1
|
Bielecki M, Tyburski E, Plichta P, Samochowiec J, Kucharska-Mazur J, Podwalski P, Rek-Owodziń K, Waszczuk K, Sagan L, Michalczyk A, Rudkowski K, Karabanowicz E, Świątkowska K, Misiak B, Bąba-Kubiś A, Mak M. Impulsivity and inhibitory control in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:473. [PMID: 38937731 PMCID: PMC11209995 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence on impulsivity and its potential relationship with inhibitory control in schizophrenia. This study therefore aimed to identify differences in impulsivity and cognitive and motor inhibition between patients with deficit (DS) and non-deficit (NDS) schizophrenia and healthy controls (HC). We also explored the relationships between impulsivity and different dimensions of inhibitory control in all studied groups. METHODS The sample comprised 28 DS patients, 45 NDS patients, and 39 age-matched HC. A neuropsychological battery was used. RESULTS DS patients scored lower in venturesomeness, while those with NDS scored higher in impulsiveness compared to HC. In addition, both groups of patients scored higher on measures of cognitive and motor inhibition, including those relatively independent of information processing speed (although the results were slightly different after adjusting for IQ and/or years of education). Correlations between impulsivity and cognitive inhibition emerged in DS patients, while links between impulsivity and motor inhibition were observed in HC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the presence of deficits in experimentally assessed inhibitory control in schizophrenia patients, with predominant impulsivity in the NDS population. In addition, impulsivity may affect the cognitive control of inhibition in deficit schizophrenia. Nevertheless, due to the preliminary nature of these findings, they require further empirical verification in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland.
| | - Piotr Plichta
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Podwalski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rek-Owodziń
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Leszek Sagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Michalczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rudkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Karabanowicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Świątkowska
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Bąba-Kubiś
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Mak
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Relationship between subjective report and objective assessment of neurocognitive functioning in persons with multiple sclerosis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2023; 29:266-273. [PMID: 35469588 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617722000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) are at increased risk for cognitive dysfunction. Considering the impact and potential ramifications of cognitive dysfunction, it is important that cognition is routinely assessed in PwMS. Thus, it is also important to identify a screener that is accurate and sensitive to MS-related cognitive difficulties, which can inform decisions for more resource-intensive neuropsychological testing. However, research focused on available self-report screeners has been mixed, such as with the Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire (MSNQ). This study aims to clarify the relationship between subjective and objective assessment of cognitive functioning in MS by examining domain-specific performance and intraindividual variability (IIV). METHODS 87 PwMS (F = 65, M = 22) completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery which included self- and informant-report measures of neurocognitive functioning. Scores were examined in relation to mean performance on five domains of cognitive functioning and two measures of IIV. RESULTS The MSNQ-Self was inversely associated with executive function, verbal memory, and visual memory; it was not associated with IIV. The MSNQ-Informant was inversely associated with executive function and verbal memory, and positively associated with one measure of IIV. The MSNQ-Self showed a correlation of moderate effect size with depression (r = .39) while the MSNQ-Informant did not. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the MSNQ-Self and MSNQ-Informant show similar utility. Our findings also suggest that domains of executive function and memory may be most salient, thus more reflected in subjective reports of cognitive functioning. Future work should further examine the impact of mood disturbance with cognitive performance and IIV.
Collapse
|
3
|
Naghavi S, Ashtari F, Adibi I, Shaygannejad V, Ramezani N, Pourmohammadi A, Davanian F, Karimi Z, Khaligh-Razavi SM, Sanayei M. Effect of deep gray matter atrophy on information processing speed in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 71:104560. [PMID: 36806043 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction, including reduced Information processing speed (IPS), is relatively common in multiple sclerosis(MS). IPS deficits have profound effects on several aspects of patients' life. Previous studies showed that deep gray matter atrophy is highly correlated with overall cognitive impairment in MS. However, the effect of deep gray matter atrophy on IPS deficits is not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of deep gray matter volume changes on IPS in people with early relapse-remitting MS (RRMS) compared to healthy control. METHODS In this case-control study, we enrolled 63 case with RRMS and 36 healthy controls. All patients were diagnosed within 6 years. IPS was evaluated using the Integrated Cognitive Assessment (ICA) test. We also performed a 1.5T MRI to evaluate deep gray matter structures. RESULTS People with RRMS had lower accuracy in the ICA test (p = .01). However, the reaction time did not significantly differ between RRMS and control groups (p = .6). Thalamus volume was significantly lower in the RRMS group with impaired IPS compared to the RRMS with normal IPS and control groups (p < 10-4). Other deep gray matter structures were not significantly different between the RRMS with impaired IPS group and the RRMS with normal IPS group. CONCLUSION Some people with MS are impaired in IPS even in the early stages of the disease. Thalamic atrophy affected IPS in these patients, however atrophy in other deep gray matter structures, including caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, amygdala, accumbens, and cerebellum, were not significantly correlated with IPS impairment in early RRMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Naghavi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ashtari
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Iman Adibi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Center for Translational Neuroscience, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Center for Translational Neuroscience, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Neda Ramezani
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Pourmohammadi
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Davanian
- Paramedical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Karimi
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mahdi Khaligh-Razavi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Cognetivity Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mehdi Sanayei
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grant JG, Rapport LJ, Darling R, Waldron-Perrine B, Bernitsas E. Incremental validity of brief and abbreviated neuropsychological tests toward predicting functional outcomes in multiple sclerosis. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36773023 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2176766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the relationships among functional outcomes and performance on standard-length and abbreviated cognitive screening measures for multiple sclerosis (MS). METHOD 72 adults with MS underwent neurological examination and cognitive screening. They completed standard-length and abbreviated versions of tests from the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS (MACFIMS), the abbreviated aMACFIMS, and the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS). Functional outcomes included neurological disability, physical and psychological dysfunction, and employment status. RESULTS Concordance of impairment classifications was examined between standard-length and abbreviated tests using logistic regression and ROC curve analyses. Overall, the abbreviated test versions showed a broad range of concordance with impairment classifications made using the full-length tests. Processing speed was the strongest correlate of neurological disability and employment status; immediate recall was the strongest predictor of subjective physical dysfunction. Test performance provided unique value toward predicting neurological disability and employment status, but not physical and psychological dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The findings replicate some support for abbreviated tests in MS assessment, although caveats regarding loss of validity associated with abbreviation remain. The findings extend prior research showing that abbreviated tests of processing speed and immediate recall can provide unique predictive information regarding objective functional outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Grant
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lisa J Rapport
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rachel Darling
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Brigid Waldron-Perrine
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eva Bernitsas
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Xiang Z, Yan Z, Shu L, Xu X, Zhang L, Tian X. A dual-task-embedded virtual reality system for intelligent quantitative assessment of cognitive processing speed. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1158650. [PMID: 37063104 PMCID: PMC10097903 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1158650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Processing speed is defined as the ability to quickly process information, which is generally considered as one of the affected cognitive functions of multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia. Paper-pencil type tests are traditionally used in the assessment of processing speed. However, these tests generally need to be conducted under the guidance of clinicians in a specific environment, which limits their application in cognitive assessment or training in daily life. Therefore, this paper proposed an intelligent evaluation method of processing speed to assist clinicians in diagnosis. Methods We created an immersive virtual street embedded with Stroop task (VR-Street). The behavior and performance information was obtained by performing the dual-task of street-crossing and Stroop, and a 50-participant dataset was established with the label of standard scale. Utilizing Pearson correlation coefficient to find the relationship between the dual-task features and the cognitive test results, and an intelligent evaluation model was developed using machine learning. Results Statistical analysis showed that all Stroop task features were correlated with cognitive test results, and some behavior features also showed correlation. The estimated results showed that the proposed method can estimate the processing speed score with an adequate accuracy (mean absolute error of 0.800, relative accuracy of 0.916 and correlation coefficient of 0.804). The combination of Stroop features and behavior features showed better performance than single task features. Discussion The results of this work indicates that the dual-task design in this study better mobilizes participants' attention and cognitive resources, and more fully reflects participants' cognitive processing speed. The proposed method provides a new opportunity for accurate quantitative evaluation of cognitive function through virtual reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhao Zhou
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Zhao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zirui Xiang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixin Yan
- School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Shu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Shu,
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan Institute of Modern Industrial Technology of South China, University of Technology, Zhongshan, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Tian
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cognitive-Motor Interference and Cortical Activation While Walking in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis. Motor Control 2022; 26:677-693. [PMID: 35963616 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study expands on current understanding of dual-task cognitive-motor interference, by including cortical activation measures to both traditional and ecologically valid dual-task paradigms. Fifteen individuals with multiple sclerosis and 14 control participants underwent mobility testing while wearing functional near-infrared spectroscopy. In the absence of increased prefrontal cortical activation, subjects with multiple sclerosis performed significantly worse on measures of cognition under both single- and dual-task conditions. These findings suggest that persons with multiple sclerosis may be unable to allocate additional cortical resources to cognition under dual-task conditions, leading to significant cognitive-motor interference and decrements in performance. This study is the first to investigate cortical activation across several commonly used and ecologically valid dual-task assessments.
Collapse
|
7
|
Delgado-Álvarez A, Delgado-Alonso C, Goudsmit M, Gil MJ, Díez-Cirarda M, Valles-Salgado M, Montero-Escribano P, Hernández-Lorenzo L, Matías-Guiu J, Matias-Guiu JA. Validation of a brief cross-cultural cognitive screening test in Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 67:104091. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Significance of the Diagnosis of Executive Functions in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910527. [PMID: 34639827 PMCID: PMC8507634 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive chronic disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Cognitive decline occurs rather rarely in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) compared to other types. The present study aimed to assess executive functions (EF) in relation to clinical and demographic variables in patients with RRMS. The study involved 22 individuals with RRMS (aged 23 to 49 years) and 22 matching controls. All the individuals with RRMS were in the remission phase. The assessments were carried out using MoCA, BDI-II, Halstead Category Test, Porteus Maze Test, verbal fluency tasks and Stroop Colour-Word Interference Test. The findings show that the two groups differed significantly in all the tests. All patients with RRMS in the remission phase presented at least one cognitive deficit, observed in general cognitive functioning, abstract reasoning or other executive functions, i.e., fluency, interference suppression, planning, or ability to modify activity in response to feedback. The deficits in most cases (except for those measured with the MoCA, Category Tests and phonemic fluency), are not related to intensity of depression and duration of the disease. Findings suggest that the diagnostic process in the case of patients with RRMS may include psychological assessment focusing on potentially existing cognitive, mainly executive, deficits and their severity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Barzegarzadeh B, Hatami H, Dehghan G, Khajehnasiri N, Khoobi M, Sadeghian R. Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Curcumin Attenuates Cognitive Deficits and Oxidative Stress Parameters in the Ethidium Bromide-Induced Model of Demyelination. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:815-825. [PMID: 33713300 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Curcumin (CUR), an antioxidant compound, can be a potent treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, such as MS. CUR has poor bioavailability; therefore, it is used in nanoforms to increase its bioavailability. In the present study, the effects of CUR and conjugated linoleic acid-CUR (Lino-CUR) on spatial memory and oxidative stress in a putative animal model of MS were investigated. Forty-nine adult male Wistar rats (250 ± 50 g) were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 7): control, sham, ethidium bromide (EB), CUR (20 and 40 μg/kg) + EB, and Lino-CUR (20 and 40 μg/kg) + EB groups. Following MS induction, the groups were treated for 5 consecutive days. Finally, spatial memory and levels of oxidative stress parameters were assessed. Treatment with CUR and Lino-CUR at two doses significantly improved spatial memory and reduced oxidative stress parameters in the experimental models of MS. Furthermore, the effects of high dose (40 μg/kg) of Lino-CUR were more remarkable. These findings suggest that the microinjection of CUR in its synthetic form Lino-CUR significantly ameliorated spatial memory, through the reduction of oxidative stress markers in the brain of studied animals as a rat model of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Barzegarzadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Homeira Hatami
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazli Khajehnasiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Sadeghian
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eilam-Stock T, Shaw MT, Krupp LB, Charvet LE. Early neuropsychological markers of cognitive involvement in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2021; 423:117349. [PMID: 33639421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment due to multiple sclerosis (MS) is common and often limits occupational functioning, contributes to disability, and reduces quality of life. Early detection of cognitive involvement in MS is critical for treatment planning and intervention, and frequent, regular cognitive monitoring may provide insight into subtle changes in disease progression. OBJECTIVE To compare the sensitivity and specificity of clinical, computer-based and experimental measures to early cognitive involvement in MS. METHODS Cognitive functioning was compared in MS participants early in the disease course to matched healthy controls using conventional, computer-based and functional assessments: the Brief International Cognitive Assessment in MS (BICAMS); the computer-based Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB); the Attention Network Test-Interaction (ANT-I), including intra-individual variability; and the Test of Everyday Cognitive Ability (TECA), a functional measure of instrumental activities of daily living. RESULTS MS participants (n = 25, mean disease duration= 5.82 ± 3.65 years) and demographically matched healthy controls (n = 29) completed the cognitive assessments. The Cogstate measure of choice reaction time (AUC = 0.73, p = .004), intra-individual variability on the ANT-I (AUC = 0.79, p = .001), and TECA (AUC = 0.78, p = .001) scores were the most sensitive and specific markers of cognitive involvement in MS. CONCLUSIONS Brief, repeatable, computer-based measures of reaction time and variability detect early MS associated cognitive involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tehila Eilam-Stock
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael T Shaw
- Departmernt of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Lauren B Krupp
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leigh E Charvet
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alirezaei M, Forouzannia SM, Yarahmadi P, Sahraian MA, Owji M, Bidadian M, Ghadiri F, Naser Moghadasi A. Demographic features, behavioral measures, and clinical factors as predictors of cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 49:102758. [PMID: 33567391 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most concerning features that involves 40-70% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is cognitive impairment. Moreover, it affects various aspects of patients' life. In this regard, this study was conducted to find independent predictors of cognitive function. METHOD We performed a cross-sectional analysis on 92 patients chosen from MS clinic of Sina hospital, Iran. After completing a general questionnaire of demographic and various clinical features, the included participants (patients with RRMS) underwent neuropsychological assessment using Minimal Assessment of Cognitive function in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS), Expanded disability Status Scale (EDSS), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and National American Adult Reading Test (NAART). An un-weighted average of MACFIMS subscales z-scores was reported as cognitive index. In order to find the association between CI and different factors, each variable was entered in a simple regression model first. Then, a univariate multiple regression model was invoked to evaluate the predictors of cognitive index in patients. RESULTS Simple regression for cognitive index of 92 patients (86% female) with a mean age of 33.4±7.6 years old suffering of RRMS for 6.8±4.8 years revealed patients with history of former smoking (p=0.001), sole visual symptoms as the presentation sign of the study (β=-0.341, p=0.001), lower EDSS score (β=-0.299, p=0.005), higher NAART score (β=0.416, p≤0.0001), and college education (p=0.001), had better cognitive function in our study population. Such factors including age, educational status, BDI-II score, EDSS score, and disease duration were fixed and the other significant factors entered once separately and then simultaneously in the univariate multiple linear regression model. It was revealed that former smoking (β=-0.372, p≤0.0001), NAART (β=0.304, p=0.002), and EDSS (β= -0.185, P=0.045) are associated significantly with the cognitive function of patients with multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated NAART, as a proxy of premorbid intelligence, history of former smoking, and EDSS score may have effects on cognitive function in MS. Future studies need to be invoked for the evaluation of the causality relation of these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alirezaei
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Neuroscience institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Forouzannia
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Neuroscience institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - Pourya Yarahmadi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Neuroscience institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Neuroscience institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - Mahsa Owji
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Neuroscience institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - Maryam Bidadian
- Department of psychology, School of humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ghadiri
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Neuroscience institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Neuroscience institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Identifying Perceptual, Motor, and Cognitive Components Contributing to Slowness of Information Processing in Multiple Sclerosis with and without Depressive Symptoms. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 23:e21. [DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2020.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Increasing findings suggest that different components of the stimulus-response pathway (perceptual, motor or cognitive) may account for slowed performance in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). It has also been reported that depressive symptoms (DS) exacerbate slowness in MS. However, no prior studies have explored the independent and joint impact of MS and DS on each of these components in a comprehensive manner. The objective of this work was to identify perceptual, motor, and cognitive components contributing to slowness in MS patients with and without DS. The study includes 33 Relapsing-Remitting MS patients with DS, 33 without DS, and 26 healthy controls. Five information processing components were isolated by means of ANCOVA analyses applied to five Reaction Time tasks. Perceptual, motor, and visual search components were slowed down in MS, as revealed by ANCOVA comparisons between patients without DS, and controls. Moreover, the compounding effect of MS and DS exacerbated deficits in the motor component, and slowed down the decisional component, as revealed by ANCOVA comparisons between patients with and without DS. DS seem to exacerbate slowness caused by MS in specific processing components. Identifying the effects of having MS and of having both MS and DS may have relevant implications when targeting cognitive and mood interventions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Clough M, Dobbing J, Stankovich J, Ternes A, Kolbe S, White OB, Fielding J. Cognitive processing speed deficits in multiple sclerosis: Dissociating sensorial and motor processing changes from cognitive processing speed. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 38:101522. [PMID: 31785491 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of cognitive information processing speed (IPS) is complicated in MS, with altered performance on tests such as the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) potentially representing changes not only within cognitive networks but in the initial sensorial transmission of information to cognitive networks, and/or efferent transmission of the motor response. OBJECTIVE We aimed to isolate and characterise cognitive IPS deficits in MS using ocular motor tasks; a prosaccade task (used to assess and control for sensorial and motor IPS) which was then used to adjust performance on the Simon task (cognitive IPS). METHODS All participants (22 MS patients with early disease, 22 healthy controls) completed the ocular motor tasks and the SDMT. The Simon task assessed cognitive IPS by manipulating the relationship between a stimulus location and its associated response direction. Two trial types were interleaved: (1) congruent, where stimulus location = response direction; or (2) incongruent, where stimulus location ≠ response direction. RESULTS MS patients did not perform differently to controls on the SDMT. For OM tasks, when sensorial and motor IPS was controlled, MS patients had significantly slower cognitive IPS (incongruent trials only) and poorer conflict resolution. SDMT performance did not correlate with slower cognitive IPS in MS patients, highlighting the limitation of using SDMT performance to interpret cognitive IPS changes in patients with MS. CONCLUSION Cognitive IPS deficits in MS patients are dissociable from changes in other processing stages, manifesting as impaired conflict resolution between automatic and non-automatic processes. Importantly, these results raise concerns about the SDMT as an accurate measure of cognitive IPS in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Clough
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - J Dobbing
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - J Stankovich
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - A Ternes
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - S Kolbe
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - O B White
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - J Fielding
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wojcik CM, Beier M, Costello K, DeLuca J, Feinstein A, Goverover Y, Gudesblatt M, Jaworski M, Kalb R, Kostich L, LaRocca NG, Rodgers JD, Benedict RH. Computerized neuropsychological assessment devices in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Mult Scler 2019; 25:1848-1869. [PMID: 31637963 PMCID: PMC6875828 DOI: 10.1177/1352458519879094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: The proliferation of computerized neuropsychological assessment devices (CNADs) for screening and monitoring cognitive impairment is increasing exponentially. Previous reviews of computerized tests for multiple sclerosis (MS) were primarily qualitative and did not rigorously compare CNADs on psychometric properties. Objective: We aimed to systematically review the literature on the use of CNADs in MS and identify test batteries and single tests with good evidence for reliability and validity. Method: A search of four major online databases was conducted for publications related to computerized testing and MS. Test–retest reliability and validity coefficients and effect sizes were recorded for each CNAD test, along with administration characteristics. Results: We identified 11 batteries and 33 individual tests from 120 peer-reviewed articles meeting the inclusion criteria. CNADs with the strongest psychometric support include the CogState Brief Battery, Cognitive Drug Research Battery, NeuroTrax, CNS-Vital Signs, and computer-based administrations of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Conclusion: We identified several CNADs that are valid to screen for MS-related cognitive impairment, or to supplement full, conventional neuropsychological assessment. The necessity of testing with a technician, and in a controlled clinic/laboratory environment, remains uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis M Wojcik
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Meghan Beier
- Division of Rehabilitation Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - John DeLuca
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Anthony Feinstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yael Goverover
- New York University, New York, NY, USA/South Shore Neurologic Associates, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael Jaworski
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rosalind Kalb
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lori Kostich
- The Mandell MS Center, Mount Sinai Rehabilitation Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | | | - Jonathan D Rodgers
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA/Jacobs Neurological Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA/Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ralph Hb Benedict
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA/Jacobs Neurological Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized to be a core feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), with important implications for the everyday life of individuals with MS and for disease management. Unfortunately, the exact mechanisms that underlie this cognitive impairment are poorly understood and there are no effective therapeutic options for this aspect of the disease. During MS, focal brain inflammatory lesions, together with pathological changes of both CNS grey matter and normal-appearing white matter, can interfere with cognitive functions. Moreover, inflammation may alter the crosstalk between the immune and the nervous systems, modulating the induction of synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. In this Review, we examine the CNS structures and cognitive domains that are affected by the disease, with a specific focus on hippocampal involvement in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an experimental model of MS. We also discuss the hypothesis that, during MS, immune-mediated alterations of synapses' ability to express long-term plastic changes may contribute to the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment by interfering with the dynamics of neuronal networks.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cognitive Function in Hospitalized Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/ans.89632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Manca R, Stabile MR, Bevilacqua F, Cadorin C, Piccione F, Sharrack B, Venneri A. Cognitive speed and white matter integrity in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 30:198-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
18
|
Realmuto S, Dodich A, Meli R, Canessa N, Ragonese P, Salemi G, Cerami C. Moral Cognition and Multiple Sclerosis: A Neuropsychological Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 34:319-326. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Realmuto
- Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience Department (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dodich
- Clinical Neuroscience Department, San Raffaele Hospital and Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Meli
- Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience Department (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Canessa
- NEtS Center, Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Ragonese
- Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience Department (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Salemi
- Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience Department (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Cerami
- Clinical Neuroscience Department, San Raffaele Hospital and Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Exploring cognitive motor interference in multiple sclerosis by the visual Stroop test. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 22:8-11. [PMID: 29501850 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dual task paradigm (the simultaneous performance of motor and cognitive task) is used in a laboratory setting to evaluate walking impairments that affect patients' daily lives. Although promising, it is poorly standardized and neither the cognitive task nor the motor task have been validated in a matched healthy control group (HC) for multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE Our aim was to set up a standardized instrument to evaluate cognitive motor interference in MS using the interference test par excellence: the stroop colour word test (SCWT). METHODS Patients with MS and HC underwent 3D gait analysis with a dual task protocol, using the SCWT as a cognitive task. Gait performance impairment during the dual task was evaluated by dual task cost (DTC). A MANOVA was used to verify the effect of status (MS, HC) on DTC, calculated for the spatiotemporal parameter of the gait. RESULTS In MS, the DTC was higher for the following gait parameters: speed (p = .013), cadence (p = .004), stride time (p = .005) stance phase (p < .001), and swing phase duration (p = .032). CONCLUSION DTC is present in MS and HC, but the motor cost in MS is higher. The present work provides a useful and validated basis for future studies about cognitive motor interference in MS.
Collapse
|
20
|
Manca R, Sharrack B, Paling D, Wilkinson ID, Venneri A. Brain connectivity and cognitive processing speed in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. J Neurol Sci 2018; 388:115-127. [PMID: 29627004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Processing speed (PS) decline is the most commonly observed cognitive deficit in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) resulting in a significant impact on quality of life. Despite its importance, knowledge of the underlying neural substrates is lacking. OBJECTIVE As MS is increasingly recognised as a disconnection syndrome, our aim was to carry out a systematic literature review to clarify the relationship between PS performance and MRI measures of structural and functional brain connectivity in people with MS. SEARCH METHODS A literature search was carried out on PubMed and Web of Science that included publications predating September 2017. Additional articles were added after inspection of the reference lists of all selected papers. DATA EXTRACTION All selected papers were categorised in three sections according to the MRI measures investigated, independently or both. Quality assessment was carried out using a customised set of criteria. RESULTS Thirty-two articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Microstructural integrity of the anterior corpus callosum and functional connectivity of frontal areas were more consistently found to correlate with PS performance, though high variability of findings was observed across studies. Several methodological flaws emerged from the reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS Despite the observed trends, no definite conclusions can be drawn on the relationship between brain connectivity and PS decline in MS given the limitations of the current literature. Future investigations may benefit from theoretical and methodological advances to clarify how MS-related brain damage affects patients' cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Manca
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Basil Sharrack
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Paling
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Iain D Wilkinson
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hansen S, Lautenbacher S. Neuropsychological Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Neuropsychological deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS) are common. Over the past decades, many different procedures have been employed in diagnosing these deficits. Even though certain aspects of cognitive performance such as information processing speed and working memory may be affected more frequently than other cognitive functions, no specific deficit profile has been established in MS. This article provides an overview of the neuropsychological diagnostic procedures in MS and allows the reader to reach an informed decision on the applicability of specific procedures and the availability of study data in the context of MS. Additionally, it makes recommendations on the compilation of both screening procedures and extensive test batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Hansen
- Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Betriebsstätte Hohe Warte, Department of Neurology, Bayreuth, Germany
- Otto-Friedrich-University, Department of Physiological Psychology, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lautenbacher
- Otto-Friedrich-University, Department of Physiological Psychology, Bamberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lubrini G, Ríos Lago M, Periañez JA, Tallón Barranco A, De Dios C, Fernández-Fournier M, Diez Tejedor E, Frank García A. The contribution of depressive symptoms to slowness of information processing in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2016; 22:1607-1615. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458516661047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Slowness of information processing has been suggested as a fundamental factor modulating cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the contribution of depressive symptoms (DS) to slowness remains unclear. One of the most accepted hypotheses on the impact of depression on the general population suggests that depression interferes only with tasks requiring high cognitive demands. However, no studies have investigated if the same pattern occurs in MS. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the profile of the contribution of DS to slowness. Methods: Four Reaction Time (RT) tasks requiring an increasing level of cognitive demands were administered to 35 relapsing remitting MS patients with DS, 33 MS patients without DS, 17 depressed non-MS patients and 27 controls. Results: MS patients without DS obtained longer RTs than controls in all the tasks. On the contrary, depressed non-MS patients were slower than controls only in the most demanding task. Finally, MS patients with DS were slower than MS patients without DS not only in the most demanding task but also in the task requiring a lower level of cognitive demands. Conclusion: The contribution of DS to slowness depends on the level of cognitive demands. However, its impact on MS is more deleterious than on the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genny Lubrini
- Department of Neurology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Ríos Lago
- Brain Damage Service, Hospital Beata Maria Ana, Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic Psychology II, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Periañez
- Department of Basic Psychology II, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Tallón Barranco
- Department of Neurology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo De Dios
- Department of Psychiatry, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireya Fernández-Fournier
- Department of Neurology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Diez Tejedor
- Department of Neurology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Frank García
- Department of Neurology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Trenova AG, Slavov GS, Manova MG, Aksentieva JB, Miteva LD, Stanilova SA. Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2016; 58:157-163. [DOI: 10.1515/folmed-2016-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a socially significant immune-mediated disease, characterized by demyelination, axonal transection and oligodendropathy in the central nervous system. Inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration lead to brain atrophy and cognitive deficit in up to 75% of the patients. Cognitive dysfunctions impact significantly patients’ quality of life, independently from the course and phase of the disease.
The relationship between pathological brain findings and cognitive impairment is a subject of intensive research.
Summarizing recent data about prevalence, clinical specificity and treatment of cognitive disorders in MS, this review aims to motivate the necessity of early diagnosis and complex therapeutic approach to these disturbances in order to reduce the social burden of the disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
Sisco SM, Slonena E, Okun MS, Bowers D, Price CC. Parkinson's disease and the Stroop color word test: processing speed and interference algorithms. Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 30:1104-17. [PMID: 27264121 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1188989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Processing speed alters the traditional Stroop calculations of interference. Consequently, alternative algorithms for calculating Stroop interference have been introduced to control for processing speed, and have done so in a multiple sclerosis sample. This study examined how these processing speed correction algorithms change interference scores for individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 58) and non-PD peers (n = 68). METHOD Linear regressions controlling for demographics predicted group (PD vs. non-PD) differences for Jensen's, Golden's, relative, ratio, and residualized interference scores. To examine convergent and divergent validity, interference scores were correlated with standardized measures of processing speed and executive function. RESULTS PD-non-PD differences were found for Jensen's interference score, but not Golden's score, or the relative, ratio, and residualized interference scores. Jensen's score correlated significantly with standardized processing speed but not executive function measures. Relative, ratio, and residualized scores correlated with executive function but not processing speed measures. Golden's score did not correlate with any other standardized measures. CONCLUSIONS The relative, ratio, and residualized scores were comparable for measuring Stroop interference in processing speed-impaired populations. Overall, the ratio interference score may be the most useful calculation method to control for processing speed in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Sisco
- a Department of Psychology , Veterans Affairs Illiana Health Care System , Danville , IL , USA
| | - Elizabeth Slonena
- b Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- c Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Department of Neurology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Dawn Bowers
- b Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA.,c Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Department of Neurology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Catherine C Price
- b Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Costa SL, Genova HM, DeLuca J, Chiaravalloti ND. Information processing speed in multiple sclerosis: Past, present, and future. Mult Scler 2016; 23:772-789. [PMID: 27207446 DOI: 10.1177/1352458516645869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information processing speed (IPS) is a prevalent cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVES This review aims to summarize the methods applied to assess IPS in MS and its theoretical conceptualization. A PubMed search was performed to select articles published between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013, resulting in 157 articles included. RESULTS The majority (54%) of studies assessed IPS with heterogeneous samples (several disease courses). Studies often report controlling for presence of other neurological disorders (60.5%), age (58.6%), education (51.6%), alcohol history (47.8%), or use of steroids (39.5%). Potential confounding variables, such as recent relapses (50.3%), history of developmental disorders (19.1%), and visual problems (29.9%), were often neglected. Assessments used to study IPS were heterogeneous (ranging from simple to complex tasks) among the studies under review, with 62 different tasks used. Only 9.6% of articles defined the construct of IPS and 22.3% discussed IPS in relation to a theoretical model. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The challenges for the upcoming decade include clarification of the definition of IPS as well as its theoretical conceptualization and a consensus on assessment. Based on the results obtained, we propose a new theoretical model, the tri-factor model of IPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana L Costa
- Neuropsychology & Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA/Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Helen M Genova
- Neuropsychology & Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA/Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John DeLuca
- Neuropsychology & Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA/Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA/Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nancy D Chiaravalloti
- Neuropsychology & Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA/Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The cerebellum has long been perceived as a structure responsible for the human motor function. According to the contemporary approach, however, it plays a significant role in complex behavior regulatory processes. The aim of this study was to describe executive functions in patients after cerebellar surgery. The study involved 30 patients with cerebellar pathology. The control group comprised 30 neurologically and mentally healthy individuals, matched for sex, age, and number of years of education. Executive functions were measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), Trail Making Test (TMT), and working memory by the Digit Span. Compared to healthy controls, patients made more Errors and Perseverative errors in the WCST, gave more Perseverative responses, and had a lower Number of categories completed. The patients exhibited higher response times in all three parts of the SCWT and TMT A and B. No significant differences between the two groups were reported in their performance of the SCWT and TMT with regard to the measures of absolute or relative interference. The patients had lower score on the backward Digit Span. Patients with cerebellar pathology may exhibit some impairment within problem solving and working memory. Their worse performance on the SCWT and TMT could, in turn, stem from their poor motor-somatosensory control, and not necessarily executive deficits. Our results thus support the hypothesis of the cerebellum's mediating role in the regulation of the activity of the superordinate cognitive control network in the brain. (JINS, 2016, 22, 47-57).
Collapse
|
27
|
Giedraitienė N, Kizlaitienė R, Kaubrys G. The BICAMS Battery for Assessment of Lithuanian-Speaking Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Relationship with Age, Education, Disease Disability, and Duration. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:3853-9. [PMID: 26655632 PMCID: PMC4678925 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of cognitive impairment (CI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is very useful, but it requires time-consuming expert evaluation with specialized materials. The Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) was created as a brief and specific instrument for the evaluation of CI. The aims of this study were to assess the cognitive status of MS patients by using the Lithuanian version of BICAMS, to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the Lithuanian version of BICAMS, and to measure the impact of CI on disability and duration of MS. Material/Methods We enrolled 50 MS patients and 20 cognitively normal control subjects, matched for age, gender, and level of education. Cognitive functions were assessed by the BICAMS tests, which include the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test Revised, and the California Verbal Learning Test, 2nd edition. Results MS patients performed significantly worse than controls on the 3 neuropsychological tests of BICAMS (p<0.001). Younger and intellectually employed persons performed significantly better on these tests than older persons, manual workers, or unemployed persons (p<0.05). MS patients with higher disability scores tended to perform worse on the tests (p<0.05), but we found no relationship between BICAMS test scores and the duration of the disease or relapse rate (p>0.05). Test-retest reliability was excellent for all 3 subtests (r>0.8, p<0.05). Conclusions Our study shows that BICAMS is a valid and acceptable cognitive assessment tool that can be recommended for routine use in Lithuania for assessing patients with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Giedraitienė
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Center of Neurology, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Kizlaitienė
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Center of Neurology, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintaras Kaubrys
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Center of Neurology, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Roth AK, Denney DR, Lynch SG. Information processing speed and attention in multiple sclerosis: Reconsidering the Attention Network Test (ANT). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:518-29. [PMID: 26010017 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1037252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Attention Network Test (ANT) assesses attention in terms of discrepancies between response times to items that differ in the burden they place on some facet of attention. However, simple arithmetic difference scores commonly used to capture these discrepancies fail to provide adequate control for information processing speed, leading to distorted findings when patient and control groups differ markedly in the speed with which they process and respond to stimulus information. This study examined attention networks in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) using simple difference scores, proportional scores, and residualized scores that control for processing speed through statistical regression. METHOD Patients with relapsing-remitting (N = 20) or secondary progressive (N = 20) MS and healthy controls (N = 40) of similar age, education, and gender completed the ANT. RESULTS Substantial differences between patients and controls were found on all measures of processing speed. Patients exhibited difficulties in the executive control network, but only when difference scores were considered. When deficits in information processing speed were adequately controlled using proportional or residualized score, deficits in the alerting network emerged. The effect sizes for these deficits were notably smaller than those for overall information processing speed and were also limited to patients with secondary progressive MS. CONCLUSIONS Deficits in processing speed are more prominent in MS than those involving attention, and when the former are properly accounted for, differences in the latter are confined to the alerting network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Roth
- a Department of Psychology , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chiaravalloti ND, Genova HM, DeLuca J. Cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: the role of plasticity. Front Neurol 2015; 6:67. [PMID: 25883585 PMCID: PMC4383043 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are common in multiple sclerosis (MS), documented at many stages of the disease. Both structural and functional neuroimaging have demonstrated a relationship with cognitive abilities in MS. Significant neuroplasticity of cognitive functions in individuals with MS is evident. Homologous region adaptation, local activation expansion, and extra-region recruitment all occur in an effort to maintain cognitive functioning. While much of this neuroplasticity is adaptive, it may also be maladaptive, particularly in individuals that are demonstrating significant cognitive impairment and/or with disease progression. This maladaptive neuroplasticity may come at the cost of other cognitive functions. Studies of cognitive rehabilitation efficacy have also recently applied neuroimaging techniques to establish outcome. Researchers have successfully applied various neuroimaging techniques to study the effects of cognitive rehabilitation in MS including task-based fMRI and resting state functional connectivity across multiple realms of cognition including episodic memory, executive functioning, attention, and processing speed. These studies have demonstrated neuroplasticity in the brains of persons with MS through the documentation of changes at the level of the cerebral substrate from before to after non-invasive, non-pharmacological, behavioral treatment for deficits in cognition. Future research should seek to identify adaptive versus maladaptive neuroplasticity associated with specific cognitive rehabilitation programs within all MS phenotypes to foster the validation of the most effective cognitive rehabilitation interventions for persons with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Chiaravalloti
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation , West Orange, NJ , USA ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Helen M Genova
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation , West Orange, NJ , USA ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - John DeLuca
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation , West Orange, NJ , USA ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, NJ , USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, NJ , USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hancock LM, Bruce JM, Bruce AS, Lynch SG. Processing speed and working memory training in multiple sclerosis: A double-blind randomized controlled pilot study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:113-27. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.989818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
31
|
Huang KL, Chang TY, Chang CH, Liu HL, Chang YJ, Liu CH, Lee TH, Ho MY. Relationships between ophthalmic artery flow direction and cognitive performance in patients with unilateral carotid artery stenosis. J Neurol Sci 2014; 336:184-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Gluck ME, Ziker C, Schwegler M, Thearle M, Votruba SB, Krakoff J. Impaired glucose regulation is associated with poorer performance on the Stroop Task. Physiol Behav 2013; 122:113-9. [PMID: 24036382 PMCID: PMC3864663 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for development of cognitive dysfunction. Impairments in glucose regulation have been associated with poorer performance on tests of executive function and information processing speed. METHODS We administered the Stroop Color Word Task, where higher interference scores are indicative of decreased selective attention, to 98 non-diabetic volunteers (64 m; %fat=37 ± 12; age=36 ± 9 yrs, race=41 NA/30 C/13 H/14 AA) on our inpatient unit. After 3d on a weight maintaining diet, % body fat was measured by DXA and a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered. Impaired glucose regulation (IGR) was defined as: fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 and ≤ 125 mg/dL and/or 2h plasma glucose between ≥ 140 and ≤ 199 mg/dL (IGR; n=48; NGR; n=50). Total and incremental area under the curve (AUC) for insulin and glucose were calculated. RESULTS Stroop interference scores were not significantly associated with any measure of adiposity or insulin concentrations. Individuals with IGR had significantly higher interference scores than those with normal glucose regulation (NGR; p=0.003). Higher interference scores were significantly correlated with fasting plasma glucose concentrations (r=0.26, p=0.007) and total glucose AUC (r=0.30, p=0.02) and only trending so for iAUC and 2h plasma glucose (r=0.18, p=0.08; r=0.17, p=0.09 respectively). In separate multivariate linear models, fasting plasma glucose (p=0.002) and total glucose AUC (p=0.0005) remained significant predictors of Stroop interference scores, even after adjustment for age, sex, race, education and %fat. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with IGR had decreased performance on a test of selective attention. Fasting plasma glucose was more strongly associated with lower performance scores than 2h plasma glucose. Our results indicate that even mild hyperglycemia in the non-diabetic range is associated with attentional processing difficulties in a sample of younger adults. Whether these impairments precede or are induced by impaired glucose regulation is not clear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marci E Gluck
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Genova HM, DeLuca J, Chiaravalloti N, Wylie G. The relationship between executive functioning, processing speed, and white matter integrity in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2013; 35:631-41. [PMID: 23777468 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2013.806649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between performance on executive tasks and white matter integrity, assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in multiple sclerosis (MS). A second aim was to examine how processing speed affects the relationship between executive functioning and fractional anisotropy (FA). This relationship was examined in two executive tasks that rely heavily on processing speed: the Color-Word Interference Test and the Trail Making Test (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System). It was hypothesized that reduced FA is related to poor performance on executive tasks in MS, but that this relationship would be affected by the statistical correction of processing speed from the executive tasks. A total of 15 healthy controls and 25 persons with MS participated. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between executive functioning and FA, both before and after processing speed was removed from the executive scores. Before processing speed was removed from the executive scores, reduced FA was associated with poor performance on the Color-Word Interference Test and Trail Making Test in a diffuse network including corpus callosum and superior longitudinal fasciculus. However, once processing speed was removed, the relationship between executive functions and FA was no longer significant on the Trail Making Test, and significantly reduced and more localized on the Color-Word Interference Test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Genova
- Neuropsychology & Neuroscience Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hughes AJ, Denney DR, Owens EM, Lynch SG. Procedural Variations in the Stroop and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Impact on Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 28:452-62. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/act041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
35
|
Difficulties in planning among patients with multiple sclerosis: a relative consequence of deficits in information processing speed. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2013; 19:613-20. [PMID: 23425634 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617713000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies show that MS patients take longer than healthy controls to plan their solutions to Tower of London (TOL) problems but yield conflicting results regarding the quality of their solutions. The present study evaluated performance under untimed or timed conditions to assess the possibility that differences in planning ability only occur when restrictions in solution times are imposed. MS patients (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 43) completed a computerized version of the TOL under one of two conditions. In the untimed condition, participants were allowed as much time as needed on each problem. In the timed condition, limits were imposed on solution times and time remaining was displayed with each problem. Patients exhibited longer planning times than controls, and the disparity between groups increased with problem difficulty. Planning performance depended upon condition. In the untimed condition, patients and controls performed equally well. When solution times were restricted, however, patients solved fewer problems than controls. MS patients' planning ability is intact when permitted sufficient time to formulate the required plan. Deficiencies in planning are only evident when time is restricted, and, therefore, are more accurately considered a relative consequence of disease-related problems in information processing speed.
Collapse
|
36
|
Roberg BL, Bruce JM, Lovelace CT, Lynch S. How Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Perceive Cognitive Slowing. Clin Neuropsychol 2012; 26:1278-95. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2012.733413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
37
|
Lapshin H, O'Connor P, Lanctôt KL, Feinstein A. Computerized cognitive testing for patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2012; 1:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
38
|
Effects of dual tasking on the postural performance of people with and without multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. J Neurol 2011; 259:1166-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
39
|
Reaction time and rapid serial processing measures of information processing speed in multiple sclerosis: complexity, compounding, and augmentation. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2011; 17:1113-21. [PMID: 22040901 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617711001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Information processing speed is frequently cited as the primary cognitive domain impacted by multiple sclerosis (MS) and is usually evaluated with reaction time (RT) or rapid serial processing (RSP) measures. The present study compared the efficacy of RT and RSP measures to distinguish between patients with MS (N = 42) and healthy controls (N = 40). The RT measure was patterned after the Computerized Tests of Information Processing and included measures of simple, choice, and semantic RT. The RSP measures consisted of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Stroop Test. Substantial differences in information processing speed between patients and controls were found on all tests, with slightly larger effect sizes for RSP measures than RT measures and for the SDMT than the Stroop Test. Binary logistic regression analyses showed RSP measures performed better than RT measures at distinguishing patients from controls, and likewise, the SDMT score performed better than the scores derived from the Stroop Test. Results are discussed in the context of three effects associated with common measures of processing speed: complexity, compounding, and augmentation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A broad overview of cognition in multiple sclerosis (MS) is provided, taking account of its impact on the lives of patients, how cognitive impairment relates to disease and magnetic resonance variables, which cognitive domains are most vulnerable, the influence of depression and fatigue and what treatment options are available. RECENT FINDINGS The current focus is on cognitive reserve, which seems to offer some protection from the cognitive impact of MS. There is also considerable momentum with new MRI techniques and growing interest in PET studies. SUMMARY Cognition in MS is a priority for patients. Although understanding of the natural history of MS cognitive deficits is reasonably well understood, treatment options require further work before precise recommendations can be made on an individual basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn W Langdon
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Peter B, Matsushita M, Raskind WH. Global processing speed in children with low reading ability and in children and adults with typical reading ability: exploratory factor analytic models. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2011; 54:885-99. [PMID: 21081672 PMCID: PMC3874392 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2010/10-0135)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate processing speed as a latent dimension in children with dyslexia and children and adults with typical reading skills. METHOD Exploratory factor analysis (FA) was based on a sample of multigenerational families, each ascertained through a child with dyslexia. Eleven measures--6 of them timed--represented verbal and nonverbal processes, alphabet writing, and motor sequencing in the hand and oral motor system. FA was conducted in 4 cohorts (all children, a subset of children with low reading scores, a subset of children with typical reading scores, and adults with typical reading scores; total N = 829). RESULTS Processing speed formed the first factor in all cohorts. Both measures of motor sequencing speed loaded on the speed factor with the other timed variables. Children with poor reading scores showed lower speed factor scores than did typical peers. The speed factor was negatively correlated with age in the adults. CONCLUSIONS The speed dimension was observed independently of participant cohort, gender, and reading ability. Results are consistent with a unified theory of processing speed as a quadratic function of age in typical development and with slowed processing in poor readers.
Collapse
|
43
|
Denney DR, Gallagher KS, Lynch SG. Deficits in Processing Speed in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence from Explicit and Covert Measures. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 26:110-9. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acq104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
44
|
Lynch SG, Dickerson KJ, Denney DR. Evaluating Processing Speed in Multiple Sclerosis: A Comparison of Two Rapid Serial Processing Measures. Clin Neuropsychol 2010; 24:963-76. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2010.502128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon G. Lynch
- a Department of Neurology , University of Kansas Medical Center
| | | | - Douglas R. Denney
- b Department of Psychology , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Banati M, Sandor J, Mike A, Illes E, Bors L, Feldmann A, Herold R, Illes Z. Social cognition and Theory of Mind in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2009; 17:426-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
46
|
The impact of multiple sclerosis on patients' performance on the Stroop Test: processing speed versus interference. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2009; 15:451-8. [PMID: 19402931 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617709090730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients' performance on the Stroop Test have been attributed to problems with processing speed and selective attention. Data for 248 MS patients and 178 controls on all three trials of the Stroop were combined using various scoring formulas proposed for assessing processing speed, color difficulty, and interference. The greatest differences between patients and controls involved processing speed. Formulas purporting to measure interference yielded highly inconsistent results: Significant differences between groups were found on two of the most common measures but were in opposite directions. This contradiction stems from the failure of both measures to effectively control for processing speed when assessing interference. Three alternative measures, using relative, ratio, and residualized scores, offer much better indices of interference. When assessed with these alternative measures, interference increased with age, but no differences between patients and controls were found. Difficulties that MS patients have with the Stroop Test are confined to processing speed.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease of the CNS that is characterised by widespread lesions in the brain and spinal cord. MS results in motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, all of which can occur independently of one another. The common cognitive symptoms include deficits in complex attention, efficiency of information processing, executive functioning, processing speed, and long-term memory. These deficits detrimentally affect many aspects of daily life, such as the ability to run a household, participate fully in society, and maintain employment--factors that can all affect the overall quality of life of the patient. The increased use of neuroimaging techniques in patients with MS has advanced our understanding of structural and functional changes in the brain that are characteristic of this disease, although much remains to be learned. Moreover, examination of efforts to treat the cognitive deficits in MS is still in the early stages.
Collapse
|