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Adverse Childhood Experience as a Risk Factor for Developing Type 2 Diabetes among the Jazan Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030499. [PMID: 36980057 PMCID: PMC10047776 DOI: 10.3390/children10030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), such as childhood abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction, prevent appropriate emotional, behavioral, and physical development. They are also a major public health issue, and have been debatably linked to chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is highly prevalent in Saudi Arabia, and various theories have been raised to explain the epidemiology of diabetes. However, few studies have discussed the relationship between ACEs and T2DM. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association between ACEs and T2DM in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated questionnaire distributed among patients with T2DM in a diabetes center. The t-test and Chi-Square test were used for comparison, and the p-value was set at <0.05 for significance. Results: A total of 579 participants were involved in this study, and 303 (52.33%) were female. Among the included participants, 45.25% were diagnosed with T2DM. About 28.71% of participants with diabetes experienced verbal abuse, 16.09% experienced physical abuse, and 30.91% reported that parents beat them. Additionally, 1.58% of participants with diabetes reported living with a family member who abused substances, 8.83% believed that no one would take them to the doctor even if essential, 12.62% of participants with diabetes felt that no one would protect them, and 23.03% reported that they felt no one in their family loved them. All reported ACEs were significantly associated with a high risk of T2DM (p < 0.05), and the more frequent the ACEs, the more the risk of T2DM (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: This study indicated that ACEs are significantly associated with the development of T2DM, and the risk increases with the frequency of ACEs, which aligns with other studies. Further national studies are required to understand how ACEs could contribute to T2DM, and preventive interventions in childhood must be considered to reduce the burden of T2DM.
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Alvarado C, Selin C, Herman EA, Ellner S, Jackson Y. Methodological inconsistencies confound understanding of language measurement in the child maltreatment population: A systematic review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022:105928. [PMID: 36244823 PMCID: PMC10097840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While researchers have found a link between childhood maltreatment and language difficulties, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and replication across the literature is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review examining the methodological inconsistencies related to studies' samples construction, maltreatment measurement, and language outcomes using a language acquisition theory-based approach. METHODS Using the PRISMA framework, a literature search was conducted across five databases to identify studies that have investigated the effects of maltreatment on the language dimensions of vocabulary and grammar. Data were extracted for participant and maltreatment characteristics. RESULTS Fifty articles were reviewed. The results revealed: 1) maltreated children performed consistently below peers on grammar but not vocabulary assessments, 2) disproportionate use of vocabulary assessments, 3) considerable variability on participant characteristics and limited multidimensional measurement of maltreatment exposure, and 4) only nine studies analyzed the relationship between a maltreatment dimension (e.g., type, severity) and language. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this review, we propose three calls to action: 1) more language acquisition research in the child maltreatment field, 2) specificity when constructing samples with maltreated children, and 3) comprehensive and multidimensional maltreatment measurement. Implications for education were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Alvarado
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, & Special Education, 125 Cedar, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Claire Selin
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, 201B Henderson, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Emilee A Herman
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, & Special Education, 125 Cedar, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Samantha Ellner
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, & Special Education, 125 Cedar, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yo Jackson
- Department of Psychology, 219 Moore, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Shin SH, Bouchard LM, Montemayor B. An Exploration of Practitioners' Perceptions and Beliefs About Trauma-Informed Youth Drug Prevention Programs: a Qualitative Study. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2021; 23:636-647. [PMID: 34714501 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as childhood maltreatment and household dysfunction, have been linked to adolescent substance use. As a result, there exists a pressing need for trauma-informed, substance use preventive intervention for adolescents with a history of ACEs. The primary aim of this qualitative study is to increase our understanding of practitioners' perceptions of substance use among ACE-exposed youth and their views on trauma-informed adolescent substance use prevention programs. The present study conducted six focus groups (N = 32) among current child and adolescent health and human service providers in a mid-Atlantic urban area. The focus groups explored the practitioners' views on the main reasons that youth with a history of ACEs use illicit substances and suggestions on components, constructs, or techniques of trauma-informed substance use prevention programs and perceived barriers in implementing such programs. Transcripts of the focus groups were analyzed using open coding and subsequent axial coding, which was followed by thematic analysis. Thematic analysis identified ten themes within three categories, including the etiology of substance use among ACE-exposed youth, barriers to preventing substance use among ACEs-exposed youth, and suggested program components for trauma-informed prevention programs. These findings provide support for developing a preventive intervention that addresses trauma symptoms and overall skill buildings to prevent substance use among ACE-exposed youth. Teaching skills to cope with trauma symptoms, enhancing knowledge about the signs and symptoms of trauma, and improving key social and emotional learning competencies might be important and effective strategies to curb substance use among ACE-exposed youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny H Shin
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Leah M Bouchard
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Hong S, Rhee TG, Piescher KN. Longitudinal association of child maltreatment and cognitive functioning: Implications for child development. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 84:64-73. [PMID: 30059811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although research investigating associations among child maltreatment, cognitive functioning, and academic achievement has grown in recent years, important questions remain. In particular, assessing the influence of maltreatment apart from that of other co-occurring and confounding factors remains difficult. This study was developed to further the field's understanding by investigating cognitive functioning in association with time-variant maltreatment patterns. Using multiple time-variant linear mixed models, we investigated the relationships between maltreatment timing and three domains of cognitive functioning (i.e., knowledge, comprehension, and analysis). In general, the cognitive functioning of students who experienced maltreatment was lower than that of their peers who had yet to experience maltreatment at the time of testing. Results of LMM indicated that the cognitive functioning of students who experienced maltreatment concurrent with the testing year fluctuated over time whereas the cognitive functioning of students who experienced maltreatment prior to or after the testing year remained stable. Students who experienced concurrent maltreatment showed the lowest functioning of any group. While maltreatment timing was a significant predictor of cognitive functioning over time, the addition of poverty into the model resulted in a non-significant effect of maltreatment timing. Additional research is needed to disentangle the longitudinal effect of maltreatment on cognitive functioning and address the interacting role of poverty and chronic maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saahoon Hong
- Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare, School of Social Work, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.
| | - Taeho Greg Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Systems, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kristine N Piescher
- Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare, School of Social Work, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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5
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Lim SA, You S. Effect of Parental Negligence on Mobile Phone Dependency Among Vulnerable Social Groups: Mediating Effect of Peer Attachment. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:2050-2062. [DOI: 10.1177/0033294118799339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between perceived parental negligence and reliance on mobile phone usage among youth in vulnerable social groups, and whether peer attachment mediates this association. Specifically, we aimed to provide in-depth information on the relationship between perceived parental negligence and mobile phone dependency by examining the mediating effects of three subfactors of peer attachment: communication, trust, and isolation. For this purpose, we analyzed the longitudinal data of 485 elementary school students in grades 4 to 6 who were attending a community children’s center. The results were as follows: (1) parental negligence had a statistically significant positive effect on all subfactors of peer attachment; (2) while communication and trust were not significantly related to mobile phone dependency, isolation was related to mobile phone dependency; and (3) while perceived parental negligence did not have a direct effect on mobile phone dependency, it did have an indirect effect via isolation (a dimension of peer attachment).
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6
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Gabrielli J, Jackson Y, Huffhines L, Stone K. Maltreatment, Coping, and Substance Use in Youth in Foster Care: Examination of Moderation Models. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2018; 23:175-185. [PMID: 29166770 PMCID: PMC5851875 DOI: 10.1177/1077559517741681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is associated with negative outcomes such as substance use (SU). This study tested relations among maltreatment history, coping behavior, and SU behavior in youth residing in foster care. Participants were 210 youth ( Mage = 12.71 years; SD = 2.95) in foster care who completed self-report measures through an audio computer-assisted self-interview program. Using a structural equation modeling framework and latent measurement constructs, positive associations were identified between maltreatment at baseline and coping behavior outcomes as well as SU behavior outcome approximately 4.5 months later. Specifically, greater severity and chronicity of maltreatment was associated with greater SU behavior as well as indirect action, prosocial, and asocial coping behavior. Maltreatment was not significantly related to direct action coping behavior. In moderation tests, only asocial coping provided a significant interaction effect for SU behavior outcomes; SU behavior did not moderate pathways between maltreatment and coping behavior. For youth in foster care, the coping approach may be varied and relate differentially to SU behavior outcomes, with asocial approaches to coping acting as a buffer for the maltreatment/SU relation. Additionally, SU remains an important target for intervention and prevention in youth residing in foster care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Yo Jackson
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Lindsay Huffhines
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Katie Stone
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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7
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Meng X, Fleury MJ, Xiang YT, Li M, D'Arcy C. Resilience and protective factors among people with a history of child maltreatment: a systematic review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2018; 53:453-475. [PMID: 29349479 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide an overview of resilience and protective factors associated with a better life following child maltreatment exposure, to compare protective factors across specific subtypes of maltreatment, and to explore existing issues in the current state of the literature. METHODS Electronic databases and grey literature up to October 2017 were systematically searched for English language with observational study designs for the research on resilience and childhood maltreatment. Systematic review and qualitative approaches were used to synthesize the results. Study quality and heterogeneity were also examined. RESULTS Initial screening of titles and abstracts resulted in 247 papers being reviewed. A total of 85 articles met eligibility criteria of this review. Most of these studies had low or middle study quality. There were two subgroups of studies reviewed: (1) 11 studies examined whether resilience protected against the negative consequence of childhood maltreatment, and, (2) 75 studies explored what protective factor was associated with a kind of adaptive functioning. Although the conceptualization of resilience significantly varied from study to study, protective factors associated with resilience at individual, familial, and societal levels reduced the likelihood of negative consequences of childhood maltreatment. Negative consequences following childhood maltreatment can be prevented or moderated if protective factors are provided in time. Future research needs to address the conceptualization issue of resilience. CONCLUSIONS Public and population mental health preventions should focus on early childhood and apply preventive strategies as early as possible. Cost-effective studies should be considered in the evaluation of resilience prevention program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Meng
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boul. LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada. .,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-Josee Fleury
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 6875 Boul. LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Muzi Li
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carl D'Arcy
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Mutavi T, Obondo A, Mathai M, Kokonya D, Dako-Gyeke M. Incidence of Self-esteem among Children Exposed to Sexual Abuse in Kenya. GLOBAL SOCIAL WELFARE : RESEARCH, POLICY & PRACTICE 2018; 5:39-47. [PMID: 29796382 PMCID: PMC5962292 DOI: 10.1007/s40609-017-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Mutavi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Obondo
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muthoni Mathai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Donald Kokonya
- Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya
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9
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Bell MF, Bayliss DM, Glauert R, Ohan JL. School readiness of maltreated children: Associations of timing, type, and chronicity of maltreatment. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 76:426-439. [PMID: 29245140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Children who have been maltreated during early childhood may experience a difficult transition into fulltime schooling, due to maladaptive development of the skills and abilities that are important for positive school adaptation. An understanding of how different dimensions of maltreatment relate to children's school readiness is important for informing appropriate supports for maltreated children. In this study, the Australian Early Development Census scores of 19,203 children were linked to information on child maltreatment allegations (substantiated and unsubstantiated), including the type of alleged maltreatment, the timing of the allegation (infancy-toddlerhood or preschool), and the total number of allegations (chronicity). Children with a maltreatment allegation had increased odds of poor school readiness in cognitive and non-cognitive domains. Substantiated maltreatment was associated with poor social and emotional development in children, regardless of maltreatment type, timing, or chronicity. For children with unsubstantiated maltreatment allegations, developmental outcomes according to the type of alleged maltreatment were more heterogeneous; however, these children were also at risk of poor school readiness irrespective of the timing and/or chronicity of the alleged maltreatment. The findings suggest that all children with maltreatment allegations are at risk for poor school readiness; hence, these children may need additional support to increase the chance of a successful school transition. Interventions should commence prior to the start of school to mitigate early developmental difficulties that children with a history of maltreatment allegations may be experiencing, with the aim of reducing the incidence of continuing difficulties in the first year of school and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan F Bell
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Donna M Bayliss
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Glauert
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeneva L Ohan
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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10
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Knolle F, Vallotton CD, Ayoub CC. Maltreated Children Use More Grammatical Negations. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2017; 27:453-464. [PMID: 29456440 PMCID: PMC5801388 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-017-0905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many studies reveal a strong impact of childhood maltreatment on language development, mainly resulting in shorter utterances, less rich vocabulary, or a delay in grammatical complexity. However, different theories suggest the possibility for resilience-a positive adaptation to an otherwise adverse environment-in children who experienced childhood maltreatment. Here, we investigated different measures for language development in spontaneous speech, examining whether childhood maltreatment leads to a language deficit only or whether it can also result in differences in language use due to a possible adaptation to a toxic environment. We compared spontaneous speech during therapeutic peer-play sessions of 32 maltreated and 32 non-maltreated children from the same preschool and equivalent in gender, age (2 to 5 years), home neighborhood, ethnicity, and family income. Maltreatment status was reported by formal child protection reports, and corroborated by independent social service reports. We investigated general language sophistication (i.e., vocabulary, talkativeness, mean length of utterance), as well as grammatical development (i.e., use of plurals, tense, grammatical negations). We found that maltreated and non-maltreated children showed similar sophistication across all linguistic measures, except for the use of grammatical negations. Maltreated children used twice as many grammatical negations as non-maltreated children. The use of this highly complex grammatical structure shows an advanced linguistic skill, which shows that childhood maltreatment does not necessarily lead to a language deficit. The result might indicate the development of a negativity bias in the structure of spontaneous language due to an adaptation to their experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Knolle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire D. Vallotton
- Human Development & Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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11
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Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation and other biomedical and socioenvironmental influences on children's cognition at age 9–12 years in Indonesia: follow-up of the SUMMIT randomised trial. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2017; 5:e217-e228. [DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(16)30354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Exposure to adversity in childhood (adverse childhood experiences [ACEs]) is linked to a number of chronic diseases in adulthood, yet there is limited research examining the impact of ACEs on diabetes. The current review sought to examine the association between ACEs, other trauma exposure or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, and risk for diabetes. Thirty-eight studies are reviewed. Unlike in other diseases, several studies in diabetes show a threshold-response versus a dose-response relation, while other studies show a relation between greater abuse severity and diabetes risk. There were mixed results for studies examining abuse type and frequency. Chronic or comorbid PTSD was also related to increased diabetes risk among veterans, but in community samples, only trauma exposure predicted diabetes risk. While the research is still limited, diabetes researchers and clinicians should consider screening for ACEs and examine severity and frequency across abuse type as a predictor of both diabetes and poor diabetes outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Huffhines
- University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Development, 610 E. 22nd Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Amy Noser
- University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Development, 610 E. 22nd Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Susana R Patton
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Development, 610 E. 22nd Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
- University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Coe JL, Davies PT, Sturge-Apple ML. The Multivariate Roles of Family Instability and Interparental Conflict in Predicting Children's Representations of Insecurity in the Family System and Early School Adjustment Problems. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 45:211-224. [PMID: 27146062 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the moderating role of family instability in relations involving destructive interparental conflict, children's internal representations of insecurity in the family system, and their early school maladjustment. Two hundred forty-three preschool children (M age = 4.60 years; 56 % girls) and their families participated in this multi-method (i.e., observations, structured interview, surveys) multi-informant (i.e., observer, parent, teacher), longitudinal study. Findings indicated that the mediational role of children's insecure family representations in the pathway between destructive interparental conflict and children's adjustment problems varied significantly depending on the level of family instability. Interparental conflict was specifically associated with insecure family representations only under conditions of low family instability. In supporting the role of family instability as a vulnerable-stable risk factor, follow up analyses revealed that children's concerns about security in the family were uniformly high under conditions of heightened instability regardless of their level of exposure to interparental conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Coe
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
| | - Patrick T Davies
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Melissa L Sturge-Apple
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
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14
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Salmon K, Reese E. Talking (or Not Talking) about the Past: The Influence of Parent-Child Conversation about Negative Experiences on Children's Memories. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Salmon
- School of Psychology; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
| | - Elaine Reese
- Department of Psychology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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15
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Maguire SA, Williams B, Naughton AM, Cowley LE, Tempest V, Mann MK, Teague M, Kemp AM. A systematic review of the emotional, behavioural and cognitive features exhibited by school-aged children experiencing neglect or emotional abuse. Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41:641-53. [PMID: 25733080 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions to minimize the long-term consequences of neglect or emotional abuse rely on prompt identification of these children. This systematic review of world literature (1947-2012) identifies features that children aged 5-14 years experiencing neglect or emotional abuse, as opposed to physical or sexual abuse, may exhibit. METHODS Searching 18 databases, utilizing over 100 keywords, supplemented by hand searching, 13,210 articles were identified and 111 underwent full critical appraisal by two independent trained reviewers. RESULTS The 30 included studies highlighted behavioural features (15 studies), externalizing features being the most prominent (8/9 studies) and internalizing features noted in 4/6 studies. Four studies identified attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) associated features: impulsivity, inattention or hyperactivity. Child difficulties in initiating or developing friendships were noted in seven studies. Of 13 studies addressing emotional well-being, three highlighted low self-esteem, with a perception of external control (1), or depression (6) including suicidality (1). A negative internal working model of the mother increased the likelihood of depression (1). In assessing cognition or academic performance, lower general intelligence (3/4) and reduced literacy and numeracy (2) were reported, but no observable effect on memory (3). CONCLUSIONS School-aged children presenting with poor academic performance, ADHD symptomatology or abnormal behaviours warrant assessment of neglect or emotional abuse as a potential underlying cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Maguire
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - B Williams
- ST6 Community Child Health, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - A M Naughton
- Safeguarding Children Service, Public Health Wales NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK
| | - L E Cowley
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - V Tempest
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M K Mann
- Support Unit for Research Evidence, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Teague
- Masters in Education Programme, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A M Kemp
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Benarous X, Guilé JM, Consoli A, Cohen D. A Systematic Review of the Evidence for Impaired Cognitive Theory of Mind in Maltreated Children. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:108. [PMID: 26283975 PMCID: PMC4516890 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to the large number of studies exploring difficulties in emotion recognition in maltreated children, few (N = 12) have explored the cognitive aspect of theory of mind (ToM), i.e., the ability to understand others' thoughts and intentions. A systematic review of these studies shows inconsistent results regarding cognitive ToM tasks. Youths with a history of maltreatment are more likely to fail at false-belief tasks (N = 2). However, results are less conclusive regarding other tasks (perspective-taking tasks, N = 4; and hostile attribution tasks, N = 7). Additionally, only one study controlled for potential psychopathology. Measures of psychopathology and other cognitive abilities, in addition to ToM, are required to establish a specific association between maltreatment and the cognitive dimension of ToM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Benarous
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , Paris , France
| | - Jean-Marc Guilé
- Groupe de Recherches sur l'Analyse Multimodale de la Fonction Cérébrale, INSERM U1105, CHU and Université Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France
| | - Angèle Consoli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , Paris , France ; Paris-Sud Innovation Group in Adolescent Mental Health, INSERM U669, Maison de Solenn , Paris , France
| | - David Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , Paris , France ; UMR 7222, Institute for Intelligent Systems and Robotics, Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France
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17
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Davis JS, Fani N, Ressler K, Jovanovic T, Tone EB, Bradley B. Attachment anxiety moderates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and attention bias for emotion in adults. Psychiatry Res 2014; 217:79-85. [PMID: 24680873 PMCID: PMC4060600 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that some individuals who were maltreated in childhood demonstrate biases in social information processing. However, the mechanisms through which these biases develop remain unclear-one possible mechanism is via attachment-related processes. Childhood maltreatment increases risk for insecure attachment. The internal working models of self and others associated with insecure attachment may impact the processing of socially relevant information, particularly emotion conveyed in facial expressions. We investigated associations among child abuse, attachment anxiety and avoidance, and attention biases for emotion in an adult population. Specifically, we examined how self-reported attachment influences the relationship between childhood abuse and attention bias for emotion. A dot probe task consisting of happy, threatening, and neutral female facial stimuli was used to assess possible biases in attention for socially relevant stimuli. Our findings indicate that attachment anxiety moderated the relationship between maltreatment and attention bias for happy emotion; among individuals with a child abuse history, attachment anxiety significantly predicted an attention bias away from happy facial stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Davis
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Negar Fani
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kerry Ressler
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin B Tone
- Georgia State University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Mental Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
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18
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Frankenhuis WE, de Weerth C. Does Early-Life Exposure to Stress Shape or Impair Cognition? CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721413484324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A predominant view in psychology is that early psychosocial adversity (e.g., abuse) impairs cognition, because children from stressful backgrounds (e.g., violent households) score lower on standard tests of intelligence, language, memory, inhibition, and other abilities. However, recent studies indicate that these people may exhibit improved detection, learning, and memory on tasks involving stimuli that are ecologically relevant to them (e.g., dangers), compared with safely nurtured peers. These findings contradict the view that cognition of stressed people is generally impaired; they suggest, rather, that these people’s minds are developmentally specialized toward local environmental conditions. Here, we review recent research supporting this hypothesis. In addition, we propose that novel studies should examine whether stressed children show not only improved detection but also improved memory and reasoning on tasks involving stimuli that are ecologically relevant to them. Finally, we discuss clinical implications of switching from conceptualizing stressed minds as “adapted” rather than “impaired.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem E. Frankenhuis
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Cognitive Development Center, Central European University, Hungary
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJ. Systematic review, structural analysis, and new theoretical perspectives on the role of serotonin and associated genes in the etiology of psychopathy and sociopathy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1254-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Topitzes J, Mersky JP, Dezen KA, Reynolds AJ. Adult Resilience among Maltreated Children: A Prospective Investigation of Main Effect and Mediating Models. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2013; 35:937-949. [PMID: 23645949 PMCID: PMC3640482 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Topitzes
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Helen Bader School of Social Welfare
| | - Joshua P. Mersky
- University of Illinois-Chicago, Jane Addams College of Social Work
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21
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Luke N, Banerjee R. Differentiated associations between childhood maltreatment experiences and social understanding: A meta-analysis and systematic review. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Fantuzzo J, LeBoeuf W, Rouse H, Chen CC. Academic achievement of African American boys: a city-wide, community-based investigation of risk and resilience. J Sch Psychol 2012; 50:559-79. [PMID: 23040755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In light of persistent Black-White achievement gaps for boys, this study examined publicly monitored risks believed to be associated with being behind academically for an entire subpopulation of African American boys in a large urban public school district. Also examined were indicators of academic engagement hypothesized to mediate the relations between risks and low achievement. Findings indicated that the Black-White achievement gap for boys was matched by a comparable difference in risk experiences. Multilevel linear regression models controlling for poverty found that both the type and accumulation of risk experiences explained a significant amount of variation in reading and mathematics achievement for the subpopulation of African American boys. Socio-familial risks were related to the poorest academic outcomes. Academic engagement indicators significantly mediated relations between risks and achievement. Implications of this research for collective school and community actions to make race, gender, and place matter in educational public policy were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fantuzzo
- University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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D'Andrea W, Ford J, Stolbach B, Spinazzola J, van der Kolk BA. Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2012; 82:187-200. [PMID: 22506521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Childhood exposure to victimization is prevalent and has been shown to contribute to significant immediate and long-term psychological distress and functional impairment. Children exposed to interpersonal victimization often meet criteria for psychiatric disorders other than posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, this article summarizes research that suggests directions for broadening current diagnostic conceptualizations for victimized children, focusing on findings regarding victimization, the prevalence of a variety of psychiatric symptoms related to affect and behavior dysregulation, disturbances of consciousness and cognition, alterations in attribution and schema, and interpersonal impairment. A wide range of symptoms is common in victimized children. As a result, in the current psychiatric nosology, multiple comorbid diagnoses are necessary-but not necessarily accurate-to describe many victimized children, potentially leading to both undertreatment and overtreatment. Related findings regarding biological correlates of childhood victimization and the treatment outcome literature are also reviewed. Recommendations for future research aimed at enhancing diagnosis and treatment of victimized children are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D'Andrea
- The New School University of Connecticut La Rabida Children's Hospital The Trauma Center at Justice Resource Institute.
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24
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Event memory and suggestibility in abused and neglected children: Trauma-related psychopathology and cognitive functioning. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 110:520-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Oshri A. Interactive effects of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1, serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region, and child maltreatment on diurnal cortisol regulation and internalizing symptomatology. Dev Psychopathol 2011; 23:1125-38. [PMID: 22018085 PMCID: PMC3696510 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579411000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Within an allostatic load framework, the effect of Gene × Environment (G × E) interactions on diurnal cortisol regulation and internalizing symptomatology were investigated. Variation in the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) TAT haplotype and serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) was determined in a sample of maltreated (n = 238, 21.4% with early physical and sexual abuse) and nonmaltreated (n = 255) children (M age = 10.08) participating in a summer research camp. Internalizing and depressive symptoms were assessed by other and self-report. G × E effects for CRHR1 and maltreatment and early abuse on diurnal cortisol regulation were observed; CRHR1 variation was related to cortisol dysregulation only among maltreated children. Early abuse and high internalizing symptoms also interacted to predict atypical diurnal cortisol regulation. The interaction of CRHR1, 5-HTTLPR, and child maltreatment (G × G × E) identified a subgroup of maltreated children with high internalizing symptoms who shared the same combination of the two genes. The findings support an allostatic load perspective on the effects of the chronic stress associated with child maltreatment on cortisol regulation and internalizing symptomatology as moderated by genetic variation.
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26
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Toth SL, Pickreign Stronach E, Rogosch FA, Caplan R, Cicchetti D. Illogical thinking and thought disorder in maltreated children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50:659-68. [PMID: 21703493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine illogical thinking in children from low-income families with and without histories of child maltreatment. METHOD Maltreated (n = 91) and nonmaltreated (n = 43) school-age children individually participated in a story game designed to elicit speech samples. Children were instructed to listen to two recorded stories and prompted to retell the story; they then were asked to create their own story from possible topics. Child behavior ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist were completed by research assistants following 35 hours of observation. RESULTS Maltreated children exhibited more illogical thinking than did nonmaltreated children, and the level of illogical thinking in maltreated children was in the clinically pathological range. The occurrence of multiple subtypes of maltreatment and the chronicity of the maltreatment also were associated with illogical thinking. Dissociation did not differ between groups, although it was related to illogical thinking. CONCLUSION The ability to formulate ideas and communicate them logically is compromised in children who have been maltreated. These results extend prior research on selective attentional processes and negativity biases in maltreated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheree L Toth
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh Street, Rochester, NY 14608, USA.
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27
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Comprehensive Challenges for the Well Being of Young Children: A Population-based Study of Publicly Monitored Risks in a Large Urban Center. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-010-9138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Quas JA, Alexander KW, Goodman GS, Ghetti S, Edelstein RS, Redlich A. Long-term autobiographical memory for legal involvement: Individual and sociocontextual predictors. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Exposure to childhood trauma, especially child maltreatment, has important implications for memory of emotionally distressing experiences. These implications stem from cognitive, socio-emotional, mental health, and neurobiological consequences of maltreatment and can be at least partially explained by current theories concerning the effects of childhood trauma. In this review, two main hypotheses are advanced: (a) Maltreatment in childhood is associated with especially robust memory for emotionally distressing material in many individuals, but (b) maltreatment can impair memory for such material in individuals who defensively avoid it. Support for these hypotheses comes from research on child abuse victims' memory and suggestibility regarding distressing but nonabusive events, memory for child abuse itself, and autobiographical memory. However, more direct investigations are needed to test precisely when and how childhood trauma affects memory for emotionally significant, distressing experiences. Legal implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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30
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Carrick N, Quas JA, Lyon T. Maltreated and nonmaltreated children's evaluations of emotional fantasy. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2010; 34:129-134. [PMID: 20153053 PMCID: PMC2933139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Carrick
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, California State University-Fullerton, 800 North State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
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31
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Abstract
Es wird die aktuelle Diskussion um die Aufnahme der Diagnose einer Traumaentwicklungsstörung in das DSM-V aufgegriffen und die Pro- und Contraargumente einer solchen Diagnose gegenübergestellt. Befürworter der Traumaentwicklungsstörung argumentieren, dass viele gut erforschte Traumafolgen mit der Diagnose einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung nur unzureichend beschrieben werden. Gerade Opfer von schweren und sequentiellen Kindheitstraumata entwickeln häufig eine Breitbandsymptomatik mit vielen komorbiden psychischen Störungen. Die klinische Evidenz zeigt, dass diese sehr schwer zu behandelnde Patientengruppe von einem spezifischen traumatherapeutischen Zugang profitiert. Gegen diese Diagnose spricht, dass mit der Einführung einer solchen Diagnose, die in den Diagnosesystemen verlangte rein deskriptive Beschreibung von Symptomen verlassen wird und ätiologische Aspekte in den Vordergrund treten, zudem könnten komorbide Störungen mit ihren biologischen Aspekten übersehen werden. Abschließend werden Implikationen, die sich aus einer solchen Diagnose ergeben, erörtert. Dabei wird auch eine dimensionale Erfassung dieser Symptomatik angedacht.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schmid
- Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrische Klinik der Universitären Psychiatrischen Kliniken Basel
| | | | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
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32
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Feiring C, Cleland CM, Simon VA. Abuse-specific self-schemas and self-functioning: a prospective study of sexually abused youth. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2010; 39:35-50. [PMID: 20390797 PMCID: PMC2856117 DOI: 10.1080/15374410903401112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Potential pathways from childhood sexual abuse (CSA) to negative self-schemas to subsequent dissociative symptoms and low global self-esteem were examined in a prospective longitudinal study of 160 ethnically diverse youth with confirmed CSA histories. Participants were interviewed at the time of abuse discovery, when they were 8 to 15 years of age, and again 1 and 6 years later. Abuse-specific indicators of stigmatization, in particular the combination of shame and self-blame more than general self-blame attributions for everyday events, explained which youth with CSA histories experienced more dissociative symptoms and clinically significant levels of dissociation. Abuse-specific stigmatization was found to operate as a prospective mechanism for subsequent dissociative symptoms but not self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Feiring
- Center for Youth Relationship Development, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA.
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33
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Vallotton CD, Ayoub CC. Symbols Build Communication and Thought: The Role of Gestures and Words in the Development of Engagement Skills and Social-Emotional Concepts during Toddlerhood. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2009; 19:601-626. [PMID: 20694173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social skills and symbol skills are positively associated in middle childhood, but the relation between these domains is less clear in newly verbal toddlers. Vygotsky (1934/1986) proposed that symbols are both tools for interaction and mental tools for thought. Do symbols help even very young children build skills for interacting with and conceptualizing the social world? Longitudinal data from 108 children and mothers were collected when children were 14, 24, and 36 months. Children's gestures and words during mother-child interactions were used as symbol skill indicators to predict children's abilities to engage others and the number of social-emotional concepts children portray during play. In a series of growth models, words had a stronger effect on engagement skills while early gesture use predicted later development of social-emotional concepts. Therefore, even in early development, symbols serve as both communication tools and mental tools to construct understanding of the social-emotional world.
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34
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Toth SL, Rogosch FA, Sturge-Apple M, Cicchetti D. Maternal depression, children's attachment security, and representational development: an organizational perspective. Child Dev 2009; 80:192-208. [PMID: 19236401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Relations among maternal depression, child attachment, and children's representations of parents and self were examined. Participants included toddlers and their mothers with a history of major depressive disorder (n= 63) or no history of mental disorder (n= 68). Attachment was assessed at 20 and 36 months and representations of parents and self were assessed at 36 and 48 months. Depressive symptoms were assessed at all 3 time points. While early-occurring maternal depression had a negative impact on children's negative and positive representations of parents, attachment security mediated the relation between depressive symptoms and negative representations. Attachment security served as an intervening variable between maternal depression and changes in children's negative representations of self. Implications for prevention are highlighted.
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35
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Natsuaki MN, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. Examining the developmental history of child maltreatment, peer relations, and externalizing problems among adolescents with symptoms of paranoid personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2009; 21:1181-93. [PMID: 19825263 PMCID: PMC3696511 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579409990101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the childhood history of maltreatment, peer relations, and externalizing problems among individuals who manifested low, moderate, or high symptom levels of paranoid personality disorder (PPD) in adolescence. Participants included 174 children who attended a longitudinal summer camp research program between the ages of 9 to 12. Multiple sources of information (self-, peer, and counselor reports) were utilized. Subsequently, they participated in a personality disorder assessment during adolescence (mean age = 15.30). The results indicated that children who manifested higher levels of PPD symptoms in adolescence had higher odds of having a history of child maltreatment. Children who manifested high levels of PPD symptoms in adolescence showed a faster growth rate for peer bullying and externalizing problems in childhood. In addition, their peers rated them as less cooperative, less likely to be leaders, and more likely to initiate fights. These findings suggested that children who manifested elevated PPD symptoms in adolescence had shown early signs of behavioral disturbances in childhood, some of which gradually worsened as they approach adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki N Natsuaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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36
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Carlson EA, Egeland B, Sroufe LA. A prospective investigation of the development of borderline personality symptoms. Dev Psychopathol 2009; 21:1311-34. [PMID: 19825270 PMCID: PMC11034778 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579409990174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The antecedents and developmental course of borderline personality disorder symptoms were examined prospectively from infancy to adulthood using longitudinal data from a risk sample (N = 162). Borderline personality disorder symptom counts were derived from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders diagnostic interview at age 28 years. Correlational analyses confirmed expected relations between borderline symptoms and contemporary adult disturbance (e.g., self-injurious behavior, dissociative symptoms, drug use, relational violence) as well as maltreatment history. Antecedent correlational and regression analyses revealed significant links between borderline symptoms in adulthood and endogenous (i.e., temperament) and environmental (e.g., attachment disorganization, parental hostility) history in early childhood and disturbance across domains of child functioning (e.g., attention, emotion, behavior, relationship, self-representation) in middle childhood/early adolescence. Process analyses revealed a significant mediating effect of self-representation on the relation between attachment disorganization on borderline symptoms. The findings are discussed within a developmental psychopathology framework in which disturbance in self-processes is constructed through successive transactions between the individual and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Carlson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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37
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True and false recall and dissociation among maltreated children: the role of self-schema. Dev Psychopathol 2008; 20:213-32. [PMID: 18211735 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579408000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation addresses the manner through which trauma affects basic memory and self-system processes. True and false recall for self-referent stimuli were assessed in conjunction with dissociative symptomatology among abused (N=76), neglected (N=92), and nonmaltreated (N=116) school-aged children. Abused, neglected, and nonmaltreated children did not differ in the level of processing self-schema effect or in the occurrence and frequency of false recall. Rather, differences in the affective valence of false recall emerged as a function of maltreatment subtype and age. Regarding dissociation, the abused children displayed higher levels of dissociative symptomatology than did the nonmaltreated children. Although abused, neglected, and nonmaltreated children did not exhibit differences in the valence of their self-schemas, positive and negative self-schemas were related to self-integration differently among the subgroups of maltreatment. Negative self-schemas were associated with increased dissociation among the abused children, whereas positive self-schemas were related to increased dissociation for the neglected children. Thus, positive self-schemas displayed by the younger neglected children were related to higher dissociation, suggestive of defensive self-processing. Implications for clinical intervention are underscored.
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