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Wang S, Ruirui G, Li X, Wang F, Wu Z, Liu Y, Dong Y, Li B. The association between multiple trajectories of macronutrient intake and the risk of new-onset diabetes in Chinese adults. J Diabetes 2024; 16:e13555. [PMID: 38721664 PMCID: PMC11079633 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between macronutrient intake and diabetes is unclear. We used data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey to explore the association between macronutrient intake trajectories and diabetes risk in this study. METHODS We included 6755 participants who did not have diabetes at baseline and participated in at least three surveys. The energy supply ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat was further calculated from dietary data; different macronutrient trajectories were determined using multitrajectory models; and multiple Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between these trajectories and diabetes. RESULTS We found three multitrajectories: decreased low carbohydrate-increased moderate protein-increased high fat (DLC-IMP-IHF), decreased high carbohydrate-moderate protein-increased low fat (DHC-MP-ILF), and balanced-macronutrients (BM). Compared to the BM trajectory, DHC-MP-ILF trajectories were significantly associated with increased risk of diabetes (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.228, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.571-6.632), whereas no association between DLC-IMP-IHF trajectories and diabetes was found in our study (HR: 0.699, 95% CI: 0.351-1.392). CONCLUSIONS The downward trend of high carbohydrate and the increasing trend of low fat increased the risk of diabetes in Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Guo Ruirui
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Fengdan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zibo Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yibo Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Fan Y, Li Z, Shi J, Liu S, Li L, Ding L, Zhao J, Pan Y, Lei H, He T, Li W, Li X, Mi Y, Ma L. The association between prepregnancy dietary fatty acids and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:484-493. [PMID: 38194788 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epidemiologic studies have examined the association between dietary fatty acids and type 2 diabetes risk in general populations. Evidence regarding their associations with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate prepregnancy fatty acids intake in relation to GDM risk. METHODS 3,725 pregnant women from the Xi'an Birth Cohort Study who were free of previous GDM or pre-existing chronic diseases were included. Dietary intake of total fat and individual fatty acids (including saturated fatty acids [SFA], monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFA], polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA], and trans fatty acids) during the year preceding pregnancy was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire before 16 weeks of gestation. GDM was confirmed based on the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Log-binomial or modified Poisson regression models were applied to estimate the relative risks (RRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95%CIs) of GDM for fatty acids intake. Generalized linear regression was adopted for blood glucose levels with fatty acids intake. RESULTS 644 (17.3 %) incident GDM cases were confirmed in our study. Participants in the highest intake of total fat substituting for carbohydrates had a 33 % reduced risk of GDM than those in the lowest intake (RR:0.67; 95%CI:0.55,0.81). For individual fatty acids, only PUFA intake was associated with a lower risk of GDM, with RR comparing extreme tertiles of 0.61 (95%CI:0.49,0.76). Each 2 % increase in energy from total fat and PUFA replacing carbohydrates decreased the risk of GDM by 6 % (95%CI:3 %,9 %) and 15 % (95%CI:9 %,21 %), respectively. Similar inverse associations with intake of total fat and PUFA were observed for blood glucose levels. Further analyses of SFA substitution showed that replacement of 2 % energy from SFA with PUFA and MUFA was associated with 26 % (RR:0.74; 95%CI:0.62,0.88) and 30 % (RR:0.70; 95%CI:0.50, 0.98) decreased risk of GDM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Greater intake of total fat and PUFA before pregnancy was associated with lower risk of GDM when replacing carbohydrates. Substitution SFA with PUFA and MUFA was also inversely associated with GDM risk. These findings support the important role of optimal dietary fatty acids composition in the prevention of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Fan
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhaofang Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jia Shi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Sijiao Liu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lintian Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lu Ding
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yunjin Pan
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haoyuan Lei
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tongqiang He
- Department of Obstetrics, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weiling Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xuelan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yang Mi
- Department of Obstetrics, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Le Ma
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Liu Q, Wang L, Ma Y, Geng Y. Association between dietary knowledge and muscle mass in Chinese older adults: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075964. [PMID: 38056943 PMCID: PMC10711816 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to explore the possible association between dietary knowledge and muscle mass in a Chinese population aged 60 years and above. DESIGN Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. SETTING Data from the 2006 and 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were used for this study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1487 Chinese participants (44.38% males) aged 60 and above in the 2006 survey were included in the cross-sectional study. From the same study population, a total of 1023 participants (46.82% males) with normal muscle mass on the interview date of 2006 were included in the longitudinal study. OUTCOME MEASURES Dietary knowledge was accessed by a validated CHNS questionnaire. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was calculated using a validated anthropometric equation derived from a representative Chinese population. Based on the 2021 Chinese consensus on sarcopenia, the appendicular skeletal muscle mass was categorised as 'normal' or 'low' using sex-specific cut-off values. RESULTS The prevalence of low muscle mass in the study population was 31.20%, with a higher prevalence in females (34.22%). People with low muscle mass have a significantly lower dietary knowledge score (mean difference: -1.74, 95% CI -2.20 to -1.29). In the cross-sectional analysis, one score higher in dietary knowledge score was associated with a 4% lower odds of low muscle mass (OR=0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99). Compared with people in the lowest quartile of dietary knowledge, people in the highest quartile have a 44% lower odds of low muscle mass (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.91). In the longitudinal analysis, no significant association was found between dietary knowledge and low muscle mass, yet the upper 95% CI was close to one (HR=0.97, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.01). CONCLUSIONS Sufficient dietary knowledge may play a protective role in maintaining normal muscle mass in Chinese adults aged 60 or above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Liu
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luonan Wang
- Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuge Ma
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yunjie Geng
- Research Institute of Statistical Sciences, National Bureau of Statistics of China, Beijing, China
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Zhao L, Li M, Li Y, Hao H, Zhao S, Ma A, Cai J. Association between macronutrients intake and liver dysfunction among tuberculosis patients in rural China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2023; 32:444-459. [PMID: 38135480 PMCID: PMC11090397 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.202312_32(4).0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Macronutrients play a vital role in liver dysfunction and affect tuberculosis treatment and prognosis. However, macronutrients intake was inadequate for most tuberculosis patients. This study aimed to clarify the associations between macronutrients intake or energy percentages and liver dys-function in tuberculosis patients. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, 2581 active tu-berculosis patients aged ≥18 years were included from local tuberculosis clinics in Linyi, China. Macronutrients intake and energy percentages were assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls. The concentration of alanine transferase (ALT) or aspartate transaminase (AST) greater than 40 U/L was defined as liver dysfunction. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) was applied to determine the dose-response relationships. RESULTS Liver dysfunction was assessed for 14.6% (377 patients) of tuberculosis patients. Higher protein (Q2-Q4 in model 1 and 2) or fat intake and fat-to-energy percentages and lower carbohydrate-to-energy percentages (Q4 in model 1) were associated with a decreased incidence of liver dysfunction (p-trend < 0.05). Among those who were male, normal BMI, or consumed energy <1636 kcal/d, inverse associations between protein or fat intake and the risks of liver dysfunction in models were suggested (p-trend < 0.05). Moreover, J-shaped curves in RCS were evident in liver dysfunction tuberculosis patients with protein or fat intake (p-nonlinearity < 0.05). Conclu-sions: Significant linear associations between macronutrients intake or energy percentages and liver dysfunction prevalence were found only in male, normal BMI, or less energy intake patients. The shapes of liver dysfunction-morbidity differed significantly by macronutrients intake or energy percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haibo Hao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Shanliang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital East Branch, Linyi, China
| | - Aiguo Ma
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Yang S, Bhargava N, O'Connor A, Gibney ER, Feeney EL. Dairy consumption in adults in China: a systematic review. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:116. [PMID: 37865793 PMCID: PMC10590529 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on dairy consumption in China is lacking, however, some evidence has demonstrated significant changes in recent years, with a reported increase in the overall consumption of dairy products. To fully understand these changes, a systematic review was conducted to examine reported dairy intakes and differences between dairy consumption in different population groups in China. METHODS Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed databases were searched for studies published from January 2000 to September 2022. The China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) was used to retrieve papers available in Chinese. Papers reporting dietary intakes of dairy consumption across age, sex, and geographical location sub-groups were considered for inclusion in this review. In addition, this review includes the consumption of different types of dairy foods and changes in dairy intake over time. RESULTS Forty-seven papers were included in the present study. Twelve papers examined dairy consumption across age groups, showing that middle-aged adults tend to consume less dairy than other age groups. Studies comparing across location-specific cohorts reported dairy intakes among urban populations were higher than rural, as well as being higher than the national average. Coastal, Northern and Eastern residents consumed more dairy products than those living in other regions of China, and people in larger cities had higher reported intakes than smaller cities. Milk was the primary dairy product reportedly consumed by Chinese population, followed by yogurt. Concerning sex, evidence showed that females generally reported a greater daily dairy intake than males. CONCLUSIONS This review shows that, in China, several different population groups displayed significant differences in the amount and type of dairy consumed. When considering the incorporation of dairy products into healthy eating guidelines or positioning specific dairy products on the market, it is important to consider the differences and variations in consumption patterns within population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yang
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Nupur Bhargava
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aileen O'Connor
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Emma L Feeney
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
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Zeng W, Jin Q, Wang X. Reassessing the Effects of Dietary Fat on Cardiovascular Disease in China: A Review of the Last Three Decades. Nutrients 2023; 15:4214. [PMID: 37836498 PMCID: PMC10574257 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of global mortality, and is considered one of diseases with the most rapid growth rate in China. Numerous studies have indicated a closed relationship between an increased incidence of CVD and dietary factors. Dietary fat is one of the three primary nutrients of consumption; however, high fat dietary in causing CVD has been neglected in some official dietary guidelines. Our present review has analyzed the relationship between dietary fat consumption and CVD in China over the past 30 years (from 1990 to 2019). There is a significant correlation between CVD incidence and mortality for consumption of both vegetable oils and animal fats, per capita consumption, and the relative weight of dietary fat exceeding that of other food ingredients (e.g., salt, fruit, and marine food). For fatty acid species, the proportion of ω6 fatty acid consumption increased, causing a significant increase in the ratios of ω6/ω3 fatty acids, whereas the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid consumption decreased. Such changes have been considered a characteristic of dietary fat consumption in Chinese residents over the past 30 years, and are closely related to the incidence of CVD. Therefore, we suggest that the government should spread awareness regarding the consumption of dietary fat intake to prevent CVD and related health disorders. The public should be educated to avoid high fat diet and increase the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids and ω3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (Q.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, 1 Hexie Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (Q.J.)
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Jing H, Teng Y, Chacha S, Wang Z, Shi G, Mi B, Zhang B, Cai J, Liu Y, Li Q, Shen Y, Yang J, Kang Y, Li S, Liu D, Wang D, Yan H, Dang S. Is Increasing Diet Diversity of Animal-Source Foods Related to Better Health-Related Quality of Life among Chinese Men and Women? Nutrients 2023; 15:4183. [PMID: 37836467 PMCID: PMC10574670 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet plays a crucial role in regulating individuals' lifestyles and is closely related to health. The intake of animal-sourced foods (ASF) provides the human body with high-quality protein and various micronutrients. This study aimed to investigate whether the diversity of animal foods has a positive impact on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among residents. The data came from the Shaanxi baseline survey of the Northwest Chinese Regional Ethnic Cohort Study, which recruited more than 100 thousand participants aged 35 to 74 from five provinces between June 2018 and May 2019. A total of 39,997 participants in Shaanxi (mean age: 50 years; 64% women) were finally included in this current study. The animal source food diet diversity score (ASFDDS) was established based on the frequency of consuming pork, mutton, beef, poultry, seafood, eggs, pure milk, and yogurt. The physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS), ranging from 0 to 100 on the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12), were used to assess participants' HRQoL. Better PCS/MCS was defined as scores higher than the 90th percentile. The results showed that men had a higher intake of ASF and ASFDDS than women. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with those who never or rarely consumed animal foods, the likelihood of having better PCS and MCS increased by 16% (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.01-1.34) and 24% (OR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.03-1.448), respectively, in men with an ASFDDS ≥ 2. In women, a 34% increase (OR = l.34, 95%CI: 116-l.54) likelihood for better PCS was observed for an ASFDDS ≥ 2, but no association was observed for MCS. Increasing each specific animal source's food intake was associated with better PCS after adjusting for all covariates. However, for MCS, positive associations were only observed in seafood consumption among men and eggs among women. Restricted cubic splines showed a substantial dose-response association between intake frequency of animal-source foods and PCS, both in men and women. The study suggests that a diverse intake of animal-sourced foods can potentially improve the HRQoL of Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jing
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Yuxin Teng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Samuel Chacha
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Ziping Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Guoshuai Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Baibing Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Binyan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Jiaxin Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Yezhou Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Jiaomei Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Yijun Kang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Danmeng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Duolao Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L7 8XZ, UK;
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Shaonong Dang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.J.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (G.S.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
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Shim JE, Lee Y, Song S. Trends in dietary intake and food sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids among Korean adults between 2007 and 2018. Epidemiol Health 2023; 45:e2023069. [PMID: 37536717 PMCID: PMC10667575 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2023069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined trends in the dietary intake and food sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in Korean adults from 2007 to 2018. METHODS In total, 46,307 adults (aged 19-64 years) were selected from the 2007-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained using 24-hour dietary recall. Intake levels and food sources of LC-PUFAs, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA), were evaluated across the survey years and assessed based on compliance with dietary recommendations over the 2007-2018 period. Linear trends in LC-PUFAs intake levels over time were examined through multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS From 2007 to 2018, ALA and LA consumption increased from 1.1 g (0.5% of energy) to 1.4 g (0.6% of energy) and from 8.6 g (3.9% of energy) to 10.0 g (4.5% of energy), respectively. EPA intake decreased from 0.14 g to 0.12 g, and EPA+DHA intake showed a decreasing trend. The proportion of individuals who did not meet the recommended intake of EPA+DHA (250 mg/day) increased (64.4 to 68.4%). Regarding changes in food sources of ALA and LA, the contributions from mayonnaise, eggs, and bread increased, while those from plant food sources decreased. Among food sources of EPA and DHA, anchovy, saury, and Atka mackerel showed lower contributions over time. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that strategies to encourage the consumption of EPA and DHA from healthy food sources are necessary to improve cardiovascular health in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Shim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Youngmi Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - SuJin Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea
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Chen W, Ao Y, Lan X, Tong W, Liu X, Zhang X, Ye Q, Li Y, Liu L, Ye H, Zhuang P, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Jiao J. Associations of specific dietary unsaturated fatty acids with risk of overweight/obesity: population-based cohort study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1150709. [PMID: 37360299 PMCID: PMC10285060 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1150709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of specific unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) in the development of overweight/obesity remains unclear in the general population. Here, we aimed to explore the associations of different types of unsaturated FAs with overweight/obesity risk among the Chinese population. Methods Eight thousand seven hundred forty-two subjects free of overweight/obesity at entry in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were followed up until 2015. Dietary unsaturated FAs were assessed by 3-day 24-h recalls with a weighing method in each wave. Cox regression models were used to obtain the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overweight/obesity risk associated with unsaturated FAs. Results During a median follow-up of 7 years, 2,753 subjects (1,350 males and 1,403 females) developed overweight/obesity. Consuming more monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) was associated with a lower risk of overweight/obesity (highest vs. lowest quartile: HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67-0.96; P-trend = 0.010). Similar inverse associations were observed for plant-MUFAs (HRQ4vsQ1 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73-0.94; P-trend = 0.003) and animal-MUFAs (HRQ4vsQ1 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64-0.94; P-trend = 0.004), total dietary oleic acid (OA) (HRQ4vsQ1 0.66, 95% CI: 0.55-0.79; P-trend <0.001), plant-OA (HRQ4vsQ1 0.73, 95% CI: 0.64-0.83; P-trend <0.001) and animal-OA (HRQ4vsQ1 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55-0.84; P-trend <0.001). In addition, the intakes of n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) (HRQ4vsQ1 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09-1.42; P-trend = 0.017) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (HRQ4vsQ1 1.22, 95% CI: 1.07-1.39; P-trend = 0.039) but not marine n-3 PUFAs were positively linked to overweight/obesity risk. Consumption of n-6 PUFAs (HRQ4vsQ1 1.13, 95% CI: 0.99-1.28; P-trend = 0.014) and linoleic acid (LA) (HRQ4vsQ1 1.11, 95% CI: 0.98-1.26; P-trend = 0.020) had marginal and positive relationships with the incidence of overweight/obesity. N-6/n-3 PUFA ratio ranging from 5.7 to 12.6 was related to higher risk of overweight/obesity. Conclusion Higher dietary intake of MUFAs was associated with lower overweight/obesity risk, which was mainly driven by dietary OA from either plant or animal sources. Intakes of ALA, n-6 PUFAs and LA were related to higher risk of overweight/obesity. These results support consuming more MUFAs for maintaining a healthy body weight among the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Chen
- Lanxi Red Cross Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Ao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaochun Lan
- Lanxi People’s Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenzhou Tong
- Lanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Lanxi People’s Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- Lanxi Red Cross Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linfen Liu
- Lanxi People’s Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Ye
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weifang Zheng
- Lanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Wu Q, Shi D, Dong T, Zhang Z, Ou Q, Fang Y, Zhang C. Serum Saturated Fatty Acids including Very Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids and Colorectal Cancer Risk among Chinese Population. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081917. [PMID: 37111137 PMCID: PMC10141165 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) including very long-chain SFAs (VLCSFAs) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk has not been clearly established. To investigate the association between serum SFAs and CRC risk in Chinese population, 680 CRC cases and 680 sex and age-matched (5-year interval) controls were recruited in our study. Serum levels of SFAs were detected by gas chromatography. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between serum SFAs and CRC risk. Results showed that total SFAs were positively associated with the risk of CRC (adjusted OR quartile 4 vs. 1 = 2.64, 95%CI: 1.47-4.74). However, VLCSFAs were inversely associated with CRC risk (adjusted OR quartile 4 vs. 1 = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.36-0.72). Specifically, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, heptadecanoic acid, and arachidic acid were positively associated with CRC risk, while behenic acid and lignoceric acid were inversely associated with CRC risk. This study indicates that higher levels of total serum SFAs and lower levels of serum VLCSFAs were associated with an increased risk of CRC in Chinese population. To reduce the risk of CRC, we recommend reducing the intake of foods containing palmitic acid and heptadecanoic acid such as animal products and dairy products, and moderately increasing the intake of foods containing VLCSFAs such as peanuts and canola oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dandan Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ting Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhuolin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yujing Fang
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Zhang Q, Xu Q, Tian H, Chu Y, Qiu J, Sun M. Serum and diet long-chain omega-3 fatty acid nutritional status in Chinese elite athletes. Lipids 2023; 58:33-40. [PMID: 36271748 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are essential for improving the health and performance of athletes. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of omega-3 PUFAs in Chinese elite athletes by both dietary intake analysis and serum biomarker detection. A cross-sectional analysis of data from 54 elite athletes (24 men and 30 women) from Shanghai professional sports teams was conducted. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was employed to analyze dietary intake, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was conducted to measure serum biomarkers of PUFAs. Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationships of PUFA biomarkers with diet, inflammation and oxidative stress. The results showed that the median intake of EPA + DHA among athletes was 132 mg/d, which is lower than the minimum value recommended by dietary guidelines (250 mg/d). The average serum EPA + DHA was 4.0 ± 1.1%, and the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 was 7.7 ± 1.7. Most (96.3%) of the athletes were below the targeted value of serum EPA + DHA, which is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular risk. Correlation analysis showed that the serum EPA + DHA was positively correlated with the long-term dietary intake of EPA + DHA and negatively correlated with inflammatory markers. In conclusion, the serum circulating EPA + DHA and omega-6/omega-3 ratio are effective biomarkers reflecting the nutritional status of PUFAs in athletes. Omega-3 PUFAs have a potential effect on inhibiting inflammatory markers. Hence, it is necessary for Chinese athletes to improve their suboptimal nutritional status of PUFAs through dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Zhang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Huajun Tian
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Yudan Chu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Mengwei Sun
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, China
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12
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Chen Y, Kang M, Kim H, Xu W, Lee JE. Associations of dietary patterns with obesity and weight change for adults aged 18-65 years: Evidence from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279625. [PMID: 36696382 PMCID: PMC9876275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has become a significant public health problem within China. By observing dietary patterns, an individual's actual dietary habit of nutrients or foods in combination can be identified. We aimed to examine dietary patterns in relation to the risk of obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2) and weight change (average weight change per five years) within a Chinese cohort. METHODS We analyzed the data from 6,677 adults aged 18-65 years in the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1997-2015. Westernized, traditional Chinese, and high-starch plant-based dietary patterns were identified by principal components analysis. We estimated relative risks (RRs) and least-squares means (LS-means) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Cox proportional hazards models and the generalized linear models, respectively. RESULTS High adherence to the Westernized dietary pattern was associated with increased risks of obesity and weight gain. Comparing top with bottom quintiles, RR (95% CI) for obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) was 1.57 (1.26-1.95; P for trend < 0.001). LS-means of weight change (kg/5 years) were 1.73 (0.98-2.47) and 1.13 (0.39-1.87; P for trend = 0.036) in the top and bottom quintiles, respectively. Increased weight gain among those following the Westernized dietary pattern was stronger in the Southern region than the Northern region. There was a slight hint of an inverse association between the traditional Chinese dietary pattern and obesity. We did not find any significant association for the high-starch plant-based dietary pattern. CONCLUSIONS The Westernized dietary pattern increased the risk of obesity among Chinese adults. Weight gain associated with Western dietary pattern was more pronounced in the Southern region than in the Northern region. Our study will provide helpful data in developing dietary guidelines for the prevention of obesity specific to different regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minji Kang
- BK21 FOUR Education and Research Team for Sustainable Food and Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wanghong Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Dietary Fat Intake among Chinese Adults and Their Relationships with Blood Lipids: Findings from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance and Comparison with the PURE Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245262. [PMID: 36558420 PMCID: PMC9788542 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat intake in the Chinese population has increased. The PURE (prospective urban rural epidemiology) study concluded the potential advantage of total fat and saturated fats (SFA) over carbohydrates on blood lipids with the inaccurate assessment of dietary fats. We investigated the dietary fat profile among 48,315 participants (aged 30−70 years, national representative) from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015−2017), determined the relationship of various fats with blood lipid biomarkers in the selected 39,115 participants, and compared the results with the PURE study. Dietary fat intake was calculated by using 3 days of 24 h recalls and food inventory. Serum lipid biomarkers were assessed at morning fasting state by health professionals. Plant fats (21.5% of total energy (TE)) dominated in total fat intake (69.5 g/day, 35.6% TE), with monounsaturated fats (MUFA) in the largest (13.8% TE) portion and plant oils as the major source (43.7%). Two thirds of the population consumed more than 30% TE from dietary fats and nearly half more than 35%, while 26.4% of them exceeded 10% TE from SFA. Total fat was positively associated with total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), but also high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and negatively with triglyceride (TG)-to-HDL-c ratio (TGHDL) (all p-trend < 0.05). Replacing total fat with carbohydrate yielded adverse changes in most biomarkers (higher LDL-c, TG, and TGHDL, lower HDL-c, all p < 0.05) when total fat was low (<34.9% TE). Regardless of fat intake level, replacing plant fat or polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) with carbohydrate yielded the most adverse changes (higher TC, LDL-c, TG, TC-to-HDL-c ratio (TCHDL), and TGHDL, but lower HDL-c, all p < 0.01), while replacing animal fat/SFA with plant fat/PUFA yielded the most favorable changes (lower all biomarkers, all p < 0.01). The results suggested a less harmful effect of carbohydrate on blood lipids when total fat was high, and more beneficial effect of unsaturated fats, than the PURE. In conclusion, dietary fat intake in Chinese adults had reached quite a high level, but with a different profile from Western populations. Replacement of SFA (animal fat) with PUFA (plant fat) could most effectively improve blood lipids, while replacement with carbohydrate could slightly benefit only when total fat was high. The present results may be more applicable to the Chinese population than the PURE study.
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Association between Long-Term Changes in Dietary Percentage of Energy from Fat and Obesity: Evidence from over 20 Years of Longitudinal Data. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163373. [PMID: 36014882 PMCID: PMC9414001 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study assessed the associations between long-term trajectories of percentage of energy from fat (PEF) and obesity among Chinese adults. Methods: Longitudinal data collected by the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1991 to 2015 were analyzed. A body mass index ≥28.0 was defined as general obesity. Participants’ baseline PEF levels were categorized as lower than the recommendation of the Chinese Dietary Guideline (<20%), meeting the recommendation (20−30%), and higher than the recommendation (>30%). Patterns of PEF trajectories were identified by latent class trajectory analysis for overall participants and participants in different baseline PEF groups, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression models with shared frailty were used to estimate associations between PEF and obesity. Results: Data on 13,025 participants with 72,191 visits were analyzed. Four patterns of PEF trajectory were identified for overall participants and participants in three different baseline PEF groups, respectively. Among overall participants, compared with “Baseline Low then Increase Pattern” (from 12% to 20%), participants with “Baseline Normal-Low then Increase-to-High Pattern” (from 20% to 32%) had a higher hazard of obesity (hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confident interval (CI) at 1.18 (1.01−1.37)). Compared with the “Stable Pattern” group (stable at around 18% and 22%, respectively), participants with “Sudden-Increase Pattern” (from 18% to 30%) in the baseline group whose PEF levels were lower than the recommendation and those with “Sudden-Increase then Decrease Pattern” (rapidly increased from 25% to 40%, and then decreased) in the baseline group who met the recommendation had higher hazards of obesity (HRs and 95% CIs being 1.65 (1.13−2.41) and 1.59 (1.03−2.46), respectively). Conclusions: Adults with a trajectory that involved a sudden increase to a high-level PEF had a higher risk of general obesity. People should avoid increasing PEF suddenly.
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Guo XF, Wang C, Yang T, Ma WJ, Zhai J, Zhao T, Xu TC, Li J, Liu H, Sinclair AJ, Li D. Concentrated fish oil ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating FGF21-adiponectin axis. Nutrition 2022; 99-100:111659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tang YX, Zhao W, Li J, Xie P, Wang S, Yan L, Xing X, Lu J, Tse LA, Wang HHX, Liu X. Dietary intake of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids is related to the reduced risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:25. [PMID: 35220970 PMCID: PMC8883658 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship of consumption of dietary fat and fatty acids with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) risk remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship of dietary fat and fatty acids intake with ESCC risk. Methods This case-control study included 879 incident cases and 892 community-based controls recruited from Southwest China. A food frequency questionnaire was adopted to collect information about dietary information, and intake of fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and total fatty acid (TFA) was calculated. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using the logistic regression model. Results When comparing the highest with lowest intake quintiles, MUFA (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.21–0.51), PUFA (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.20–0.51), and TFA (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.28–0.70) were related to a reduced risk of ESCC after adjusting for confounders; for non-drinkers rather than drinkers, the intake of SFA was significantly related to a 61% (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19–0.81) reduced risk of ESCC when comparing the highest with the lowest intake quintiles. Dietary fat was not related to the risk of ESCC. Conclusions This study suggested that the more intake of MUFA and PUFA, the lower risk of ESCC, whereas the protective effect of TFA was only observed among non-drinkers. Strategic nutritional programs should consider food rich in unsaturated fatty acids to mitigate the occurrence of ESCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01624-y.
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Song S, Shim JE. Food behaviors accounting for the recent trends in dietary fatty acid profiles among Korean adults. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:405-417. [PMID: 35663438 PMCID: PMC9149317 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This study examined the changes in food behaviors of dietary fatty acids over 2007–2018 among Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study used data from the 4th (2007–2009), 5th (2010–2012), 6th (2013–2015), and 7th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. A total of 46,307 adults aged 19–64 yrs were selected and dietary data were obtained from a single 24-h recall. In the 4th and 7th data, the major food sources for each fatty acid based on the contributing percentage of the food item were compared. The consumption trends in the major food sources were presented as grams per day over 2007–2018 and compared across the survey periods using the multiple regression model. RESULTS From 2007 to 2018, for total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid, the contribution of animal food sources, including beef, chicken, and eggs increased but plant food sources (e.g., tofu, soybean, and plant oil) decreased. As polyunsaturated fatty acid sources, mayonnaise, eggs, and bread showed higher contributions, whereas soybean and tofu showed lower contributions in the 7th data compared to the 4th data. For n-3 fatty acids, the contribution of fish decreased between the 4th and 7th data. Over 12 yrs, the significant increases in the absolute amount of consumption from animal sources were observed. In contrast, decreases in the consumption from plant sources and fish were seen across the survey periods. CONCLUSIONS In Korean adults, increases in the intake of dietary fatty acids along with changes in the food behaviors during 2007–2018 have evoked great concern for SFA intake, which is a cardiovascular disease risk factor. Healthy food sources of dietary fatty acids should be emphasized in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuJin Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Jae Eun Shim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea
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Nutrition transition and chronic diseases in China (1990-2019): industrially processed and animal calories rather than nutrients and total calories as potential determinants of the health impact. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:5561-5575. [PMID: 34376266 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021003311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To extend analyses of nutrition transition in developed countries to China within the framework of the 3Vs rule considering degree of processing starting with plant/animal calorie ratio (Rule 1), industrially processed foods (IPFs, Rule 2), and food diversity through nutrient intakes (Rule 3). DESIGN Total and main food group (n 13) calorie intakes, percentages of animal and IPF calories, adequacy of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and prevalence of chronic diseases were retrieved from scientific literature and international databases. SETTING China, 1990–2019. PARTICIPANTS Overall population. RESULTS The total calorie intake decreased by 9 % over 30 years while the prevalence of chronic diseases substantially increased. Percentages of IPFs (Rule 1) and animal (Rule 2) calorie intake shifted from 9 to 30 % and 2 to 30 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the overall DRI adequacy (Rule 3) did not improve, with calcium and retinol deficiencies in 2019, and, although remaining above DRI, iron, copper, magnesium, and vitamins E, C and B1–B9 intakes regularly decreased. Notably, the prevalence of obesity increased five-fold, paralleling the exponential increase in IPF calorie intake. Both sources of calories were highly correlated with prevalence of main chronic diseases. CONCLUSIONS Despite a slight decreased of total calorie consumption and small variations of adequacy with DRI, the farther the Chinese population moved away from the 3Vs rule during the 1990–2019 period, the more the prevalence of chronic diseases increased. Further analyses on foods’ transitions will be better assessed when advocating sources/quality of calories (Rules 1/2), rather than only nutrient composition (Rule 3).
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The Impact of Lifestyle Intervention on Dietary Quality among Rural Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-A Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082642. [PMID: 34444802 PMCID: PMC8402030 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy diet is essential to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention for women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). To evaluate the effect of a lifestyle intervention program on diet quality for rural women who were previously diagnosed with GDM, we conducted a randomized controlled study in two counties located in south-central China. A total of 404 eligible women were allocated into an intervention group and control group. Participants in the intervention group received 6-month lifestyle intervention including six group seminars and eight telephone consultations. Dietary data were collected at baseline and 18 months via a 24 h dietary recall, and dietary quality was measured by two indicators, Chinese Healthy Eating Score (CHEI) and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W). Baseline CHEI scores (54.4 vs. 53.5, p = 0.305) and the proportions of participants who met MDD-W (73.8% vs. 74.5%, p = 0.904) were comparable between the two groups. The intervention group achieved a higher CHEI score (62.2 vs. 58.9, p = 0.001) and higher MDD-W proportion (90.6% vs. 81.2%, p = 0.023) at 18 months. Lifestyle intervention was associated with the change of CHEI (p = 0.049) but not with MDD-W (p = 0.212). In conclusion, compared with usual care, lifestyle intervention resulted in greater improvement of dietary quality among rural women with previous GDM.
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20
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Liu Q. Impact of different dietary fat sources on blood pressure in Chinese adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247116. [PMID: 33684108 PMCID: PMC7939266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between the source of dietary fat and blood pressure for Chinese people aged between 30-59 with the aim of elucidating methods of hypertension prevention. DESIGN Prospective cohort study using national survey data. PARTICIPANTS 1,104 adults aged between 30-59 with normal blood pressures in 2006 were included in the study. Adults with history of prehypertension, hypertension, or were taking hypertension drugs in 2006 were excluded. Participants with implausibly high or low daily total energy intakes (<600 kcal/d or >5000 kcal/d) were excluded. Pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and people with motor impairment were excluded. RESULTS People with abnormal blood pressure ingested a lower percent of dietary fat taken from seafood (P < 0.001) and a higher percent of dietary fat taken from fast food (P < 0.001). Dietary fat obtained from seafood and dairy products can be protective against abnormal blood pressure with a RR = 0.01 (95% CI: 0.001 to 0.25; P = 0.004) for seafood, and RR = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.44; P = 0.001) for egg, milk, and dairy products. CONCLUSION Seafood, egg, milk, and dairy products can be recommended as sources of dietary fat to reduce the incidence of hypertension and prehypertension while fast food should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Liu
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Ke X, Hua X, Sun JC, Zheng RC, Zheng YG. Synergetic degradation of waste oil by constructed bacterial consortium for rapid in-situ reduction of kitchen waste. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 131:412-419. [PMID: 33478805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional composting of kitchen waste (KW) is cost- and time-intensive, requiring procedures of collection, transport and composing. Consequently, the direct in-situ reduction of KW via treatment at the point of collection is gaining increasing attention. However, high oil content of KW causes separation and degradation issues due to its low bioavailability and the hydrophobicity, and therefore greatly limiting the direct application of in-situ methods for mass reduction. To overcome this, a bacterial consortium of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was constructed, which exhibited a synergistically improved oil degrading ability for lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis, fatty acids β-oxidation, biosurfactant production and surface tension reduction, and the degradation ratio reached 58.96% within 48 h when the initial KW oil concentration was 8.0%. The in-situ aerobic digestion of KW was further performed in a 20-L stirred-tank reactor, the content of KW oil (34.72 ± 2.05% of total solids, w/w) was rapidly decreased with a simultaneous increase in both lipase activity and in microbial cell numbers, and the degradation ratio reached 57.38%. The synergetic effect of the two strains including B. amyloliquefaciens and P. putida promoted the decomposition process of KW oil, which also paved the way for an efficient degradation strategy to support the application potential of in-situ microbial reduction of KW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ke
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xia Hua
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jia-Cheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ren-Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
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22
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Liu R, Mi B, Zhao Y, Li Q, Dang S, Yan H. Gender-specific association between carbohydrate consumption and blood pressure in Chinese adults. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2021; 4:80-89. [PMID: 34308115 PMCID: PMC8258083 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between dietary carbohydrate consumption and blood pressure (BP) is controversial. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible gender-specific association of carbohydrate across the whole BP distribution. Method Cross-sectional survey including 2241 rural adults was conducted in northwestern China in 2010. BP was measured by trained medical personnel. Dietary information was collected by semiquantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire. Multivariate quantile regression model was used to estimate the association between total carbohydrates consumption and systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) at different quantiles. Gender-specific β coefficient and its 95% CI was calculated. Results The average carbohydrate intake was 267.4 (SD 112.0) g/day in males and 204.9 (SD 90.7) g/day in females, with only 10.6% of males and 6.5% females consumed at least 65% of total energy from carbohydrates. And more than 80% carbohydrates were derived from refined grains. In females, increased total carbohydrates intake was associated with adverse SBP and DBP. An additional 50 g carbohydrates per day was positively associated with SBP at low and high quantiles (10th-20th and 60th-80th) and with DBP almost across whole distribution (30th-90th), after adjusting for age, fortune index, family history of hypertension, body mass index, physical activity level, alcohol intake and smoke, energy, two nutrient principal components, protein and sodium intake. Both relatively low and high carbohydrate intake were associated with increased SBP, with minimum level observed at 130-150 g carbohydrate intake per day from restricted cubic splines. However, no significant associations were observed in males. Conclusions Higher total carbohydrates consumption might have an adverse impact on both SBP and DBP in Chinese females but not males. Additionally, the positive association varies across distribution of BP quantiles. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and clarify the causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruru Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Disinfection, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Baibing Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaling Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaonong Dang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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23
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Yan S, Liu X, Li X, Li X, Wang J, Wen L. Critique of the Chinese dietary guidelines on the consumption of cooking oils. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:583-585. [PMID: 33473319 PMCID: PMC7802536 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Clinical ToxicologyDepartment of Clinical Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
- Laboratory of Molecular NutritionCollege of Food Science and EngineeringCentral South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
| | - Xiangyan Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Clinical ToxicologyDepartment of Clinical Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
| | - Xin Li
- Laboratory of Animal Clinical ToxicologyDepartment of Clinical Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Laboratory of Animal Clinical ToxicologyDepartment of Clinical Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
| | - Ji Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Clinical ToxicologyDepartment of Clinical Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
| | - Lixin Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Clinical ToxicologyDepartment of Clinical Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production SafetyChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
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24
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Miao Z, Lin JS, Mao Y, Chen GD, Zeng FF, Dong HL, Jiang Z, Wang J, Xiao C, Shuai M, Gou W, Fu Y, Imamura F, Chen YM, Zheng JS. Erythrocyte n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Gut Microbiota, and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:2435-2443. [PMID: 32723842 PMCID: PMC7510039 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of erythrocyte n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes and explore the potential role of gut microbiota in the association. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated 2,731 participants without type 2 diabetes recruited between 2008 and 2013 in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (Guangzhou, China). Case subjects with type 2 diabetes were identified with clinical and biochemical information collected at follow-up visits. Using stool samples collected during the follow-up in the subset (n = 1,591), 16S rRNA profiling was conducted. Using multivariable-adjusted Poisson or linear regression, we examined associations of erythrocyte n-6 PUFA biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes and diversity and composition of gut microbiota. RESULTS Over 6.2 years of follow-up, 276 case subjects with type 2 diabetes were identified (risk 0.10). Higher levels of erythrocyte γ-linolenic acid (GLA), but not linoleic or arachidonic acid, were associated with higher type 2 diabetes incidence. Comparing the top to the bottom quartile groups of GLA levels, relative risk was 1.72 (95% CI 1.21, 2.44) adjusted for potential confounders. Baseline GLA was inversely associated with gut microbial richness and diversity (α-diversity, both P < 0.05) during follow-up and significantly associated with microbiota β-diversity (P = 0.002). α-Diversity acted as a potential mediator in the association between GLA and type 2 diabetes (P < 0.05). Seven genera (Butyrivibrio, Blautia, Oscillospira, Odoribacter, S24-7 other, Rikenellaceae other, and Clostridiales other) were enriched in quartile 1 of GLA and in participants without type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Relative concentrations of erythrocyte GLA were positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population and also with gut microbial profiles. These results highlight that gut microbiota may play an important role linking n-6 PUFA metabolism and type 2 diabetes etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelei Miao
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Geng-Dong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Fang Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Li Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengliang Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congmei Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menglei Shuai
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanglong Gou
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Yu-Ming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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25
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Yang GY, Wu T, Huang SY, Huang BX, Wang HL, Lan QY, Li CL, Zhu HL, Fang AP. No effect of 6-month supplementation with 300 mg/d docosahexaenoic acid on executive functions among healthy school-aged children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1985-1997. [PMID: 32979077 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays an essential role in brain, and its status is dependent on dietary intakes. School-aged children in rural China, who consume diets low in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, may benefit from DHA supplementation. Therefore, this trial was performed to examine the effect of 6-month DHA supplementation on executive functions (EFs) among healthy school-aged children in rural China. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 106 primary school children aged 7-12 years in rural China. Participants were randomized to receive either 300 mg/d DHA or placebo for 6 months. EFs including working memory and cognitive flexibility were evaluated at baseline, at 3 months and at 6 months, using Digit Span Backwards and Wisconsin card sorting test, respectively. Socio-demographic data were collected at baseline, and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and serum neurotransmitters were measured at baseline and after 6-month intervention. RESULTS Ninety-four children (88.7%) completed the study according to the protocol. Changes in erythrocyte membrane fatty acids indicated good compliance of the participants. There was no significant intervention effect on serum neurotransmitters. In two-factor ANCOVA, both groups showed a significant improvement in the Digit Span Backwards and the Wisconsin card sorting test from baseline to endpoint. However, no significant intervention effect was found on any EF scores. Linear regression analysis suggested no significant association between changes in erythrocyte DHA level with changes in any EF scores. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with 300 mg/d DHA for 6 months had no benefit on EFs including working memory and cognitive flexibility among healthy school-aged children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02308930 on December 5, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Si-Yu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bi-Xia Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hai-Lin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiu-Ye Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chun-Lei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Ai-Ping Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Diet Quality among Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Areas of Hunan Province. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165942. [PMID: 32824308 PMCID: PMC7460136 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diet quality is critical for postpartum type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) progression among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) is a dietary index developed according to the latest Chinese Dietary Guidelines (CDG-2016). Our study aimed to assess the diet quality of women with previous GDM in rural areas of Hunan Province by applying the CHEI. Women with previous GDM in two counties of Hunan were enrolled. Their food intake data, which were used to calculate their CHEI scores, were collected by a 24-h dietary recall. The association of CHEI with sociodemographic and anthropometric variables was evaluated via linear regression models. 404 women were included in the final analysis. The mean score of the total CHEI was 54.9 (SD 7.9). The components of whole grains and mixed beans, seeds and nuts, tubers, dairy, and poultry scored extremely low. Ethnic minority groups and women younger than 30 years had lower CHEI scores. Our study observed an unsatisfactory diet quality among women with previous GDM in rural areas of Hunan Province. Future dietary education focusing on the CDG is needed to improve their diet quality and help in T2DM prevention among this population, especially young and ethnic minority women.
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Sun L, Zong G, Li H, Lin X. Fatty acids and cardiometabolic health: a review of studies in Chinese populations. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:253-266. [PMID: 32801302 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rapid nutrition transition from plant-based traditional diet to westernized diet has led to dramatically heightening burdens of cardiometabolic diseases in China in past decades. Recently, national surveys reported that poor dietary quality including low marine n-3 fatty acids and high intakes of red meat and processed meat was associated with considerably elevated cardiometabolic deaths. Previous studies mainly from Western population-based cohorts have indicated that not only fat quantity but also quality linked with different cardiometabolic outcomes. Compared with Western peoples, Asian peoples, including Chinese, are known to have different dietary patterns and lifestyle, as well as genetic heterogeneities, which may modify fatty acid metabolism and disease susceptibility in certain degree. To date, there were limited prospective studies investigating the relationships between fatty acids and cardiometabolic disease outcomes in Chinese, and most existing studies were cross-sectional nature and within one or two region(s). Notably, shifting dietary patterns could change not only amount, types, and ratio of fatty acids accounting for overall energy intake, but also their food sources and ratio to other macronutrients. Moreover, large geographic and urban-rural variations in prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases among Chinese may also reflect the effects of socioeconomic development and local diets on health status. Therefore, current review will summarize available literatures with more focus on the Chinese-based studies which may extend current knowledge about the roles of fatty acids in pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases for Asian populations and also provide useful information for trans-ethnic comparisons with other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Geng Zong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huaixing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Chen CG, Wang P, Zhang ZQ, Ye YB, Zhuo SY, Zhou Q, Chen YM, Su YX, Zhang B. Effects of plant oils with different fatty acid composition on cardiovascular risk factors in moderately hypercholesteremic Chinese adults: a randomized, double-blinded, parallel-designed trial. Food Funct 2020; 11:7164-7174. [PMID: 32756661 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00875c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plant oil for cooking typically provides 40% to 50% of dietary fat, 65% of linoleic acid, 44% of α-linolenic acid and 41% of oleic acid in the Chinese diet. However, the comparative effects of fatty acids derived from plant oil on cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese are still inconclusive. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate whether cardiovascular risk factors are altered depending on various types of plant oils such as peanut oil rich in oleic acid, corn oil rich in linoleic acid, and blend oil fortified by α-linolenic acid. DESIGN A randomized, double-blinded, parallel-designed trial. SETTING The First and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. PARTICIPANTS A total of 251 volunteers with fasting blood total cholesterol between 5.13 and 8.00 mmol L-1 were enrolled. INTERVENTION Volunteers received peanut oil, corn oil or blend oil to use for cooking for one year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition, fasting plasma lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were measured before, during and after the intervention. The level of α-linolenic acid in erythrocyte membranes was significantly increased in the blend oil group after the intervention (P < 0.001). The level of other fatty acids did not show any statistically significant differences between the three groups. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of fasting plasma lipids, hsCRP, glucose, and insulin among the three groups using different types of plant oils. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that although ingesting cooking oil with different fatty acid composition for one year could change erythrocyte membrane fatty acid compositions, it did not significantly modify cardiovascular risk factors in moderately hypercholesteremic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Gang Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510012, P. R. China
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Wali JA, Raubenheimer D, Senior AM, Le Couteur DG, Simpson SJ. Cardio-metabolic consequences of dietary carbohydrates: reconciling contradictions using nutritional geometry. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:386-401. [PMID: 32386289 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the major source of dietary energy, but their role in health and disease remains controversial. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that the increased consumption of carbohydrates is associated with obesity and increased risk of mortality and dietary trials show that carbohydrate restriction leads to weight loss and improved glycaemic status in obese and diabetic subjects. In contrast, the diets of populations with long and healthy lifespans (e.g. traditional Okinawans from Japan) are high in carbohydrate and low in protein, and several clinical and preclinical studies have linked low-carbohydrate-high-protein diets with increased mortality risk. In this paper we attempt to reconcile these contradictory findings by moving beyond traditional single-nutrient analyses to consider the interactions between nutrients on health outcomes. We do so using the Geometric Framework (GF), a nutritional modelling platform that explicitly considers the main and interactive effects of multiple nutrients on phenotypic characteristics. Analysis of human data by GF shows that weight loss and improved cardio-metabolic outcomes under carbohydrate restriction derive at least in part from reduced caloric intake due to the concomitantly increased proportion of protein in the diet. This is because, as in many animals, a specific appetite for protein is a major driver of food intake in humans. Conversely, dilution of protein in the diet leverages excess food intake through compensatory feeding for protein ('protein leverage'). When protein is diluted in the diet by readily digestible carbohydrates and fats, as is the case in modern ultra-processed foods, protein leverage results in excess calorie intake, leading to rising levels of obesity and metabolic disease. However, when protein is diluted in the diet by increased quantities of less readily digestible forms of carbohydrate and fibre, energy balance is maintained and health benefits accrue, especially during middle age and early late-life. We argue that other controversies in carbohydrate research can be resolved using the GF methodology in dietary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran A Wali
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Concord, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Jiang YW, Sheng LT, Pan XF, Feng L, Yuan JM, Pan A, Koh WP. Midlife Dietary Intakes of Monounsaturated Acids, n-6 Polyunsaturated Acids, and Plant-Based Fat Are Inversely Associated with Risk of Cognitive Impairment in Older Singapore Chinese Adults. J Nutr 2020; 150:901-909. [PMID: 31875477 PMCID: PMC7138666 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown inconsistent results for the relation between dietary fat intake and cognitive function in the elderly. Furthermore, prospective studies on this topic among the Chinese population are scarce. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the association between midlife dietary fat intake and risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. METHODS Prospective cohort analysis was conducted among 16,736 participants from the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Dietary information was assessed by a validated FFQ at baseline (1993-1998) when participants aged 45-74 y (mean: 53.5; SD: 6.22). Cognitive impairment was identified using the Singapore modified Mini-Mental State Examination at the third follow-up visit (2014-2016) when participants aged 61-96 y (mean: 73.2; SD: 6.41). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate ORs and 95% CIs. RESULTS Cognitive impairment was presented in 2397 participants. When substituted for total carbohydrate, dietary fat intake was inversely related to cognitive impairment (OR comparing extreme quartiles: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.94; P-trend = 0.003). The OR (95% CI) comparing extreme quartiles of specific dietary fats was 1.08 (0.89, 1.31; P-trend = 0.51) for SFAs, 0.80 (0.64, 0.99; P-trend = 0.02) for MUFAs, 0.84 (0.72, 0.99; P-trend = 0.02) for PUFAs, 0.92 (0.77, 1.09; P-trend = 0.49) for n-3 PUFAs, and 0.83 (0.70, 0.98; P-trend = 0.01) for n-6 PUFAs. An inverse association was found for plant-based fat (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.98; P-trend = 0.02), but not for animal-based fat (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.15; P-trend = 0.76). When substituted for SFAs, the OR (95% CI) was 0.77 (0.61, 0.97; P-trend = 0.02) for MUFAs and 0.82 (0.70, 0.95; P-trend = 0.003) for PUFAs. CONCLUSIONS We found that substitution of total carbohydrate or SFAs with MUFAs and PUFAs, particularly n-6 PUFAs, was related to a lower risk of cognitive impairment in elderly Chinese participants. In addition, an inverse association with cognitive impairment was found for plant-based fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-Ting Sheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Address correspondence to AP (e-mail: )
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore,Address correspondence to W-PK (e-mail: )
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Higher erythrocyte n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid were associated with a better profile of DXA-derived body fat and fat distribution in adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1884-1892. [PMID: 32203113 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that high-dose supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce the risk of metabolic diseases, but there is limited evidence of an effect on body fat. We examined the associations of erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs with body fat and fat distribution in a general population consuming a normal diet. METHODS This community-based cross-sectional study included 3075 Chinese (68% women, 40-75 years) recruited between 2008 and 2013. We collected general information and measured anthropometric indices; erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs (including α-C18:3, C20:5, C22:5 and C22:6) by gas-chromatography, and fat mass (FM) and %FM at the total body (TB), android (A) and gynoid (G) regions by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS Both minimally and maximally adjusted models showed dose-dependent inverse associations of total and individual levels of erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs (except C20:5 n-3[EPA]) with adiposity indices. In the full model, the mean differences between quartiles 4 and 1 of total n-3 PUFAs were -1.60% (BMI), -4.06% (TB FM), -5.38% (A FM), -2.05% (G FM), -2.05% (TB %FM), -3.39% (A %FM) and -2.50% (% A/G); the ORs (95% CI) of %FM-derived obesity (≥25% for men, ≥35% for women) for the highest (vs. lowest) quartile were 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) for total n-3 PUFAs and 0.71 (0.58, 0.87), 0.96(0.78, 1.18), 0.82(0.67, 1.00), 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) for α-C18:3/C20:5/C22:5/C22:6 n-3, respectively. The favourable associations were more pronounced for the DXA-derived FM indices, measurements at the android region and for C22:6 n-3. No significant associations between C20:5 n-3 and the adiposity indices were observed. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of circulating n-3 PUFAs were dose-dependently associated with better profiles of body fat and fat distribution, particularly in the abdominal regions in this population.
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Yuan S, Yu HJ, Liu MW, Tang BW, Zhang J, Gasevic D, Larsson SC, He QQ. Fat Intake and Hypertension Among Adults in China: The Modifying Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Intake. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:294-301. [PMID: 31735481 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence on the combined effect of fruit and vegetable intake and total fat intake on hypertension is scarce. This study aimed to explore the relationship among fruit and vegetable intake, fat intake, and hypertension risk among Chinese adults. METHODS Individuals who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011) and were free of hypertension at baseline (n=4,368) were categorized into quartiles (Q1, lowest; Q4, highest) according to their dietary fruit and vegetable intake and fat intake. Generalized estimation equation models, adjusted for confounders, were used to explore the relationship of fat intake with hypertension and systolic and diastolic blood pressure among all adults and within quartiles of fruit and vegetable intake. Data analyses were performed in 2018. RESULTS A total of 1,086 adults developed hypertension during follow-up. In the total population, the OR of the highest quartile of fat intake was 1.40 (95% CI=1.12, 1.75) compared with the lowest. Among individuals with low fruit and vegetable intake, the odds of hypertension for those in Q3 (OR=1.97, 95% CI=1.37, 2.83) and Q4 (OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.14, 2.90) of fat intake, compared with individuals in Q1, were even higher than for the overall sample. For each 50-gram increase in FI per day, the ORs of hypertension increased from fat intake Q1 to Q4 among all respondents and those with low fruit and vegetable intake, but not among those with high fruit and vegetable intake. Systolic blood pressure increased by 1.08 mm Hg (95% CI=0.03, 2.13) per 50-gram fat intake per day increment in the fruit and vegetable intake Q1 group, whereas the association was not significant in the fruit and vegetable intake Q2-Q4 groups. CONCLUSIONS Fruit and vegetable intake modifies the relationship between fat intake and hypertension, whereby high fruit and vegetable intake may offset the detrimental effect of fat intake on hypertension. Increased fruit and vegetable intake and controlled fat intake are recommended to prevent hypertension in Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China; Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong-Jie Yu
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Wei Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo-Wen Tang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Danijela Gasevic
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qi-Qiang He
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
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Abstract
The effect of dietary fats on cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus, has generated tremendous interest. Many earlier investigations focused on total fat and conventional fat classes (such as saturated and unsaturated fats) and their influence on a limited number of risk factors. However, dietary fats comprise heterogeneous molecules with diverse structures, and growing research in the past two decades supports correspondingly complex health effects of individual dietary fats. Moreover, health effects of dietary fats might be modified by additional factors, such as accompanying nutrients and food-processing methods, emphasizing the importance of the food sources. Accordingly, the rapidly increasing scientific findings on dietary fats and cardiometabolic diseases have generated debate among scientists, caused confusion for the general public and present challenges for translation into dietary advice and policies. This Review summarizes the evidence on the effects of different dietary fats and their food sources on cell function and on risk factors and clinical events of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive review but rather to focus on the most important evidence from randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies and to highlight current areas of controversy and the most relevant future research directions for understanding how to improve the prevention and management of cardiometabolic diseases through optimization of dietary fat intake.
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Song S, Shim JE. Trends in Dietary Intake of Total Fat and Fatty Acids Among Korean Adolescents from 2007 to 2017. Nutrients 2019; 11:E3073. [PMID: 31888278 PMCID: PMC6950604 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the trends in dietary intake of total fat and fatty acids among Korean adolescents during 2007-2017. A total of 6406 adolescents from the 2007-2017 Korea National Health and Examination Surveys were selected. Total fat and fatty acids intakes were calculated based on single 24-hour recall data and presented as grams (g) and percentage of energy intake (% kcal) across the survey period. Linear trends in intake across the survey period were compared using the multiple regression model. Total fat intake increased during the 11-year period from 54.3 g (21.7% kcal) to 61.8 g (25.2% kcal). Saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) intakes changed from 17.8 g (7.1% kcal) and 17.2 g (6.8% kcal) to 20.6 g (8.4% kcal) and 20.7 g (8.4% kcal) over time, respectively. For polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid intake did not change during the survey period. The proportions of individuals who had total fat and SFA above the recommendations increased across the survey period: 13.7% to 27.5% for total fat and 36.0% to 49.7% for SFA. Among Korean adolescents, dietary fat intake increased over time and the increases in SFA and MUFA intake were prominent. Monitoring dietary fat intake is helpful to suggest dietary guidelines and health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuJin Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Jae Eun Shim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea
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Ling CJ, Min QQ, Yang JR, Zhang Z, Yang HH, Xu JY, Qin LQ. Lactoferrin Alleviates the Progression of Atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− Mice Fed with High-Fat/Cholesterol Diet Through Cholesterol Homeostasis. J Med Food 2019; 22:1000-1008. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jie Ling
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Heath, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Min
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Heath, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Rong Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Heath, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Heath, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huan-Huan Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Heath, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Heath, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Long L, Lai K. Characteristics of Chinese chronic cough patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 57:101811. [PMID: 31176802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.101811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cough is one of the most common complains for patients seeking medical attention in both general practice and respiratory specialist clinics. Cough variant asthma, eosinophilic bronchitis, upper airway cough syndrome, as well as gastro-esophageal reflux disease are common conditions associated with chronic cough, and cough variant asthma, eosinophilic bronchitis account for a higher proportion of patients with chronic cough in China than in Western countries. An older female predominance has been reported in most Western countries, which may be attributed to a higher cough reflex sensitivity in females, especially those post-menopausal females. However, studies conducted in China showed that patients with chronic cough have a nearly similar gender distribution and most of them are in their late 30s or early 40s, despite the similar gender and age difference in cough reflex sensitivity as Western countries. Environmental and occupational exposures, cigarette smoking, unhealthy lifestyle might play a role in the distinct age and gender distribution of Chinese chronic cough patients, yet further study is needed to clarify it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Long
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Kefang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China.
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Seidelmann SB, Claggett B, Cheng S, Henglin M, Shah A, Steffen LM, Folsom AR, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Solomon SD. Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2018; 3:e419-e428. [PMID: 30122560 PMCID: PMC6339822 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low carbohydrate diets, which restrict carbohydrate in favour of increased protein or fat intake, or both, are a popular weight-loss strategy. However, the long-term effect of carbohydrate restriction on mortality is controversial and could depend on whether dietary carbohydrate is replaced by plant-based or animal-based fat and protein. We aimed to investigate the association between carbohydrate intake and mortality. METHODS We studied 15 428 adults aged 45-64 years, in four US communities, who completed a dietary questionnaire at enrolment in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (between 1987 and 1989), and who did not report extreme caloric intake (<600 kcal or >4200 kcal per day for men and <500 kcal or >3600 kcal per day for women). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. We investigated the association between the percentage of energy from carbohydrate intake and all-cause mortality, accounting for possible non-linear relationships in this cohort. We further examined this association, combining ARIC data with data for carbohydrate intake reported from seven multinational prospective studies in a meta-analysis. Finally, we assessed whether the substitution of animal or plant sources of fat and protein for carbohydrate affected mortality. FINDINGS During a median follow-up of 25 years there were 6283 deaths in the ARIC cohort, and there were 40 181 deaths across all cohort studies. In the ARIC cohort, after multivariable adjustment, there was a U-shaped association between the percentage of energy consumed from carbohydrate (mean 48·9%, SD 9·4) and mortality: a percentage of 50-55% energy from carbohydrate was associated with the lowest risk of mortality. In the meta-analysis of all cohorts (432 179 participants), both low carbohydrate consumption (<40%) and high carbohydrate consumption (>70%) conferred greater mortality risk than did moderate intake, which was consistent with a U-shaped association (pooled hazard ratio 1·20, 95% CI 1·09-1·32 for low carbohydrate consumption; 1·23, 1·11-1·36 for high carbohydrate consumption). However, results varied by the source of macronutrients: mortality increased when carbohydrates were exchanged for animal-derived fat or protein (1·18, 1·08-1·29) and mortality decreased when the substitutions were plant-based (0·82, 0·78-0·87). INTERPRETATION Both high and low percentages of carbohydrate diets were associated with increased mortality, with minimal risk observed at 50-55% carbohydrate intake. Low carbohydrate dietary patterns favouring animal-derived protein and fat sources, from sources such as lamb, beef, pork, and chicken, were associated with higher mortality, whereas those that favoured plant-derived protein and fat intake, from sources such as vegetables, nuts, peanut butter, and whole-grain breads, were associated with lower mortality, suggesting that the source of food notably modifies the association between carbohydrate intake and mortality. FUNDING National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Seidelmann
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Cheng
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mir Henglin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amil Shah
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lyn M Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aaron R Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Cheng C, Wang D, Xia H, Wang F, Yang X, Pan D, Wang S, Yang L, Lu H, Shu G, He Y, Xie Y, Sun G, Yang Y. A comparative study of the effects of palm olein, cocoa butter and extra virgin olive oil on lipid profile, including low-density lipoprotein subfractions in young healthy Chinese people. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:355-366. [PMID: 30160543 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1504009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of palm olein (POL), cocoa butter (CB) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on the lipid profile and low-density lipoprotein subfractions in a young, healthy Chinese population. After screening, 72 subjects were randomly assigned to three groups, and an 18-week randomized crossover trial was conducted. The first phase was a 2-week run-in period, followed by three phases of the 4-week experimental periods with a 2-week washout period between experimental periods. Three groups of subjects alternately consumed a Chinese diet enriched with the different test oils. The various indices of subjects were collected before and after each experimental period. Sixty-seven subjects completed the study, and there were no significant differences in conventional indices amongst the three groups at the beginning of the three experimental periods (p > .05). Each test oil accounted for approximately 40% of total fat intake and approximately 11.3% of the total energy supply. After controlling for dietary interventions, only the serum triglyceride level of the POL-Diet was significantly lower than that of the EVOO-Diet (p = .034), and most indices did not significantly differ amongst the three test oil diets (p > .05). POL, CB and EVOO have almost identical effects on serum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Di Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Hui Xia
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Xian Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Da Pan
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Ligang Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Huixia Lu
- b Department of Laboratory , Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Guofang Shu
- b Department of Laboratory , Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yaqiong He
- b Department of Laboratory , Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yulan Xie
- c Department of Preventive Care , Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Guiju Sun
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yuexin Yang
- d National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , P.R. China
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