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Brinksma DM, Hoekstra PJ, de Bildt A, Buitelaar JK, van den Hoofdakker BJ, Hartman CA, Dietrich A. Parental rejection in early adolescence predicts a persistent ADHD symptom trajectory across adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:139-153. [PMID: 34275051 PMCID: PMC9908736 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite a general decrease of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms during adolescence, these may persist in some individuals but not in others. Prior cross-sectional studies have shown that parenting style and their interaction with candidate genes are associated with ADHD symptoms. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research examining the independent and interactive effects of parenting and plasticity genes in predicting the course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms across adolescence. Here, we investigated how children perceived their parents' parenting style (i.e., rejection, overprotection, and emotional warmth) at the age of 11, and their interaction with DRD4, MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR genotypes on parent-reported ADHD symptoms at three time points (mean ages 11.1, 13.4, and 16.2 years) in 1730 adolescents from the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Growth Mixture Modeling in Mplus identified four ADHD symptom trajectories: low, moderate stable, high decreasing, and high persistent. Perceived parental rejection predicted class membership in the high persistent trajectory compared to the other classes (p < 0.001, odds ratios between 2.14 and 3.74). Gene-environment interactions were not significantly related to class membership. Our results indicate a role of perceived parental rejection in the persistence of ADHD symptoms. Perceived parental rejection should, therefore, be taken into consideration during prevention and treatment of ADHD in young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djûke M Brinksma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, NL-9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, NL-9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Bildt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, NL-9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J van den Hoofdakker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, NL-9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, NL-9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Zimmermann P, Spangler G. Longitudinal Influences of DRD4 Polymorphism and Early Maternal Caregiving on Personality Development and Problem Behavior in Middle Childhood and Adolescence. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:839340. [PMID: 35496066 PMCID: PMC9048738 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.839340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies examining gene-environment effects on self-regulation focus on outcomes early childhood or adulthood. However, only a few studies investigate longitudinal effects during middle childhood and adolescence and compare two domains of early caregiving. In a longitudinal follow-up with a sample of N = 87, we studied the effects of differences in the DRD4 tandem repeat polymorphisms and two domains of early maternal caregiving quality on children's personality development using Block's California Child Q-Set (CCQ) at age six and age 12 and on problem behavior at ages six and seven. Early maternal regulation quality predicted later ego-resiliency and aggressiveness. In addition, significant gene-environment interactions revealed that children with the 7+ DRD4 tandem repeat polymorphism and poor maternal regulation quality in infancy showed lower scores in ego-resiliency and higher scores in ego-undercontrol and CCQ aggressiveness. In contrast, children who had experienced effective maternal regulation in infancy showed a comparable level in personality traits and problem behavior as the DRD4 7- group independent of the levels of maternal regulatory behavior. Similarly, longitudinal caregiving × DRD4 interactions were found for behavior problems in middle childhood, especially for oppositional-aggression, inattentive-hyperactivity, and social competence. Early caregiving effects were only found for maternal regulation quality, but not for maternal responsiveness. Effective early maternal regulation in infancy can moderate the negative effect of DRD4 7+ on children's self-regulation in middle childhood and adolescence. However, maternal responsiveness has no comparable effects. It seems relevant to consider several dimensions of early caregiving and to also measure the environment in more detail in gene-environment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zimmermann
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gottfried Spangler
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Tong L, Kawachi I. Factors moderating the link between early childhood non-parental care and ADHD symptoms. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08562. [PMID: 34917823 PMCID: PMC8668821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is little known about the association between non-parental care in early childhood and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in preschoolers. Therefore, we examined the association between childcare from grandparents/babysitters during infancy/preschool and ADHD symptoms in preschoolers. Methods Using stratified random sampling, we developed a sample comprising 1597 parents of children aged 1.6–7 years who were enrolled in preschool in rural and urban areas of China. Parental reports of ADHD symptoms were assessed using the preschool version of the ADHD Rating scale-IV. A regression analysis was used to examine the association between childcare from grandparents/babysitters and ADHD symptoms. Results Childcare from grandparents during infancy was associated with ADHD symptoms in childhood (β = 1.03, P < 0.0001). Significant associations between grandparental care and ADHD symptoms were also observed in children from families with more than one child (β = 0.64, P = 0.0035) and children living in rural areas (β = -0.78, P = 0.0032). A babysitter as the primary child caregiver in preschool was especially strongly correlated with ADHD symptoms in girls (β = 7.95, P = 0.0042). Moreover, region was strong factor associated with ADHD symptoms without adjustment for the non-parental caregivers’ age and education, whereas family income was not strongly associated with ADHD symptoms. Conclusion Non-parental caregiving (i.e., from grandparents or babysitters) in early childhood was associated with more ADHD symptoms in children. Certain characteristics in children, such as female gender and the existence of siblings, were stronger moderating factors than were family income and region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Tong
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
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Dopamine-Related Genes Moderate the Association Between Family Environment and Executive Function Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: An Exploratory Study. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2021; 35:262-269. [PMID: 32108714 PMCID: PMC7485582 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether carrying dopamine-related "risk" genes-either the dopamine transporter (DAT1) 10-repeat allele or dopamine receptor-4 (DRD4) 7-repeat allele-moderated the association of family environment and executive function (EF) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in early childhood. METHODS Caregivers of children with TBI or orthopedic injury (OI) completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) at postinjury visits. General linear models examined gene by environment interactions as moderators of the effects of TBI on EF at 12 months and 7 years postinjury. RESULTS At 12 months, we did not find any significant gene by environment interactions. At 7 years, we found a significant 3-way interaction among combined carrier status, level of permissive parenting, and injury type. For children exposed to more optimal parenting, carriers of DAT1 and/or DRD4 risk alleles with TBI showed significantly worse parent-reported EF than carriers with OI. In those with less optimal parenting, carriers and noncarriers with TBI, as well as carriers with OI, showed significantly worse parent-reported EF than noncarriers with OI, with medium to large effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the importance of considering polygenetic and environmental factors in future studies of recovery following TBI and other injuries in childhood.
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Franco R, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G. Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter. Biomedicines 2021; 9:109. [PMID: 33499192 PMCID: PMC7911410 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is derived from an amino acid, phenylalanine, which must be obtained through the diet. Dopamine, known primarily to be a neurotransmitter involved in almost any higher executive action, acts through five types of G-protein-coupled receptors. Dopamine has been studied extensively for its neuronal handling, synaptic actions, and in relation to Parkinson's disease. However, dopamine receptors can be found extra-synaptically and, in addition, they are not only expressed in neurons, but in many types of mammalian cells, inside and outside the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies show a dopamine link between the gut and the CNS; the mechanisms are unknown, but they probably require cells to act as mediators and the involvement of the immune system. In fact, dopamine receptors are expressed in almost any cell of the immune system where dopamine regulates various processes, such as antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and inflammation. This likely immune cell-mediated linkage opens up a new perspective for the use of dopamine-related drugs, i.e., agonist-antagonist-allosteric modulators of dopamine receptors, in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, CiberNed. Network Research Center, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, CiberNed. Network Research Center, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, CiberNed. Network Research Center, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Somers JA, Luecken LJ. Socioemotional Mechanisms of Children's Differential Response to the Effects of Maternal Sensitivity on Child Adjustment. PARENTING, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020; 21:241-275. [PMID: 34483750 PMCID: PMC8411900 DOI: 10.1080/15295192.2020.1809955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children differ in the extent to which they reap the benefits of maternal sensitive care or suffer the adverse consequences of insensitive care, and these differences can be accounted for by biological characteristics. However, how susceptible children adapt to maternal sensitivity in ways that either maximize positive development or lead to maladjustment has yet to be determined. Here, we propose a novel model of socioemotional mechanisms by which the joint influences of maternal sensitivity and child biological characteristics influence child adjustment. DESIGN We propose a theoretical model, in which children's vagal functioning and polymorphisms in serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) genes confer susceptibility to the effects of maternal sensitivity on internalizing, externalizing, prosocial and moral behavior via changes in interpersonal strategies for emotion regulation, the threat response system, and empathy. RESULTS Theoretical and empirical support for the proposed mechanisms are provided. CONCLUSIONS The proposed mechanistic model of susceptibility to maternal sensitivity offers a novel framework of for whom and how children are affected by early maternal care, highlighting multiple reciprocal, interacting influences across genes, physiology, behavior, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Somers
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287
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Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Genotypes and Parenting Influence on Long-Term Executive Functioning After Moderate to Severe Early Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: An Exploratory Study. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2018; 32:404-412. [PMID: 28060209 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) rs4680 genotypes as moderators of the effects of parenting style on postinjury changes in parent behavior ratings of executive dysfunction following moderate to severe early childhood traumatic brain injury. SETTING Research was conducted in an outpatient setting. PARTICIPANTS Participants included children admitted to hospital with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (n = 55) or orthopedic injuries (n = 70) between ages 3 and 7 years. DESIGN Prospective cohort followed over 7 years postinjury. MAIN MEASURES Parenting Practices Questionnaire and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning obtained at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months, and 3.5 and 6.8 years postinjury. DNA was collected from saliva samples, purified using the Oragene (DNA Genotek, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) OG-500 self-collection tubes, and analyzed using TaqMan (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts) assay protocols to identify the COMT rs4680 polymorphism. RESULTS Linear mixed models revealed a significant genotype × parenting style × time interaction (F = 5.72, P = .02), which suggested that the adverse effects of authoritarian parenting on postinjury development of executive functioning were buffered by the presence of the COMT AA genotype (lower enzyme activity, higher dopamine levels). There were no significant associations of executive functioning with the interaction between genotype and authoritative or permissive parenting ratings. CONCLUSION The lower activity COMT rs4680 genotype may buffer the negative effect of authoritarian parenting on long-term executive functioning following injury in early childhood. The findings provide preliminary evidence for associations of parenting style with executive dysfunction in children and for a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors as contributors to decreases in these problems after traumatic injuries in children. Further investigation is warranted to understand the interplay among genetic and environmental factors related to recovery after traumatic brain injury in children.
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Lee MK, Baker S, Whitebread D. Culture-specific links between maternal executive function, parenting, and preschool children's executive function in South Korea. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 88:216-235. [DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Baker
- Faculty of Education; University of Cambridge; UK
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Dahlhaus R. Of Men and Mice: Modeling the Fragile X Syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:41. [PMID: 29599705 PMCID: PMC5862809 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common forms of inherited intellectual disability in all human societies. Caused by the transcriptional silencing of a single gene, the fragile x mental retardation gene FMR1, FXS is characterized by a variety of symptoms, which range from mental disabilities to autism and epilepsy. More than 20 years ago, a first animal model was described, the Fmr1 knock-out mouse. Several other models have been developed since then, including conditional knock-out mice, knock-out rats, a zebrafish and a drosophila model. Using these model systems, various targets for potential pharmaceutical treatments have been identified and many treatments have been shown to be efficient in preclinical studies. However, all attempts to turn these findings into a therapy for patients have failed thus far. In this review, I will discuss underlying difficulties and address potential alternatives for our future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Dahlhaus
- Institute for Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer Centre, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Influence of Catechol-O-methyltransferase on Executive Functioning Longitudinally After Early Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: Preliminary Findings. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2018; 31:E1-9. [PMID: 26394291 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the association of a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype (rs4680) with recovery of executive functions up to 18 months after early childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared with an orthopedic injury (OI) group. SETTING Outpatient. PARTICIPANTS A total of 134 children with a moderate to severe TBI (n = 63) or OI (n = 71) between the ages of 3 and 6 years who were followed 18 months postinjury. DESIGN Case-comparison, longitudinal cohort MAIN MEASURES : The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment (NEPSY) of Verbal Fluency, and a modified Stroop Test for young children (Shape School). RESULTS The low-activity COMT enzyme genotype (AA) was associated with better scores on the developmental NEPSY of Verbal Fluency (F = 3.80; P = .02) and the Shape School (F = 2.89; P = .06) in all participants when controlling for injury type (TBI vs OI) over the first 18 months after injury. Injury type (TBI vs OI) did not significantly moderate the effect of the COMT genotypes on executive function recovery. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence for a role of COMT genotypes in long-term recovery of executive function after pediatric TBI and OI. Larger studies are needed to determine the exact link between genetic variation in the COMT gene and TBI recovery in children.
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Interaction between DRD2 and lead exposure on the cortical thickness of the frontal lobe in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:169-176. [PMID: 29169998 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine receptor D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and lead exposure are both thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is characterized by delay in brain maturation, most prominent in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The D2 receptor is also mainly located in the PFC, and animal studies show that lead exposure affects the dopaminergic system of the frontal lobe, indicating an overlap in neural correlates of ADHD, DRD2, and lead exposure. We examined the interaction effects of DRD2 rs1800497 and lead exposure on the cortical thickness of the frontal lobe in patients with ADHD. METHODS A 1:1 age- and gender-matched sample of 75 participants with ADHD and 75 healthy participants was included in the analysis. The interaction effects of DRD2 and lead exposure on the cortical thickness of 12 regions of interest in the frontal lobe were examined by multivariable linear regression analyses. RESULTS When we investigated the DRD2×lead effects in the ADHD and HC groups separately, significant DRD2×lead effects were found in the ADHD group, but not in the healthy control group in multiple ROIs of the frontal lobe. There was a significant negative correlation between the cortical thickness of the right superior frontal gyrus and inattention scores. CONCLUSIONS The present findings demonstrated significant interaction effects of DRD2 and lead exposure on the cortical thickness of the frontal lobe in ADHD. Replication studies with larger sample sizes, using a prospective design, are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Epigenetics and Early Life Adversity: Current Evidence and Considerations for Epigenetic Studies in the Context of Child Maltreatment. THE BIOLOGY OF EARLY LIFE STRESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72589-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Assary E, Vincent JP, Keers R, Pluess M. Gene-environment interaction and psychiatric disorders: Review and future directions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 77:133-143. [PMID: 29051054 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Empirical studies suggest that psychiatric disorders result from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Most evidence for such gene-environment interaction (GxE) is based on single candidate gene studies conducted from a Diathesis-Stress perspective. Recognizing the short-comings of candidate gene studies, GxE research has begun to focus on genome-wide and polygenic approaches as well as drawing on different theoretical concepts underlying GxE, such as Differential Susceptibility. After reviewing evidence from candidate GxE studies and presenting alternative theoretical frameworks underpinning GxE research, more recent approaches and findings from whole genome approaches are presented. Finally, we suggest how future GxE studies may unpick the complex interplay between genes and environments in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Assary
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E14NS, United Kingdom.
| | - John Paul Vincent
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E14NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert Keers
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E14NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Pluess
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E14NS, United Kingdom.
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Kurowski BG, Treble-Barna A, Pitzer AJ, Wade SL, Martin LJ, Chima RS, Jegga A. Applying Systems Biology Methodology To Identify Genetic Factors Possibly Associated with Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2280-2290. [PMID: 28301983 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is linked with a number of medical, neurological, cognitive, and behavioral sequelae. The influence of genetic factors on the biology and related recovery after TBI is poorly understood. Studies that seek to elucidate the impact of genetic influences on neurorecovery after TBI will lead to better individualization of prognosis and inform development of novel treatments, which are considerably lacking. Current genetic studies related to TBI have focused on specific candidate genes. The objectives of this study were to use a system biology-based approach to identify biologic processes over-represented with genetic variants previously implicated in clinical outcomes after TBI and identify unique genes potentially related to recovery after TBI. After performing a systematic review to identify genes in the literature associated with clinical outcomes, we used the genes identified to perform a systems biology-based integrative computational analysis to ascertain the interactions between molecular components and to develop models for regulation and function of genes involved in TBI recovery. The analysis identified over-representation of genetic variants primarily in two biologic processes: response to injury (cell proliferation, cell death, inflammatory response, and cellular metabolism) and neurocognitive and behavioral reserve (brain development, cognition, and behavior). Overall, this study demonstrates the use of a systems biology-based approach to identify unique/novel genes or sets of genes important to the recovery process. Findings from this systems biology-based approach provide additional insight into the potential impact of genetic variants on the underlying complex biological processes important to TBI recovery and may inform the development of empirical genetic-related studies for TBI. Future studies that combine systems biology methodology and genomic, proteomic, and epigenetic approaches are needed in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad G Kurowski
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amery Treble-Barna
- 2 Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexis J Pitzer
- 3 Department of Psychology, Xavier University , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shari L Wade
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lisa J Martin
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ranjit S Chima
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anil Jegga
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
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15
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Cao C, Rijlaarsdam J, van der Voort A, Ji L, Zhang W, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Associations Between Dopamine D2 Receptor (DRD2) Gene, Maternal Positive Parenting and Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms from Early to Mid-Adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 46:365-379. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Levitan RD, Jansen P, Wendland B, Tiemeier H, Jaddoe VW, Silveira PP, Kennedy JL, Atkinson L, Fleming A, Sokolowski M, Gaudreau H, Steiner M, Dubé L, Hamilton J, Moss E, Wazana A, Meaney M. A DRD4 gene by maternal sensitivity interaction predicts risk for overweight or obesity in two independent cohorts of preschool children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:180-188. [PMID: 27726127 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that early exposure to low maternal sensitivity is a risk factor for obesity in children and adolescents. A separate line of study shows that the seven-repeat (7R) allele of the dopamine-4 receptor gene (DRD4) increases susceptibility to environmental factors including maternal sensitivity. The current study integrates these lines of work by examining whether preschoolers carrying the 7R allele are more vulnerable to low maternal sensitivity as it relates to overweight/obesity risk. METHOD The Maternal Adversity Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) project in Canada was used as the discovery cohort (N = 203), while the Generation R study in the Netherlands was used as a replication sample (N = 270). Regression models to predict both continuous BMI z-scores and membership in any higher BMI category based on established World Health Organization (WHO) cutoffs for 48 months of age were completed. RESULTS In both cohorts, there was a significant maternal sensitivity by DRD4 by sex interaction predicting higher body mass indices and/or obesity risk. As hypothesized, post hoc testing revealed an inverse relationship between maternal sensitivity and body mass indices in 7R allele carriers relative to noncarriers. This finding was strongest in girls in the Canadian cohort and in boys in the Dutch cohort. CONCLUSIONS Many children who carry the 7R allele of DRD4 appear to be more influenced by maternal sensitivity as it relates to overweight/obesity risk, consistent with a plasticity effect. Given the relatively small sample sizes available for these analyses, further replications will be needed to confirm and extend these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Levitan
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pauline Jansen
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, and Epidemiology, and Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Wendland
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, and Epidemiology, and Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, and Epidemiology, and Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alison Fleming
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Marla Sokolowski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Helene Gaudreau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Laurette Dubé
- Department of Management, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Ellen Moss
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ashley Wazana
- Centre for Child Development and Mental Health, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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17
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ElBaz Mohamed F, Kamal TM, Zahra SS, Khfagy MAH, Youssef AM. Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene Polymorphism in a Sample of Egyptian Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). J Child Neurol 2017; 32:188-193. [PMID: 27821512 DOI: 10.1177/0883073816674091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to detect DRD4 receptor gene polymorphisms in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children and to correlate their phenotype-genotype. Fifty children with ADHD were diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, criteria and were subjected to Conners Parent Rating Scale. All cases and controls were subjected to history taking, physical examination, IQ assessment, and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) exon 3 genotyping. The 7-repeat allele was present only in controls, whereas 2-repeat allele was present in the ADHD children (heterozygous 2-repeat allele in 16% and homozygous in 26% of cases). Eight percent of cases had homozygous 4-repeat allele vs 28% of controls, whereas 10% of cases had heterozygous 4-repeat allele vs 6% of controls, with its predominance in controls. The 2-repeat and 4-repeat alleles have been associated with more inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity phenotypes. In conclusion, children with ADHD had a significant presence of the 2-repeat allele and absence of the 7-repeat allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida ElBaz Mohamed
- 1 Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek Mostafa Kamal
- 1 Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally Soliman Zahra
- 1 Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Azza Mohamed Youssef
- 1 Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Qin L, Liu W, Ma K, Wei J, Zhong P, Cho K, Yan Z. The ADHD-linked human dopamine D4 receptor variant D4.7 induces over-suppression of NMDA receptor function in prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:194-203. [PMID: 27475724 PMCID: PMC5391260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human dopamine D4 receptor (hD4R) variants with long tandem repeats in the third intracellular loop have been strongly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and risk taking behaviors. To understand the potential molecular mechanism underlying the connection, we have investigated the synaptic function of human D4R polymorphism by virally expressing the ADHD-linked 7-repeat allele, hD4.7, or its normal counterpart, hD4.4, in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of D4R knockout mice. We found that hD4R bound to the SH3 domain of PSD-95 in a state-dependent manner. Activation of hD4.7 caused more reduction of NR1/PSD-95 binding and NR1 surface expression than hD4.4 in PFC slices. Moreover, the NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (NMDAR-EPSC) in PFC pyramidal neurons were suppressed to a larger extent by hD4.7 than hD4.4 activation. Direct stimulation of NMDARs with the partial agonist d-cycloserine prevented the NMDAR hypofunction induced by hD4.7 activation. Moreover, hD4.7-expressing mice exhibited the increased exploratory and novelty seeking behaviors, mimicking the phenotypic hallmark of human ADHD. d-cycloserine administration ameliorated the ADHD-like behaviors in hD4.7-expressing mice. Our results suggest that over-suppression of NMDAR function may underlie the role of hD4.7 in ADHD, and enhancing NMDAR signaling may be a viable therapeutic strategy to ADHD humans carrying the D4.7 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luye Qin
- Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; School of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Kaijie Ma
- Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Ping Zhong
- Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Kei Cho
- The MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol Whitson, Bristol, UK
| | - Zhen Yan
- Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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19
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Gene-environment interactions in psychopathology throughout early childhood: a systematic review. Psychiatr Genet 2016; 25:223-33. [PMID: 26313931 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Up to 20% of children and adolescents worldwide suffer from mental health problems. Epidemiological studies have shown that some of these problems are already present at an early age. The recognition that psychopathology is a result of an interaction between individual experiences and genetic characteristics has led to an increase in the number of studies using a gene-environment approach (G×E). However, to date, there has been no systematic review of G×E studies on psychopathology in the first 6 years of life. Following a literature search and a selection process, 14 studies were identified and most (n=12) of the studies found at least one significant G×E effect. This review provides a systematic characterization of the published G×E studies, providing insights into the neurobiological and environmental determinants involved in the etiology of children's psychopathology.
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20
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Perry NB, Swingler MM, Calkins SD, Bell MA. Neurophysiological correlates of attention behavior in early infancy: Implications for emotion regulation during early childhood. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 142:245-61. [PMID: 26381926 PMCID: PMC4666797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current theoretical conceptualizations of regulatory development suggest that attention processes and emotion regulation processes share common neurophysiological underpinnings and behavioral antecedents such that emotion regulation abilities may build on early attentional skills. To further elucidate this proposed relationship, we tested whether early neurophysiological processes measured during an attention task in infancy predicted in-task attention behavior and whether infants' attention behavior was subsequently associated with their ability to regulate emotion during early childhood (N=388). Results indicated that greater electroencephalogram (EEG) power change (from baseline to task) at medial frontal locations (F3 and F4) during an attention task at 10months of age was associated with concurrent observed behavioral attention. Specifically, greater change in EEG power at the right frontal location (F4) was associated with more attention and greater EEG power at the left frontal location (F3) was associated with less attention, indicating a potential right hemisphere specialization for attention processes already present during the first year of life. In addition, after controlling for 5-month attention behavior, increased behavioral attention at 10months was negatively associated with children's observed frustration to emotional challenge at 3years of age. Finally, the indirect effects from 10-month EEG power change at F3 and F4 to 3-year emotion regulation via infants' 10-month behavioral attention were significant, suggesting that infants' attention behavior is one mechanism through which early neurophysiological activity is related to emotion regulation abilities during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B. Perry
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Margaret M. Swingler
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Susan D. Calkins
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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21
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Boyce WT. Differential Susceptibility of the Developing Brain to Contextual Adversity and Stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:142-62. [PMID: 26391599 PMCID: PMC4677150 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A swiftly growing volume of literature, comprising both human and animal studies and employing both observational and experimental designs, has documented striking individual differences in neurobiological sensitivities to environmental circumstances within subgroups of study samples. This differential susceptibility to social and physical environments operates bidirectionally, in both adverse and beneficial contexts, and results in a minority subpopulation with remarkably poor or unusually positive trajectories of health and development, contingent upon the character of environmental conditions. Differences in contextual susceptibility appear to emerge in early development, as the interactive and adaptive product of genetic and environmental attributes. This paper surveys what is currently known of the mechanisms or mediators of differential susceptibility, at the levels of temperament and behavior, physiological systems, brain circuitry and neuronal function, and genetic and epigenetic variation. It concludes with the assertion that differential susceptibility is inherently grounded within processes of biological moderation, the complexities of which are at present only partially understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thomas Boyce
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Zohsel K, Bianchi V, Mascheretti S, Hohm E, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Nobile M, Laucht M. Monoamine oxidase A polymorphism moderates stability of attention problems and susceptibility to life stress during adolescence. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:565-72. [PMID: 26449393 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention problems affect a substantial number of children and adolescents and are predictive of academic underachievement and lower global adaptive functioning. Considerable variability has been observed with regard to the individual development of attention problems over time. In particular, the period of adolescence is characterized by substantial maturation of executive functioning including attentional processing, with the influence of genetic and environmental factors on individual trajectories not yet well understood. In the present investigation, we evaluated whether the monoamine oxidase A functional promoter polymorphism, MAOA-LPR, plays a role in determining continuity of parent-rated attention problems during adolescence. At the same time, a potential effect of severe life events (SLEs) was taken into account. A multi-group path analysis was used in a sample of 234 adolescents (149 males, 85 females) who took part in an epidemiological cohort study at the ages of 11 and 15 years. Attention problems during early adolescence were found to be a strong predictor of attention problems in middle adolescence. However, in carriers of the MAOA-LPR low-activity variant (MAOA-L), stability was found to be significantly higher than in carriers of the high-activity variant (MAOA-H). Additionally, only in MAOA-L carriers did SLEs during adolescence significantly impact on attention problems at the age of 15 years, implying a possible gene × environment interaction. To conclude, we found evidence that attention problems during adolescence in carriers of the MAOA-L allele are particularly stable and malleable to life stressors. The present results underline the usefulness of applying a more dynamic GxE perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zohsel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - V Bianchi
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Scientific Institute 'E. Medea', Bosisio Parini, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Imaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - S Mascheretti
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Scientific Institute 'E. Medea', Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - E Hohm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M H Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - G Esser
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - D Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zürich and ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Nobile
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Scientific Institute 'E. Medea', Bosisio Parini, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Italy
| | - M Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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23
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Pappa I, Mileva-Seitz VR, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Tiemeier H, van IJzendoorn MH. The magnificent seven: A quantitative review of dopamine receptor d4 and its association with child behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:175-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Crandall A, Deater-Deckard K, Riley AW. Maternal emotion and cognitive control capacities and parenting: A conceptual framework. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2015; 36:105-126. [PMID: 26028796 PMCID: PMC4445866 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging evidence suggests that maternal emotion and cognitive control capacities are critical to the development and maintenance of parenting practices and may be related to parents' ability to seek and use parenting help. The purpose of this paper is to present a cohesive conceptual framework on the intersection of maternal emotion and cognitive control capacities and parenting based on a review of literature. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature review of articles published between 2000 and February 2014 that addressed maternal emotion and cognitive control and parenting. The 35 articles identified were assigned a methodological quality score. RESULTS Low maternal emotion and cognitive control capacity is associated with increased risk of engaging in child maltreatment, whereas higher maternal emotion and cognitive regulation is associated with sensitive, involved parenting. Contextual factors, such as SES and household organization, play a complex and not clearly understood role on the association between maternal cognitive control and parenting. A conceptual framework was developed based on the results of the literature review. CONCLUSIONS The conceptual framework developed can be used to inform future research and practice. Longitudinal studies that assess the temporal relationship of maternal emotion and cognitive control and parenting are necessary to establish causality. Research that addresses how maternal emotion regulation and cognitive control capacities are related to mothers' enrollment and participation in parenting and early intervention programs is an important next step to strengthening policy and intervention work.
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Affiliation(s)
- AliceAnn Crandall
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Tech – Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24061, USA
| | - Anne W. Riley
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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25
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Zhang W, Cao Y, Wang M, Ji L, Chen L, Deater-Deckard K. The Dopamine D2 Receptor Polymorphism (DRD2 TaqIA) Interacts with Maternal Parenting in Predicting Early Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Evidence of Differential Susceptibility and Age Differences. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 44:1428-40. [PMID: 25941120 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Most gene-environment interaction research on depression has largely focused on negative environment and to a lesser extent on positive environment. Moreover, to date few studies have directly examined G × E at different periods in development, particularly during early adolescence. The present study addressed these issues by examining the concurrent and prospective longitudinal effects of maternal parenting, DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism, and their interaction on adolescent depressive symptoms in a sample of 1026 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 11.33 ± 0.47 years at T1, 50.3% girls) in a three-wave longitudinal study from age 11 to 13. Results indicated that maternal positive and negative parenting significantly concurrently predicted adolescent depressive symptoms at all three waves, whereas TaqIA polymorphism had no main effect on depressive symptoms. TaqIA polymorphism interacted with negative parenting in predicting concurrent depressive symptoms at age 11 and 12. A1 carriers were more susceptible to negative parenting compared to A2A2 homozygotes, such that adolescents carrying A1 alleles experiencing high negative parenting reported more depressive symptoms but fared better when experiencing low negative parenting. However, the interaction became nonsignificant at age 13, indicating the interaction of TaqIA polymorphism and maternal parenting may vary with development. Also, there was no G × E effect on longitudinal change in depression. The findings provided evidence in support of the differential susceptibility hypothesis and shed light on the potential for dynamic change in gene-environment interactions over development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China,
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26
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Dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene modulates the influence of informational masking on speech recognition. Neuropsychologia 2014; 67:121-31. [PMID: 25497692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Listeners vary substantially in their ability to recognize speech in noisy environments. Here we examined the role of genetic variation on individual differences in speech recognition in various noise backgrounds. Background noise typically varies in the levels of energetic masking (EM) and informational masking (IM) imposed on target speech. Relative to EM, release from IM is hypothesized to place greater demand on executive function to selectively attend to target speech while ignoring competing noises. Recent evidence suggests that the long allele variant in exon III of the DRD4 gene, primarily expressed in the prefrontal cortex, may be associated with enhanced selective attention to goal-relevant high-priority information even in the face of interference. We investigated the extent to which this polymorphism is associated with speech recognition in IM and EM conditions. In an unscreened adult sample (Experiment 1) and a larger screened replication sample (Experiment 2), we demonstrate that individuals with the DRD4 long variant show better recognition performance in noise conditions involving significant IM, but not in EM conditions. In Experiment 2, we also obtained neuropsychological measures to assess the underlying mechanisms. Mediation analysis revealed that this listening condition-specific advantage was mediated by enhanced executive attention/working memory capacity in individuals with the long allele variant. These findings suggest that DRD4 may contribute specifically to individual differences in speech recognition ability in noise conditions that place demands on executive function.
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27
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Nikitopoulos J, Zohsel K, Blomeyer D, Buchmann AF, Schmid B, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Becker K, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Laucht M. Are infants differentially sensitive to parenting? Early maternal care, DRD4 genotype and externalizing behavior during adolescence. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 59:53-9. [PMID: 25194232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Insensitive and unresponsive caregiving during infancy has been linked to externalizing behavior problems during childhood and adolescence. The 7-repeat (7r) allele of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene has meta-analytically been associated with a heightened susceptibility to adverse as well as supportive environments. In the present study, we examined long-term effects of early maternal care, DRD4 genotype and the interaction thereof on externalizing and internalizing psychopathology during adolescence. As part of an ongoing epidemiological cohort study, early maternal care was assessed at child's age 3 months during a nursing and playing situation. In a sample of 296 offspring, externalizing and internalizing symptoms were assessed using a psychiatric interview conducted at age 15 years. Parents additionally filled out a questionnaire on their children's psychopathic behaviors. Results indicated that adolescents with the DRD4 7r allele who experienced less responsive and stimulating early maternal care exhibited more symptoms of ADHD and CD/ODD as well as higher levels of psychopathic behavior. In accordance with the hypothesis of differential susceptibility, 7r allele carriers showed fewer ADHD symptoms and lower levels of psychopathic behavior when exposed to especially beneficial early caregiving. In contrast, individuals without the DRD4 7r allele proved to be insensitive to the effects of early maternal care. This study replicates earlier findings with regard to an interaction between DRD4 genotype and early caregiving on externalizing behavior problems in preschoolers. It is the first one to imply continuity of this effect until adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Nikitopoulos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Zohsel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arlette F Buchmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schmid
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin H Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology, University of Potsdam, Germany.
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28
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Windhorst DA, Mileva-Seitz VR, Linting M, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Differential susceptibility in a developmental perspective: DRD4 and maternal sensitivity predicting externalizing behavior. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 57:35-49. [PMID: 25251423 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study is the first to investigate the longitudinal effects of gene-environment interplay between DRD4 genotype and maternal sensitivity on child externalizing behavior. Multiple measures of maternal sensitivity (14, 36, and 48 months) and externalizing behavior (18 months, 36 months, and 5 years) were assessed in a large cohort study (N = 548). Early maternal insensitivity (14 months) was associated with early externalizing behavior (18 months) in a for better and for worse manner, but only in children with at least one DRD4 7-repeat, consistent with a differential susceptibility model. Later insensitivity (48 months) predicted externalizing behavior at age 5 independent of DRD4 genotype. A structural equation model including all measures across time supported the differential susceptibility model: The overall effect of early maternal sensitivity on later externalizing behavior was significant only for children with a DRD4 7-repeat allele. The results highlight the importance of studying gene-environment interactions across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna A Windhorst
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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29
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Differential susceptibility to effects of maternal sensitivity? A study of candidate plasticity genes. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 27:725-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHere we tested whether there was genetic moderation of effects of early maternal sensitivity on social–emotional and cognitive–linguistic development from early childhood onward and whether any detected Gene × Environment interaction effects proved consistent with differential-susceptibility or diathesis–stress models of Person × Environment interaction (N= 695). Two new approaches for evaluating models were employed with 12 candidate genes. Whereas maternal sensitivity proved to be a consistent predictor of child functioning across the primary-school years, candidate genes did not show many main effects, nor did they tend to interact with maternal sensitivity/insensitivity. These findings suggest that the developmental benefits of early sensitive mothering and the costs of insensitive mothering look more similar than different across genetically different children in the current sample. Although acknowledgement of this result is important, it is equally important that the generally null Gene × Environment results reported here not be overgeneralized to other samples, other predictors, other outcomes, and other candidate genes.
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30
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Interaction between prenatal stress and dopamine D4 receptor genotype in predicting aggression and cortisol levels in young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3089-97. [PMID: 24553580 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Considerable evidence suggests that genetic factors combine with environmental influences to impact on the development of aggressive behavior. A genetic variant that has repeatedly been reported to render individuals more sensitive to the presence of adverse experiences, including stress exposure during fetal life, is the seven-repeat allele of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. OBJECTIVES The present investigation concentrated on the interplay of prenatal maternal stress and DRD4 genotype in predicting self-reported aggression in young adults. As disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system has been discussed as a pathophysiological pathway to aggression, cortisol stress reactivity was additionally examined. METHODS As part of an epidemiological cohort study, prenatal maternal stress was assessed by maternal interview 3 months after childbirth. Between the ages of 19 and 23 years, 298 offspring (140 males, 158 females) completed the Young Adult Self-Report to measure aggressive behavior and were genotyped for the DRD4 gene. At 19 years, 219 participants additionally underwent the Trier Social Stress Test to determine cortisol reactivity. RESULTS Extending earlier findings with respect to childhood antisocial behavior, the results revealed that, under conditions of higher prenatal maternal stress, carriers of the DRD4 seven-repeat allele displayed more aggression in adulthood (p = 0.032). Moreover, the same conditions which seemed to promote aggression were found to predict attenuated cortisol secretion (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to indicate a long-term impact of prenatal stress exposure on the cortisol stress response depending on DRD4 genotype.
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Deater-Deckard K. Family matters: Intergenerational and interpersonal processes of executive function and attentive behavior. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2014; 23:230-236. [PMID: 25197171 PMCID: PMC4153697 DOI: 10.1177/0963721414531597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in self-regulation include executive function (EF) components that serve self-regulation of attentive behavior by modulating reactive responses to the environment. These factors "run in families". The purpose of this review is to summarize a program of research that addresses familial inter-generational transmission and inter-personal processes in development. Self-regulation of attentive behavior involves inter-related aspects of executive function (EF) including attention, inhibitory control, and working memory. Individual differences in EF skills develop in systematic ways over childhood, resulting in moderately stable differences between people by early adolescence. Through complex gene-environment transactions, EF is transmitted across generations within parent-child relationships that provide powerful socialization and experiential contexts in which EF and related attentive behavior are forged and practiced. Families matter as parents regulate home environments and themselves as best they can while also supporting cognitive self-regulation of attentive behavior in their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA
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Berry D, McCartney K, Petrill S, Deater-Deckard K, Blair C. Gene-environment interaction between DRD4 7-repeat VNTR and early child-care experiences predicts self-regulation abilities in prekindergarten. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:373-91. [PMID: 23460366 PMCID: PMC8183459 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intervention studies indicate that children's early child-care experiences can be leveraged to foster their development of effective self-regulation skills. It is less clear whether typical child-care experiences play a similar role. In addition, evidence suggests that children with a common variant of the DRD4 gene (48-bp VNTR, 7-repeat) may be more sensitive to their experiences than those without this variant. Using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we considered the degree to which children's early child-care experiences-quantity, quality, and type-were associated with their attention and self-regulation abilities in prekindergarten, and, in particular, whether these relations were conditional on DRD4 genotype. G × E interactions were evident across multiple neuropsychological and observational measures of children's attention and self-regulation abilities. Across most outcome measures, DRD4 7+ children spending fewer hours in child care showed more effective attention/self-regulation abilities. For those without a copy of the DRD4 7-repeat allele, such associations were typically null. The results for child-care quality and type indicated no interactions with genotype; the main-effect associations were somewhat inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berry
- Department of Educational Psychology & Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
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Moran PM, O'Tuathaigh CM, Papaleo F, Waddington JL. Dopaminergic function in relation to genes associated with risk for schizophrenia. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 211:79-112. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63425-2.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: Phenotypic plasticity and human development. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:1243-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s095457941300059x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the claim that individual differences exist in developmental plasticity and that phenotypic plasticity should be a subject of study in its own right. To advance this argument, we begin by highlighting challenges that evolutionary thinking poses for a science of development and psychopathology, including for the diathesis–stress framework that has (fruitfully) guided so much empirical inquiry on developmental risk, resilience, and dysregulation. With this foundation laid, we raise a series of issues that the differential-susceptibility hypothesis calls attention to, while highlighting findings that have emerged over just the past several years and are pertinent to some of the questions posed. Even though it is clear that this new perspective on Person × Environment interaction is stimulating research and influencing how hypotheses are framed and data interpreted, a great many topics remain that need empirical attention. Our intention is to encourage students of development and psychopathology to treat phenotypic plasticity as an individual-difference construct while exploring unknowns in the differential-susceptibility equation.
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Externalizing problems, attention regulation, and household chaos: a longitudinal behavioral genetic study. Dev Psychopathol 2012; 24:755-69. [PMID: 22781853 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous research documented a robust link between difficulties in self-regulation and development of externalizing problems (i.e., aggression and delinquency). In this study, we examined the longitudinal additive and interactive genetic and environmental covariation underlying this well-established link using a twin design. The sample included 131 pairs of monozygotic twins and 173 pairs of same-sex dizygotic twins who participated in three waves of annual assessment. Mothers and fathers provided reports of externalizing problems. Teacher report and observer rating were used to assess twin's attention regulation. The etiology underlying the link between externalizing problems and attention regulation shifted from a common genetic mechanism to a common environmental mechanism in the transition across middle childhood. Household chaos moderated the genetic variance of and covariance between externalizing problems and attention regulation. The genetic influence on individual differences in both externalizing problems and attention regulation was stronger in more chaotic households. However, higher levels of household chaos attenuated the genetic link between externalizing problems and attention regulation.
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