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Burdenski K, Johnson W, Petherick E, Costa S. Non-parental Childcare During Early Childhood and Problem Behaviour Trajectories from Ages 5 to 14 Years. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-024-01703-4. [PMID: 38744745 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Using data from the nationally representative Millennium Cohort Study, this study examined the association between age of starting and weekly hours in formal childcare between birth and 5 years with internalising and externalising behaviour trajectories from ages 5 to 14 years in England (N = 6194 children). Associations were analysed using multilevel general linear regression models, with adjustment for socio-economic position, maternal mental health, demographics, and child temperament. Later entry was associated with more internalising behaviours at age 14 years. Children who spent > 40 h per week in childcare between birth and 3 years displayed more externalising behaviour at 5 years than children who did not attend childcare. Controlling for socio-economic position and parental mental health attenuated findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Burdenski
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - W Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - E Petherick
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - S Costa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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Novick DR, Meyer CT, Wagner NJ, Rubin KH, Danko CM, Dougherty LR, Druskin LR, Smith KA, Chronis-Tuscano A. Testing reciprocal associations between child anxiety and parenting across early interventions for inhibited preschoolers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1665-1678. [PMID: 37644651 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the robust evidence base for the efficacy of evidence-based treatments targeting youth anxiety, researchers have advanced beyond efficacy outcome analysis to identify mechanisms of change and treatment directionality. Grounded in developmental transactional models, interventions for young children at risk for anxiety by virtue of behaviorally inhibited temperament often target parenting and child factors implicated in the early emergence and maintenance of anxiety. In particular, overcontrolling parenting moderates risk for anxiety among highly inhibited children, just as child inhibition has been shown to elicit overcontrolling parenting. Although longitudinal research has elucidated the temporal unfolding of factors that interact to place inhibited children at risk for anxiety, reciprocal transactions between these child and parent factors in the context of early interventions remain unknown. METHOD This study addresses these gaps by examining mechanisms of change and treatment directionality (i.e., parent-to-child vs. child-to-parent influences) within a randomized controlled trial comparing two interventions for inhibited preschoolers (N = 151): the multicomponent Turtle Program ('Turtle') and the parent-only Cool Little Kids program ('CLK'). Reciprocal relations between parent-reported child anxiety, observed parenting, and parent-reported accommodation of child anxiety were examined across four timepoints: pre-, mid-, and post-treatment, and one-year follow-up (NCT02308826). RESULTS Hypotheses were tested via latent curve models with structured residuals (LCM-SR) and latent change score (LCS) models. LCM-SR results were consistent with the child-to-parent influences found in previous research on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for older anxious youth, but only emerged in Turtle. LCS analyses revealed bidirectional effects of changes in parent accommodation and child anxiety during and after intervention, but only in Turtle. CONCLUSION Our findings coincide with developmental transactional models, suggesting that the development of child anxiety may result from child-to-parent influences rather than the reverse, and highlight the importance of targeting parent and child factors simultaneously in early interventions for young, inhibited children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Novick
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christian T Meyer
- Department of Human Development & Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wagner
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth H Rubin
- Department of Human Development & Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christina M Danko
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lea R Dougherty
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay R Druskin
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Department of Human Development & Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
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Cost KT, Mudiyanselage P, Unternaehrer E, Korczak DJ, Crosbie J, Anagnastou E, Monga S, Kelley E, Schachar R, Maguire J, Arnold P, Burton CL, Georgiades S, Nicolson R, Birken CS, Charach A. The role of parenting practices in parent and child mental health over time. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e147. [PMID: 37550865 PMCID: PMC10594096 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parent and child mental health has suffered during the pandemic and transition phase. Structured and shared parenting may be intervention targets beneficial to families who are struggling with parent or child mental health challenges. AIMS First, we investigated associations between structured and shared parenting and parent depression symptoms. Second, we investigated associations between structured and shared parenting and depression, hyperactivity/inattention and irritability symptoms in children. METHOD A total of 1027 parents in two-parent households (4797 observations total; 85.1% mothers) completed online surveys about themselves and their children (aged 2-18 years) from April 2020 to July 2022. Structured parenting and shared parenting responsibilities were assessed from April 2020 to November 2021. Symptoms of parent depression, child depression, child hyperactivity and inattention, child irritability, and child emotional and conduct problems were assessed repeatedly (one to 14 times; median of four times) from April 2020 to July 2022. RESULTS Parents who reported higher levels of shared parenting responsibilities had lower depression symptoms (β = -0.09 to -0.32, all P < 0.01) longitudinally. Parents who reported higher levels of shared parenting responsibilities had children with fewer emotional problems (ages 2-5 years; β = -0.07, P < 0.05), fewer conduct problems (ages 2-5 years; β = -0.09, P < 0.01) and less irritability (ages 13-18 years; β = -0.27, P < 0.001) longitudinally. Structured parenting was associated with fewer conduct problems (ages 2-5 years; β = -0.05, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Shared parenting is beneficial for parent and child mental health, even under chaotic or inflexible life conditions. Structured parenting is beneficial for younger children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T. Cost
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Behavioural Neurosciences & Psychiatry, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Piyumi Mudiyanselage
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eva Unternaehrer
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daphne J. Korczak
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnastou
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; and Autism Research Centre, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suneeta Monga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Canada; and Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathon Maguire
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; and MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul Arnold
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; and Department of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Stelios Georgiades
- Department of Behavioural Neurosciences & Psychiatry, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Rob Nicolson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine S. Birken
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; and Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alice Charach
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; and Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
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Stewart EK, Kotelnikova Y, Olino TM, Hayden EP. Early childhood impulsivity and parenting predict children's development of externalizing psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37144393 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Parenting and child impulsivity are consistent predictors of children's externalizing symptoms; however, the role of the range of parenting (i.e., variation in parenting across contexts), and its interactions with child impulsivity, are poorly understood. We examined whether characteristic parenting practices and parenting range predicted the course of externalizing symptoms in 409 children (Mage = 3.43 years at baseline, 208 girls) across ages 3, 5, 8, and 11. We assessed parent positive affectivity (PPA), hostility, and parenting structure at child age 3 using three behavioral tasks that varied in context, examining range by modeling a latent difference score for each parenting dimension. Greater PPA range, mean structure, and parenting structure range all predicted fewer symptoms at age 3 for children with higher impulsivity. Lower mean hostility predicted fewer symptoms at age 3 for children with lower impulsivity. Greater PPA, and smaller PPA range, predicted a decrease in symptoms for children higher in impulsivity. Lower hostility range predicted a decrease in symptoms for children with lower impulsivity but predicted maintaining symptoms for children with higher impulsivity. Results demonstrate the differential roles average parenting practices and parenting range play in the development of child externalizing psychopathology, especially in the context of child impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Hayden
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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5
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Mullen JN, Liu P, McDonnell CG, Stanton K, Kotelnikova Y, Johnson SL, Hayden EP. Assessing the dominance behavioral system in early childhood using observational methods. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 11:216-227. [PMID: 38014381 PMCID: PMC10654335 DOI: 10.5114/cipp/156767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dominance behavioral system (DBS) is a biologically based system that underpins individual differences in motivation for dominance and power. However, little is known about the DBS in childhood. In order to make strong claims about the DBS's trait-like properties and predictive validity, a clearer understanding of its early development is required. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE In a pilot study aimed at developing a behavioral coding system for dominance, a key facet of the DBS, we collected and coded observational data from 58 children, assessed at ages 3 and 5-6. These data were examined in conjunction with measures of child temperament via observational measures, and symptoms of psychopathology. RESULTS Dominance was moderately stable in early childhood to a degree comparable to other early child temperament traits. Consistent with the study hypotheses, boys were more dominant than girls, and dominance was negatively associated with children's behavioral inhibition, effortful control, and internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results provide initial support for the validity and developmental sensitivity of an objective coding system for assessing facets of the DBS in early childhood. Ultimately, the use of this coding system will facilitate future studies of how early DBS predicts psychological adjustment later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pan Liu
- Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Leve LD, Anderson D, Harold GT, Neiderhiser JM, Natsuaki MN, Shaw DS, Ganiban JM, Reiss D. Developmental profiles of child behavior problems from 18 months to 8 years: The protective effects of structured parenting vary by genetic risk. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1-15. [PMID: 35929354 PMCID: PMC9899296 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Some children are more affected by specific family environments than others, as a function of differences in their genetic make-up. However, longitudinal studies of genetic moderation of parenting effects during early childhood have not been conducted. We examined developmental profiles of child behavior problems between 18 months and age 8 in a longitudinal parent-offspring sample of 361 adopted children. In toddlerhood (18 months), observed structured parenting indexed parental guidance in service of task goals. Biological parent psychopathology served as an index of genetic influences on children's behavior problems. Four profiles of child behavior problems were identified: low stable (11%), average stable (50%), higher stable (29%), and high increasing (11%). A multinominal logistic regression analysis indicated a genetically moderated effect of structured parenting, such that for children whose biological mother had higher psychopathology, the odds of the child being in the low stable group increased as structured parenting increased. Conversely, for children whose biological mother had lower psychopathology, the odds of being in the low stable group was reduced when structured parenting increased. Results suggest that increasing structured parenting is an effective strategy for children at higher genetic risk for psychopathology, but may be detrimental for those at lower genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D. Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Anderson
- Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
- Always Be Learning, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jenae M. Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Misaki N. Natsuaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S. Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jody M. Ganiban
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Reiss
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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A Structural Design of a Child Seat Based on Morphological Elements and Ergonomics. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:1792965. [PMID: 35707195 PMCID: PMC9192259 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1792965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the safety and comfort of child seat structural design, this paper combines ergonomics and morphological elements to analyze the structural design of child seat and establish a crash model. Moreover, the obtained kinematic response and injury curves are compared with the corresponding actual tested kinematic response and injury parameters to analyze the biomechanics of child occupant injury, the injury characteristics of child occupants in frontal and side collisions, and the evaluation criteria for head, neck, and chest injuries. In addition, this paper combines the intelligent design method to design a safety seat that meets the needs of children. The results show that the structural design method of child seat based on morphological elements and ergonomics proposed in this paper can play an important role in the design of child seat.
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Garon-Carrier G, Pascuzzo K, Gaudreau W, Lemelin JP, Déry M. Maternal Functioning and Child's Externalizing Problems: Temperament and Sex-Based Driven Effects. Front Psychol 2022; 13:874733. [PMID: 35664135 PMCID: PMC9157281 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines how maternal adverse parenting (hostility, neglect, low warmth) and psychological distress explain the associations between child temperament factors and externalizing problems. It also examines if these associations differ according to the child's biological sex. The sample consists of 339 school-age children receiving in-school services for conduct problems. Data were collected through questionnaires completed by mothers at 3 time points, at one-year intervals. Results from path analyses revealed that maternal psychological distress partly explained the associations between each child temperamental factors (negative affectivity, surgency/extraversion, effortful control) and levels of externalizing problems. Specifically, the indirect effect of psychological distress between child negative affectivity and externalizing problems was only significant for boys, not girls. Maternal hostility, on the other hand, mediated the association between child surgency/extraversion and externalizing problems in both boys and girls. Interestingly, neglectful parenting and maternal warmth did not explain the association between child temperamental factors and externalizing problems. The findings suggest small but significant temperament child-driven effects on maternal psychological distress and hostility, in turn, translating into higher levels of externalizing problems. These findings support the relevance of temperament-based interventions for children with conduct problems and of increased mental health support for their mothers. By aiding mothers in developing a larger repertoire of parenting strategies, mothers may be better equipped to respond appropriately to their child's various temperamental characteristics, hence, reducing their psychological distress and hostile behaviors and limiting the development of child externalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Garon-Carrier
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche et d'Intervention sur les Adaptations Sociales de l'Enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Pascuzzo
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche et d'Intervention sur les Adaptations Sociales de l'Enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - William Gaudreau
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche et d'Intervention sur les Adaptations Sociales de l'Enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pascal Lemelin
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche et d'Intervention sur les Adaptations Sociales de l'Enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Déry
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche et d'Intervention sur les Adaptations Sociales de l'Enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Blume J, Park S, Cox M, Mastergeorge AM. Explicating Child-Driven Patterns of Parent-Child Responsivity in Fragile Families: A Longitudinal Approach. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:813486. [PMID: 35372155 PMCID: PMC8965445 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.813486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-established that development occurs in the context of a transactional framework, with bidirectional parent-child interactions influencing both proximal and distal outcomes. In particular, child vocabulary development is sensitive to parenting qualities including warmth, sensitivity, and control as well as parental stimulation including language input and access to learning enrichment activities. Similarly, these parenting qualities are influenced by and influence children's development of pro-social behaviors. Given the foundational role of both language and pro-social skills for academic achievement and the establishment of healthy relationships across the lifespan, a comprehensive understanding of the magnitude, stability, and reciprocity of such interactions across childhood has the potential to better inform early intervention and prevention practices and highlight risk and resilience factors. This study investigated the concurrent and successive transactional relationships between child pro-social behavior, child emergent language, and parenting qualities within a large, longitudinal sample. This study utilized Waves 3, 4, and 5 of the Fragile Families and Child Well Being Study (FFCWBS), corresponding to focal child age 3, 5, and 9 years, respectively. A series of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with full-information likelihood (FIML) estimation (n = 3,422) including child prosocial behavior, receptive vocabulary, and supportive parenting behaviors was tested and compared. Our findings indicate significant, positive associations over time between child pro-social behavior and receptive vocabulary, and parenting quality across all three stages of early child development. The steady decline in magnitude of these associations over time highlights the importance of synergistic parent-child interactions in toddlerhood as an early opportunity to propel these developmental outcomes and supportive parenting behaviors. Patterns of change in child pro-social behavior skills and parenting qualities remained positive and relatively stable, while observed growth in child receptive vocabulary skills increased in magnitude over time. Additional investigation of indirect effects specified the role of receptive vocabulary, as well as the bolstering role of prosocial behavior, in eliciting responsive parenting qualities over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Blume
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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10
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Reducing Poverty-Related Disparities in Child Development and School Readiness: The Smart Beginnings Tiered Prevention Strategy that Combines Pediatric Primary Care with Home Visiting. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2021; 24:669-683. [PMID: 34505232 PMCID: PMC8428206 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-021-00366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the Smart Beginnings Integrated Model, an innovative, tiered approach for addressing school readiness disparities in low-income children from birth to age 3 in the United States through universal engagement of low-income families and primary prevention in pediatric primary care integrated with secondary/tertiary prevention in the home. We build on both public health considerations, in which engagement, cost and scalability are paramount, and a developmental psychopathology framework (Cicchetti & Toth, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 50:16–25, 2009), in which the child is considered within the context of the proximal caregiving environment. Whereas existing early preventive models have shown promise in promoting children’s school readiness, the Smart Beginnings model addresses three important barriers that have limited impacts at the individual and/or population level: (1) identification and engagement of vulnerable families; (2) the challenges of scalability at low cost within existing service systems; and (3) tailoring interventions to address the heterogeneity of risk among low-income families. Smart Beginnings takes advantage of the existing platform of pediatric primary care to provide a universal primary prevention strategy for all families (Video Interaction Project) and a targeted secondary/tertiary prevention strategy (Family Check-Up) for families with additional contextual factors. We describe the theory underlying the Smart Beginnings model, some initial findings from its recent application in two cities, and implications for changing social policy to promote school readiness beginning during very early childhood.
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11
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Curvilinear Relations Between Preschool-Aged Children's Effortful Control and Socioemotional Problems: Racial-Ethnic Differences in Functional Form. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52:693-708. [PMID: 32894383 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The majority of studies of preschool-aged children's self-regulation presume that their higher levels of self-regulation are concurrently and prospectively associated with fewer externalizing and internalizing problems. This assumes their relations are only linear in form and negative, but studies with community samples of mostly non-Hispanic White children have found curvilinear or positive relations between self-regulation and socioemotional problems in early childhood. This cross-sectional study tests linear and quadratic relations between children's behavioral battery assessed effortful control and parent rated externalizing and internalizing problems, and whether their functional forms differ across racial-ethnic groups in a diverse sample of 2.5- to 3.5-years-olds (N = 72) from highly educated two-parent households. Child effortful control was negatively related to externalizing, quadratically related to internalizing (albeit marginally), and an interaction between effortful control and race-ethnicity indicated opposite linear relations between effortful control and internalizing problems for different racial-ethnic groups. By integrating tests of curvilinearity and interactions, this study builds on theoretical and empirical work indicating complex relations between the development of self-regulation and psychopathology.
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12
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Vandermeer MRJ, Liu P, Mohamed Ali O, Daoust AR, Joanisse MF, Barch DM, Hayden EP. Orbitofrontal cortex grey matter volume is related to children's depressive symptoms. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102395. [PMID: 32889399 PMCID: PMC7479290 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adults with a history of depression show distinct patterns of grey matter volume (GMV) in frontal cortical (e.g., prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex) and limbic (e.g., anterior cingulate, amygdala, hippocampus, dorsal striatum) structures, regions relevant to the processing and regulation of reward, which is impaired in the context of depression. However, it is unclear whether these GMV associations with depression precede depressive disorder onset or whether GMV is related to early emerging symptoms or familial depression. To address these questions, we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to examine GMV in 85 community-dwelling children (M = 11.12 years, SD = 0.63 years) screened for current and lifetime depression. Associations between children's depressive symptoms (self- and mother-report of children's symptoms), children's maternal depression history, and GMV were examined. Although maternal depression history was unrelated to children's GMV, child GMV in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was negatively related to children's self-reported depressive symptoms, using both a priori ROI and whole-brain analyses. Moderated regression analyses indicated that girls' GMV was negatively related to girls' depressive symptoms (as indexed by both self- and mother-report of girls' symptoms), whereas boys' symptoms were positively related to GMV. Our findings suggest that brain morphology in the OFC, a region with functional roles in processes relevant to depressive symptoms (i.e., reward-based learning and reward processing), is associated with early depressive symptoms prior to the development of clinically significant depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R J Vandermeer
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ola Mohamed Ali
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Andrew R Daoust
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Marc F Joanisse
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Hayden
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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