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González-Herrera F, Catalán M, Anfossi R, Maya JD, Pedrozo Z, Díaz-Araya G, Vivar R. SGK1 is necessary to FoxO3a negative regulation, oxidative stress and cardiac fibroblast activation induced by TGF-β1. Cell Signal 2023; 109:110778. [PMID: 37343898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) activation is a common response to most pathological conditions affecting the heart, characterized by increased cellular secretory capacity and increased expression of fibrotic markers, such as collagen I and smooth muscle actin type alpha (α-SMA). Fibrotic activation of CFs induces the increase in tissue protein content, with the consequent tissue stiffness, diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure. Therefore, the search for new mechanisms of CFs activation is important to find novel treatments for cardiac diseases characterized by fibrosis. In this regard, TGF-β1, a cytokine with proinflammatory and fibrotic properties, is crucial in the CFs activation and the development of fibrotic diseases, whereas its molecular targets are not completely known. Serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK1) is a protein involved in various pathophysiological phenomena, especially cardiac and renal diseases that curse with fibrosis. Additionally, SGK1 phosphorylates and regulates the activity and expression of several targets, highlighting FoxO3a for its role in the regulation of oxidative stress and CFs activation induced by TGF-β1. However, the regulation of SGK1 by TGF-β1 and its role in CFs activation have not been studied. In this work, we evaluate the role of SGK1 in CFs isolated from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. The participation of SGK1 in the fibrotic activation of CFs induced by TGF-β1 was analyzed, using an inhibitor or siRNA of SGK1. In addition, the role of SGK1 on the regulation of FoxO3a and oxidative stress induced by TGF-β1 was analyzed. Our results indicate that TGF-β1 increased both the activity and expression of SGK1 in CFs, requiring the activation of MAPKs, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK, while inhibition and silencing of SGK1 prevented TGF-β1-induced fibrotic activation of CFs. In addition, SGK1 inhibition prevented FoxO3a inactivation and expression reduction, catalase and SOD2 expression decrease, and the increase of oxidative stress induced by TGF-β1. Taken together, our results position SGK1 as an important regulator of CFs activation driven by TGF-β1, at least in part, through the regulation of FoxO3a and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola González-Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renatto Anfossi
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zully Pedrozo
- Physiology and Biophysical Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Kane AD, Herrera EA, Niu Y, Camm EJ, Allison BJ, Tijsseling D, Lusby C, Derks JB, Brain KL, Bronckers IM, Cross CM, Berends L, Giussani DA. Combined Statin and Glucocorticoid Therapy for the Safer Treatment of Preterm Birth. Hypertension 2023; 80:837-851. [PMID: 36724801 PMCID: PMC10017302 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prematurity is strongly associated with poor respiratory function in the neonate. Rescue therapies include treatment with glucocorticoids due to their anti-inflammatory and maturational effects on the developing lung. However, glucocorticoid treatment in the infant can increase the risk of long-term cardiovascular complications including hypertension, cardiac, and endothelial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence implicates a molecular link between glucocorticoid excess and depletion of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability as a mechanism underlying the detrimental effects of postnatal steroids on the heart and circulation. Therefore, combined glucocorticoid and statin therapy, by increasing NO bioavailability, may protect the developing cardiovascular system while maintaining beneficial effects on the lung. METHODS We investigated combined glucocorticoid and statin therapy using an established rodent model of prematurity and combined experiments of cardiovascular function in vivo, with those in isolated organs as well as measurements at the cellular and molecular levels. RESULTS We show that neonatal glucocorticoid treatment increases the risk of later cardiovascular dysfunction in the offspring. Underlying mechanisms include decreased circulating NO bioavailability, sympathetic hyper-reactivity, and NO-dependent endothelial dysfunction. Combined neonatal glucocorticoid and statin therapy protects the developing cardiovascular system by normalizing NO and sympathetic signaling, without affecting pulmonary maturational or anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, combined glucocorticoid and statin therapy may be safer than glucocorticoids alone for the treatment of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Kane
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
| | - Emilio A. Herrera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
- Laboratory of Vascular Function & Reactivity, Pathophysiology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (E.A.H.)
| | - Youguo Niu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
- The Cambridge BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., D.A.G.)
- The Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., D.A.G.)
| | - Emily J. Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (E.J.C., B.J.A.)
| | - Beth J. Allison
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (E.J.C., B.J.A.)
| | - Deodata Tijsseling
- Perinatal Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (D.T., J.B.D.)
| | - Ciara Lusby
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
| | - Jan B. Derks
- Perinatal Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (D.T., J.B.D.)
| | - Kirsty L. Brain
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
| | - Inge M. Bronckers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, the Netherlands (I.M.B.)
| | - Christine M. Cross
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
| | - Lindsey Berends
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (L.B.)
| | - Dino A. Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.D.K., E.A.H., Y.N., E.J.C., B.J.A., C.L., K.L.B., C.M.C., D.A.G.)
- The Cambridge BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., D.A.G.)
- The Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Y.N., D.A.G.)
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Wańkowicz P, Staszewski J, Dębiec A, Nowakowska-Kotas M, Szylińska A, Turoń-Skrzypińska A, Rotter I. Pre-Stroke Statin Therapy Improves In-Hospital Prognosis Following Acute Ischemic Stroke Associated with Well-Controlled Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3036. [PMID: 34300202 PMCID: PMC8305559 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have confirmed the positive effect of statins in the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. Although several studies have concluded that statins may also be beneficial in patients with atrial fibrillation-related stroke, the results of those studies are inconclusive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of pre-stroke statin therapy on atrial fibrillation-related stroke among patients with a well-controlled atrial fibrillation. This retrospective multicenter analysis comprised 2309 patients with acute stroke, with a total of 533 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. The results showed a significantly lower neurological deficit on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at hospital admission and discharge in the group of atrial fibrillation-related stroke patients who took statins before hospitalization compared with those who did not (p < 0.001). In addition, in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the atrial fibrillation-related stroke patients not taking statins before hospitalization than in those who did (p < 0.001). Based on the results of our previous research and this current study, we postulate that the addition of a statin to the oral anticoagulants may be helpful in the primary prevention of atrial fibrillation-related stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Wańkowicz
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (A.S.); (A.T.-S.); (I.R.)
| | - Jacek Staszewski
- Department of Neurology, Military Medical Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warszawa, Poland; (J.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Aleksander Dębiec
- Department of Neurology, Military Medical Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warszawa, Poland; (J.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Marta Nowakowska-Kotas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Wrocław, Borowska 213, 50-566 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Szylińska
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (A.S.); (A.T.-S.); (I.R.)
| | - Agnieszka Turoń-Skrzypińska
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (A.S.); (A.T.-S.); (I.R.)
| | - Iwona Rotter
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (A.S.); (A.T.-S.); (I.R.)
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Ozturk N, Uslu S, Mercan T, Erkan O, Ozdemir S. Rosuvastatin Reduces L-Type Ca 2+ Current and Alters Contractile Function in Cardiac Myocytes via Modulation of β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:422-431. [PMID: 33565033 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rosuvastatin is one of the most used statins to lower plasma cholesterol levels. Although previous studies have reported remarkable cardiovascular effects of rosuvastatin (RSV), the mechanisms of these effects are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the acute effects of RSV on L-type Ca2+ currents and contractile function of ventricular myocytes under basal conditions and during β-adrenergic stimulation. The effects of RSV were investigated in freshly isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes. L-type Ca+2 currents and myocyte contractility were recorded using patch-clamp amplifier and sarcomere length detection system. All experimental recordings were performed at 36 ± 1 °C. L-type Ca+2 currents were significantly reduced with the administration of 1 μM RSV (~ 24%) and this reduction in Ca2+ currents was observed at almost all potential ranges applied. Suppression of L-type Ca2+ current by RSV was prevented by adenylyl cyclase (AC) and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors SQ 22536 and KT5720, respectively. However, inhibition of Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs) by Y-27632 or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by L-NAME failed to circumvent the inhibitory effect of RSV. Finally, we examined the effect of RSV during β-adrenergic receptor stimulation by isoproterenol and observed that RSV significantly suppresses the β-adrenergic responses in both L-type Ca2+ currents and contraction parameters. In conclusion, RSV modulates the β-adrenergic signaling cascade and thereby mimics the impact of β-adrenergic receptor blockers in adult ventricular myocytes through modulation of the AC-cAMP-PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Ozturk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Serkan Uslu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tanju Mercan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Orhan Erkan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Semir Ozdemir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
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El Said NO, El Wakeel LM, Khorshid H, Darweesh EAG, Ahmed MA. Impact of lipophilic vs hydrophilic statins on the clinical outcome and biomarkers of remodelling in heart failure patients: A prospective comparative randomized study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:2855-2866. [PMID: 33294980 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS There are insufficient direct comparative studies addressing the impact of the type of statin on their respective efficacy in heart failure (HF). The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of lipophilic (atorvastatin) vs hydrophilic (rosuvastatin) on left ventricular function, inflammatory and fibrosis biomarkers in patients with chronic HF. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, comparative, parallel study. A total of 85 patients with chronic HF optimized on guideline directed therapy were randomized to receive either atorvastatin 40 mg (n = 42) or rosuvastatin 20 mg (n = 43) for 6 months. Baseline and follow-up assessment included 2D echocardiography, measurement of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, interleukin-6 and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) levels, liver enzymes and lipid profile. RESULTS The increase in left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly higher in the atorvastatin group compared to the rosuvastatin group (6.5% [3-11] vs 4% [2-5], P = .006). The reduction in left ventricular end diastolic and end systolic volume was comparable between the 2 groups. The decrease in sST2 levels in pg/mL was significantly higher in the atorvastatin compared to the rosuvastatin group (-255 [-383 to -109.8 vs - 151 [-216 to -69], P = .003). There was a significant reduction in N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and interleukin-6 levels in both groups, yet the reduction was comparable in both groups. CONCLUSION The study results suggest that lipophilic atorvastatin is superior to hydrophilic rosuvastatin in increasing left ventricular ejection fraction and reducing fibrosis marker sST2 in HF patients. Trial registration ID: NCT03255044, registered on 21 August 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouran Omar El Said
- Pharmacy Practice & Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hazem Khorshid
- Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtissam Abdel Ghaffar Darweesh
- Pharmacy Practice & Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Adel Ahmed
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Katanasaka Y, Hirano S, Sunagawa Y, Miyazaki Y, Sato H, Funamoto M, Shimizu K, Shimizu S, Sari N, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T. Clinically Administered Doses of Pitavastatin and Rosuvastatin. Int Heart J 2021; 62:1379-1386. [PMID: 34853228 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.21-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have indicated that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, can potentially inhibit chronic heart failure. In the Stat-LVDF study, a difference was noted in terms of the effect of lipophilic pitavastatin (PTV) and hydrophilic rosuvastatin (RSV) on plasma BNP, suggesting that statin lipophilicity and pharmacokinetics change the pleiotropic effect on heart failure in humans. Therefore, we assessed the beneficial effects of PTV on hypertrophy in cardiac myocytes compared with RSV at clinically used doses. Cultured cardiomyocytes were stimulated with 30 μM phenylephrine (PE) in the presence of PTV (250 nM) or RSV (50 nM). These doses were calculated based on the maximum blood concentration of statins used in clinical situations in Japan. The results showed that PTV, but not RSV, significantly inhibits the PE-induced increase in cell size and leucine incorporation without causing cell toxicity. In addition, PTV significantly suppressed PE-induced mRNA expression of hypertrophic response genes. PE-induced ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by PTV, but not by RSV. Furthermore, PTV significantly suppressed the angiotensin-II-induced proline incorporation in primary cultured cardiac fibroblasts. In conclusion, a clinical dose of PTV was noted to directly inhibit cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis, suggesting that lipophilic PTV can be a potential drug candidate against chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
- Shizuoka General hospital
| | - Sae Hirano
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
- Shizuoka General hospital
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
- Shizuoka General hospital
| | - Hikaru Sato
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Masafumi Funamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Kana Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Satoshi Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Nurmila Sari
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
- Shizuoka General hospital
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Wu L, Huang X, Kuang Y, Xing Z, Deng X, Luo Z. Thapsigargin induces apoptosis in adrenocortical carcinoma by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress and the JNK signaling pathway: an in vitro and in vivo study. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:2787-2798. [PMID: 31496655 PMCID: PMC6697672 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s209947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Thapsigargin (TG) is a natural product that exists in most parts of the plant Thapsia garganica L. and possesses potential anticancer activities against variety tumor cell lines. TG induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis by inhibiting cancer growth. However, the antineoplastic effect of TG in human adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) cells is still unknown. Methods In this study, two human ACC cell lines including SW-13 and NCI-H295R were employed to explore the potential role of TG in ACC. A mouse xenograft model of SW-13 cells was established to verify the role of TG in vivo. The cell viability was tested using Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays. Flow cytometry and Hoechst 33,258 staining were employed to analyze cell apoptosis. RT-qPCR and Western blot (WB) were performed to explore the underlying mechanism of TG-induced apoptosis in ACC cells. Results The results indicated that TG dose-dependently inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion in human ACC cells. TG significantly increased the mitochondrial rate of apoptosis and ER stress activity in ACC cells and suppressed ACC xenograft growth in vivo. In addition, the expression of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling-related genes and proteins was upregulated by the treatment with TG. Conclusion Our findings suggest that TG inhibits the viability of ACC cells by inducing apoptosis through the activation of JNK signaling. Thus, TG is expected to be a potential candidate for the treatment of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wu
- Department of Integrated Medicine, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengmiao Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujun Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuojie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
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Essid SM, Bevington A, Brunskill NJ. Proinsulin C-Peptide Enhances Cell Survival and Protects against Simvastatin-Induced Myotoxicity in L6 Rat Myoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071654. [PMID: 30987105 PMCID: PMC6479794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair capacity of progenitor skeletal muscle satellite cells (SC) in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is decreased. This is associated with the loss of skeletal muscle function. In T1DM, the deficiency of C-peptide along with insulin is associated with an impairment of skeletal muscle functions such as growth, and repair, and is thought to be an important contributor to increased morbidity and mortality. Recently, cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins) have also been reported to increase the risk of skeletal muscle dysfunction. We hypothesised that C-peptide activates key signaling pathways in myoblasts, thus promoting cell survival and protecting against simvastatin-induced myotoxicity. This was tested by investigating the effects of C-peptide on the L6 rat myoblast cell line under serum-starved conditions. Results: C-peptide at concentrations as low as 0.03 nM exerted stimulatory effects on intracellular signaling pathways—MAP kinase (ERK1/2) and Akt. When apoptosis was induced by simvastatin, 3 nM C-peptide potently suppressed the apoptotic effect through a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway. Simvastatin strongly impaired Akt signaling and stimulated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; suggesting that Akt signaling and oxidative stress are important factors in statin-induced apoptosis in L6 myoblasts. The findings indicate that C-peptide exerts an important protective effect against death signaling in myoblasts. Therefore, in T1DM, the deficiency of C-peptide may contribute to myopathy by rendering myoblast-like progenitor cells (involved in muscle regeneration) more susceptible to the toxic effects of insults such as simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumia Mohamed Essid
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7 RH, UK.
| | - Alan Bevington
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7 RH, UK.
| | - Nigel J Brunskill
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7 RH, UK.
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9
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Yang F, Wei Y, Liao B, Wei G, Qin H, Pang X, Wang J. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide prevents cisplatin-induced MLTC-1 cell apoptosis and autophagy via regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3211-3219. [PMID: 30288025 PMCID: PMC6163019 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s176316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) has been reported to contribute to the recovery of male hypogonadism and infertility. Aim The aim of current study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of LBP on male infertility recovery. Methods Recently, it is reported that cell apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) was distinguished from that mediated by death reporters and mitochondria pathway, which could induce cell apoptosis independently. The possible signaling mechanisms were investigated using diversified molecular biology techniques, such as flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Results In this study, we found that LBP protected Leydig MLTC-1 cells against cisplatin (DDP) by regulating ERS-mediated signal pathway, which was evidenced by downregulation of phosphorylation PERK, phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2α and activating transcription factor 4. Meanwhile, LBP decreased DDP-induced MLTC-1 cell apoptosis via reducing ERS apoptosis-relative proteins caspase 3, caspase 7, and caspase 12. In addition, the result of monodansylcadaverine staining indicated that LBP significantly inhibited DDP-induced autophagosome formation in MLTC-1 cells. Moreover, immunofluorescences and Western blot assays demonstrated that LBP reversed DDP-induced LC3II and Atg5 upregulation in MLTC-1 cells. Finally, the data of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that LBP markedly recovered MLTC-1 cells testosterone level even in the presence of DDP. Conclusion Thus, we suggest that LBP protected MLTC-1 cells against DDP via regulation of ERS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglian Yang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Yuxia Wei
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China,
| | - Biyun Liao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China,
| | - Guijiang Wei
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China,
| | - Haimei Qin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China,
| | - Xiaoxia Pang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China,
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China,
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10
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Zhang GQ, Tao YK, Bai YP, Yan ST, Zhao SP. Inhibitory Effects of Simvastatin on Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:950-955. [PMID: 29664056 PMCID: PMC5912062 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.229891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced oxidative stress and endothelial apoptosis are essential for atherosclerosis. Our previous study has shown that ox-LDL-induced apoptosis is mediated by the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α-subunit (eIF2α)/CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in endothelial cells. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that exert pleiotropic effects including suppression of oxidative stress. This study aimed to explore the roles of simvastatin on ox-LDL-induced ER stress and apoptosis in endothelial cells. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with simvastatin (0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 μmol/L) or DEVD-CHO (selective inhibitor of caspase-3, 100 μmol/L) for 1 h before the addition of ox-LDL (100 μg/ml) and then incubated for 24 h, and untreated cells were used as a control group. Apoptosis, expression of PERK, phosphorylation of eIF2α, CHOP mRNA level, and caspase-3 activity were measured. Comparisons among multiple groups were performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons using Tukey's tests. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Exposure of HUVECs to ox-LDL resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis (31.9% vs. 4.9%, P < 0.05). Simvastatin (0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 μmol/L) led to a suppression of ox-LDL-induced apoptosis (28.0%, 24.7%, and 13.8%, F = 15.039, all P < 0.05, compared with control group). Ox-LDL significantly increased the expression of PERK (499.5%, P < 0.05) and phosphorylation of eIF2α (451.6%, P < 0.05), if both of which in the control groups were considered as 100%. Simvastatin treatment (0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 μmol/L) blunted ox-LDL-induced expression of PERK (407.8%, 339.1%, and 187.5%, F = 10.121, all P < 0.05, compared with control group) and phosphorylation of eIF2α (407.8%, 339.1%, 187.5%, F = 11.430, all P < 0.05, compared with control group). In contrast, DEVD-CHO treatment had no significant effect on ox-LDL-induced expression of PERK (486.4%) and phosphorylation of eIF2α (418.8%). Exposure of HUVECs to ox-LDL also markedly induced caspase-3 activity together with increased CHOP mRNA level; these effects were inhibited by simvastatin treatment. Conclusions: This study suggested that simvastatin could inhibit ox-LDL-induced ER stress and apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Kang Tao
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Ping Bai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Yan
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shui-Ping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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11
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Pentz R, Kaun C, Thaler B, Stojkovic S, Lenz M, Krychtiuk KA, Zuckermann A, Huber K, Wojta J, Hohensinner PJ, Demyanets S. Cardioprotective cytokine interleukin-33 is up-regulated by statins in human cardiac tissue. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6122-6133. [PMID: 30216659 PMCID: PMC6237563 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)‐33 is a member of the IL‐1 family and is able to act cardioprotective. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of IL‐33 by 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme‐A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) and bisphosphonates (BPs) in human cardiac tissue. The lipophilic fluvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and lovastatin as well as the nitrogenous BPs alendronate and ibandronate, but not hydrophilic pravastatin increased IL‐33 mRNA and intracellular IL‐33 protein levels in both human adult cardiac myocytes (HACM) and fibroblasts (HACF). Additionally, fluvastatin reduced soluble ST2 secretion from HACM. IL‐33 was also up‐regulated by the general inhibitor of prenylation perillic acid, a RhoA kinase inhibitor Y‐27632, and by latrunculin B, but statin‐induced IL‐33 expression was inhibited by mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and RhoA activator U‐46619. The IL‐33 promoter was 2.3‐fold more accessible in statin‐treated HACM compared to untreated cells (P = 0.037). In explanted hearts of statin‐treated patients IL‐33 protein was up‐regulated as compared with the hearts of non‐statin‐treated patients (P = 0.048). As IL‐33 was previously shown to exert cardioprotective effects, one could speculate that such up‐regulation of IL‐33 expression in human cardiac cells, which might happen mainly through protein geranylgeranylation, could be a novel mechanism contributing to known cardioprotective effects of statins and BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pentz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Thaler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Stojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max Lenz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantin A Krychtiuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp J Hohensinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svitlana Demyanets
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Su F, Shi M, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Zhang D, Zhang W, Wang H, Li X. Simvastatin Protects Heart from Pressure Overload Injury by Inhibiting Excessive Autophagy. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1508-1516. [PMID: 30443172 PMCID: PMC6216062 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.28106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To identify the mechanisms by which simvastatin inhibits cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload, we determined effects of simvastatin on 14-3-3 protein expression and autophagic activity. Simvastatin was administered intragastrically to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats before abdominal aortic banding (AAB). Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs) were treated with simvastatin before angiotensin II (AngII) stimulation. 14-3-3, LC3, and p62 protein levels were determined by western blot. Autophagy was also measured by the double-labeled red fluorescent protein-green fluorescent protein autophagy reporter system. Simvastatin alleviated excessive autophagy, characterized by a high LC3II/LC3I ratio and low level of p62, and blunted cardiac hypertrophy while increasing 14-3-3 protein expression in rats that had undergone AAB. In addition, it increased 14-3-3 expression and inhibited excessive autophagy in NRCs exposed to AngII. Our study demonstrated that simvastatin may inhibit excessive autophagy, increase 14-3-3 expression, and finally exert beneficial effects on cardioprotection against pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Su
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Miaoqian Shi
- Department of Cardiology, PLA Army General Hospital, No.5 Nanmen Cang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chest Hospital Heart Center, Capital Medical University, No.9. Beiguan Grand Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Qiangsun Zheng
- Division of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of JiaoTong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
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Rosuvastatin improves myocardial hypertrophy after hemodynamic pressure overload via regulating the crosstalk of Nrf2/ARE and TGF-β/ smads pathways in rat heart. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:173-182. [PMID: 29225188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy is more commonly associated with hemodynamic overload imposed by hypertension or volume overload. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is involved in the cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis of the left ventricle. The fact that TGF-β1 and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) both become up-regulated upon persistent vessel overload suggests that these two factors may virtually impact on their signaling pathways. In this research, 40 rats were divided into sham group, model group, rosuvastatin low and high dose group. Rat models were established by incomplete constriction of abdominal aorta. After five weeks treatment, blood pressure, heart mass index (HMI), hemodynamic parameters and the average diameter of myocardium cell and collagen volume fraction (CVF) improved significantly in rosuvastatin groups, compared with the model group. Both rosuvastatin groups, increased in expression of Smad7, Nrf2, NAD (P) H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (Nqo1) and heme oxygenase 1(Ho1),and decreased in expression of TGF-βl、Smad3 compared with the model group. Results from co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull down showed that Nrf2 interacts with Smad7. Our results revealed the crosstalk between TGF-β1/Smads and Nrf2/ antioxidant response elements (ARE) pathways in myocardial remodeling through the interaction between Smad7 and Nrf2. Rosuvastatin can improve cardiac function and hypertrophy by regulating the crosstalk of the two signaling pathways.
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14
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Chen Y, Yu S, Zhang N, Li Y, Chen S, Chang Y, Sun G, Sun Y. Atorvastatin prevents Angiotensin II induced myocardial hypertrophy in vitro via CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:423-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Hernandez-Anzaldo S, Brglez V, Hemmeryckx B, Leung D, Filep JG, Vance JE, Vance DE, Kassiri Z, Lijnen RH, Lambeau G, Fernandez-Patron C. Novel Role for Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in Modulation of Cholesterol Metabolism. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004228. [PMID: 27694328 PMCID: PMC5121519 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background The development of atherosclerosis is strongly linked to disorders of cholesterol metabolism. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are dysregulated in patients and animal models with atherosclerosis. Whether systemic MMP activity influences cholesterol metabolism is unknown. Methods and Results We examined MMP‐9–deficient (Mmp9−/−) mice and found them to have abnormal lipid gene transcriptional responses to dietary cholesterol supplementation. As opposed to Mmp9+/+ (wild‐type) mice, Mmp9−/− mice failed to decrease the hepatic expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 pathway genes, which control hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake. Furthermore, Mmp9−/− mice failed to increase the expression of genes encoding the rate‐limiting enzymes in biliary cholesterol excretion (eg, Cyp7a and Cyp27a). In contrast, MMP‐9 deficiency did not impair intestinal cholesterol absorption, as shown by the 14C‐cholesterol and 3H‐sitostanol absorption assay. Similar to our earlier study on Mmp2−/− mice, we observed that Mmp9−/− mice had elevated plasma secreted phospholipase A2 activity. Pharmacological inhibition of systemic circulating secreted phospholipase A2 activity (with varespladib) partially normalized the hepatic transcriptional responses to dietary cholesterol in Mmp9−/− mice. Functional studies with mice deficient in other MMPs suggested an important role for the MMP system, as a whole, in modulation of cholesterol metabolism. Conclusions Our results show that MMP‐9 modulates cholesterol metabolism, at least in part, through a novel MMP‐9–plasma secreted phospholipase A2 axis that affects the hepatic transcriptional responses to dietary cholesterol. Furthermore, the data suggest that dysregulation of the MMP system can result in metabolic disorder, which could lead to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hernandez-Anzaldo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vesna Brglez
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Bianca Hemmeryckx
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dickson Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janos G Filep
- The Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean E Vance
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger H Lijnen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Patron
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Rizvi F, DeFranco A, Siddiqui R, Negmadjanov U, Emelyanova L, Holmuhamedov A, Ross G, Shi Y, Holmuhamedov E, Kress D, Tajik AJ, Jahangir A. Chamber-specific differences in human cardiac fibroblast proliferation and responsiveness toward simvastatin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C330-9. [PMID: 27335167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts, the most abundant cells in the heart, contribute to cardiac fibrosis, the substrate for the development of arrythmogenesis, and therefore are potential targets for preventing arrhythmic cardiac remodeling. A chamber-specific difference in the responsiveness of fibroblasts from the atria and ventricles toward cytokine and growth factors has been described in animal models, but it is unclear whether similar differences exist in human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) and whether drugs affect their proliferation differentially. Using cardiac fibroblasts from humans, differences between atrial and ventricular fibroblasts in serum-induced proliferation, DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, cyclin gene expression, and their inhibition by simvastatin were determined. The serum-induced proliferation rate of human atrial fibroblasts was more than threefold greater than ventricular fibroblasts with faster DNA synthesis and higher mRNA levels of cyclin genes. Simvastatin predominantly decreased the rate of proliferation of atrial fibroblasts, with inhibition of cell cycle progression and an increase in the G0/G1 phase in atrial fibroblasts with a higher sensitivity toward inhibition compared with ventricular fibroblasts. The DNA synthesis and mRNA levels of cyclin A, D, and E were significantly reduced by simvastatin in atrial but not in ventricular fibroblasts. The inhibitory effect of simvastatin on atrial fibroblasts was abrogated by mevalonic acid (500 μM) that bypasses 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition. Chamber-specific differences exist in the human heart because atrial fibroblasts have a higher proliferative capacity and are more sensitive to simvastatin-mediated inhibition through HMG-CoA reductase pathway. This mechanism may be useful in selectively preventing excessive atrial fibrosis without inhibiting adaptive ventricular remodeling during cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Rizvi
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Alessandra DeFranco
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Ramail Siddiqui
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Ulugbek Negmadjanov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Larisa Emelyanova
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Alisher Holmuhamedov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Gracious Ross
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Yang Shi
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Ekhson Holmuhamedov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - David Kress
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - A Jamil Tajik
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Arshad Jahangir
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Liu X, Zou C, Yu C, Xie R, Sui M, Mu S, Li L, Zhao S. Original Research: Atorvastatin prevents rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by parathyroid hormone 1-34 associated with the Ras-ERK signaling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1745-50. [PMID: 27190264 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216649259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of atorvastatin (Ator) on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (CMH) induced by rat parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH1-34) and Ras-extracellular signal regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Rat cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into seven groups: normal controls (NC), PTH1-34 (10(-7) mol/L), Ator (10(-5) mol/L), farnesyl transferase inhibitors-276 (FTI-276, 4 × 10(-5) mol/L), PTH1-34 + Ator, PTH1-34 + FTI-276 and PTH1-34 + Ator + mevalonic acid (MVA, 10(-4) mol/L). After treatment, the hypertrophic responses of cardiomyocytes were assessed by measuring cell diameter, detecting protein synthesis, and single-cell protein content. The concentrations of hypertrophic markers such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured by ELISA. Protein expressions of ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2 and Ras were detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the PTH1-34 group, cellular diameter, 3H-leucine incorporation, single-cell protein content, ANP and BNP concentration decreased by 12.07 µm, 1622 cpm/well, 84.34 pg, 7.13 ng/L and 20.04 µg/L, respectively, and the expressions of Ras and p-ERK1/2 were downregulated in PTH1-34 + Ator group (P < 0.05). Compared to the PTH1-34 + Ator group, the corresponding hypertrophic responses and hypertrophic markers increased by 4.95 µm, 750 cpm/well, 49.08 pg, 3.12 ng/L and 9.35 µg/L, respectively, and the expressions of Ras and p-ERK1/2 were upregulated in the PTH1-34 + Ator + MVA group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Ator prevents neonatal rat CMH induced by PTH1-34 and Ras-ERK signaling may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chunbo Zou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chengyuan Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rujuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Manshu Sui
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Suhong Mu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shilei Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Xiao X, Chang G, Liu J, Sun G, Liu L, Qin S, Zhang D. Simvastatin ameliorates ventricular remodeling via the TGF‑β1 signaling pathway in rats following myocardial infarction. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:5093-101. [PMID: 27121011 PMCID: PMC4878547 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are widely used in patients with cardiovascular diseases. A considerable number of previous studies revealed that the intracellular signaling of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mediated the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. However, whether statins can ameliorate ventricular remodeling in post-myocardial infarction via the TGF-β1 signaling pathway remains to be rigorously tested. The left anterior descending artery was ligated to induce a rat model of myocardial infarction. The rat model of myocardial infarction was treated with simvastatin through gastric gavage (10, 20 or 40 mg kg−1·d−1). All rats were sacrificed on day 28 after the myocardial infarction operation. The results revealed that simvastatin significantly improved the hemodynamic indexes, left ventricular mass index, the myocardial tissue structure, the cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and the collagen volume fraction, and also showed that the levels of TGF-β1, TGF-activated kinase (TAK)1 and drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad)3 were significantly reduced following treatment with simvastatin, while the levels of Smad7 in the simvastatin treatment groups were markedly increased. The results of the present study suggested that statins ameliorated ventricular remodeling in post-myocardial infarction rats via the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, which provided a novel explanation for the pleiotropic effects of statins that benefit the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Guanglei Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Guangyun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, P.R. China
| | - Shu Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dongying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Protein prenylation and human diseases: a balance of protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:328-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, Orringer CE, Bays HE, Jones PH, McKenney JM, Grundy SM, Gill EA, Wild RA, Wilson DP, Brown WV. National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1--full report. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:129-69. [PMID: 25911072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The leadership of the National Lipid Association convened an Expert Panel to develop a consensus set of recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia in clinical medicine. An Executive Summary of those recommendations was previously published. This document provides support for the recommendations outlined in the Executive Summary. The major conclusions include (1) an elevated level of cholesterol carried by circulating apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], termed atherogenic cholesterol) is a root cause of atherosclerosis, the key underlying process contributing to most clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events; (2) reducing elevated levels of atherogenic cholesterol will lower ASCVD risk in proportion to the extent that atherogenic cholesterol is reduced. This benefit is presumed to result from atherogenic cholesterol lowering through multiple modalities, including lifestyle and drug therapies; (3) the intensity of risk-reduction therapy should generally be adjusted to the patient's absolute risk for an ASCVD event; (4) atherosclerosis is a process that often begins early in life and progresses for decades before resulting a clinical ASCVD event. Therefore, both intermediate-term and long-term or lifetime risk should be considered when assessing the potential benefits and hazards of risk-reduction therapies; (5) for patients in whom lipid-lowering drug therapy is indicated, statin treatment is the primary modality for reducing ASCVD risk; (6) nonlipid ASCVD risk factors should also be managed appropriately, particularly high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus; and (7) the measurement and monitoring of atherogenic cholesterol levels remain an important part of a comprehensive ASCVD prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Matthew K Ito
- Oregon State University/Oregon Health & Science University, College of Pharmacy, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Center for Metabolic & Cardiovascular Research and DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Harold E Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - James M McKenney
- Virginia Commonwealth University and National Clinical Research, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Scott M Grundy
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Edward A Gill
- University of Washington/Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert A Wild
- Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Don P Wilson
- Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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21
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Morimoto T, Katanasaka Y, Sunagawa Y, Hirano S, Miyazaki Y, Funamoto M, Hojo Y, Suzuki H, Morimoto E, Ueno M, Shimatsu A, Satoh-Asahara N, Yamakage H, Wada H, Hasegawa K. Effects of Statins on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Patients with Dyslipidemia and Diastolic Dysfunction (Stat-LVDF Study). Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1404-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka General Hospital
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka General Hospital
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka General Hospital
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Sae Hirano
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Masafumi Funamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yuya Hojo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Hidetoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Akira Shimatsu
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Hajime Yamakage
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
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22
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Chronic heart damage following doxorubicin treatment is alleviated by lovastatin. Pharmacol Res 2014; 91:47-56. [PMID: 25462173 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer efficacy of anthracyclines is limited by cumulative dose-dependent early and delayed cardiotoxicity resulting in congestive heart failure. Mechanisms responsible for anthracycline-induced heart damage are controversially discussed and effective preventive measures are preferable. Here, we analyzed the influence of the lipid lowering drug lovastatin on anthracycline-induced late cardiotoxicity three month after treatment of C57BL/6 mice with five low doses of doxorubicin (5×3mg/kg BW; i.p.). Doxorubicin increased the cardiac mRNA levels of BNP, IL-6 and CTGF, while the expression of ANP remained unchanged. Lovastatin counteracted these persisting cardiac stress responses evoked by the anthracycline. Doxorubicin-induced fibrotic alterations were neither detected by histochemical collagen staining of heart sections nor by analysis of the mRNA expression of collagens. Extensive qRT-PCR-array based analyses revealed a large increase in the mRNA level of heat shock protein Hspa1b in doxorubicin-treated mice, which was mitigated by lovastatin co-treatment. Electron microscopy together with qPCR-based analysis of mitochondrial DNA content indicate that lovastatin attenuates doxorubicin-stimulated hyperproliferation of mitochondria. This was not paralleled by increased expression of oxidative stress responsive genes or senescence-associated proteins. Echocardiographic analyses disclosed that lovastatin protects from the doxorubicin-induced decrease in the left ventricular posterior wall diameter (LVPWD), while constrictions in fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) evoked by doxorubicin were not amended by the statin. Taken together, the data suggest beneficial effects of lovastatin against doxorubicin-induced delayed cardiotoxicity. Clinical studies are preferable to scrutinize the usefulness of statins for the prevention of anthracycline-induced late cardiotoxicity.
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Pugh SD, MacDougall DA, Agarwal SR, Harvey RD, Porter KE, Calaghan S. Caveolin contributes to the modulation of basal and β-adrenoceptor stimulated function of the adult rat ventricular myocyte by simvastatin: a novel pleiotropic effect. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106905. [PMID: 25211146 PMCID: PMC4161364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people taking statins is increasing across the globe, highlighting the importance of fully understanding statins' effects on the cardiovascular system. The beneficial impact of statins extends well beyond regression of atherosclerosis to include direct effects on tissues of the cardiovascular system ('pleiotropic effects'). Pleiotropic effects on the cardiac myocyte are often overlooked. Here we consider the contribution of the caveolin protein, whose expression and cellular distribution is dependent on cholesterol, to statin effects on the cardiac myocyte. Caveolin is a structural and regulatory component of caveolae, and is a key regulator of cardiac contractile function and adrenergic responsiveness. We employed an experimental model in which inhibition of myocyte HMG CoA reductase could be studied in the absence of paracrine influences from non-myocyte cells. Adult rat ventricular myocytes were treated with 10 µM simvastatin for 2 days. Simvastatin treatment reduced myocyte cholesterol, caveolin 3 and caveolar density. Negative inotropic and positive lusitropic effects (with corresponding changes in [Ca2+]i) were seen in statin-treated cells. Simvastatin significantly potentiated the inotropic response to β2-, but not β1-, adrenoceptor stimulation. Under conditions of β2-adrenoceptor stimulation, phosphorylation of phospholamban at Ser16 and troponin I at Ser23/24 was enhanced with statin treatment. Simvastatin increased NO production without significant effects on eNOS expression or phosphorylation (Ser1177), consistent with the reduced expression of caveolin 3, its constitutive inhibitor. In conclusion, statin treatment can reduce caveolin 3 expression, with functional consequences consistent with the known role of caveolae in the cardiac cell. These data are likely to be of significance, particularly during the early phases of statin treatment, and in patients with heart failure who have altered β-adrenoceptor signalling. In addition, as caveolin is ubiquitously expressed and has myriad tissue-specific functions, the impact of statin-dependent changes in caveolin is likely to have many other functional sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D. Pugh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - David A. MacDougall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Shailesh R. Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Porter
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Calaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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24
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Zoungas S, Curtis AJ, McNeil JJ, Tonkin AM. Treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular outcomes: the journey so far--is this the end for statins? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:192-205. [PMID: 24727468 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is common and is associated with the highest population-attributable risk for cardiovascular disease. Of various cardiovascular preventive therapies, the evidence from randomized controlled trials supporting the importance of aggressive lipid lowering is the most robust, particularly for statins. Despite the use of proven therapies, cardiovascular disease event rates remain relatively high, underpinning the development of novel therapies. In addition to testing new drugs to reduce low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, there has been a major focus on treatments that can favorably influence high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This review provides an overview of the important relationship between lipids and cardiovascular disease, the lipid-modifying therapeutic approaches to reducing cardiovascular disease, new guidelines and recommendations, and the challenges ahead for the treatment of dyslipidemia, particularly whether statins will remain at the forefront of recommended therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zoungas
- 1] School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia [2] The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - A J Curtis
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J J McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A M Tonkin
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Lackey DE, Burk DH, Ali MR, Mostaedi R, Smith WH, Park J, Scherer PE, Seay SA, McCoin CS, Bonaldo P, Adams SH. Contributions of adipose tissue architectural and tensile properties toward defining healthy and unhealthy obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E233-46. [PMID: 24302007 PMCID: PMC3920015 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00476.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the maintenance of white adipose tissue (WAT) architecture and function, and proper ECM remodeling is critical to support WAT malleability to accommodate changes in energy storage needs. Obesity and adipocyte hypertrophy place a strain on the ECM remodeling machinery, which may promote disordered ECM and altered tissue integrity and could promote proinflammatory and cell stress signals. To explore these questions, new methods were developed to quantify omental and subcutaneous WAT tensile strength and WAT collagen content by three-dimensional confocal imaging, using collagen VI knockout mice as a methods validation tool. These methods, combined with comprehensive measurement of WAT ECM proteolytic enzymes, transcript, and blood analyte analyses, were used to identify unique pathophenotypes of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese women, using multivariate statistical modeling and univariate comparisons with weight-matched healthy obese individuals. In addition to the expected differences in inflammation and glycemic control, approximately 20 ECM-related factors, including omental tensile strength, collagen, and enzyme transcripts, helped discriminate metabolically compromised obesity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that WAT ECM physiology is intimately linked to metabolic health in obese humans, and the studies provide new tools to explore this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise E Lackey
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
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26
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Margaritis M, Antoniades C. Statins in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: lipid lowering and beyond. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 10:5-8. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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An International Atherosclerosis Society Position Paper: global recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia--full report. J Clin Lipidol 2013; 8:29-60. [PMID: 24528685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An international panel of the International Atherosclerosis Society has developed a new set of recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia. The panel identifies non--high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as the major atherogenic lipoprotein. Primary and secondary prevention are considered separately. Optimal levels for atherogenic lipoproteins are derived for the two forms of prevention. For primary prevention, the recommendations emphasize lifestyle therapies to reduce atherogenic lipoproteins; drug therapy is reserved for subjects at greater risk. Risk assessment is based on estimation of lifetime risk according to differences in baseline population risk in different nations or regions. Secondary prevention emphasizes use of cholesterol-lowering drugs to attain optimal levels of atherogenic lipoproteins.
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28
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Lee H, Yoo YS, Lee D, Song EJ. Cholesterol induces cardiac hypertrophy by activating the AKT pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:307-13. [PMID: 23907017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy leads to decompensated heart function, predisposition to heart failure, and sudden death due to physiological and pathological stimuli. Although high cholesterol is considered a principal risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease, it has not been shown whether cholesterol itself is sufficient to cause cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated whether cholesterol induces cardiac hypertrophy, and identified cellular mechanisms underlying hypertrophic responses using H9c2 cells as a model system. Here we show that cholesterol loading significantly increased the cellular surface area and upregulated hypertrophy marker gene, β-myosin-heavy chain (β-MHC). Cholesterol loading alone activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways. Conversely, cholesterol induced hypertrophic characteristic features such as increase in cellular surface area, and the expression of β-MHC mRNA is markedly inhibited by LY294002, a PI3K kinase inhibitor. These results suggest that cholesterol may play a key role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy through the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Womans University, Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Swenne
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands,
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30
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Targeting the Dbl and dock-family RhoGEFs: a yeast-based assay to identify cell-active inhibitors of Rho-controlled pathways. Enzymes 2013; 33 Pt A:169-91. [PMID: 25033805 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416749-0.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ras-like superfamily of low molecular weight GTPases is made of five major families (Arf/Sar, Rab, Ran, Ras, and Rho), highly conserved across evolution. This is in keeping with their roles in basic cellular functions (endo/exocytosis, vesicular trafficking, nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, cell signaling, proliferation and apoptosis, gene regulation, F-actin dynamics), whose alterations are associated with various types of diseases, in particular cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. For these reasons, Ras-like pathways are of great potential in therapeutics and identifying inhibitors that decrease signaling activity is under intense research. Along this line, guanine exchange factors (GEFs) represent attractive targets. GEFs are proteins that promote the active GTP-bound state of GTPases and represent the major entry points whereby extracellular cues are converted into Ras-like signaling. We previously developed the yeast exchange assay (YEA), an experimental setup in the yeast in which activity of a mammalian GEF can be monitored by auxotrophy and color reporter genes. This assay was further engineered for medium-throughput screening of GEF inhibitors, which can readily select for cell-active and specific compounds. We report here on the successful identification of inhibitors against Dbl and CZH/DOCK-family members, GEFs for Rho GTPases, and on the experimental setup to screen for inhibitors of GEFs of the Arf family. We also discuss on inhibitors developed using virtual screening (VS), which target the GEF/GTPase interface with high efficacy and specificity. We propose that using VS and YEA in combination may represent a method of choice for identifying specific and cell-active GEF inhibitors.
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31
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van Besien H, Sassano A, Altman JK, Platanias LC. Antileukemic properties of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2601-5. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.790022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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32
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Apolipoprotein(a) acts as a chemorepellent to human vascular smooth muscle cells via integrin αVβ3 and RhoA/ROCK-mediated mechanisms. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1776-83. [PMID: 23726972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) motility and plasticity, functions that are influenced by environmental cues, are vital to adaptation and remodelling in vascular physiology and pathophysiology. Lp(a) is reportedly damaging to SMC function via unknown molecular mechanisms. Apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)), a unique glycoprotein moiety of Lp(a), has been demonstrated as its active component. The aims of this study were to determine functional effects of recombinant apo(a) on human vascular SMC motility and explore the underlying mechanism(s). Exposure of SMC to apo(a) in migration assays induced a potent, concentration-dependent chemorepulsion that was RhoA and integrin αVβ3-dependent, but transforming growth factor β-independent. SMC manipulation through RhoA gene silencing, Rho kinase inhibition, statin pre-treatment, αVβ3 neutralising antibody and tyrosine kinase inhibition all markedly inhibited apo(a)-mediated SMC migration. Our data reveal unique and potent activities of apo(a) that may negatively influence SMC remodelling in cardiovascular disease. Circulating levels of Lp(a) are resistant to lipid-lowering strategies and hence a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying its functional effects on SMC may provide alternative therapeutic targets.
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33
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Ozturk N, Yaras N, Ozmen A, Ozdemir S. Long-term administration of rosuvastatin prevents contractile and electrical remodelling of diabetic rat heart. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 45:343-52. [PMID: 23640692 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many findings have been presented about the potential benefit of statin therapy on diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications. Cardioprotective effects of statins were suggested to be mediated at least in part through inhibition of small GTPases, particularly those of the Rho family. The present study was designed to examine whether rosuvastatin can improve electrical remodeling and contractile dysfunction in type 1 diabetic rat heart via modulation of RhoA pathway. Type 1 diabetes was induced by single dose injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). One week after injection rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) and sham treatment was given for 5 weeks in the diabetic rats, as well as in control groups. Shortening and Ca²⁺ transients were recorded in myocytes loaded with Fura2-AM. Membrane currents and Ca²⁺ transients were measured synchronously via whole-cell patch clamping. In untreated diabetic rats, relaxation of shortening and decay of the matched Ca²⁺ transients were prolonged. Fractional shortening and Ca²⁺ transients were also decreased. Rosuvastatin treatment reversed those changes. I(CaL) density did not change in either group but rosuvastatin recovered the loss of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange as evidenced from amplitude and decay of caffeine-induced Ca²⁺ transients, peak INCX and calculated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ content. Diabetes-induced attenuation of I(to) and I(sus) was also reversed, whilst I(K1) was unchanged in diabetes and unaffected by treatment. Rosuvastatin prevented the diabetes-induced increase in RhoA expression. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher in diabetic rats, but rosuvastatin reduced only the latter. In conclusion, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin can prevent diabetes-induced electrical and functional remodeling of heart due to inhibition of RhoA signalling rather than reduction of cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Ozturk
- Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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34
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Turner NA, Porter KE. Function and fate of myofibroblasts after myocardial infarction. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:5. [PMID: 23448358 PMCID: PMC3599637 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The importance of cardiac fibroblasts in the regulation of myocardial remodelling following myocardial infarction (MI) is becoming increasingly recognised. Studies over the last few decades have reinforced the concept that cardiac fibroblasts are much more than simple homeostatic regulators of extracellular matrix turnover, but are integrally involved in all aspects of the repair and remodelling of the heart that occurs following MI. The plasticity of fibroblasts is due in part to their ability to undergo differentiation into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are specialised cells that possess a more contractile and synthetic phenotype than fibroblasts, enabling them to effectively repair and remodel the cardiac interstitium to manage the local devastation caused by MI. However, in addition to their key role in cardiac restoration and healing, persistence of myofibroblast activation can drive pathological fibrosis, resulting in arrhythmias, myocardial stiffness and progression to heart failure. The aim of this review is to give an appreciation of both the beneficial and detrimental roles of the myofibroblast in the remodelling heart, to describe some of the major regulatory mechanisms controlling myofibroblast differentiation including recent advances in the microRNA field, and to consider how this cell type could be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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35
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Lovastatin-induced decrease of intracellular cholesterol level attenuates fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition in bronchial fibroblasts derived from asthmatic patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 704:23-32. [PMID: 23485731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the airways and structural changes in the bronchial wall are basic hallmarks of asthma. Human bronchial fibroblasts derived from patients with diagnosed asthma display in vitro predestination towards TGF-β-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT), a key event in the bronchial wall remodelling. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxymethyl-3-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a key enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway and are widely used as antilipidemic drugs. The pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects of statins, independent of their cholesterol-lowering capacity, are also well established. Since commonly used anti-asthmatic drugs do not reverse the structural remodelling of the airways and statins have tentative anti-asthmatic activity, we have studied the effect of lovastatin on FMT in populations of human bronchial fibroblasts derived from asthmatic patients. We demonstrate that the intensity of FMT induced by TGF-β1 was strongly and dose-dependently attenuated by lovastatin. Furthermore, we show that neither the suppression of prenylation of signalling proteins nor the effect on reactive oxygen species formation are important for lovastatin-induced inhibition of myofibroblast differentiation. On the other hand, we show that a squalene synthase inhibitor, zaragozic acid A, reduced the TGF-β1-induced FMT to an extent comparable to lovastatin effect. Additionally we demonstrate that in bronchial fibroblast populations, both inhibitors (lovastatin and zaragozic acid A) attenuate the TGF-β1-induced Smad2 nuclear translocation in a manner dependent on intracellular cholesterol level. Our data suggest that statins can directly, by decrease of intracellular cholesterol level, affect basic cell signalling events crucial for asthmatic processes and potentially prevent perilous bronchial wall remodelling associated with intensive myofibroblast formation.
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction is one of the major causes of left ventricular dilatation, frequently leading to heart failure. In the last decade, the wound healing process that takes place in the infarct area after infarction has been recognized as a novel therapeutic target to attenuate left ventricular dilatation and preserve an adequate cardiac function. In this chapter, we discuss the role of Wnt signaling in the wound healing process after infarction, with a specific focus on its modulating effect on myofibroblast characteristics.
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37
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Berry E, Bosonea AM, Wang X, Fernandez-Patron C. Insights into the Activity, Differential Expression, Mutual Regulation, and Functions of Matrix Metalloproteinases and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases in Hypertension and Cardiac Disease. J Vasc Res 2013; 50:52-68. [DOI: 10.1159/000345240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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38
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Ghavami S, Yeganeh B, Stelmack GL, Kashani HH, Sharma P, Cunnington R, Rattan S, Bathe K, Klonisch T, Dixon IMC, Freed DH, Halayko AJ. Apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in mevalonate cascade inhibition-induced cell death of human atrial fibroblasts. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e330. [PMID: 22717585 PMCID: PMC3388233 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are cholesterol-lowering drugs that exert other cellular effects and underlie their beneficial health effects, including those associated with myocardial remodeling. We recently demonstrated that statins induces apoptosis and autophagy in human lung mesenchymal cells. Here, we extend our knowledge showing that statins simultaneously induces activation of the apoptosis, autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in primary human atrial fibroblasts (hATF). Thus we tested the degree to which coordination exists between signaling from mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes during response to simvastatin exposure. Pharmacologic blockade of the activation of ER-dependent cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed protease (caspase)-4 and lysosomal cathepsin-B and -L significantly decreased simvastatin-induced cell death. Simvastatin altered total abundance and the mitochondrial fraction of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins, while c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase mediated effects on B-cell lymphoma 2 expression. Chemical inhibition of autophagy flux with bafilomycin-A1 augmented simvastatin-induced caspase activation, UPR and cell death. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts that are deficient in autophagy protein 5 and refractory to autophagy induction, caspase-7 and UPR were hyper-induced upon treatment with simvastatin. These data demonstrate that mevalonate cascade inhibition-induced death of hATF manifests from a complex mechanism involving co-regulation of apoptosis, autophagy and UPR. Furthermore, autophagy has a crucial role in determining the extent of ER stress, UPR and permissiveness of hATF to cell death induced by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghavami
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - B Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - G L Stelmack
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - H H Kashani
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - P Sharma
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - R Cunnington
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - S Rattan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - K Bathe
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - T Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - I M C Dixon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - D H Freed
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - A J Halayko
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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