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Howland MA, Glynn LM. The future of intergenerational transmission research: A prospective, three-generation approach. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38832544 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Dr. Dante Cicchetti's pioneering theory and research on developmental psychopathology have been fundamental to the proliferation of research on intergenerational transmission over the last 40 years. In part due to this foundation, much has been learned about continuities and discontinuities in child maltreatment, attachment, parenting, and psychopathology across generations. Looking towards the future, we propose that this field stands to benefit from a prospective, three-generation approach. Specifically, following established prospective, longitudinal cohorts of children over their transition to parenting the next generation will afford the opportunity to investigate the developmental origins of intergenerational transmission. This approach also can address key outstanding questions and methodological limitations in the extant literature related to the confounding of retrospective and prospective measures; examination of mediators and moderators; and investigation of the roles of biology, environment, and their interplay. After considering these advantages, we offer several considerations and recommendations for future research, many of which are broadly applicable to the study of two or more generations. We hope that this discussion will inspire the leveraging of existing prospective cohorts to carry forward Dr. Cicchetti's remarkable contributions, with the ultimate aim to inform the development of preventions and interventions that disrupt deleterious intergenerational cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann A Howland
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laura M Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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2
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Gossmann E, Fegert JM. [Emotional Maltreatment of Children and Adolescents - Definitions, Prevalences, Risk Factors and Psychological Consequences]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2024; 73:28-54. [PMID: 38275228 DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2024.73.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide an introductory overview of the phenomenon of emotional maltreatment of children and adolescents by presenting national and international literature and, in particular, to illustrate the consequences for the mental health of those affected. First, relevant definitions are made and forms of appearance of emotional child maltreatment are presented. A comparison of national and global prevalences shows that emotional child maltreatment is one of the most prevalent forms of child maltreatment. There are different risk factors that can exist at the level of the parents as well as at the level of the children or the environment. The risk that children and adolescents who have experienced emotional violence will have experienced other forms of childmaltreatment is high.There aremultiple consequences for victims of emotional child maltreatment which can result in different, longterm participatory impairments. Especially the psychological and somatic consequences of emotional childmaltreatment can be compared to the consequences of child sexual abuse and physical child maltreatment. Nevertheless, the significance of emotional maltreatment for affected children and adolescents is still underestimated in practice. Often, the effects of emotionalmaltreatment on those affected are not visible. Froma child and adolescent psychiatric/ psychotherapeutic perspective, the psychological consequences must therefore be clearly stated. Finally, there is a need for a broader understanding of emotional child maltreatment that also includes peer and sibling violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gossmann
- Kompetenzbereich Prävention Psychische Gesundheit im Kompetenznetzwerk Präventivmedizin Baden-Württemberg, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapie Universitätsklinikum Ulm Steinhövelstraße 5 89075 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Kompetenzbereich Prävention Psychische Gesundheit im Kompetenznetzwerk Präventivmedizin Baden-Württemberg, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapie Universitätsklinikum Ulm Steinhövelstraße 5 89075 Ulm Deutschland
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3
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García-Mollá A, Carbonell Á, Navarro-Pérez JJ, Tomás JM. Development and Validation of the Adolescent and Children in Risk of Abuse and Maltreatment Protective Factors Scale (ACRAM-PFS). CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36620351 PMCID: PMC9807986 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-022-00908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Child maltreatment is a significant global problem concerning over 25% of children around the world. Traditionally, the assessment of children's welfare was characterized by the creation of instruments and models from the deficit-based theoretical framework. Purpose This study aims to develop an instrument to measure protective factors (the Adolescent and Children Risk of Abuse and Maltreatment Protective Factors Scale, ACRAM-PFS) and gather evidence on its psychometric properties. ACRAM-PFS is an 18-items scale for the assessment of protective factors of child maltreatment developed from the socioecological framework. Method Structural validity, reliability and convergent-related validity were studied for this measure in a sample of 616 children and adolescents, with age ranging from 0 to 18 years old (M = 12.14; SD = 5.22). Cases were informed by 286 child welfare workers. The sample was split in two subsamples, one to perform an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the second to perform a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Results The CFA corroborate the three-factor structure that includes the children and adolescents' resources, the family/caregiver's resources and the community resources (χ2 = 278.005, df = 132, p < .001, CFI = 0.955, SRMR = .084, RMSEA = .061, [90% CI: .051-.071]). Results of convergent-related validity indicated significant correlation with CTQ-SF and protective factors dimension of C-CAPS. Discussion The results support that ACRAM-PFS is a rigorous measure for assessing protective factors for child maltreatment. The scale can serve as a key tool for designing strengths-based intervention strategies tailored to the actual needs of children and adolescents. The present study provides the implications for the development of protective factor scales in the field of child welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián García-Mollá
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángela Carbonell
- Department of Social Work and Social Services, University of Valencia, Tarongers Avenue, 4B, 46021 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Javier Navarro-Pérez
- Department of Social Work and Social Services, University of Valencia, Tarongers Avenue, 4B, 46021 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Tomás
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Cooke EM, Connolly EJ, Boisvert DL, Hayes BE. A Systematic Review of the Biological Correlates and Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment and Adverse Childhood Experiences. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:156-173. [PMID: 34105421 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211021613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment (CM) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are two primary forms of interpersonal victimization that have been associated with a host of deleterious health outcomes. Studies over the past decade have begun to use a range of biologically informed methods to better understand the role biology plays in the relationship between CM, ACEs, and later life outcomes. This line of research has shown that both forms of victimization occur at sensitive periods of development, which can increase the likelihood of "getting under the skin" and influence health and behavior across the life course. This review examines the current state of knowledge on this hypothesis. One hundred and ninety-nine studies are included in this systematic review based on criteria that they be written in English, use a biologically informed method, and be conducted on samples of humans. Results reveal that latent additive genetic influences, biological system functioning captured by biomarkers, polygenic risk scores, and neurobiological factors are commonly associated with exposure and response to CM and ACEs. The implication of these findings for the existing body of research on early life victimization and recommendations for future research and policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Cooke
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Eric J Connolly
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Danielle L Boisvert
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Brittany E Hayes
- School of Criminal Justice, 2514University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Andeweg SM, Bodrij FF, Prevoo MJ, Rippe RC, Alink LR. Reducing household chaos to improve parenting quality? An RCT. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Azimi AM, Connolly EJ. Child Maltreatment and Substance Use: A Behavior Genetic Analysis. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2022; 27:279-289. [PMID: 35001675 DOI: 10.1177/10775595211064207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is a pervasive social problem often perpetuated by family members and is related to a wide array of negative life outcomes. Although substance use is an outcome commonly associated with experiences of child maltreatment, not all individuals who experience maltreatment struggle with such issues. Many individuals can positively adapt to experiences of maltreatment based on levels of resilience and susceptibility. Research suggests that genetic differences may partly explain why negative outcomes develop for some, but not for others. Few studies have examined the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence the longitudinal association between child maltreatment and varying forms of substance use, leaving a fundamental gap in our current understanding of this association. The current study aims to address this gap by analyzing a sample of twins from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Findings from a series of univariate and bivariate biometric models reveal that the longitudinal associations between maltreatment, cigarette use, and marijuana use are accounted for by additive genetic and nonshared environmental factors. Moreover, the magnitude of the contribution varies across unique subgroups of cigarette and marijuana use. Directions for future research and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andia M Azimi
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Eric J Connolly
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
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Ndungu J, Jewkes R, Ngcobo-Sithole M, Chirwa E, Gibbs A. Afghan Women's Use of Violence against Their Children and Associations with IPV, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Poverty: A Cross-Sectional and Structural Equation Modelling Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7923. [PMID: 34360216 PMCID: PMC8345444 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Children who experience violence from a parent are more likely to experience and perpetrate intimate partner violence (IPV) later in life. Drawing on cross-sectional data among married women enrolled in the baseline of a randomized control trial in Afghanistan, we assess risk factors for women's use of violence against their children, focused on women's own adverse childhood experiences and experiences of IPV, poverty, poor mental health and gender attitudes. Analysis uses logistic regression and structural equation modelling (SEM). In total 744 married women reported on their use of violence against a child, with 71.8% (n = 534) reporting this in the past month. In regression models, their own experiences of witnessing their mother being physically abused, poverty during childhood, current food insecurity, their husband using corporal punishment on their child, current IPV experience, and other violence in the home were all associated with increased likelihood of women reporting corporal punishment. In the SEM, three pathways emerged linking women's childhood trauma and poverty to use of corporal punishment. One pathway was mediated by poor mental health, a second was mediated by wider use of violence in the home and a third from food insecurity mediated by having more gender inequitable attitudes. Addressing the culture of violence in the home is critical to reducing violence against children, as well as enabling treatment of parental mental health problems and generally addressing gender equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ndungu
- Office of Engagement and Transformation, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6001, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- Office of the Executive Scientist, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | | | - Esnat Chirwa
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (E.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrew Gibbs
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (E.C.); (A.G.)
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8
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Mullola S, Brooks-Gunn J, Elovainio M, Hakulinen C, Schneper LM, Notterman DA. Early childhood psychosocial family risks and cumulative dopaminergic sensitizing score: Links to behavior problems in U.S. 9-year-olds. J Affect Disord 2021; 280:432-441. [PMID: 33227672 PMCID: PMC7839973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined, (a) whether in early childhood exposure to risky family environment in different domains (socioeconomic, mental, parenting practices, health behavior, and child-related risks) and accumulatively across various domains (cumulative risk) is associated with child's problem behavior at age 9, and (b) whether the association is more pronounced in children carrying cumulative dopaminergic sensitizing genotype or living in low-income families. METHODS Participants were 2,860 9-year old children (48% females; 48% Black) and their mothers from the 'Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study', a probability birth cohort from large U.S. cities. Mothers responded to questions on child's problem behavior (CBCL). Children responded to questions about their vandalism and substance use. RESULTS Cumulative family risk was associated with higher internalizing and externalizing behavior and higher vandalism and substance use. All domain-specific risk clusters were associated with higher internalizing behavior and, with the exception of child-related risk, with higher externalizing behavior. Mental health risks, risky parenting practices, and risky health behavior were associated with higher vandalism. Risky parenting practices were associated with higher substance use. The associations were robust to adjustment for cumulative dopaminergic sensitizing genotype. No G x E interactions with dopaminergic genotype and family SES were observed. LIMITATIONS Sample size was relatively small for genetic analysis and polygenic risk scores were not available. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to cumulative psychosocial family risks from early childhood is associated with early indicators of problem behavior in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Mullola
- Columbia University, Teachers College, National Center for Children and Families (NCCF), Thorndike Hall 525 West 120th Street, Box 39 New York, NY 10027, USA; Tampere University, Faculty of Education and Culture, Main Campus Virta, Åkerlundinkatu 5, P.O. Box 700, FI-33014 Tampere University, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Siltavuorenpenger 5A, P.O. Box 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jeanne Brooks-Gunn
- Columbia University, Teachers College, National Center for Children and Families (NCCF), Thorndike Hall 525 West 120th Street, Box 39 New York, NY 10027, USA; Columbia University, The College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Marko Elovainio
- University of Helsinki, Medical Faculty, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00370 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Christian Hakulinen
- University of Helsinki, Medical Faculty, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lisa M. Schneper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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9
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Henry LM, Gracey K, Shaffer A, Ebert J, Kuhn T, Watson KH, Gruhn M, Vreeland A, Siciliano R, Dickey L, Lawson V, Broll C, Cole DA, Compas BE. Comparison of three models of adverse childhood experiences: Associations with child and adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 130:9-25. [PMID: 33271039 PMCID: PMC8687696 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is prevalent and confers risk for psychopathology later in life. Approaches to understanding the impact of ACEs on development include the independent risk approach, the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology (DMAP) distinguishing between threat and deprivation events, and the cumulative risk approach. The present research provides an empirical confirmation of DMAP and a comparison of these three approaches in predicting internalizing and externalizing symptoms in youth. In Study 1, mental health professionals (N = 57) rated ACEs as threat or deprivation events. These ratings were used to create composites to represent the DMAP approach in Study 2. With cross-sectional and longitudinal data from children and adolescents in state custody (N = 23,850), hierarchical linear regression analyses examined independent risk, DMAP, and cumulative risk models in predicting internalizing symptoms, disinhibited externalizing symptoms, and antagonistic externalizing symptoms. All three approaches produced significant models and revealed associations between exposure to ACEs and symptoms. Individual risk accounted for significantly more variance in symptoms than cumulative risk and DMAP. Cumulative risk masked differential associations between ACEs and psychological symptoms found in the individual risk and DMAP approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Henry
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt
University
| | - Kathy Gracey
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center
| | - April Shaffer
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center
| | - Jon Ebert
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center
| | - Tarah Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center
| | - Kelly H. Watson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt
University
| | - Meredith Gruhn
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt
University
| | - Allison Vreeland
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt
University
| | - Rachel Siciliano
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt
University
| | - Lindsay Dickey
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt
University
| | - Victoria Lawson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt
University
| | - Cassandra Broll
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt
University
| | - David A. Cole
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt
University
| | - Bruce E. Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt
University
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Johansson A, Rötkönen N, Jern P. Is the association between childhood maltreatment and aggressive behavior mediated by hostile attribution bias in women? A discordant twin and sibling study. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:28-37. [PMID: 32853475 PMCID: PMC7754152 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind aggressive behavior (AGG) is vital so that effective prevention and intervention strategies can be developed. Maltreated children are hypothesized to be prone to social information processing biases, such as hostile attribution bias (HAB), which, in turn, may increase the likelihood of behaving aggressively. The first aim of the present study was to replicate findings regarding associations between childhood maltreatment (CM), HAB, and aggression in a population-based sample of Finnish female twins and their sisters (N = 2,167). However, these associations might not be causal but instead confounded by familial factors, shared between the variables. The second aim was, thus, to test the associations when potential confounding by familial (genetic or common environmental) effects were controlled for using a multilevel discordant twin and sibling design within (a) 379 pairs of twins (npairs = 239) or siblings (npairs = 140), and (b) within the 131 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs. Consistent with previous studies, HAB mediated the association between CM and AGG when familial confounding was uncontrolled. No support was found for the mediation when controlling for familial confounding. Between-pair associations were found between CM and AGG, and between CM and HAB. In addition, within-pair associations were found between HAB and AGG, and between CM and AGG, however, these were nonsignificant in the discordant MZ analysis, offering the most stringent control of familial confounding. The results indicate the necessity of taking familial confounding into account when investigating the development of AGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Johansson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Nicola Rötkönen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Patrick Jern
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
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11
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Cheng F, Cui S, Zhang C, Zhang L, Wang L, Yuan Q, Huang C, Zhang K, Zhou X. Association Between Cognitive Function and Early Life Experiences in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:792. [PMID: 32903659 PMCID: PMC7438706 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early life experiences could be potential risk factors for the development of alcohol use disorder. In similar circumstances, it might also influence cognitive impairment in later life. However, the relationship between early life experience and cognitive function in people with alcohol use disorders is unclear. The current study examined the effects of early social environments and experiences on cognitive function in patients with alcohol use disorder. METHODS A total of 37 adult male patients with alcohol use disorder and 30 healthy control (HC) subjects were enrolled. The MATRICS Cognitive Consensus Battery (MCCB) was used to evaluate cognitive function. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) were used to evaluate early life experiences of the participants. The RAAS was used to evaluate the attachment patterns of participants. RESULTS Compared with the HC group, the alcohol use disorder group reported higher levels of childhood abuse and were more likely to form an insecure attachment style. Patients with alcohol use disorder who experienced trauma performed worse in terms of discrete cognitive parameters such as social cognition, reasoning and problem solving compared to patients without trauma. Importantly, emotional neglect and social comfort were significantly associated with individual social cognitive skills. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the cognitive function of patients with alcohol use disorder, especially social cognitive function, is affected by early life experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangshuo Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shu Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Fuyang People's Hospital, Fuyang, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiuyu Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cui Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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12
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Greene CA, Haisley L, Wallace C, Ford JD. Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review of the parenting practices of adult survivors of childhood abuse, neglect, and violence. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 80:101891. [PMID: 32745835 PMCID: PMC7476782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A history of maltreatment in childhood may influence adults' parenting practices, potentially affecting their children. This systematic review examines 97 studies investigating associations of parental childhood victimization with a range of parenting behaviors that may contribute to the intergenerational effects of abuse: abusive parenting, problematic parenting, positive parenting, and positive parental affect. Key findings include: (1) parents who report experiencing physical abuse or witnessing violence in the home during childhood are at increased risk for reporting that they engage in abusive or neglectful parenting; (2) a cumulative effect of maltreatment experiences, such that adults who report experiencing multiple types or repeated instances of victimization are at greatest risk for perpetrating child abuse; (3) associations between reported childhood maltreatment experiences and parents' problematic role reversal with, rejection of, and withdrawal from their children; (4) indirect effects between reported childhood maltreatment and abusive parenting via adult intimate partner violence; and (5) indirect effects between reported childhood maltreatment and lower levels of positive parenting behaviors and affect via mothers' mental health. Thus, childhood experiences of maltreatment may alter parents' ability to avoid negative and utilize positive parenting practices. Limitations of this body of literature include few prospective studies, an overreliance on adults' self-report of their childhood victimization and current parenting, and little examination of potentially differential associations for mothers and fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Greene
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | | | - Cara Wallace
- University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Avenue, West, Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Julian D Ford
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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13
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Pittner K, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Alink LRA, Buisman RSM, van den Berg LJM, Block LHCGCCD, Voorthuis A, Elzinga BM, Lindenberg J, Tollenaar MS, Linting M, Diego VP, van IJzendoorn MH. Estimating the Heritability of Experiencing Child Maltreatment in an Extended Family Design. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2020; 25:289-299. [PMID: 31773993 PMCID: PMC7370654 DOI: 10.1177/1077559519888587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Child-driven genetic factors can contribute to negative parenting and may increase the risk of being maltreated. Experiencing childhood maltreatment may be partly heritable, but results of twin studies are mixed. In the current study, we used a cross-sectional extended family design to estimate genetic and environmental effects on experiencing child maltreatment. The sample consisted of 395 individuals (225 women; Mage = 38.85 years, rangeage = 7-88 years) from 63 families with two or three participating generations. Participants were oversampled for experienced maltreatment. Self-reported experienced child maltreatment was measured using a questionnaire assessing physical and emotional abuse, and physical and emotional neglect. All maltreatment phenotypes were partly heritable with percentages for h2 ranging from 30% (SE = 13%) for neglect to 62% (SE = 19%) for severe physical abuse. Common environmental effects (c2) explained a statistically significant proportion of variance for all phenotypes except for the experience of severe physical abuse (c2 = 9%, SE = 13%, p = .26). The genetic correlation between abuse and neglect was ρg = .73 (p = .02). Common environmental variance increased as socioeconomic status (SES) decreased (p = .05), but additive genetic and unique environmental variances were constant across different levels of SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pittner
- Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg
- Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Primary Care Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lenneke R. A. Alink
- Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lisa J. M. van den Berg
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Laura H. C. G. C. Compier-de Block
- Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Voorthuis
- Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Bernet M. Elzinga
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marieke S. Tollenaar
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent P. Diego
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
- Primary Care Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Marinus H. van IJzendoorn, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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14
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Pittner K, Buisman RSM, van den Berg LJM, Compier-de Block LHCG, Tollenaar MS, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, Elzinga BM, Alink LRA. Not the Root of the Problem-Hair Cortisol and Cortisone Do Not Mediate the Effect of Child Maltreatment on Body Mass Index. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:387. [PMID: 32457665 PMCID: PMC7225356 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiencing maltreatment during childhood exerts substantial stress on the child and increases the risk for overweight and obesity later in life. The current study tests whether hair cortisol-a measure of chronic stress-and its metabolite cortisone mediate the relation between abuse and neglect on the one hand, and body mass index (BMI) on the other. METHOD The sample consisted of 249 participants aged 8 to 87 years (M = 36.13, SD = 19.33). We collected data on child abuse and neglect using questionnaires, measured cortisol and cortisone concentrations in hair, and BMI. In a structural model, the effects of abuse and neglect on hair cortisol, hair cortisone, and BMI were tested, as well as the covariance between hair cortisol and BMI, and hair cortisone and BMI. RESULTS Within the sample, 23% were overweight but not obese and 14% were obese. Higher levels of experienced abuse were related to higher cortisone concentrations in hair (β = 0.24, p < .001) and higher BMI (β = 0.17, p =.04). Neglect was not related to hair cortisol, hair cortisone, or BMI. Hair cortisol and cortisone did not mediate the association between maltreatment, and BMI. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate the same pattern of results in a subsample of adult participants currently not living with their parents. However, in younger participants who were still living with their parents, the associations between abuse and cortisone (β = 0.14, p =.35) and abuse and BMI (β = 0.02, p =.92) were no longer significant. CONCLUSION These findings confirm that experiencing abuse is related to higher BMI but suggest that hair cortisol and cortisone are not the mechanism underlying the association between child maltreatment and BMI. This is the first study to show abuse may be associated to elevated concentrations of hair cortisone-evidence of long-term alterations in chronic stress levels. Future research may benefit from exploring the effects of maltreatment on weight gain in longitudinal designs, including measures of other potential mediators such as eating as a coping mechanism, and more direct indicators of metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pittner
- Centre for Forensic Family and Youth Care Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate S. M. Buisman
- Centre for Forensic Family and Youth Care Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa J. M. van den Berg
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Laura H. C. G. Compier-de Block
- Centre for Forensic Family and Youth Care Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marieke S. Tollenaar
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
- Primary Care Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernet M. Elzinga
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lenneke R. A. Alink
- Centre for Forensic Family and Youth Care Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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15
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Pezzoli P, Antfolk J, Kronlund E, Santtila P. Child Maltreatment and Adult Sexual Assault Victimization: Genetic and Environmental Associations. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2020; 57:624-638. [PMID: 31276429 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1634670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the pervasiveness of adult sexual assault (ASA), evidence-based knowledge on the risk factors for sexual victimization is insufficient. Here, we investigated the etiology of ASA in a population-based Finnish twin sample. Specifically, we estimated the extent of the genetic and environmental influences on the risk of ASA, and we examined its phenotypic and genetic associations with five types of child maltreatment (CM). We found large unique environmental, but also small genetic influences on the risk of ASA, motivating further research on situational and behavioral conditions potentially exploited by sexually motivated perpetrators. The prevalence of ASA was highest among victims of severe child sexual abuse. However, when accounting for the co-occurrence of multiple types of CM, emotional abuse was the strongest predictor of ASA. We further examined, and could not entirely rule out, the possibility of common genetic and environmental pathways underlying CM and ASA. Lastly, we focused on sex differences. Emotional and physical abuse were the strongest predictors of ASA in women and men, respectively, and genetic influences on the risk of ASA were larger in women than men. However, such higher heritability did not reflect sex-limited genetic effects, but, rather, women's systematic exposure to environmental risk of ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pezzoli
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, New York University
| | - Jan Antfolk
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, New York University
| | - Emilia Kronlund
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, New York University
| | - Pekka Santtila
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, New York University
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16
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van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans‐Kranenburg MJ, Coughlan B, Reijman S. Annual Research Review: Umbrella synthesis of meta-analyses on child maltreatment antecedents and interventions: differential susceptibility perspective on risk and resilience. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:272-290. [PMID: 31667862 PMCID: PMC7065145 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Child maltreatment in the family context is a prevalent and pervasive phenomenon in many modern societies. The global perpetration of child abuse and neglect stands in stark contrast to its almost universal condemnation as exemplified in the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child. Much work has been devoted to the task of prevention, yet a grand synthesis of the literature is missing. Focusing on two core elements of prevention, that is, antecedents for maltreatment and the effectiveness of (preventative) interventions, we performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses published between January 1, 2014, and December 17, 2018. Meta-analyses were systematically collected, assessed, and integrated following a uniform approach to allow their comparison across domains. From this analysis of thousands of studies including almost 1.5 million participants, the following risk factors were derived: parental experience of maltreatment in his or her own childhood (d = .47), low socioeconomic status of the family (d = .34), dependent and aggressive parental personality (d = .45), intimate partner violence (d = .41), and higher baseline autonomic nervous system activity (d = .24). The effect size for autonomic stress reactivity was not significant (d = -.10). The umbrella review of interventions to prevent or reduce child maltreatment showed modest intervention effectiveness (d = .23 for interventions targeting child abuse potential or families with self-reported maltreatment and d = .27 for officially reported child maltreatment cases). Despite numerous studies on child maltreatment, some large gaps in our knowledge of antecedents exist. Neurobiological antecedents should receive more research investment. Differential susceptibility theory may shed more light on questions aimed at breaking the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment and on the modest (preventive) intervention effects. In combination with family-based interaction-focused interventions, large-scale socioeconomic experiments such as cash transfer trials and experiments with vouchers to move to a lower-poverty area might be tested to prevent or reduce child maltreatment. Prevalence, antecedents, and preventive interventions of prenatal maltreatment deserve continuing scientific, clinical, and policy attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child StudiesErasmus University RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary CareSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marian J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg
- Clinical Child and Family StudiesFaculty of Behavioural and Movement SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Barry Coughlan
- Department of Public Health and Primary CareSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sophie Reijman
- Department of Public Health and Primary CareSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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17
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Pezzoli P, Antfolk J, Hatoum AS, Santtila P. Genetic Vulnerability to Experiencing Child Maltreatment. Front Genet 2019; 10:852. [PMID: 31608106 PMCID: PMC6758596 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although biological factors may influence the risk of experiencing negative life events, the role of genes in the vulnerability to child victimization remains poorly understood. In a large population-based Finnish sample (N = 13,024), we retrospectively measured multiple experiences of child victimization and, in a subsample of twins (n = 9,562), we estimated the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influenced these experiences. In particular, we investigated whether genetic and environmental influences varied depending on the type of child victimization, the genetic relatedness with the perpetrator, and the sex of the victim. Our quantitative genetic analyses supported the presence of both genetic and environmental influences on the occurrence and co-occurrence of child abuse and neglect. We also identified one common etiological pathway underlying multiple child victimizations, and after accounting for this common etiology, we singled out risk factors specific to sexual abuse. Environmental factors shared and nonshared between twins raised together influenced the risk of victimization by genetically related and unrelated perpetrators, respectively. Furthermore, we estimated sex differences in the etiology of emotional and sexual victimization, including larger unshared environmental influences for men and sex-limited genetic effects for women. These findings can inform child protection as they contribute to explaining why certain individuals are at increased risk of experiencing one or more types of child maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pezzoli
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jan Antfolk
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Alexander S Hatoum
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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18
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The effect of maltreatment experiences on maltreating and dysfunctional parenting: A search for mechanisms. Dev Psychopathol 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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