mice. Single-unit recordings revealed that neuronal responses to chloroquine were enhanced during skin stroking, and this was followed by suppression of firing below baseline levels after the termination of stroking. Most of these neurons additionally responded to capsaicin. Stroking did not suppress neuronal responses to capsaicin, indicating state-dependent inhibition. Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3)-lineage sensory nerves compose a subset of low-threshold mechanoreceptors. Stroking-related inhibition of neuronal responses to chloroquine was diminished by optogenetic inhibition of VGLUT3-lineage sensory nerves in male and female Vglut3-cre/NpHR-EYFP mice. Conversely, in male and female Vglut3-cre/ChR2-EYFP mice, optogenetic stimulation of VGLUT3-lineage sensory nerves inhibited firing responses of spinal neurons to pruritogens after the termination of stimulation. This inhibition was nearly abolished by spinal delivery of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride, but not the neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 antagonist BMS193885. Optogenetic stimulation of VGLUT3-lineage sensory nerves inhibited pruritogen-evoked scratching without affecting mechanical and thermal pain behaviors. Therefore, VGLUT3-lineage sensory nerves appear to mediate inhibition of itch by tactile stimuli.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Rubbing or stroking the skin is known to relieve itch. We investigated the mechanisms behind touch-evoked inhibition of itch in mice. Stroking the skin reduced the activity of itch-responsive spinal neurons. Optogenetic inhibition of VGLUT3-lineage sensory nerves diminished stroking-evoked inhibition, and optogenetic stimulation of VGLUT3-lineage nerves inhibited pruritogen-evoked firing. Together, our results provide a mechanistic understanding of touch-evoked inhibition of itch.
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22
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Rangel Olguin AG, Rochon PL, Krishnaswamy A. New Optical Tools to Study Neural Circuit Assembly in the Retina. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:44. [PMID: 32848633 PMCID: PMC7424070 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neurons navigate a tangled thicket of thousands of axons and dendrites to synapse with just a few specific targets. This phenomenon termed wiring specificity, is critical to the assembly of neural circuits and the way neurons manage this feat is only now becoming clear. Recent studies in the mouse retina are shedding new insight into this process. They show that specific wiring arises through a series of stages that include: directed axonal and dendritic growth, the formation of neuropil layers, positioning of such layers, and matching of co-laminar synaptic partners. Each stage appears to be directed by a distinct family of recognition molecules, suggesting that the combinatorial expression of such family members might act as a blueprint for retinal connectivity. By reviewing the evidence in support of each stage, and by considering their underlying molecular mechanisms, we attempt to synthesize these results into a wiring model which generates testable predictions for future studies. Finally, we conclude by highlighting new optical methods that could be used to address such predictions and gain further insight into this fundamental process.
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23
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Yan W, Laboulaye MA, Tran NM, Whitney IE, Benhar I, Sanes JR. Mouse Retinal Cell Atlas: Molecular Identification of over Sixty Amacrine Cell Types. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5177-5195. [PMID: 32457074 PMCID: PMC7329304 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0471-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amacrine cells (ACs) are a diverse class of interneurons that modulate input from photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), rendering each RGC type selectively sensitive to particular visual features, which are then relayed to the brain. While many AC types have been identified morphologically and physiologically, they have not been comprehensively classified or molecularly characterized. We used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing to profile >32,000 ACs from mice of both sexes and applied computational methods to identify 63 AC types. We identified molecular markers for each type and used them to characterize the morphology of multiple types. We show that they include nearly all previously known AC types as well as many that had not been described. Consistent with previous studies, most of the AC types expressed markers for the canonical inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA or glycine, but several expressed neither or both. In addition, many expressed one or more neuropeptides, and two expressed glutamatergic markers. We also explored transcriptomic relationships among AC types and identified transcription factors expressed by individual or multiple closely related types. Noteworthy among these were Meis2 and Tcf4, expressed by most GABAergic and most glycinergic types, respectively. Together, these results provide a foundation for developmental and functional studies of ACs, as well as means for genetically accessing them. Along with previous molecular, physiological, and morphologic analyses, they establish the existence of at least 130 neuronal types and nearly 140 cell types in the mouse retina.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mouse retina is a leading model for analyzing the development, structure, function, and pathology of neural circuits. A complete molecular atlas of retinal cell types provides an important foundation for these studies. We used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the most heterogeneous class of retinal interneurons, amacrine cells, identifying 63 distinct types. The atlas includes types identified previously as well as many novel types. We provide evidence for the use of multiple neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, and identify transcription factors expressed by groups of closely related types. Combining these results with those obtained previously, we proposed that the mouse retina contains ∼130 neuronal types and is therefore comparable in complexity to other regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yan
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Mallory A Laboulaye
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Nicholas M Tran
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Irene E Whitney
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Inbal Benhar
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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24
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A retinal circuit for the suppressed-by-contrast receptive field of a polyaxonal amacrine cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9577-9583. [PMID: 32273387 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913417117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amacrine cells are a diverse population of interneurons in the retina that play a critical role in extracting complex features of the visual world and shaping the receptive fields of retinal output neurons (ganglion cells). While much of the computational power of amacrine cells is believed to arise from the immense mutual interactions among amacrine cells themselves, the intricate circuitry and functions of amacrine-amacrine interactions are poorly understood in general. Here we report a specific interamacrine pathway from a small-field, glutamate-glycine dual-transmitter amacrine cell (vGluT3) to a wide-field polyaxonal amacrine cell (PAS4/5). Distal tips of vGluT3 cell dendrites made selective glycinergic (but not glutamatergic) synapses onto PAS4/5 dendrites to provide a center-inhibitory, surround-disinhibitory drive that helps PAS4/5 cells build a suppressed-by-contrast (sbc) receptive field, which is a unique and fundamental trigger feature previously found only in a small population of ganglion cells. The finding of this trigger feature in a circuit upstream to ganglion cells suggests that the sbc form of visual computation occurs more widely in the retina than previously believed and shapes visual processing in multiple downstream circuits in multiple ways. We also identified two different subpopulations of PAS4/5 cells based on their differential connectivity with vGluT3 cells and their distinct receptive-field and luminance-encoding characteristics. Moreover, our results revealed a form of crosstalk between small-field and large-field amacrine cell circuits, which provides a mechanism for feature-specific local (<150 µm) control of global (>1 mm) retinal activity.
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25
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Luo L, Ambrozkiewicz MC, Benseler F, Chen C, Dumontier E, Falkner S, Furlanis E, Gomez AM, Hoshina N, Huang WH, Hutchison MA, Itoh-Maruoka Y, Lavery LA, Li W, Maruo T, Motohashi J, Pai ELL, Pelkey KA, Pereira A, Philips T, Sinclair JL, Stogsdill JA, Traunmüller L, Wang J, Wortel J, You W, Abumaria N, Beier KT, Brose N, Burgess HA, Cepko CL, Cloutier JF, Eroglu C, Goebbels S, Kaeser PS, Kay JN, Lu W, Luo L, Mandai K, McBain CJ, Nave KA, Prado MA, Prado VF, Rothstein J, Rubenstein JL, Saher G, Sakimura K, Sanes JR, Scheiffele P, Takai Y, Umemori H, Verhage M, Yuzaki M, Zoghbi HY, Kawabe H, Craig AM. Optimizing Nervous System-Specific Gene Targeting with Cre Driver Lines: Prevalence of Germline Recombination and Influencing Factors. Neuron 2020; 106:37-65.e5. [PMID: 32027825 PMCID: PMC7377387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cre-loxP system is invaluable for spatial and temporal control of gene knockout, knockin, and reporter expression in the mouse nervous system. However, we report varying probabilities of unexpected germline recombination in distinct Cre driver lines designed for nervous system-specific recombination. Selective maternal or paternal germline recombination is showcased with sample Cre lines. Collated data reveal germline recombination in over half of 64 commonly used Cre driver lines, in most cases with a parental sex bias related to Cre expression in sperm or oocytes. Slight differences among Cre driver lines utilizing common transcriptional control elements affect germline recombination rates. Specific target loci demonstrated differential recombination; thus, reporters are not reliable proxies for another locus of interest. Similar principles apply to other recombinase systems and other genetically targeted organisms. We hereby draw attention to the prevalence of germline recombination and provide guidelines to inform future research for the neuroscience and broader molecular genetics communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Luo
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Mateusz C. Ambrozkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Benseler
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Emilie Dumontier
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Naosuke Hoshina
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Mary Anne Hutchison
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yu Itoh-Maruoka
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Laura A. Lavery
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77003, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan,Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan,Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Junko Motohashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Emily Ling-Lin Pai
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Pelkey
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ariane Pereira
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas Philips
- Department of Neurology and Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Sinclair
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeff A. Stogsdill
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jiexin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joke Wortel
- Department of Functional Genomics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam and University Medical Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenjia You
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Departments of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nashat Abumaria
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kevin T. Beier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harold A. Burgess
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constance L. Cepko
- Departments of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Neurobiology, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Regeneration Next Initiative, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pascal S. Kaeser
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy N. Kay
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan,Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Chris J. McBain
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco A.M. Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vania F. Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Rothstein
- Department of Neurology and Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John L.R. Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Joshua R. Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam and University Medical Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Huda Yahya Zoghbi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77003, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kawabe
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan; Department of Gerontology, Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, 2-2 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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26
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Abstract
Neurons that synthesize and release 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) express a core set of genes that establish and maintain this neurotransmitter phenotype and distinguish these neurons from other brain cells. Beyond a shared 5-HTergic phenotype, these neurons display divergent cellular properties in relation to anatomy, morphology, hodology, electrophysiology and gene expression, including differential expression of molecules supporting co-transmission of additional neurotransmitters. This diversity suggests that functionally heterogeneous subtypes of 5-HT neurons exist, but linking subsets of these neurons to particular functions has been technically challenging. We discuss recent data from molecular genetic, genomic and functional methods that, when coupled with classical findings, yield a reframing of the 5-HT neuronal system as a conglomeration of diverse subsystems with potential to inspire novel, more targeted therapies for clinically distinct 5-HT-related disorders.
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27
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Pelkey KA, Calvigioni D, Fang C, Vargish G, Ekins T, Auville K, Wester JC, Lai M, Mackenzie-Gray Scott C, Yuan X, Hunt S, Abebe D, Xu Q, Dimidschstein J, Fishell G, Chittajallu R, McBain CJ. Paradoxical network excitation by glutamate release from VGluT3 + GABAergic interneurons. eLife 2020; 9:e51996. [PMID: 32053107 PMCID: PMC7039679 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In violation of Dale's principle several neuronal subtypes utilize more than one classical neurotransmitter. Molecular identification of vesicular glutamate transporter three and cholecystokinin expressing cortical interneurons (CCK+VGluT3+INTs) has prompted speculation of GABA/glutamate corelease from these cells for almost two decades despite a lack of direct evidence. We unequivocally demonstrate CCK+VGluT3+INT-mediated GABA/glutamate cotransmission onto principal cells in adult mice using paired recording and optogenetic approaches. Although under normal conditions, GABAergic inhibition dominates CCK+VGluT3+INT signaling, glutamatergic signaling becomes predominant when glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) function is compromised. CCK+VGluT3+INTs exhibit surprising anatomical diversity comprising subsets of all known dendrite targeting CCK+ interneurons in addition to the expected basket cells, and their extensive circuit innervation profoundly dampens circuit excitability under normal conditions. However, in contexts where the glutamatergic phenotype of CCK+VGluT3+INTs is amplified, they promote paradoxical network hyperexcitability which may be relevant to disorders involving GAD dysfunction such as schizophrenia or vitamin B6 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Pelkey
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Daniela Calvigioni
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Calvin Fang
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Geoffrey Vargish
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Tyler Ekins
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kurt Auville
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jason C Wester
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mandy Lai
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Connie Mackenzie-Gray Scott
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Xiaoqing Yuan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Steven Hunt
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Daniel Abebe
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Qing Xu
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, NYUAbu-DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Jordane Dimidschstein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Gordon Fishell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Neurobiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ramesh Chittajallu
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Chris J McBain
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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28
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Grünert U, Martin PR. Cell types and cell circuits in human and non-human primate retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 78:100844. [PMID: 32032773 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes our current knowledge of primate including human retina focusing on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells and their connectivity. We have two main motivations in writing. Firstly, recent progress in non-invasive imaging methods to study retinal diseases mean that better understanding of the primate retina is becoming an important goal both for basic and for clinical sciences. Secondly, genetically modified mice are increasingly used as animal models for human retinal diseases. Thus, it is important to understand to which extent the retinas of primates and rodents are comparable. We first compare cell populations in primate and rodent retinas, with emphasis on how the fovea (despite its small size) dominates the neural landscape of primate retina. We next summarise what is known, and what is not known, about the postreceptoral neurone populations in primate retina. The inventories of bipolar and ganglion cells in primates are now nearing completion, comprising ~12 types of bipolar cell and at least 17 types of ganglion cell. Primate ganglion cells show clear differences in dendritic field size across the retina, and their morphology differs clearly from that of mouse retinal ganglion cells. Compared to bipolar and ganglion cells, amacrine cells show even higher morphological diversity: they could comprise over 40 types. Many amacrine types appear conserved between primates and mice, but functions of only a few types are understood in any primate or non-primate retina. Amacrine cells appear as the final frontier for retinal research in monkeys and mice alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grünert
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Paul R Martin
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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29
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Ren J, Isakova A, Friedmann D, Zeng J, Grutzner SM, Pun A, Zhao GQ, Kolluru SS, Wang R, Lin R, Li P, Li A, Raymond JL, Luo Q, Luo M, Quake SR, Luo L. Single-cell transcriptomes and whole-brain projections of serotonin neurons in the mouse dorsal and median raphe nuclei. eLife 2019; 8:e49424. [PMID: 31647409 PMCID: PMC6812963 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DR, MR) collectively innervate the entire forebrain and midbrain, modulating diverse physiology and behavior. To gain a fundamental understanding of their molecular heterogeneity, we used plate-based single-cell RNA-sequencing to generate a comprehensive dataset comprising eleven transcriptomically distinct serotonin neuron clusters. Systematic in situ hybridization mapped specific clusters to the principal DR, caudal DR, or MR. These transcriptomic clusters differentially express a rich repertoire of neuropeptides, receptors, ion channels, and transcription factors. We generated novel intersectional viral-genetic tools to access specific subpopulations. Whole-brain axonal projection mapping revealed that DR serotonin neurons co-expressing vesicular glutamate transporter-3 preferentially innervate the cortex, whereas those co-expressing thyrotropin-releasing hormone innervate subcortical regions in particular the hypothalamus. Reconstruction of 50 individual DR serotonin neurons revealed diverse and segregated axonal projection patterns at the single-cell level. Together, these results provide a molecular foundation of the heterogenous serotonin neuronal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Alina Isakova
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Applied PhysicsStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Drew Friedmann
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jiawei Zeng
- National Institute of Biological ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Sophie M Grutzner
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Albert Pun
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Grace Q Zhao
- Department of NeurobiologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Sai Saroja Kolluru
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Applied PhysicsStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Ruiyu Wang
- National Institute of Biological ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Rui Lin
- National Institute of Biological ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for BrainsmaticsSuzhouChina
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for BrainsmaticsSuzhouChina
| | - Jennifer L Raymond
- Department of NeurobiologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Minmin Luo
- National Institute of Biological ScienceBeijingChina
- School of Life ScienceTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Applied PhysicsStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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30
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Cardozo Pinto DF, Yang H, Pollak Dorocic I, de Jong JW, Han VJ, Peck JR, Zhu Y, Liu C, Beier KT, Smidt MP, Lammel S. Characterization of transgenic mouse models targeting neuromodulatory systems reveals organizational principles of the dorsal raphe. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4633. [PMID: 31604921 PMCID: PMC6789139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal raphe (DR) is a heterogeneous nucleus containing dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate neurons. Consequently, investigations of DR circuitry require Cre-driver lines that restrict transgene expression to precisely defined cell populations. Here, we present a systematic evaluation of mouse lines targeting neuromodulatory cells in the DR. We find substantial differences in specificity between lines targeting DA neurons, and in penetrance between lines targeting 5HT neurons. Using these tools to map DR circuits, we show that populations of neurochemically distinct DR neurons are arranged in a stereotyped topographical pattern, send divergent projections to amygdala subnuclei, and differ in their presynaptic inputs. Importantly, targeting DR DA neurons using different mouse lines yielded both structural and functional differences in the neural circuits accessed. These results provide a refined model of DR organization and support a comparative, case-by-case evaluation of the suitability of transgenic tools for any experimental application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Cardozo Pinto
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Iskra Pollak Dorocic
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Johannes W de Jong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vivian J Han
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - James R Peck
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christine Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kevin T Beier
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Marten P Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Lammel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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31
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Van Hook MJ, Nawy S, Thoreson WB. Voltage- and calcium-gated ion channels of neurons in the vertebrate retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 72:100760. [PMID: 31078724 PMCID: PMC6739185 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize studies investigating the types and distribution of voltage- and calcium-gated ion channels in the different classes of retinal neurons: rods, cones, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, interplexiform cells, and ganglion cells. We discuss differences among cell subtypes within these major cell classes, as well as differences among species, and consider how different ion channels shape the responses of different neurons. For example, even though second-order bipolar and horizontal cells do not typically generate fast sodium-dependent action potentials, many of these cells nevertheless possess fast sodium currents that can enhance their kinetic response capabilities. Ca2+ channel activity can also shape response kinetics as well as regulating synaptic release. The L-type Ca2+ channel subtype, CaV1.4, expressed in photoreceptor cells exhibits specific properties matching the particular needs of these cells such as limited inactivation which allows sustained channel activity and maintained synaptic release in darkness. The particular properties of K+ and Cl- channels in different retinal neurons shape resting membrane potentials, response kinetics and spiking behavior. A remaining challenge is to characterize the specific distributions of ion channels in the more than 100 individual cell types that have been identified in the retina and to describe how these particular ion channels sculpt neuronal responses to assist in the processing of visual information by the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Van Hook
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Scott Nawy
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience(2), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wallace B Thoreson
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience(2), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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32
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Tetrodotoxin-Sensitive Sodium Channels Mediate Action Potential Firing and Excitability in Menthol-Sensitive Vglut3-Lineage Sensory Neurons. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7086-7101. [PMID: 31300524 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2817-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-diameter vesicular glutamate transporter 3-lineage (Vglut3lineage) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons play an important role in mechanosensation and thermal hypersensitivity; however, little is known about their intrinsic electrical properties. We therefore set out to investigate mechanisms of excitability within this population. Calcium microfluorimetry analysis of male and female mouse DRG neurons demonstrated that the cooling compound menthol selectively activates a subset of Vglut3lineage neurons. Whole-cell recordings showed that small-diameter Vglut3lineage DRG neurons fire menthol-evoked action potentials and exhibited robust, transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8)-dependent discharges at room temperature. This heightened excitability was confirmed by current-clamp and action potential phase-plot analyses, which showed menthol-sensitive Vglut3lineage neurons to have more depolarized membrane potentials, lower firing thresholds, and higher evoked firing frequencies compared with menthol-insensitive Vglut3lineage neurons. A biophysical analysis revealed voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) currents in menthol-sensitive Vglut3lineage neurons were resistant to entry into slow inactivation compared with menthol-insensitive neurons. Multiplex in situ hybridization showed similar distributions of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive NaV transcripts between TRPM8-positive and -negative Vglut3lineage neurons; however, NaV1.8 transcripts, which encode TTX-resistant channels, were more prevalent in TRPM8-negative neurons. Conversely, pharmacological analyses identified distinct functional contributions of NaV subunits, with NaV1.1 driving firing in menthol-sensitive neurons, whereas other small-diameter Vglut3lineage neurons rely primarily on TTX-resistant NaV channels. Additionally, when NaV1.1 channels were blocked, the remaining NaV current readily entered into slow inactivation in menthol-sensitive Vglut3lineage neurons. Thus, these data demonstrate that TTX-sensitive NaVs drive action potential firing in menthol-sensitive sensory neurons and contribute to their heightened excitability.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Somatosensory neurons encode various sensory modalities including thermoreception, mechanoreception, nociception, and itch. This report identifies a previously unknown requirement for tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in action potential firing in a discrete subpopulation of small-diameter sensory neurons that are activated by the cooling agent menthol. Together, our results provide a mechanistic understanding of factors that control intrinsic excitability in functionally distinct subsets of peripheral neurons. Furthermore, as menthol has been used for centuries as an analgesic and anti-pruritic, these findings support the viability of NaV1.1 as a therapeutic target for sensory disorders.
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33
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Zimmerman AL, Kovatsis EM, Pozsgai RY, Tasnim A, Zhang Q, Ginty DD. Distinct Modes of Presynaptic Inhibition of Cutaneous Afferents and Their Functions in Behavior. Neuron 2019; 102:420-434.e8. [PMID: 30826183 PMCID: PMC6472967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Presynaptic inhibition (PSI) of primary sensory neurons is implicated in controlling gain and acuity in sensory systems. Here, we define circuit mechanisms and functions of PSI of cutaneous somatosensory neuron inputs to the spinal cord. We observed that PSI can be evoked by different sensory neuron populations and mediated through at least two distinct dorsal horn circuit mechanisms. Low-threshold cutaneous afferents evoke a GABAA-receptor-dependent form of PSI that inhibits similar afferent subtypes, whereas small-diameter afferents predominantly evoke an NMDA-receptor-dependent form of PSI that inhibits large-diameter fibers. Behaviorally, loss of either GABAA receptors (GABAARs) or NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in primary afferents leads to tactile hypersensitivity across skin types, and loss of GABAARs, but not NMDARs, leads to impaired texture discrimination. Post-weaning age loss of either GABAARs or NMDARs in somatosensory neurons causes systemic behavioral abnormalities, revealing critical roles of two distinct modes of PSI of somatosensory afferents in adolescence and throughout adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Zimmerman
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eleni M Kovatsis
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riana Y Pozsgai
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aniqa Tasnim
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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34
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Yamagata M, Sanes JR. Expression and Roles of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Recognition Molecule Sidekick1 in Mouse Retina. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:485. [PMID: 30687002 PMCID: PMC6333872 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes of >100 types of interneurons (bipolar and amacrine cells) and projection neurons (retinal ganglion cells, RGCs) form specific and stereotyped patterns of connections in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the mouse retina. Four closely related homophilic immunoglobulin superfamily recognition molecules (Sidekick [Sdk] 1, Sdk 2, Dscam, and DscamL1) have been shown to play roles in patterning neuronal arbors and connections in chick retina, and all but Sdk1 have been shown to play related roles in mice. Here, we compare patterns of Sdk1 and Sdk2 expression in mouse retina and use genetic methods to assess roles of Sdk1. In adult retina, 3 neuronal types express sdk1 but not sdk2 at detectable levels, 5 express sdk2 but not sdk1 and 3 express both. Patterns of gene expression and protein localization at or near synapses are established during the first postnatal week. Dendrites of amacrine cells and RGCs that express sdk1 but not sdk2 arborize in the same narrow stratum in the center of the IPL. In the absence of Sdk1, this laminar restriction is degraded. Overexpression of sdk1 in developing cells that normally express sdk2 reorients their dendrites to resemble those of endogenously Sdk1-positive cells, indicating that Sdk1 plays an instructive role in patterning the IPL. Sdk1 fails to affect arbors when introduced after they are mature, suggesting that it is required to form but not maintain laminar restrictions. The effect of ectopically expressed sdk1 requires the presence of endogenous Sdk1, suggesting that the effect requires homophilic interactions among Sdk1-positive neurites. Together with previous results on Sdk2, Dscam, DscamL1, as well as the related Contactins, our results support the idea that an elaborate immunoglobulin superfamily code plays a prominent role in establishing neural circuits in the retina by means of tightly regulated cell type-specific expression and homophilically restricted intercellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamagata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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35
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Ren J, Friedmann D, Xiong J, Liu CD, Ferguson BR, Weerakkody T, DeLoach KE, Ran C, Pun A, Sun Y, Weissbourd B, Neve RL, Huguenard J, Horowitz MA, Luo L. Anatomically Defined and Functionally Distinct Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Sub-systems. Cell 2018; 175:472-487.e20. [PMID: 30146164 PMCID: PMC6173627 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal raphe (DR) constitutes a major serotonergic input to the forebrain and modulates diverse functions and brain states, including mood, anxiety, and sensory and motor functions. Most functional studies to date have treated DR serotonin neurons as a single population. Using viral-genetic methods, we found that subcortical- and cortical-projecting serotonin neurons have distinct cell-body distributions within the DR and differentially co-express a vesicular glutamate transporter. Further, amygdala- and frontal-cortex-projecting DR serotonin neurons have largely complementary whole-brain collateralization patterns, receive biased inputs from presynaptic partners, and exhibit opposite responses to aversive stimuli. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments suggest that amygdala-projecting DR serotonin neurons promote anxiety-like behavior, whereas frontal-cortex-projecting neurons promote active coping in the face of challenge. These results provide compelling evidence that the DR serotonin system contains parallel sub-systems that differ in input and output connectivity, physiological response properties, and behavioral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Drew Friedmann
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cindy D Liu
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brielle R Ferguson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tanya Weerakkody
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katherine E DeLoach
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chen Ran
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Albert Pun
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanwen Sun
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brandon Weissbourd
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachael L Neve
- Delivery Technology Core, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Huguenard
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Horowitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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36
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Li C, Shu Y, Wang G, Zhang H, Lu Y, Li X, Li G, Song L, Liu Z. Characterizing a novel vGlut3-P2A-iCreER knockin mouse strain in cochlea. Hear Res 2018; 364:12-24. [PMID: 29706463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Precise mouse genetic studies rely on specific tools that can label specific cell types. In mouse cochlea, previous studies suggest that vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (vGlut3), also known as Slc17a8, is specifically expressed in inner hair cells (IHCs) and loss of vGlut3 causes deafness. To take advantage of its unique expression pattern, here we generate a novel vGlut3-P2A-iCreER knockin mouse strain. The P2A-iCreER cassette is precisely inserted before stop codon of vGlut3, by which the endogenous vGlut3 is intact and paired with iCreER as well. Approximately, 10.7%, 85.6% and 41.8% of IHCs are tdtomato + when tamoxifen is given to vGlut3-P2A-iCreER/+; Rosa26-LSL-tdtomato/+ reporter strain at P2/P3, P10/P11 and P30/P31, respectively. Tdtomato + OHCs are never observed. Interestingly, besides IHCs, glia cells, but not spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), are tdtomato+, which is further evidenced by the presence of Sox10+/tdtomato+ and tdtomato+/Prox1(Gata3 or Tuj1)-negative cells in SGN region. We further independently validate vGlut3 expression in SGN region by vGlut3 in situ hybridization and antibody staining. Moreover, total number of tdtomato + glia cells decreased gradually when tamoxifen is given from P2/P3 to P30/P31. Taken together, vGlut3-P2A-iCreER is an efficient genetic tool to specifically target IHCs for gene manipulation, which is complimentary to Prestin-CreER strain exclusively labelling cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs).
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MESH Headings
- Acoustic Stimulation
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic/genetics
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic/metabolism
- Animals
- Cochlea/embryology
- Cochlea/metabolism
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
- Female
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Genes, Reporter
- Genotype
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/metabolism
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Reaction Time
- Receptors, Estrogen/drug effects
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Spiral Ganglion/metabolism
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yilai Shu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Shanghai, China
| | - Guangqin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - He Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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37
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Rivlin-Etzion M, Grimes WN, Rieke F. Flexible Neural Hardware Supports Dynamic Computations in Retina. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:224-237. [PMID: 29454561 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the retina to adapt to changes in mean light intensity and contrast is well known. Classically, however, adaptation is thought to affect gain but not to change the visual modality encoded by a given type of retinal neuron. Recent findings reveal unexpected dynamic properties in mouse retinal neurons that challenge this view. Specifically, certain cell types change the visual modality they encode with variations in ambient illumination or following repetitive visual stimulation. These discoveries demonstrate that computations performed by retinal circuits with defined architecture can change with visual input. Moreover, they pose a major challenge for central circuits that must decode properties of the dynamic visual signal from retinal outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Rivlin-Etzion
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - William N Grimes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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38
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Parmhans N, Sajgo S, Niu J, Luo W, Badea TC. Characterization of retinal ganglion cell, horizontal cell, and amacrine cell types expressing the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:742-766. [PMID: 29218725 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the retinal expression pattern of Ret, a receptor tyrosine kinase for the glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs), during development and in the adult mouse. Ret is initially expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), followed by horizontal cells (HCs) and amacrine cells (ACs), beginning with the early stages of postmitotic development. Ret expression persists in all three classes of neurons in the adult. Using RNA sequencing, immunostaining and random sparse recombination, we show that Ret is expressed in at least three distinct types of ACs, and ten types of RGCs. Using intersectional genetics, we describe the dendritic arbor morphologies of RGC types expressing Ret in combination with each of the three members of the POU4f/Brn3 family of transcription factors. Ret expression overlaps with Brn3a in 4 RGC types, with Brn3b in 5 RGC types, and with Brn3c in one RGC type, respectively. Ret+ RGCs project to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), pretectal area (PTA) and superior colliculus (SC), and avoid the suprachiasmatic nucleus and accessory optic system. Brn3a+ Ret+ and Brn3c+ Ret+ RGCs project preferentially to contralateral retinorecipient areas, while Brn3b+ Ret+ RGCs shows minor ipsilateral projections to the olivary pretectal nucleus and the LGN. Our findings establish intersectional genetic approaches for the anatomic and developmental characterization of individual Ret+ RGC types. In addition, they provide necessary information for addressing the potential interplay between GDNF neurotrophic signaling and transcriptional regulation in RGC type specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Parmhans
- Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit, Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Szilard Sajgo
- Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit, Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jingwen Niu
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tudor Constantin Badea
- Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit, Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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39
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Xu GZ, Cui LJ, Liu AL, Zhou W, Gong X, Zhong YM, Yang XL, Weng SJ. Transgene is specifically and functionally expressed in retinal inhibitory interneurons in the VGAT-ChR2-EYFP mouse. Neuroscience 2017; 363:107-119. [PMID: 28918256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic transgene expression in the retina has been reported in various transgenic mice, indicating the importance of characterizing retinal phenotypes. We examined transgene expression in the VGAT-ChR2-EYFP mouse retina by fluorescent immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology, with special emphasis on enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) localization in retinal neuronal subtypes identified by specific markers. Strong EYFP signals were detected in both the inner and outer plexiform layers. In addition, the ChR2-EYFP fusion protein was also expressed in somata of the great majority of inhibitory interneurons, including horizontal cells and GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells. However, a small population of amacrine cells residing in the ganglion cell layer were not labeled by EYFP, and a part of them were cholinergic ones. In contrast, no EYFP signal was detected in the somata of retinal excitatory neurons: photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion cells, as well as Müller glial cells. When glutamatergic transmission was blocked, bright blue light stimulation elicited inward photocurrents from amacrine cells, as well as post-synaptic inhibitory currents from ganglion cells, suggesting a functional ChR2 expression. The VGAT-ChR2-EYFP mouse therefore could be a useful animal model for dissecting retinal microcircuits when targeted labeling and/or optogenetic manipulation of retinal inhibitory neurons are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhong Xu
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Ling-Jie Cui
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Jun Weng
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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40
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Compartmentalized dendritic signaling in a multitasking retinal interneuron. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11268-11270. [PMID: 29073042 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715503114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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41
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Abstract
Amacrine cells are a diverse set of local circuit neurons of the inner retina, and they all release either GABA or glycine, amino acid neurotransmitters that are generally inhibitory. But some types of amacrine cells have another function besides inhibiting other neurons. One glycinergic amacrine cell, the Aii type, excites a subset of bipolar cells via extensive gap junctions while inhibiting others at chemical synapses. Many types of GABAergic amacrine cells also release monoamines, acetylcholine, or neuropeptides. There is now good evidence that another type of amacrine cell releases glycine at some of its synapses and releases the excitatory amino acid glutamate at others. The glutamatergic synapses are made onto a subset of retinal ganglion cells and amacrine cells and have the asymmetric postsynaptic densities characteristic of central excitatory synapses. The glycinergic synapses are made onto other types of ganglion cells and have the symmetric postsynaptic densities characteristic of central inhibitory synapses. These amacrine cells, which contain vesicular glutamate transporter 3, will be the focus of this brief review.
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42
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Hsiang JC, Johnson KP, Madisen L, Zeng H, Kerschensteiner D. Local processing in neurites of VGluT3-expressing amacrine cells differentially organizes visual information. eLife 2017; 6:31307. [PMID: 29022876 PMCID: PMC5653236 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons receive synaptic inputs on extensive neurite arbors. How information is organized across arbors and how local processing in neurites contributes to circuit function is mostly unknown. Here, we used two-photon Ca2+ imaging to study visual processing in VGluT3-expressing amacrine cells (VG3-ACs) in the mouse retina. Contrast preferences (ON vs. OFF) varied across VG3-AC arbors depending on the laminar position of neurites, with ON responses preferring larger stimuli than OFF responses. Although arbors of neighboring cells overlap extensively, imaging population activity revealed continuous topographic maps of visual space in the VG3-AC plexus. All VG3-AC neurites responded strongly to object motion, but remained silent during global image motion. Thus, VG3-AC arbors limit vertical and lateral integration of contrast and location information, respectively. We propose that this local processing enables the dense VG3-AC plexus to contribute precise object motion signals to diverse targets without distorting target-specific contrast preferences and spatial receptive fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chun Hsiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Keith P Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Linda Madisen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
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43
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Local synaptic integration enables ON-OFF asymmetric and layer-specific visual information processing in vGluT3 amacrine cell dendrites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11518-11523. [PMID: 28973895 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711622114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A basic scheme of neuronal organization in the mammalian retina is the segregation of ON and OFF pathways in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), where glutamate is released from ON and OFF bipolar cell terminals in separate inner (ON) and outer (OFF) sublayers in response to light intensity increments and decrements, respectively. However, recent studies have found that vGluT3-expressing glutamatergic amacrine cells (GACs) generate ON-OFF somatic responses and release glutamate onto both ON and OFF ganglion cell types, raising the possibility of crossover excitation in violation of the canonical ON-OFF segregation scheme. To test this possibility, we recorded light-evoked Ca2+ responses from dendrites of individual GACs infected with GCaMP6s in mouse. Under two-photon imaging, a single GAC generated rectified local dendritic responses, showing ON-dominant responses in ON sublayers and OFF-dominant responses in OFF sublayers. This unexpected ON-OFF segregation within a small-field amacrine cell arose from local synaptic processing, mediated predominantly by synaptic inhibition. Multiple forms of synaptic inhibition compartmentalized the GAC dendritic tree and endowed all dendritic varicosities with a small-center, strong-surround receptive field, which varied in receptive field size and degree of ON-OFF asymmetry with IPL depth. The results reveal a form of short-range dendritic autonomy that enables a small-field, dual-transmitter amacrine cell to process diverse dendritic functions in a stratification level- and postsynaptic target-specific manner, while preserving the fundamental ON-OFF segregation scheme for parallel visual processing and high spatial resolution for small object motion and uniformity detection.
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44
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Case DT, Burton SD, Gedeon JY, Williams SPG, Urban NN, Seal RP. Layer- and cell type-selective co-transmission by a basal forebrain cholinergic projection to the olfactory bulb. Nat Commun 2017; 8:652. [PMID: 28935940 PMCID: PMC5608700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain project heavily to the main olfactory bulb, the first processing station in the olfactory pathway. The projections innervate multiple layers of the main olfactory bulb and strongly influence odor discrimination, detection, and learning. The precise underlying circuitry of this cholinergic input to the main olfactory bulb remains unclear, however. Here, we identify a specific basal forebrain cholinergic projection that innervates select neurons concentrated in the internal plexiform layer of the main olfactory bulb. Optogenetic activation of this projection elicits monosynaptic nicotinic and GABAergic currents in glomerular layer-projecting interneurons. Additionally, we show that the projection co-expresses markers for GABAergic neurotransmission. The data thus implicate neurotransmitter co-transmission in the basal forebrain regulation of this inhibitory olfactory microcircuit. Cholinergic neurons innervate multiple layers in the main olfactory bulb but the precise circuitry of this input is not known. Here the authors show that VGLUT3+ cholinergic neurons selectively innervate deep short axon cells in specific layers and elicit robust monosynaptic GABAergic and nicotinic postsynaptic currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Case
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shawn D Burton
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeremy Y Gedeon
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sean-Paul G Williams
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nathaniel N Urban
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rebecca P Seal
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Diamond
- Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3701
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46
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Pérez de Sevilla Müller L, Solomon A, Sheets K, Hapukino H, Rodriguez AR, Brecha NC. Multiple cell types form the VIP amacrine cell population. J Comp Neurol 2017; 527:133-158. [PMID: 28472856 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amacrine cells are a heterogeneous group of interneurons that form microcircuits with bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells to process visual information in the inner retina. This study has characterized the morphology, neurochemistry and major cell types of a VIP-ires-Cre amacrine cell population. VIP-tdTomato and -Confetti (Brainbow2.1) mouse lines were generated by crossing a VIP-ires-Cre line with either a Cre-dependent tdTomato or Brainbow2.1 reporter line. Retinal sections and whole-mounts were evaluated by quantitative, immunohistochemical, and intracellular labeling approaches. The majority of tdTomato and Confetti fluorescent cell bodies were in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and a few cell bodies were in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Fluorescent processes ramified in strata 1, 3, 4, and 5 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). All tdTomato fluorescent cells expressed syntaxin 1A and GABA-immunoreactivity indicating they were amacrine cells. The average VIP-tdTomato fluorescent cell density in the INL and GCL was 535 and 24 cells/mm2 , respectively. TdTomato fluorescent cells in the INL and GCL contained VIP-immunoreactivity. The VIP-ires-Cre amacrine cell types were identified in VIP-Brainbow2.1 retinas or by intracellular labeling in VIP-tdTomato retinas. VIP-1 amacrine cells are bistratified, wide-field cells that ramify in strata 1, 4, and 5, VIP-2A and 2B amacrine cells are medium-field cells that mainly ramify in strata 3 and 4, and VIP-3 displaced amacrine cells are medium-field cells that ramify in strata 4 and 5 of the IPL. VIP-ires-Cre amacrine cells form a neuropeptide-expressing cell population with multiple cell types, which are likely to have distinct roles in visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pérez de Sevilla Müller
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763
| | - Alexander Solomon
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763
| | - Kristopher Sheets
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763
| | - Hinekura Hapukino
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763
| | - Allen R Rodriguez
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763
| | - Nicholas C Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763.,Department of Ophthalmology and the Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763.,CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763.,Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, California, 90073
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47
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Pérez de Sevilla Müller L, Azar SS, de Los Santos J, Brecha NC. Prox1 Is a Marker for AII Amacrine Cells in the Mouse Retina. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:39. [PMID: 28529477 PMCID: PMC5418924 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Prox1 is expressed in multiple cells in the retina during eye development. This study has focused on neuronal Prox1 expression in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the adult mouse retina. Prox1 immunostaining was evaluated in vertical retinal sections and whole mount preparations using a specific antibody directed to the C-terminus of Prox1. Strong immunostaining was observed in numerous amacrine cell bodies and in all horizontal cell bodies in the proximal and distal INL, respectively. Some bipolar cells were also weakly immunostained. Prox1-immunoreactive amacrine cells expressed glycine, and they formed 35 ± 3% of all glycinergic amacrine cells. Intracellular Neurobiotin injections into AII amacrine cells showed that all gap junction-coupled AII amacrine cells express Prox1, and no other Prox1-immunostained amacrine cells were in the immediate area surrounding the injected AII amacrine cell. Prox1-immunoreactive amacrine cell bodies were distributed across the retina, with their highest density (3887 ± 160 cells/mm2) in the central retina, 0.5 mm from the optic nerve head, and their lowest density (3133 ± 350 cells/mm2) in the mid-peripheral retina, 2 mm from the optic nerve head. Prox1-immunoreactive amacrine cell bodies comprised ~9.8% of the total amacrine cell population, and they formed a non-random mosaic with a regularity index (RI) of 3.4, similar to AII amacrine cells in the retinas of other mammals. Together, these findings indicate that AII amacrine cells are the predominant and likely only amacrine cell type strongly expressing Prox1 in the adult mouse retina, and establish Prox1 as a marker of AII amacrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pérez de Sevilla Müller
- Departments of Neurobiology, Medicine and Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shaghauyegh S Azar
- Departments of Neurobiology, Medicine and Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janira de Los Santos
- Departments of Neurobiology, Medicine and Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas C Brecha
- Departments of Neurobiology, Medicine and Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA.,CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Health SystemLos Angeles, CA, USA
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48
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Lu Q, Pan ZH. Immunohistochemical Procedures for Characterizing the Retinal Expression Patterns of Cre Driver Mouse Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1642:181-194. [PMID: 28815501 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7169-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The retina is a thin neural tissue sitting on the backside of the eye, composed of light-sensing cells, interneurons, and output ganglion neurons. The latter send electrical signals to higher visual centers in the brain. Transgenic mouse lines are becoming one of the most valuable mammalian animal models for the study of visual signal processing within the retina. Especially, the generation of Cre recombinase transgenic mouse lines provides a powerful tool for genetic manipulation. A key step for the utilization of transgenic lines is the characterization of their transgene expression patterns in the retina. Here we describe a standard protocol for characterizing the expression pattern of the Cre recombinase or fluorescent proteins in the retina with an immunohistochemical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Zhuo-Hua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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49
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Della Santina L, Kuo SP, Yoshimatsu T, Okawa H, Suzuki SC, Hoon M, Tsuboyama K, Rieke F, Wong ROL. Glutamatergic Monopolar Interneurons Provide a Novel Pathway of Excitation in the Mouse Retina. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2070-2077. [PMID: 27426514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the CNS are distinguished by several features, including morphology, transmitter content, and synapse architecture [1]. Such distinctions are exemplified in the vertebrate retina. Retinal bipolar cells are polarized glutamatergic neurons receiving direct photoreceptor input, whereas amacrine cells are usually monopolar inhibitory interneurons with synapses almost exclusively in the inner retina [2]. Bipolar but not amacrine cell synapses have presynaptic ribbon-like structures at their transmitter release sites. We identified a monopolar interneuron in the mouse retina that resembles amacrine cells morphologically but is glutamatergic and, unexpectedly, makes ribbon synapses. These glutamatergic monopolar interneurons (GluMIs) do not receive direct photoreceptor input, and their light responses are strongly shaped by both ON and OFF pathway-derived inhibitory input. GluMIs contact and make almost as many synapses as type 2 OFF bipolar cells onto OFF-sustained A-type (AOFF-S) retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). However, GluMIs and type 2 OFF bipolar cells possess functionally distinct light-driven responses and may therefore mediate separate components of the excitatory synaptic input to AOFF-S RGCs. The identification of GluMIs thus unveils a novel cellular component of excitatory circuits in the vertebrate retina, underscoring the complexity in defining cell types even in this well-characterized region of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Della Santina
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA; Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Sidney P Kuo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA
| | - Takeshi Yoshimatsu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
| | - Haruhisa Okawa
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
| | - Sachihiro C Suzuki
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
| | - Mrinalini Hoon
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
| | - Kotaro Tsuboyama
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA.
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50
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Seal RP. Do the distinct synaptic properties of VGLUTs shape pain? Neurochem Int 2016; 98:82-8. [PMID: 27180049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The somatosensory system transmits touch, temperature, itch and pain. Three vesicular glutamate transporter isoforms mediate the release of glutamate throughout the mammalian nervous system with largely non-overlapping distributions and unique roles at the synapse. This review discusses the contribution of each of these essential transporters to circuits underlying pain and other somatosensory behaviors throughout postnatal development and in the adult. A better understanding of the individual contributions of the VGLUT isoforms could provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Seal
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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