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Xu Q, Yang Z, Jia Y, Wang R, Zhang Q, Gai R, Wu Y, Yang Q, He G, Wu JH, Ming F. PeNAC67-PeKAN2-PeSCL23 and B-class MADS-box transcription factors synergistically regulate the specialization process from petal to lip in Phalaenopsis equestris. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:15. [PMID: 38649966 PMCID: PMC11036780 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The molecular basis of orchid flower development involves a specific regulatory program in which MADS-box transcription factors play a central role. The recent 'perianth code' model hypothesizes that two types of higher-order heterotetrameric complexes, namely SP complex and L complex, play pivotal roles in the orchid perianth organ formation. Therefore, we explored their roles and searched for other components of the regulatory network.Through the combined analysis for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing and RNA sequencing of the lip-like petal and lip from Phalaenopsis equestris var.trilip, transcription factor-(TF) genes involved in lip development were revealed. PeNAC67 encoding a NAC-type TF and PeSCL23 encoding a GRAS-type TF were differentially expressed between the lip-like petal and the lip. PeNAC67 interacted with and stabilized PeMADS3, which positively regulated the development of lip-like petal to lip. PeSCL23 and PeNAC67 competitively bound with PeKAN2 and positively regulated the development of lip-like petal to petal by affecting the level of PeMADS3. PeKAN2 as an important TF that interacts with PeMADS3 and PeMADS9 can promote lip development. These results extend the 'perianth code' model and shed light on the complex regulation of orchid flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Xu
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yupeng Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Ruonan Gai
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yiding Wu
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qingyong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoren He
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Ju Hua Wu
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Feng Ming
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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Leslie AB, Mander L. Quantifying the complexity of plant reproductive structures reveals a history of morphological and functional integration. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231810. [PMID: 37909082 PMCID: PMC10618862 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular plant reproductive structures have undoubtedly become more complex through time, evolving highly differentiated parts that interact in specialized ways. But quantifying these patterns at broad scales is challenging because lineages produce disparate reproductive structures that are often difficult to compare and homologize. We develop a novel approach for analysing interactions within reproductive structures using networks, treating component parts as nodes and a suite of physical and functional interactions among parts as edges. We apply this approach to the plant fossil record, showing that interactions have generally increased through time and that the concentration of these interactions has shifted towards differentiated surrounding organs, resulting in more compact, functionally integrated structures. These processes are widespread across plant lineages, but their extent and timing vary with reproductive biology; in particular, seed-producing structures show them more strongly than spore or pollen-producing structures. Our results demonstrate that major reproductive innovations like the origin of seeds and angiospermy were associated with increased integration through greater interactions among parts. But they also reveal that for certain groups, particularly Mesozoic gymnosperms, millions of years elapsed between the origin of reproductive innovations and increased interactions among parts within their reproductive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Leslie
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Building 320, Room 118, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luke Mander
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
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Morphological Continua Make Poor Species: Genus-Wide Morphometric Survey of the European Bee Orchids ( Ophrys L.). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010136. [PMID: 36671828 PMCID: PMC9855528 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite (or perhaps because of) intensive multidisciplinary research, opinions on the optimal number of species recognised within the Eurasian orchid genus Ophrys range from nine to at least 400. The lower figure of nine macrospecies is based primarily on seeking small but reliable discontinuities in DNA 'barcode' regions, an approach subsequently reinforced and finessed via high-throughput sequencing studies. The upper figure of ca. 400 microspecies reflects the morphological authoritarianism of traditional taxonomy combined with belief in extreme pollinator specificity caused by reliance on pollination through pseudo-copulation, enacted by bees and wasps. Groupings of microspecies that are less inclusive than macrospecies are termed mesospecies. Herein, we present multivariate morphometric analyses based on 51 characters scored for 457 individual plants that together span the full morphological and molecular diversity within the genus Ophrys, encompassing 113 named microspecies that collectively represent all 29 mesospecies and all nine macrospecies. We critique our preferred morphometric approach of accumulating heterogeneous data and analysing them primarily using principal coordinates, noting that our conclusions would have been strengthened by even greater sampling and the inclusion of data describing pseudo-pheromone cocktails. Morphological variation within Ophrys proved to be exceptionally multidimensional, lacking strong directional trends. Multivariate clustering of plants according to prior taxonomy was typically weak, irrespective of whether it was assessed at the level of macrospecies, mesospecies or microspecies; considerable morphological overlap was evident even between subsets of the molecularly differentiable macrospecies. Characters supporting genuine taxonomic distinctions were often sufficiently subtle that they were masked by greater and more positively correlated variation that reflected strong contrasts in flower size, tepal colour or, less often, plant size. Individual macrospecies appear to represent morphological continua, within which taxonomic divisions are likely to prove arbitrary if based exclusively on morphological criteria and adequately sampled across their geographic range. It remains unclear how much of the mosaic of subtle character variation among the microspecies reflects genetic versus epigenetic or non-genetic influences and what proportion of any contrasts observed in gene frequencies can be attributed to the adaptive microevolution that is widely considered to dictate speciation in the genus. Moreover, supplementing weak morphological criteria with extrinsic criteria, typically by imposing constraints on geographic location and/or supposed pollinator preference, assumes rather than demonstrates the presence of even the weakest of species boundaries. Overall, it is clear that entities in Ophrys below the level of macrospecies have insufficiently structured variation, either phenotypic or genotypic, to be resolved into discrete, self-circumscribing ("natural") entities that can legitimately be equated with species as delimited within other less specialised plant genera. Our search for a non-arbitrary (meso)species concept competent to circumscribe an intermediate number of species has so far proven unsuccessful.
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Zheng BQ, Li XQ, Wang Y. New Insights into the Mechanism of Spatiotemporal Scent Accumulation in Orchid Flowers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:304. [PMID: 36679016 PMCID: PMC9866394 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Orchid flowers have a unique structure that consists of three sepals and three petals, with one of the petals forming the labellum (lip) that can be differentiated into the hypochile and epichile. In orchids, the emission of floral scent is specific and spatially complex. Little is understood about the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of the differing scent emissions between the parts of orchid flowers. Here, we investigated this in the Cattleya hybrid KOVA, and our study showed that monoterpenes, including linalool and geraniol, are the main components responsible for the KOVA floral scent. The KOVA flower was scentless to the human nose before it reached full bloom, potentially because the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthases (RcDXSs) and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthases (RcHDSs) that biosynthesize monoterpenes were highly expressed in flowers only when it reached full flowering. Additionally, the spatial expression profile of the monoterpene synthases (RcMTPSs), which were highly expressed in the basal region of the lip (hypochile), contributed to the highest monoterpene emissions from this part of the flower. This might have caused the hypochile to be more fragrant than the other parts of the flower. These findings enrich our understanding of the difference in scents between different flower parts in plants and provide information to breed novel orchid cultivars with special floral scents.
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Valoroso MC, Lucibelli F, Aceto S. Orchid NAC Transcription Factors: A Focused Analysis of CUPULIFORMIS Genes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122293. [PMID: 36553560 PMCID: PMC9777940 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant transcription factors are involved in different developmental pathways. NAC transcription factors (No Apical Meristem, Arabidopsis thaliana Activating Factor, Cup-shaped Cotyledon) act in various processes, e.g., plant organ formation, response to stress, and defense mechanisms. In Antirrhinum majus, the NAC transcription factor CUPULIFORMIS (CUP) plays a role in determining organ boundaries and lip formation, and the CUP homologs of Arabidopsis and Petunia are involved in flower organ formation. Orchidaceae is one of the most species-rich families of angiosperms, known for its extraordinary diversification of flower morphology. We conducted a transcriptome and genome-wide analysis of orchid NACs, focusing on the No Apical Meristem (NAM) subfamily and CUP genes. To check whether the CUP homologs could be involved in the perianth formation of orchids, we performed an expression analysis on the flower organs of the orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite at different developmental stages. The expression patterns of the CUP genes of P. aphrodite suggest their possible role in flower development and symmetry establishment. In addition, as observed in other species, the orchid CUP1 and CUP2 genes seem to be regulated by the microRNA, miR164. Our results represent a preliminary study of NAC transcription factors in orchids to understand the role of these genes during orchid flower formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Valoroso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.V.); (S.A.)
| | - Francesca Lucibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.V.); (S.A.)
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Chen YY, Li C, Hsiao YY, Ho SY, Zhang ZB, Liao CC, Lee BR, Lin ST, Wu WL, Wang JS, Zhang D, Liu KW, Liu DK, Zhao XW, Li YY, Ke SJ, Zhou Z, Huang MZ, Wu YS, Peng DH, Lan SR, Chen HH, Liu ZJ, Wu WS, Tsai WC. OrchidBase 5.0: updates of the orchid genome knowledgebase. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:557. [PMID: 36456919 PMCID: PMC9717476 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Containing the largest number of species, the orchid family provides not only materials for studying plant evolution and environmental adaptation, but economically and culturally important ornamental plants for human society. Previously, we collected genome and transcriptome information of Dendrobium catenatum, Phalaenopsis equestris, and Apostasia shenzhenica which belong to two different subfamilies of Orchidaceae, and developed user-friendly tools to explore the orchid genetic sequences in the OrchidBase 4.0. The OrchidBase 4.0 offers the opportunity for plant science community to compare orchid genomes and transcriptomes and retrieve orchid sequences for further study.In the year 2022, two whole-genome sequences of Orchidoideae species, Platanthera zijinensis and Platanthera guangdongensis, were de novo sequenced, assembled and analyzed. In addition, systemic transcriptomes from these two species were also established. Therefore, we included these datasets to develop the new version of OrchidBase 5.0. In addition, three new functions including synteny, gene order, and miRNA information were also developed for orchid genome comparisons and miRNA characterization.OrchidBase 5.0 extended the genetic information to three orchid subfamilies (including five orchid species) and provided new tools for orchid researchers to analyze orchid genomes and transcriptomes. The online resources can be accessed at https://cosbi.ee.ncku.edu.tw/orchidbase5/.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Yi Chen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Chung‐I Li
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Sau-Yee Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Zhe-Bin Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chi Liao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Bing-Ru Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ting Lin
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Wu
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Jeen-Shing Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Diyang Zhang
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Ke-Wei Liu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Ding-Kun Liu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Xue-Wei Zhao
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Shi-Jie Ke
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Zhuang Zhou
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005 China
| | - Ming-Zhong Huang
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yong-Shu Wu
- Education Botanical Garden of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Dong-Hui Peng
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005 China
- Institute of Vegetable and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
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Wang QQ, Li YY, Chen J, Zhu MJ, Liu X, Zhou Z, Zhang D, Liu ZJ, Lan S. Genome-wide identification of YABBY genes in three Cymbidium species and expression patterns in C. ensifolium (Orchidaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:995734. [PMID: 36507452 PMCID: PMC9729879 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.995734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Members of the YABBY gene family play significant roles in lamina development in cotyledons, floral organs, and other lateral organs. The Orchidaceae family is one of the largest angiosperm groups. Some YABBYs have been reported in Orchidaceae. However, the function of YABBY genes in Cymbidium is currently unknown. In this study, 24 YABBY genes were identified in Cymbidium ensifolium, C. goeringii, and C. sinense. We analyzed the conserved domains and motifs, the phylogenetic relationships, chromosome distribution, collinear correlation, and cis-elements of these three species. We also analyzed expression patterns of C. ensifolium and C. goeringii. Phylogenetic relationships analysis indicated that 24 YABBY genes were clustered in four groups, INO, CRC/DL, YAB2, and YAB3/FIL. For most YABBY genes, the zinc finger domain was located near the N-terminus and the helix-loop-helix domain (YABBY domain) near the C-terminus. Chromosomal location analysis results suggested that only C. goeringii YABBY has tandem repeat genes. Almost all the YABBY genes displayed corresponding one-to-one relationships in the syntenic relationships analysis. Cis-elements analysis indicated that most elements were clustered in light-responsive elements, followed by MeJA-responsive elements. Expression patterns showed that YAB2 genes have high expression in floral organs. RT-qPCR analysis showed high expression of CeYAB3 in lip, petal, and in the gynostemium. CeCRC and CeYAB2.2 were highly expressed in gynostemium. These findings provide valuable information of YABBY genes in Cymbidium species and the function in Orchidaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiating Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Jia Zhu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuedie Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Diyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Siren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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8
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Artuso S, Gamisch A, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Comes HP. Evidence for an evo-devo-derived hypothesis on three-dimensional flower shape modularity in a tropical orchid clade. Evolution 2022; 76:2587-2604. [PMID: 36128635 PMCID: PMC9828045 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Covarying suites of phenotypic traits, or modules, are increasingly recognized to promote morphological evolution. However, information on how modularity influences flower diversity is rare and lacking for Orchidaceae. Here, we combine high-resolution X-ray computed tomography scanning with three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to test various hypotheses about three-dimensional patterns of flower evolutionary modularity in Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids and examine rates and modes of module evolution. Based on the four evolutionary modules identified (i.e., sepals, lateral petals, labellum + column-foot, and column-part), our data support the hypothesis that both genetic-developmental and functional adaptive factors shaped evolutionary flower trait covariation in these tropical orchids. In line with "evo-devo" studies, we also find that the labellum evolved independently from the rest of the petal whorl. Finally, we show that modules evolved with different rates, and either in a neutral fashion (only column-part) or under selective constraints, as likely imposed by pollinators. Overall, this study supports current views that modular units can enhance the range and rate of morphological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Artuso
- Department of Environment and BiodiversityUniversity of SalzburgSalzburg5020Austria
| | - Alexander Gamisch
- Department of Environment and BiodiversityUniversity of SalzburgSalzburg5020Austria
| | - Yannick M. Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaVienna1030Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaVienna1030Austria
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Environment and BiodiversityUniversity of SalzburgSalzburg5020Austria
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9
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Suetsugu K, Abe Y, Asai T, Matsumoto S, Hasegawa M. Specialized petal with conspicuously fringed margin influences reproductive success in Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae). Ecology 2022; 103:e3781. [PMID: 35718748 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Abe
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Asai
- Himeji Tegarayama Botanical Garden, 93 Tegara, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuji Matsumoto
- Himeji Tegarayama Botanical Garden, 93 Tegara, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hasegawa
- Osaka Museum of Natural History, Nagai Park 1-23, Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Cheng H, Xie X, Ren M, Yang S, Zhao X, Mahna N, Liu Y, Xu Y, Xiang Y, Chai H, Zheng L, Ge H, Jia R. Characterization of Three SEPALLATA-Like MADS-Box Genes Associated With Floral Development in Paphiopedilum henryanum (Orchidaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:916081. [PMID: 35693163 PMCID: PMC9178235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.916081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Paphiopedilum (Orchidaceae) is one of the world's most popular orchids that is found in tropical and subtropical forests and has an enormous ornamental value. SEPALLATA-like (SEP-like) MADS-box genes are responsible for floral organ specification. In this study, three SEP-like MADS-box genes, PhSEP1, PhSEP2, and PhSEP3, were identified in Paphiopedilum henryanum. These genes were 732-916 bp, with conserved SEPI and SEPII motifs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PhSEP genes were evolutionarily closer to the core eudicot SEP3 lineage, whereas none of them belonged to core eudicot SEP1/2/4 clades. PhSEP genes displayed non-ubiquitous expression, which was detectable across all floral organs at all developmental stages of the flower buds. Furthermore, subcellular localization experiments revealed the localization of PhSEP proteins in the nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed no self-activation of PhSEPs. The protein-protein interactions revealed that PhSEPs possibly interact with B-class DEFICIENS-like and E-class MADS-box proteins. Our study suggests that the three SEP-like genes may play key roles in flower development in P. henryanum, which will improve our understanding of the roles of the SEP-like MADS-box gene family and provide crucial insights into the mechanisms underlying floral development in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiulan Xie
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nasser Mahna
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yi Liu
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yukai Xiang
- Department of High-Performance Computing, National Supercomputing Center in Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Chai
- Department of High-Performance Computing, National Supercomputing Center in Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Department of High-Performance Computing, National Supercomputing Center in Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruidong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Chen YY, Hsiao YY, Li CI, Yeh CM, Mitsuda N, Yang HX, Chiu CC, Chang SB, Liu ZJ, Tsai WC. The ancestral duplicated DL/CRC orthologs, PeDL1 and PeDL2, function in orchid reproductive organ innovation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5442-5461. [PMID: 33963755 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Orchid gynostemium, the fused organ of the androecium and gynoecium, and ovule development are unique developmental processes. Two DROOPING LEAF/CRABS CLAW (DL/CRC) genes, PeDL1 and PeDL2, were identified from the Phalaenopsis orchid genome and functionally characterized. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the most recent common ancestor of orchids contained the duplicated DL/CRC-like genes. Temporal and spatial expression analysis indicated that PeDL genes are specifically expressed in the gynostemium and at the early stages of ovule development. Both PeDLs could partially complement an Arabidopsis crc-1 mutant. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of PeDL1 and PeDL2 affected the number of protuberant ovule initials differentiated from the placenta. Transient overexpression of PeDL1 in Phalaenopsis orchids caused abnormal development of ovule and stigmatic cavity of gynostemium. PeDL1, but not PeDL2, could form a heterodimer with Phalaenopsis equestris CINCINNATA 8 (PeCIN8). Paralogous retention and subsequent divergence of the gene sequences of PeDL1 and PeDL2 in P. equestris might result in the differentiation of function and protein behaviors. These results reveal that the ancestral duplicated DL/CRC-like genes play important roles in orchid reproductive organ innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Yi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-I Li
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Ming Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hong-Xing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, CAS, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi-Chou Chiu
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Song-Bin Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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12
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Lucibelli F, Valoroso MC, Theißen G, Nolden S, Mondragon-Palomino M, Aceto S. Extending the Toolkit for Beauty: Differential Co-Expression of DROOPING LEAF-Like and Class B MADS-Box Genes during Phalaenopsis Flower Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137025. [PMID: 34209912 PMCID: PMC8268020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of orchid flower development is accomplished through a specific regulatory program in which the class B MADS-box AP3/DEF genes play a central role. In particular, the differential expression of four class B AP3/DEF genes is responsible for specification of organ identities in the orchid perianth. Other MADS-box genes (AGL6 and SEP-like) enrich the molecular program underpinning the orchid perianth development, resulting in the expansion of the original “orchid code” in an even more complex gene regulatory network. To identify candidates that could interact with the AP3/DEF genes in orchids, we conducted an in silico differential expression analysis in wild-type and peloric Phalaenopsis. The results suggest that a YABBY DL-like gene could be involved in the molecular program leading to the development of the orchid perianth, particularly the labellum. Two YABBY DL/CRC homologs are present in the genome of Phalaenopsis equestris, PeDL1 and PeDL2, and both express two alternative isoforms. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that both genes are expressed in column and ovary. In addition, PeDL2 is more strongly expressed the labellum than in the other tepals of wild-type flowers. This pattern is similar to that of the AP3/DEF genes PeMADS3/4 and opposite to that of PeMADS2/5. In peloric mutant Phalaenopsis, where labellum-like structures substitute the lateral inner tepals, PeDL2 is expressed at similar levels of the PeMADS2-5 genes, suggesting the involvement of PeDL2 in the development of the labellum, together with the PeMADS2-PeMADS5 genes. Although the yeast two-hybrid analysis did not reveal the ability of PeDL2 to bind the PeMADS2-PeMADS5 proteins directly, the existence of regulatory interactions is suggested by the presence of CArG-boxes and other MADS-box transcription factor binding sites within the putative promoter of the orchid DL2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lucibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (F.L.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Maria Carmen Valoroso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (F.L.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Günter Theißen
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (G.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Susanne Nolden
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (G.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Mariana Mondragon-Palomino
- Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.M.-P.); (S.A.)
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (F.L.); (M.C.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.-P.); (S.A.)
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13
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Genome-Wide Analysis of the YABBY Transcription Factor Family in Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070981. [PMID: 34199012 PMCID: PMC8306101 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The YABBY family of plant-specific transcription factors play important regulatory roles during the development of leaves and floral organs, but their functions in Brassica species are incompletely understood. Here, we identified 79 YABBY genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and five Brassica species (B. rapa, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. juncea, and B. napus). A phylogenetic analysis of YABBY proteins separated them into five clusters (YAB1–YAB5) with representatives from all five Brassica species, suggesting a high degree of conservation and similar functions within each subfamily. We determined the gene structure, chromosomal location, and expression patterns of the 21 BnaYAB genes identified, revealing extensive duplication events and gene loss following polyploidization. Changes in exon–intron structure during evolution may have driven differentiation in expression patterns and functions, combined with purifying selection, as evidenced by Ka/Ks values below 1. Based on transcriptome sequencing data, we selected nine genes with high expression at the flowering stage. qRT-PCR analysis further indicated that most BnaYAB family members are tissue-specific and exhibit different expression patterns in various tissues and organs of B. napus. This preliminary study of the characteristics of the YABBY gene family in the Brassica napus genome provides theoretical support and reference for the later functional identification of the family genes.
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14
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Zeng D, Teixeira da Silva JA, Zhang M, Yu Z, Si C, Zhao C, Dai G, He C, Duan J. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the APETALA2 (AP2) Transcription Factor in Dendrobium officinale. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5221. [PMID: 34069261 PMCID: PMC8156592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in regulating development in plants. However, a comprehensive analysis of the AP2 family members in a valuable Chinese herbal orchid, Dendrobium officinale, or in other orchids, is limited. In this study, the 14 DoAP2 TFs that were identified from the D. officinale genome and named DoAP2-1 to DoAP2-14 were divided into three clades: euAP2, euANT, and basalANT. The promoters of all DoAP2 genes contained cis-regulatory elements related to plant development and also responsive to plant hormones and stress. qRT-PCR analysis showed the abundant expression of DoAP2-2, DoAP2-5, DoAP2-7, DoAP2-8 and DoAP2-12 genes in protocorm-like bodies (PLBs), while DoAP2-3, DoAP2-4, DoAP2-6, DoAP2-9, DoAP2-10 and DoAP2-11 expression was strong in plantlets. In addition, the expression of some DoAP2 genes was down-regulated during flower development. These results suggest that DoAP2 genes may play roles in plant regeneration and flower development in D. officinale. Four DoAP2 genes (DoAP2-1 from euAP2, DoAP2-2 from euANT, and DoAP2-6 and DoAP2-11 from basal ANT) were selected for further analyses. The transcriptional activation of DoAP2-1, DoAP2-2, DoAP2-6 and DoAP2-11 proteins, which were localized in the nucleus of Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts, was further analyzed by a dual-luciferase reporter gene system in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Our data showed that pBD-DoAP2-1, pBD-DoAP2-2, pBD-DoAP2-6 and pBD-DoAP2-11 significantly repressed the expression of the LUC reporter compared with the negative control (pBD), suggesting that these DoAP2 proteins may act as transcriptional repressors in the nucleus of plant cells. Our findings on AP2 genes in D. officinale shed light on the function of AP2 genes in this orchid and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.Y.); (C.S.); (C.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Mingze Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.Y.); (C.S.); (C.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenming Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.Y.); (C.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Can Si
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.Y.); (C.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Conghui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.Y.); (C.S.); (C.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangyi Dai
- Opening Public Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.Y.); (C.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Juan Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (D.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.Y.); (C.S.); (C.Z.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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15
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Lovo J, Alcantara S, Vasconcelos TNC, Sajo MDG, Rudall PJ, Prenner G, Aguiar AJC, Mello-Silva R. Evolutionary lability in floral ontogeny affects pollination biology in Trimezieae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:828-843. [PMID: 34019302 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE There is little direct evidence linking floral development and pollination biology in plants. We characterize both aspects in plain and ornamented flowers of Trimezieae (Iridaceae) to investigate how changes in floral ontogeny may affect their interactions with pollinators through time. METHODS We examined floral ontogeny in 11 species and documented pollination biology in five species displaying a wide range of floral morphologies. We coded and reconstructed ancestral states of flower types over the tribal phylogeny to estimate the frequency of transition between different floral types. RESULTS All Trimezieae flowers are similar in early floral development, but ornamented flowers have additional ontogenetic steps compared with plain flowers, indicating heterochrony. Ornamented flowers have a hinge pollination mechanism (newly described here) and attract more pollinator guilds, while plain flowers offer less variety of resources for a shorter time. Although the ornamented condition is plesiomorphic in this clade, shifts to plain flowers have occurred frequently and abruptly during the past 5 million years, with some subsequent reversals. CONCLUSIONS Heterochrony has resulted in labile morphological changes during flower evolution in Trimezieae. Counterintuitively, species with plain flowers, which are endemic to the campo rupestre, are derived within the tribe and show a higher specialization than the ornamented species, with the former being visited by pollen-collecting bees only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lovo
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Caixa Postal 5065, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Suzana Alcantara
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Thais N C Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA
| | | | - Paula J Rudall
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Prenner
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
| | - Antônio J C Aguiar
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Renato Mello-Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
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16
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Zeng D, Que C, Teixeira da Silva JA, Xu S, Li D. Comparative Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Reveal the Molecular Mechanism of Ovule Development in the Orchid, Cymbidium sinense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:814275. [PMID: 35126436 PMCID: PMC8813969 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.814275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovule development is pivotal to plant reproduction and seed development. Cymbidium sinense (Orchidaceae) has high ornamental value due to its pleasant aroma and elegant floral morphology. The regulatory mechanism underlying ovule development in orchids, especially C. sinense, is largely unknown and information on the C. sinense genome is very scarce. In this study, a combined analysis was performed on the transcriptome and non-targeted metabolomes of 18 C. sinense 'Qi Jian Hei Mo' ovule samples. Transcriptome analysis assembled gene-related information related to six growth stages of C. sinense ovules (S1-S6, equivalent to 30, 35, 42, 46, 53, and 60 days after pollination). Illumina sequencing technology was used to obtain the complete set of transcriptome sequences of the 18 samples. A total of 81,585 unigene sequences were obtained after assembly, 24,860 (30.47%) of which were functionally annotated. Using transcriptome sequencing technology, a total of 9845 differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) were identified in C. sinense ovules that were assigned to specific metabolic pathways according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). DEUs associated with transcription factors (TFs) and phytohormones were identified and analyzed. The TFs homeobox and MADS-box were associated with C. sinense ovule development. In particular, the phytohormones associated with DEUs such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CK), gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroid (BR), and jasmonate (JA), may have important regulatory effects on C. sinense ovule development. Metabolomic analysis showed an inconsistent number of KEGG annotations of differential metabolites across comparisons (S2_vs_S4, S2_vs_S5, and S4_vs_S5 contained 23, 26, and 3 annotations, respectively) in C. sinense ovules. This study provides a valuable foundation for further understanding the regulation of orchid ovule development and formation, and establishes a theoretical background for future practical applications during orchid cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Que
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Standardization of Production Engineering Technology of Orchids, Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan, China
| | | | - Shutao Xu
- College of Innovative Design, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Standardization of Production Engineering Technology of Orchids, Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Dongmei Li,
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17
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Liu X, Liao XY, Zheng Y, Zhu MJ, Yu X, Jiang YT, Zhang DY, Ma L, Xu XY, Liu ZJ, Lan S. Genome-Wide Identification of the YABBY Gene Family in Seven Species of Magnoliids and Expression Analysis in Litsea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E21. [PMID: 33374250 PMCID: PMC7824534 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The YABBY gene family, specific to seed plants, encodes a class of transcription factors in the lamina maintenance and development of lateral organs. Magnoliids are sisters to the clade-containing eudicots and monocots, which have rapidly diversified among the common ancestors of these three lineages. However, prior to this study, information on the function of the YABBY genes in magnoliids was extremely limited to the third major clades and the early diverging lineage of Mesangiospermae. In this study, the sum of 55 YABBY genes including five genes in INO, six in CRC, eight in YAB2, 22 in YAB5, and 14 in FIL clade were identified from seven magnoliid plants. Sequence analysis showed that all encoded YABBY protein sequences possess the highly conserved YABBY domain and C2C2 zinc-finger domain. Gene and protein structure analysis indicates that a certain number of exons were highly conserved and similar in the same class, and YABBY genes encode proteins of 71-392 amino acids and an open reading frame of 216-1179 bp in magnoliids. Additionally, the predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point of YABBY proteins in three species ranged from 7689.93 to 43578.13 and from 5.33 to 9.87, respectively. Meanwhile, the YABBY gene homolog expression of Litsea was detected at a temporal and spatial level during various developmental stages of leaf and reproductive tissues. This research could provide a brief overview of YABBY gene family evolution and its differential expression in magnoliids. Therefore, this comprehensive diversification analysis would provide a new insight into further understanding of the function of genes in seven magnoliids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedie Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.-J.Z.); (Y.-T.J.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Xing-Yu Liao
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.-J.Z.); (Y.-T.J.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.-J.Z.); (Y.-T.J.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Meng-Jia Zhu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.-J.Z.); (Y.-T.J.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Xia Yu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Yu-Ting Jiang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.-J.Z.); (Y.-T.J.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Di-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Xin-Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Siren Lan
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.-J.Z.); (Y.-T.J.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Colleage of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (D.-Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.-Y.X.); (Z.-J.L.)
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Heiduk A, Pramanik D, Spaans M, Gast L, Dorst N, van Heuven BJ, Gravendeel B. Pitfall Flower Development and Organ Identity of Ceropegia sandersonii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121767. [PMID: 33327479 PMCID: PMC7764971 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Deceptive Ceropegia pitfall flowers are an outstanding example of synorganized morphological complexity. Floral organs functionally synergise to trap fly-pollinators inside the fused corolla. Successful pollination requires precise positioning of flies headfirst into cavities at the gynostegium. These cavities are formed by the corona, a specialized organ of corolline and/or staminal origin. The interplay of floral organs to achieve pollination is well studied but their evolutionary origin is still unclear. We aimed to obtain more insight in the homology of the corona and therefore investigated floral anatomy, ontogeny, vascularization, and differential MADS-box gene expression in Ceropegia sandersonii using X-ray microtomography, Light and Scanning Electronic Microscopy, and RT-PCR. During 10 defined developmental phases, the corona appears in phase 7 at the base of the stamens and was not found to be vascularized. A floral reference transcriptome was generated and 14 MADS-box gene homologs, representing all major MADS-box gene classes, were identified. B- and C-class gene expression was found in mature coronas. Our results indicate staminal origin of the corona, and we propose a first ABCDE-model for floral organ identity in Ceropegia to lay the foundation for a better understanding of the molecular background of pitfall flower evolution in Apocynaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Heiduk
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa;
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (B.J.v.H.)
| | - Dewi Pramanik
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (B.J.v.H.)
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), Jl. Raya Ciherang, Pacet-Cianjur 43253, Indonesia
| | - Marlies Spaans
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Loes Gast
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Nemi Dorst
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Bertie Joan van Heuven
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (B.J.v.H.)
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (B.J.v.H.)
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)71-527-1910
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Suetsugu K. Gynomonoecy in a mycoheterotrophic orchid Eulophia zollingeri with autonomous selfing hermaphroditic flowers and putatively outcrossing female flowers. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10272. [PMID: 33194432 PMCID: PMC7597633 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most orchid species exhibit an extreme case of hermaphroditism, owing to the fusion of male and female organs into a gynostemium. Exceptions to this rule have only been reported from the subtribes Catasetinae and Satyriinae. Here, I report an additional orchidaceous example whose flowers are not always hermaphroditic. In several Japanese populations of Eulophia zollingeri (Rchb.f.) J.J.Sm, a widespread Asian and Oceanian orchid, some flowers possess both the anther (i.e., anther cap and pollinaria) and stigma, whereas others possess only the stigma. Therefore, pollination experiments, an investigation of floral morphology and observations of floral visitors were conducted to understand the reproductive biology of E. zollingeri in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. It was confirmed that E. zollingeri studied here possesses a gynomonoecious reproductive system, a sexual system in which a single plant has both female flowers and hermaphroditic flowers. In addition, hermaphroditic flowers often possess an effective self-pollination system while female flowers could avoid autogamy but suffered from severe pollinator limitation, due to a lack of agamospermy and low insect-mediated pollination. The present study represents the first documented example of gynomonoecy within Orchidaceae. Gynomonoecy in E. zollingeri may be maintained by the tradeoff in reproductive traits between female flowers (with low fruit set but potential outcrossing benefits) and hermaphroditic flowers (with high fruit set but inbreeding depression in selfed offspring). This mixed mating is probably important in mycoheterotrophic E. zollingeri because it occurs in shaded forest understorey with a paucity of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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20
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Genome-Wide Identification of YABBY Genes in Orchidaceae and Their Expression Patterns in Phalaenopsis Orchid. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090955. [PMID: 32825004 PMCID: PMC7563141 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant YABBY transcription factors are key regulators in the lamina development of lateral organs. Orchid is one of the largest families in angiosperm and known for their unique floral morphology, reproductive biology, and diversified lifestyles. However, nothing is known about the role of YABBY genes in orchids, although biologists have never lost their fascination with orchids. In this study, a total of 54 YABBY genes, including 15 genes in CRC/DL, eight in INO, 17 in YAB2, and 14 in FIL clade, were identified from the eight orchid species. A sequence analysis showed that all protein sequences encoded by these YABBY genes share the highly conserved C2C2 zinc-finger domain and YABBY domain (a helix-loop-helix motif). A gene structure analysis showed that the number of exons is highly conserved in the same clades. The genes in YAB2 clade have six exons, and genes in CRC/DL, INO, and FIL have six or seven exons. A phylogenetic analysis showed all 54 orchid YABBY genes could be classified into four major clades, including CRC/DL, INO, FIL, and YAB2. Many of orchid species maintain more than one member in CRC/DL, FIL, and YAB2 clades, implying functional differentiation among these genes, which is supported by sequence diversification and differential expression. An expression analysis of PhalaenopsisYABBY genes revealed that members in the CRC/DL clade have concentrated expressions in the early floral development stage and gynostemium, the fused male and female reproductive organs. The expression of PeINO is consistent with the biological role it played in ovule integument morphogenesis. Transcripts of members in the FIL clade could be obviously detected at the early developmental stage of the flowers. The expression of three genes, PeYAB2,PeYAB3, and PeYAB4, in the YAB2 clade could be revealed both in vegetative and reproductive tissues, and PeYAB4 was transcribed at a relatively higher level than that of PeYAB2 and PeYAB3. Together, this comprehensive analysis provides the basic information for understanding the function of the YABBY gene in Orchidaceae.
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21
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Pramanik D, Dorst N, Meesters N, Spaans M, Smets E, Welten M, Gravendeel B. Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species. EvoDevo 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 32793330 PMCID: PMC7418404 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variation in shape and size of many floral organs is related to pollinators. Evolution of such organs is driven by duplication and modification of MADS-box and MYB transcription factors. We applied a combination of micro-morphological (SEM and micro 3D-CT scanning) and molecular techniques (transcriptome and RT-PCR analysis) to understand the evolution and development of the callus, stelidia and mentum, three highly specialized floral structures of orchids involved in pollination. Early stage and mature tissues were collected from flowers of the bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis equestris and Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, two species that differ in floral morphology: P. equestris has a large callus but short stelidia and no mentum, whereas P. pulcherrima has a small callus, but long stelidia and a pronounced mentum. Results Our results show the stelidia develop from early primordial stages, whereas the callus and mentum develop later. In combination, the micro 3D-CT scan analysis and gene expression analyses show that the callus is of mixed petaloid-staminodial origin, the stelidia of staminodial origin, and the mentum of mixed sepaloid-petaloid-staminodial origin. SEP clade 1 copies are expressed in the larger callus of P. equestris, whereas AP3 clade 1 and AGL6 clade 1 copies are expressed in the pronounced mentum and long stelidia of P. pulcherrima. AP3 clade 4, PI-, AGL6 clade 2 and PCF clade 1 copies might have a balancing role in callus and gynostemium development. There appears to be a trade-off between DIV clade 2 expression with SEP clade 1 expression in the callus, on the one hand, and with AP3 clade 1 and AGL6 clade 1 expression in the stelidia and mentum on the other. Conclusions We detected differential growth and expression of MADS box AP3/PI-like, AGL6-like and SEP-like, and MYB DIV-like gene copies in the callus, stelidia and mentum of two species of Phalaenopsis, of which these floral structures are very differently shaped and sized. Our study provides a first glimpse of the evolutionary developmental mechanisms driving adaptation of Phalaenopsis flowers to different pollinators by providing combined micro-morphological and molecular evidence for a possible sepaloid–petaloid–staminodial origin of the orchid mentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Pramanik
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), Jl. Raya Ciherang, Pacet-Cianjur, 43253 West Java Indonesia
| | - Nemi Dorst
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Meesters
- Life Sciences, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Ruitenbergerlaan 31, 6826 CC Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Spaans
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, P.O. Box 2435, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Monique Welten
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms Group, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Goodwillie C. When plants get bent out of shape: a new twist in plant reproduction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:8-9. [PMID: 32343411 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Goodwillie
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
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23
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Phillips HR, Landis JB, Specht CD. Revisiting floral fusion: the evolution and molecular basis of a developmental innovation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3390-3404. [PMID: 32152629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the evolution of the angiosperm flower, developmental innovations have enabled the modification or elaboration of novel floral organs enabling subsequent diversification and expansion into new niches, for example the formation of novel pollinator relationships. One such developmental innovation is the fusion of various floral organs to form complex structures. Multiple types of floral fusion exist; each type may be the result of different developmental processes and is likely to have evolved multiple times independently across the angiosperm tree of life. The development of fused organs is thought to be mediated by the NAM/CUC3 subfamily of NAC transcription factors, which mediate boundary formation during meristematic development. The goal of this review is to (i) introduce the development of fused floral organs as a key 'developmental innovation', facilitated by a change in the expression of NAM/CUC3 transcription factors; (ii) provide a comprehensive overview of floral fusion phenotypes amongst the angiosperms, defining well-known fusion phenotypes and applying them to a systematic context; and (iii) summarize the current molecular knowledge of this phenomenon, highlighting the evolution of the NAM/CUC3 subfamily of transcription factors implicated in the development of fused organs. The need for a network-based analysis of fusion is discussed, and a gene regulatory network responsible for directing fusion is proposed to guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Phillips
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Jacob B Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Chelsea D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
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24
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Pérez-Escobar OA, Bogarín D, Schley R, Bateman RM, Gerlach G, Harpke D, Brassac J, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Dodsworth S, Hagsater E, Blanco MA, Gottschling M, Blattner FR. Resolving relationships in an exceedingly young Neotropical orchid lineage using Genotyping-by-sequencing data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 144:106672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Peréz-Mesa P, Ortíz-Ramírez CI, González F, Ferrándiz C, Pabón-Mora N. Expression of gynoecium patterning transcription factors in Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae) and their contribution to gynostemium development. EvoDevo 2020; 11:4. [PMID: 32095226 PMCID: PMC7027301 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) flowers, the congenital fusion of the anthers and the commissural, stigmatic lobes forms a gynostemium. Although the molecular bases associated to the apical–basal gynoecium patterning have been described in eudicots, comparative expression studies of the style and stigma regulatory genes have never been performed in early divergent angiosperms possessing a gynostemium. Results In this study, we assess the expression of five genes typically involved in gynoecium development in Aristolochia fimbriata. We found that all five genes (AfimCRC, AfimSPT, AfimNGA, AfimHEC1 and AfimHEC3) are expressed in the ovary, the placenta, the ovules and the transmitting tract. In addition, only AfimHEC3, AfimNGA and AfimSPT are temporarily expressed during the initiation of the stigma, while none of the genes studied is maintained during the elaboration of the stigmatic surfaces in the gynostemium. Conclusions Expression patterns suggest that CRC, HEC, NGA and SPT homologs establish ovary and style identity in Aristolochia fimbriata. Only NGA,HEC3 and SPT genes may play a role in the early differentiation of the stigmatic lobes, but none of the genes studied seems to control late stigma differentiation in the gynostemium. The data gathered so far raises the possibility that such transient expression early on provides sufficient signal for late stigma differentiation or that unidentified late identity genes are controlling stigma development in the gynostemium. Our data does not rule out the possibility that stigmas could correspond to staminal filaments with convergent pollen-receptive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Peréz-Mesa
- 1Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, 050010 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Clara Inés Ortíz-Ramírez
- 2Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Favio González
- 3Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Sede Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- 2Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- 1Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, 050010 Medellín, Colombia
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26
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Lai PH, Huang LM, Pan ZJ, Jane WN, Chung MC, Chen WH, Chen HH. PeERF1, a SHINE-Like Transcription Factor, Is Involved in Nanoridge Development on Lip Epidermis of Phalaenopsis Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1709. [PMID: 32082333 PMCID: PMC7002429 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis orchids have a spectacular floral morphology with a highly evolved lip that offers a landing platform for pollinators. The typical morphological orchid lip features are essential for the special pollination mechanism of Phalaenopsis flowers. Previously, we found that in the lip, a member of the AP2/EREBP protein family was highly expressed. Here, we further confirmed its high expression and characterized its function during lip development. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AP2/EREBP belongs to the Va2 subgroup of ERF transcription factors. We named it PeERF1. We found that PeERF1 was only expressed at stage 5, as flowers opened. This coincided with both thickening of the cuticle and development of nanoridges. We performed knockdown expression of PeERF1 using CymMV-based virus-induced gene silencing in either the AP2 conserved domain, producing PeERF1_AP2-silenced plants, or the SHN specific domain, producing PeERF1_SHN-silenced plants. Using cryo-SEM, we found that the number of nanoridges was reduced only in the PeERF1_AP2-silenced group. This change was found on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the central lip lobe. Expression of PeERF1 was reduced significantly in PeERF1_AP2-silenced plants. In cutin biosynthesis genes, expression of both PeCYP86A2 and PeDCR was significantly decreased in both groups. The expression of PeCYP77A4 was reduced significantly only in the PeERF1_AP2-silenced plants. Although PeGPAT expression was reduced in both silenced plants, but to a lesser degree. The expression of PeERF1 was significantly reduced in the petal-like lip of a big-lip variant. PeCYP77A4 and PeGPAT in the lip were also reduced, but PeDCR was not. Furthermore, heterologous overexpression of PeERF1 in the genus Arabidopsis produced leaves that were shiny on the adaxial surface. Taken together, our results show that in Phalaenopsis orchids PeERF1 plays an important role in formation of nanoridges during lip epidermis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Han Lai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Jun Pan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wann-Neng Jane
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chu Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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27
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Lussu M, De Agostini A, Cogoni A, Marignani M, Cortis P. Does size really matter? A comparative study on floral traits in orchids with two different pollination strategies. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:961-966. [PMID: 30945419 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lock and key hypothesis assumes that male and female genitalia match in a unique system to prevent interspecific crosses. This hypothesis is largely investigated in animals, while there is a distinct lack of studies on plants. Nevertheless, we expect the lock and key hypothesis could apply to plants with complex floral morphologies, such as orchids. Here we apply a comparative approach to examine the variation of floral functional traits in food- and sex-deceptive orchids. To understand if a specific deception strategy is related to a specific variation in floral traits evaluated the variation in sterile and fertile traits among species and subsequently examined the correlations between male and female reproductive organs of the same species with the aim of investigating the role of the lock and key hypothesis in deceptive orchids. Our results show that the functional morphology of fertile traits plays a pivotal role in limiting gene flow in species that grow in sympatry. In particular, it was observed that the Reproductive Standardisation Index (RSI) is significantly different in the two pollination strategies and that the correlation between pollinarium length and stigmatic cavity length is stronger in food-deceptive species when compared to the sex-deceptive species. These results reveal that the lock and key hypothesis contributes to maintain boundaries in plants with very complex floral morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lussu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A De Agostini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Cogoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Marignani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Cortis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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28
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Chen W, Hsu W, Hsu H, Yang C. A tetraspanin gene regulating auxin response and affecting orchid perianth size and various plant developmental processes. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00157. [PMID: 31406958 PMCID: PMC6680136 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The competition between L (lip) and SP (sepal/petal) complexes in P-code model determines the identity of complex perianth patterns in orchids. Orchid tetraspanin gene Auxin Activation Factor (AAF) orthologs, whose expression strongly correlated with the expansion and size of the perianth after P code established, were identified. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of OAGL6-2 in L complex resulted in smaller lips and the down-regulation of Oncidium OnAAF. VIGS of PeMADS9 in L complex resulted in the enlarged lips and up-regulation of Phalaenopsis PaAAF. Furthermore, the larger size of Phalaenopsis variety flowers was associated with higher PaAAF expression, larger and more cells in the perianth. Thus, a rule is established that whenever bigger perianth organs are made in orchids, higher OnAAF/PaAAF expression is observed after their identities are determined by P-code complexes. Ectopic expression Arabidopsis AtAAF significantly increased the size of flower organs by promoting cell expansion in transgenic Arabidopsis due to the enhancement of the efficiency of the auxin response and the subsequent suppression of the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes (DAD1/OPR3) and BIGPETAL gene during late flower development. In addition, auxin-controlled phenotypes, such as indehiscent anthers, enhanced drought tolerance, and increased lateral root formation, were also observed in 35S::AtAAF plants. Furthermore, 35S::AtAAF root tips maintained gravitropism during auxin treatment. In contrast, the opposite phenotype was observed in palmitoylation-deficient AtAAF mutants. Our data demonstrate an interaction between the tetraspanin AAF and auxin/JA that regulates the size of flower organs and impacts various developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Hao Chen
- Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Wei‐Han Hsu
- Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Hsing‐Fun Hsu
- Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chang‐Hsien Yang
- Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
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Mitoma M, Kajino Y, Hayashi R, Endo M, Kubota S, Kanno A. Molecular mechanism underlying pseudopeloria in Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:439-451. [PMID: 30924980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae) has two whorls of perianth, comprising three greenish sepals, two white petals and one lip (labellum). By contrast, the pseudopeloric (with a decreased degree of zygomorphy) mutant cultivar of H. radiata, 'Hishou', has changes in the identities of the dorsal sepal to a petaloid organ and the two ventral sepals to lip-like organs. Here, we isolated four DEFICIENS-like and two AGL6-like genes from H. radiata, and characterized their expression. Most of these genes revealed similar expression patterns in the wild type and in the 'Hishou' cultivar, except HrDEF-C3. The HrDEF-C3 gene was expressed in petals and lip in the wild type but was ectopically expressed in sepal, petals, lip, leaf, root and bulb in 'Hishou'. Sequence analysis of the HrDEF-C3 loci revealed that the 'Hishou' genome harbored two types of HrDEF-C3 genes: one identical to wild-type HrDEF-C3 and the other carrying a retrotransposon insertion in its promoter. Genetic linkage analysis of the progeny derived from an intraspecific cross between 'Hishou' and the wild type demonstrated that the mutant pseudopeloric trait was dominantly inherited and was linked to the HrDEF-C3 gene carrying the retrotransposon. These results indicate that the pseudopeloric phenotype is caused by retrotransposon insertion in the HrDEF-C3 promoter, resulting in the ectopic expression of HrDEF-C3. As the expression of HrAGL6-C2 was limited to lateral sepals and lip, the overlapping expression of HrDEF-C3 and HrAGL6-C2 is likely to be responsible for the sepal to lip-like identity in the lateral sepals of the 'Hishou' cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Mitoma
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yumi Kajino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Risa Hayashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Miyako Endo
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shosei Kubota
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Kanno
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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Madrigal Y, Alzate JF, González F, Pabón-Mora N. Evolution of RADIALIS and DIVARICATA gene lineages in flowering plants with an expanded sampling in non-core eudicots. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:334-351. [PMID: 30845367 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Bilateral symmetry in core eudicot flowers is established by the differential expression of CYCLOIDEA (CYC), DICHOTOMA (DICH), and RADIALIS (RAD), which are restricted to the dorsal portion of the flower, and DIVARICATA (DIV), restricted to the ventral and lateral petals. Little is known regarding the evolution of these gene lineages in non-core eudicots, and there are no reports on gene expression that can be used to assess whether the network predates the diversification of core eudicots. METHODS Homologs of the RAD and DIV lineages were isolated from available genomes and transcriptomes, including those of three selected non-core eudicot species, the magnoliid Aristolochia fimbriata and the monocots Cattleya trianae and Hypoxis decumbens. Phylogenetic analyses for each gene lineage were performed. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression and putative contribution to floral symmetry in dissected floral organs of the selected species. KEY RESULTS RAD-like genes have undergone at least two duplication events before eudicot diversification, three before monocots and at least four in Orchidaceae. DIV-like genes also duplicated twice before eudicot diversification and underwent independent duplications specific to Orchidaceae. RAD-like and DIV-like genes have differential dorsiventral expression only in C. trianae, which contrasts with the homogeneous expression in the perianth of A. fimbriata. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to a common genetic regulatory network for floral symmetry in monocots and core eudicots, while alternative genetic mechanisms are likely driving the bilateral perianth symmetry in the early-diverging angiosperm Aristolochia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Madrigal
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA 1226, Cl. 67 No. 53-108, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Fernando Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica, SIU, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Cl. 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Favio González
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, AA. 7495, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA 1226, Cl. 67 No. 53-108, Medellín, Colombia
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The MADS-box genes expressed in the inflorescence of Orchis italica (Orchidaceae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213185. [PMID: 30822337 PMCID: PMC6396907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Orchidaceae family, which is one of the most species-rich flowering plant families, includes species with highly diversified and specialized flower shapes. The aim of this study was to analyze the MADS-box genes expressed in the inflorescence of Orchis italica, a wild Mediterranean orchid species. MADS-box proteins are transcription factors involved in various plant biological processes, including flower development. In the floral tissues of O. italica, 29 MADS-box genes are expressed that are classified as both class I and II. Class I MADS-box genes include one Mβ-type gene, thereby confirming the presence of this type of MADS-box genes in orchids. The class II MIKC* gene is highly expressed in the column, which is consistent with the conserved function of the MIKC* genes in gametophyte development. In addition, homologs of the SOC, SVP, ANR1, AGL12 and OsMADS32 genes are expressed. Compared with previous knowledge on class II MIKCC genes of O. italica involved in the ABCDE model of flower development, the number of class B and D genes has been confirmed. In addition, 4 class A (AP1/FUL) transcripts, 2 class E (SEP) transcripts, 2 new class C (AG) transcripts and 1 new AGL6 transcript have been identified. Within the AP1/FUL genes, the sequence divergence, relaxation of purifying selection and expression profiles suggest a possible functional diversification within these orchid genes. The detection of only two SEP transcripts in O. italica, in contrast with the 4 genes found in other orchids, suggests that only two SEP genes could be present in the subfamily Orchidoideae. The expression pattern of the MIKCC genes of O. italica indicates that low levels at the boundary of the domain of a given MADS-box gene can overlap with the expression of genes belonging to a different functional A-E class in the adjacent domain, thereby following a “fading borders” model.
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Valoroso MC, Sobral R, Saccone G, Salvemini M, Costa MMR, Aceto S. Evolutionary Conservation of the Orchid MYB Transcription Factors DIV, RAD, and DRIF. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1359. [PMID: 31736999 PMCID: PMC6838138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The MYB transcription factors DIVARICATA (DIV), DIV-and-RAD-Interacting-Factor (DRIF), and the small interfering peptide RADIALIS (RAD) can interact, forming a regulatory module that controls different plant developmental processes. In the snapdragon Antirrhinum majus, this module, together with the TCP transcription factor CYCLOIDEA (CYC), is responsible for the establishment of floral dorsoventral asymmetry. The spatial gene expression pattern of the OitDIV, OitDRIF, and OitRAD homologs of Orchis italica, an orchid with zygomorphic flowers, has suggested a possible conserved role of these genes in bilateral symmetry of the orchid flower. Here, we have identified four DRIF genes of orchids and have reconstructed their genomic organization and evolution. In addition, we found snapdragon transcriptional cis-regulatory elements of DIV and RAD loci generally conserved within the corresponding orchid orthologues. We have tested the biochemical interactions among OitDIV, OitDRIF1, and OitRAD of O. italica, showing that OitDRIF1 can interact both with OitDIV and OitRAD, whereas OitDIV and OitRAD do not directly interact, as in A. majus. The analysis of the quantitative expression profile of these MYB genes revealed that in zygomorphic orchid flowers, the DIV, DRIF1, and RAD transcripts are present at higher levels in the lip than in lateral inner tepals, whereas in peloric orchid flowers they show similar expression levels. These results indicate that MYB transcription factors could have a role in shaping zygomorphy of the orchid flower, potentially enriching the underlying orchid developmental code.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rómulo Sobral
- BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Saccone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Manuela Ribeiro Costa
- BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Serena Aceto,
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Su S, Shao X, Zhu C, Xu J, Lu H, Tang Y, Jiao K, Guo W, Xiao W, Liu Z, Luo D, Huang X. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis Reveals the Origin of Peloria in Chinese Cymbidium (Cymbidium sinense). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2064-2074. [PMID: 29986119 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An orchid flower exhibits a zygomorphic corolla with a well-differentiated labellum. In Cymbidium sinense, many varieties with peloric or pseudopeloric flowers have been bred during centuries of domestication. However, little is known about the molecular basis controlling orchid floral zygomorphy and the origin of these varieties. Here, we studied the floral morphogenesis of C. sinense and transcriptome-wide enriched differentially expressed genes among different varieties. The floral zygomorphy of C. sinense is established in the early developmental process. Out of 27 MIKCC-MADS factors, we found two homeotic MADS genes whose expression was down-regulated in peloric varieties but up-regulated in pseudopeloric varieties. CsAP3-2 expressed in the inner floral organs co-operates with a labellum-specific factor CsAGL6-2, asymmetrically promoting the differentiation of inner tepals. Interestingly, we detected exon deletions on CsAP3-2 in peloric varieties, indicating that loss of B-function results in the origin of peloria. Additional petaloid structures developed when we ectopically expressed these genes in Arabidopsis, suggesting their roles in floral morphogenesis. These findings indicate that the interplay among MADS factors would be crucial for orchid floral zygomorphy, and mutations in these factors may have maintained during artificial selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Xiaoyu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changfa Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuhuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuxiu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongjian Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, National Orchid Conservation Center of China and Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Da Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Bateman RM, Guy JJ, Rudall PJ, Leitch IJ, Pellicer J, Leitch AR. Evolutionary and functional potential of ploidy increase within individual plants: somatic ploidy mapping of the complex labellum of sexually deceptive bee orchids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:133-150. [PMID: 29672665 PMCID: PMC6025197 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Recent tissue-level observations made indirectly via flow cytometry suggest that endoreplication (duplication of the nuclear genome within the nuclear envelope in the absence of subsequent cell division) is widespread within the plant kingdom. Here, we also directly observe ploidy variation among cells within individual petals, relating size of nucleus to cell micromorphology and (more speculatively) to function. Methods We compared the labella (specialized pollinator-attracting petals) of two European orchid genera: Dactylorhiza has a known predisposition to organismal polyploidy, whereas Ophrys exhibits exceptionally complex epidermal patterning that aids pseudocopulatory pollination. Confocal microscopy using multiple staining techniques allowed us to observe directly both the sizes and the internal structures of individual nuclei across each labellum, while flow cytometry was used to test for progressively partial endoreplication. Key Results In Dactylorhiza, endoreplication was comparatively infrequent, reached only low levels, and appeared randomly located across the labellum, whereas in Ophrys endoreplication was commonplace, being most frequent in large peripheral trichomes. Endoreplicated nuclei reflected both endomitosis and endocycling, the latter reaching the third round of genome doubling (16C) to generate polytene nuclei. All Ophrys individuals studied exhibited progressively partial endoreplication. Conclusions Comparison of the two genera failed to demonstrate the hypothesized pattern of frequent polyploid speciation in genera showing extensive endoreplication. Endoreplication in Ophrys appears more strongly positively correlated with cell size/complexity than with cell location or secretory role. Epigenetic control of gene overexpression by localized induction of endoreplication within individual plant organs may represent a significant component of a plant's developmental programme, contributing substantially to organ plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica J Guy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Paula J Rudall
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Andrew R Leitch
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Valoroso MC, De Paolo S, Iazzetti G, Aceto S. Transcriptome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of DIVARICATA- and RADIALIS-Like Genes of the Mediterranean Orchid Orchis italica. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:3852528. [PMID: 28541415 PMCID: PMC5499889 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilateral symmetry of flowers is a relevant novelty that has occurred many times throughout the evolution of flowering plants. In Antirrhinum majus, establishment of flower dorso-ventral asymmetry is mainly due to interaction of TCP (CYC and DICH) and MYB (DIV, RAD, and DRIF) transcription factors. In the present study, we characterized 8 DIV-, 4 RAD-, and 2 DRIF-like genes from the transcriptome of Orchis italica, an orchid species with bilaterally symmetric and resupinate flowers. We found a similar number of DIV- and RAD-like genes within the genomes of Phalaenopsis equestris and Dendrobium catenatum orchids. Orchid DIV- and RAD-like proteins share conserved motifs whose distribution reflects their phylogeny and analysis of the genomic organization revealed a single intron containing many traces of transposable elements. Evolutionary analysis has shown that purifying selection acts on the DIV- and RAD-like coding regions in orchids, with relaxation of selective constraints in a branch of the DIV-like genes. Analysis of the expression patterns of DIV- and RAD-like genes in O. italica revealed possible redundant functions for some of them. In the perianth of O. italica, the ortholog of DIV and DRIF of A. majus are expressed in all tissues, whereas RAD is mainly expressed in the outer tepals and lip. These data allow for proposal of an evolutionary conserved model in which the expression of the orthologs of the DIV, RAD, and DRIF genes might be related to establishment of flower bilateral symmetry in the nonmodel orchid species O. italica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia De Paolo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Iazzetti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Pérez-Escobar OA, Chomicki G, Condamine FL, de Vos JM, Martins AC, Smidt EC, Klitgård B, Gerlach G, Heinrichs J. Multiple Geographical Origins of Environmental Sex Determination enhanced the diversification of Darwin's Favourite Orchids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12878. [PMID: 29018291 PMCID: PMC5635016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental sex determination (ESD) - a change in sexual function during an individual life span driven by environmental cues - is an exceedingly rare sexual system among angiosperms. Because ESD can directly affect reproduction success, it could influence diversification rate as compared with lineages that have alternative reproductive systems. Here we test this hypothesis using a solid phylogenetic framework of Neotropical Catasetinae, the angiosperm lineage richest in taxa with ESD. We assess whether gains of ESD are associated with higher diversification rates compared to lineages with alternative systems while considering additional traits known to positively affect diversification rates in orchids. We found that ESD has evolved asynchronously three times during the last ~5 Myr. Lineages with ESD have consistently higher diversification rates than related lineages with other sexual systems. Habitat fragmentation due to mega-wetlands extinction, and climate instability are suggested as the driving forces for ESD evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Chomicki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut de Sciences de l'Evolution (Université de Montpellier), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jurriaan M de Vos
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom.
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Totengässlein 3, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Aline C Martins
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Paraná, PB 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Eric C Smidt
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Paraná, PB 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Bente Klitgård
- Department of Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Günter Gerlach
- Botanischer Garten München, Menzinger Straße 67, D-80638, München, Germany
| | - Jochen Heinrichs
- Department für Biologie I, Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Menzinger Straße 67, D-80638, München, Germany
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Jakubska-Busse A, Żołubak E, Łobas Z, Gola EM. Leaf arrangements are invalid in the taxonomy of orchid species. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3609. [PMID: 28740760 PMCID: PMC5522722 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in taxonomic revisions. The modern classifications of orchids utilize the molecular tools, but still the selection and identification of the material used in these studies is for the most part related to general species morphology. One of the vegetative characters quoted in orchid manuals is leaf arrangement. However, phyllotactic diversity and ontogenetic changeability have not been analysed in detail in reference to particular taxonomic groups. Therefore, we evaluated the usefulness of leaf arrangements in the taxonomy of the genus Epipactis Zinn, 1757. Typical leaf arrangements in shoots of this genus are described as distichous or spiral. However, in the course of field research and screening of herbarium materials, we indisputably disproved the presence of distichous phyllotaxis in the species Epipactis purpurata Sm. and confirmed the spiral Fibonacci pattern as the dominant leaf arrangement. In addition, detailed analyses revealed the presence of atypical decussate phyllotaxis in this species, as well as demonstrated the ontogenetic formation of pseudowhorls. These findings confirm ontogenetic variability and plasticity in E. purpurata. Our results are discussed in the context of their significance in delimitations of complex taxa within the genus Epipactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jakubska-Busse
- Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żołubak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Łobas
- Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Magdalena Gola
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Dirks-Mulder A, Butôt R, van Schaik P, Wijnands JWPM, van den Berg R, Krol L, Doebar S, van Kooperen K, de Boer H, Kramer EM, Smets EF, Vos RA, Vrijdaghs A, Gravendeel B. Exploring the evolutionary origin of floral organs of Erycina pusilla, an emerging orchid model system. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:89. [PMID: 28335712 PMCID: PMC5364718 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thousands of flowering plant species attract pollinators without offering rewards, but the evolution of this deceit is poorly understood. Rewardless flowers of the orchid Erycina pusilla have an enlarged median sepal and incised median petal ('lip') to attract oil-collecting bees. These bees also forage on similar looking but rewarding Malpighiaceae flowers that have five unequally sized petals and gland-carrying sepals. The lip of E. pusilla has a 'callus' that, together with winged 'stelidia', mimics these glands. Different hypotheses exist about the evolutionary origin of the median sepal, callus and stelidia of orchid flowers. RESULTS The evolutionary origin of these organs was investigated using a combination of morphological, molecular and phylogenetic techniques to a developmental series of floral buds of E. pusilla. The vascular bundle of the median sepal indicates it is a first whorl organ but its convex epidermal cells reflect convergence of petaloid features. Expression of AGL6 EpMADS4 and APETALA3 EpMADS14 is low in the median sepal, possibly correlating with its petaloid appearance. A vascular bundle indicating second whorl derivation leads to the lip. AGL6 EpMADS5 and APETALA3 EpMADS13 are most highly expressed in lip and callus, consistent with current models for lip identity. Six vascular bundles, indicating a stamen-derived origin, lead to the callus, stelidia and stamen. AGAMOUS is not expressed in the callus, consistent with its sterilization. Out of three copies of AGAMOUS and four copies of SEPALLATA, EpMADS22 and EpMADS6 are most highly expressed in the stamen. Another copy of AGAMOUS, EpMADS20, and the single copy of SEEDSTICK, EpMADS23, are most highly expressed in the stelidia, suggesting EpMADS22 may be required for fertile stamens. CONCLUSIONS The median sepal, callus and stelidia of E. pusilla appear to be derived from a sepal, a stamen that gained petal identity, and stamens, respectively. Duplications, diversifying selection and changes in spatial expression of different MADS-box genes shaped these organs, enabling the rewardless flowers of E. pusilla to mimic an unrelated rewarding flower for pollinator attraction. These genetic changes are not incorporated in current models and urge for a rethinking of the evolution of deceptive flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Dirks-Mulder
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332 AA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Butôt
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332 AA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Schaik
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem P M Wijnands
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roel van den Berg
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louie Krol
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sadhana Doebar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly van Kooperen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo de Boer
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332 AA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, SE-75236, Sweden
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Erik F Smets
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332 AA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation cluster, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rutger A Vos
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332 AA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Vrijdaghs
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation cluster, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Endless Forms group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332 AA, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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40
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Madrigal Y, Alzate JF, Pabón-Mora N. Evolution and Expression Patterns of TCP Genes in Asparagales. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:9. [PMID: 28144250 PMCID: PMC5239819 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
CYCLOIDEA-like genes are involved in the symmetry gene network, limiting cell proliferation in the dorsal regions of bilateral flowers in core eudicots. CYC-like and closely related TCP genes (acronym for TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, and PROLIFERATION CELL FACTOR) have been poorly studied in Asparagales, the largest order of monocots that includes both bilateral flowers in Orchidaceae (ca. 25.000 spp) and radially symmetrical flowers in Hypoxidaceae (ca. 200 spp). With the aim of assessing TCP gene evolution in the Asparagales, we isolated TCP-like genes from publicly available databases and our own transcriptomes of Cattleya trianae (Orchidaceae) and Hypoxis decumbens (Hypoxidaceae). Our matrix contains 452 sequences representing the three major clades of TCP genes. Besides the previously identified CYC specific core eudicot duplications, our ML phylogenetic analyses recovered an early CIN-like duplication predating all angiosperms, two CIN-like Asparagales-specific duplications and a duplication prior to the diversification of Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae. In addition, we provide evidence of at least three duplications of PCF-like genes in Asparagales. While CIN-like and PCF-like genes have multiplied in Asparagales, likely enhancing the genetic network for cell proliferation, CYC-like genes remain as single, shorter copies with low expression. Homogeneous expression of CYC-like genes in the labellum as well as the lateral petals suggests little contribution to the bilateral perianth in C. trianae. CIN-like and PCF-like gene expression suggests conserved roles in cell proliferation in leaves, sepals and petals, carpels, ovules and fruits in Asparagales by comparison with previously reported functions in core eudicots and monocots. This is the first large scale analysis of TCP-like genes in Asparagales that will serve as a platform for in-depth functional studies in emerging model monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Madrigal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
| | - Juan F. Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
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41
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Andriananjamanantsoa HN, Engberg S, Louis EE, Brouillet L. Diversification of Angraecum (Orchidaceae, Vandeae) in Madagascar: Revised Phylogeny Reveals Species Accumulation through Time Rather than Rapid Radiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163194. [PMID: 27669569 PMCID: PMC5036805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angraecum is the largest genus of subtribe Angraecinae (Orchidaceae) with about 221 species. Madagascar is the center of the diversity for the genus with ca. 142 species, of which 90% are endemic. The great morphological diversity associated with species diversification in the genus on the island of Madagascar offers valuable insights for macroevolutionary studies. Phylogenies of the Angraecinae have been published but a lack of taxon and character sampling and their limited taxonomic resolution limit their uses for macroevolutionary studies. We present a new phylogeny of Angraecum based on chloroplast sequence data (matk, rps16, trnL), nuclear ribosomal (ITS2) and 39 morphological characters from 194 Angraecinae species of which 69 were newly sampled. Using this phylogeny, we evaluated the monophyly of the sections of Angraecum as defined by Garay and investigated the patterns of species diversification within the genus. We used maximum parsimony and bayesian analyses to generate phylogenetic trees and dated divergence times of the phylogeny. We analyzed diversification patterns within Angraecinae and Angraecum with an emphasis on four floral characters (flower color, flower size, labellum position, spur length) using macroevolutionary models to evaluate which characters or character states are associated with speciation rates, and inferred ancestral states of these characters. The phylogenetic analysis showed the polyphyly of Angraecum sensu lato and of all Angraecum sections except sect. Hadrangis, and that morphology can be consistent with the phylogeny. It appeared that the characters (flower color, flower size, spur length) formerly used by many authors to delineate Angraecum groups were insufficient to do so. However, the newly described character, position of the labellum (uppermost and lowermost), was the main character delimiting clades within a monophyletic Angraecum sensu stricto. This character also appeared to be associated with speciation rates in Angraecum. The macroevolutionary model-based phylogeny failed to detect shifts in diversification that could be associated directly with morphological diversification. Diversification in Angraecum resulted from gradual species accumulation through time rather than from rapid radiation, a diversification pattern often encountered in tropical rain forests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shannon Engberg
- Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Edward E. Louis
- Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Luc Brouillet
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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42
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Sun Y, Wang G, Li Y, Jiang L, Yang Y, Guan S. De novo transcriptome sequencing and comparative analysis to discover genes related to floral development in Cymbidium faberi Rolfe. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1458. [PMID: 27833829 PMCID: PMC5082062 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cymbidium faberi is a traditional orchid flower in China that is highly appreciated for its fragrant aroma from its zygomorphic flowers. One bottleneck of the commercial production of C. faberi is the long vegetative growth phase of the orchid and the difficulty of the regulation of its flowering time. Moreover, its flower size, shape and color are often targeting traits for orchid breeders. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of floral development in C. faberi will ultimately benefit the genetic improvement of this orchid plant. The goal of this study is to identify potential genes and regulatory networks related to the floral development in C. faberi by using transcriptome sequencing, de novo assembly and computational analyses. The vegetative and flower buds of C. faberi were sampled for such comparisons. The RNA-seq yielded about 189,300 contigs that were assembled into 172,959 unigenes. Furthermore, a total of 13,484 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were identified between the vegetative and flower buds. There were 7683 down-regulated and 5801 up-regulated DEGs in the flower buds compared to those in the vegetative buds, among which 3430 and 6556 DEGs were specifically enriched in the flower or vegetative buds, respectively. A total of 173 DEGs orthologous to known genes associated with the floral organ development, floral symmetry and flowering time were identified, including 12 TCP transcription factors, 34 MADS-box genes and 28 flowering time related genes. Furthermore, expression levels of ten genes potentially involved in floral development and flowering time were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The identified DEGs will facilitate the functional genetic studies for further understanding the flower development of C. faberi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Sun
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Guangdong Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yuxia Li
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yuxia Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shuangxue Guan
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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43
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Huang JZ, Lin CP, Cheng TC, Huang YW, Tsai YJ, Cheng SY, Chen YW, Lee CP, Chung WC, Chang BCH, Chin SW, Lee CY, Chen FC. The genome and transcriptome of Phalaenopsis yield insights into floral organ development and flowering regulation. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2017. [PMID: 27190718 PMCID: PMC4868593 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Phalaenopsis orchid is an important potted flower of high economic value around the world. We report the 3.1 Gb draft genome assembly of an important winter flowering Phalaenopsis ‘KHM190’ cultivar. We generated 89.5 Gb RNA-seq and 113 million sRNA-seq reads to use these data to identify 41,153 protein-coding genes and 188 miRNA families. We also generated a draft genome for Phalaenopsis pulcherrima ‘B8802,’ a summer flowering species, via resequencing. Comparison of genome data between the two Phalaenopsis cultivars allowed the identification of 691,532 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. In this study, we reveal that the key role of PhAGL6b in the regulation of labellum organ development involves alternative splicing in the big lip mutant. Petal or sepal overexpressing PhAGL6b leads to the conversion into a lip-like structure. We also discovered that the gibberellin pathway that regulates the expression of flowering time genes during the reproductive phase change is induced by cool temperature. Our work thus depicted a valuable resource for the flowering control, flower architecture development, and breeding of the Phalaenopsis orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhi Huang
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Peng Lin
- Yourgene Bioscience, Shu-Lin District, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Health Technology, Ming Chuan University, Gui Shan District, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chi Cheng
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Huang
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Tsai
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yun Cheng
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Pai Lee
- Yourgene Bioscience, Shu-Lin District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chia Chung
- Yourgene Bioscience, Shu-Lin District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bill Chia-Han Chang
- Yourgene Bioscience, Shu-Lin District, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shih-Wen Chin
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Lee
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Fure-Chyi Chen
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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44
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Melzer R, Theißen G. The significance of developmental robustness for species diversity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:725-32. [PMID: 26994100 PMCID: PMC4845805 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of new species and of new forms is one of the fundamental characteristics of evolution. However, the mechanisms that govern the diversity and disparity of lineages remain poorly understood. Particularly unclear are the reasons why some taxa are vastly more species-rich than others and the manner in which species diversity and morphological disparity are interrelated. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS Evolutionary innovations and ecological opportunities are usually cited as among the major factors promoting the evolution of species diversity. In many cases it is likely that these factors are positively reinforcing, with evolutionary innovations creating ecological opportunities that in turn foster the origin of new innovations. However, we propose that a third factor, developmental robustness, is very often essential for this reinforcement to be effective. Evolutionary innovations need to be stably and robustly integrated into the developmental genetic programme of an organism to be a suitable substrate for selection to 'explore' ecological opportunities and morphological 'design' space (morphospace). In particular, we propose that developmental robustness of the bauplan is often a prerequisite for the exploration of morphospace and to enable the evolution of further novelties built upon this bauplan Thus, while robustness may reduce the morphological disparity at one level, it may be the basis for increased morphological disparity and for evolutionary innovations at another level, thus fostering species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Melzer
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland and
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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45
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Endress PK. Development and evolution of extreme synorganization in angiosperm flowers and diversity: a comparison of Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:749-67. [PMID: 26292994 PMCID: PMC4845794 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae are two angiosperm families with extreme flower synorganization. They are unrelated, the former in eudicots, the latter in monocots, but they converge in the formation of pollinia and pollinaria, which do not occur in any other angiosperm family, and for which extreme synorganization of floral organs is a precondition. In each family extensive studies on flower development and evolution have been performed; however, newer comparative studies focusing on flower synorganization and involving both families together are lacking. SCOPE For this study an extensive search through the morphological literature has been conducted. Based on this and my own studies on flowers in various Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae and complex flowers in other angiosperms with scanning electron microscopy and with microtome section series, a review on convergent floral traits in flower development and architecture in the two families is presented. KEY FINDINGS There is a tendency of protracted development of synorganized parts in Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae (development of synorganization of two or more organs begins earlier the more accentuated it is at anthesis). Synorganization (or complexity) also paves the way for novel structures. One of the most conspicuous such novel structures in Apocynaceae is the corona, which is not the product of synorganization of existing organs; however, it is probably enhanced by synorganization of other, existing, floral parts. In contrast to synorganized parts, the corona appears developmentally late. CONCLUSIONS Synorganization of floral organs may lead to a large number of convergences in clades that are only very distantly related. The convergences that have been highlighted in this comparative study should be developmentally investigated directly in parallel in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Endress
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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46
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De Paolo S, Gaudio L, Aceto S. Analysis of the TCP genes expressed in the inflorescence of the orchid Orchis italica. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16265. [PMID: 26531864 PMCID: PMC4632031 DOI: 10.1038/srep16265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
TCP proteins are plant-specific transcription factors involved in many different processes. Because of their involvement in a large number of developmental pathways, their roles have been investigated in various plant species. However, there are almost no studies of this transcription factor family in orchids. Based on the available transcriptome of the inflorescence of the orchid Orchis italica, in the present study we identified 12 transcripts encoding TCP proteins. The phylogenetic analysis showed that they belong to different TCP classes (I and II) and groups (PCF, CIN and CYC/TB1), and that they display a number of conserved motifs when compared with the TCPs of Arabidopsis and Oryza. The presence of a specific cleavage site for the microRNA miRNA319, an important post-transcriptional regulator of several TCP genes in other species, was demonstrated for one transcript of O. italica, and the analysis of the expression pattern of the TCP transcripts in different inflorescence organs and in leaf tissue suggests that some TCP transcripts of O. italica exert their role only in specific tissues, while others may play multiple roles in different tissues. In addition, the evolutionary analysis showed a general purifying selection acting on the coding region of these transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia De Paolo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciano Gaudio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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47
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Hadi H, Razali SNS, Awadh AI. A Comprehensive Review of the Cosmeceutical Benefits of Vanda Species (Orchidaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Orchidaceae is the largest family of flowering plants with over 35000 species and 850 genera. About 3300 species of orchids are found in Malaysia and the diversity is highest in the Main, Keledang, Bintang and Tahan Ranges. Apart from being prized for their beauty, orchids have long been used by humans for medicinal purposes. Today the uses of orchids have been expanded to the food and cosmetics industries. Many cosmeceutical companies use orchid extracts as an active ingredient in their products. Previous studies provide riveting insights into the potential uses of orchid extracts as an active agent in cosmetics. This paper describes the cosmeceutical potential of orchids as an anti-aging, and skin moisturizing agent. Orchid extracts from Vanda coerulea and V. teres delay aging caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) following UV irradiation through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. These extracts also show anti-aging properties by stimulating cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), which is part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Stimulation of cytochrome c oxidase improves the respiratory function of mitochondria in keratinocytes. The presence of mucilage in orchids enables them to maintain skin hydration. Mucilage functions as a moisturizer and emollient due to its high water binding capacity. Additionally, orchid extracts provide skin hydration by stimulating aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and LEKTI protein expression. The presence of AQP3 leads to a five-fold increase in water permeability, which subsequently increases stratum corneum hydration. Increased LEKTI protein expression mediated by orchid extracts reduces the degradation of desmoglein-1 and enhances the structural function of desmosomes, which play important roles in preventing water evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazrina Hadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Syarifah Nazira Said Razali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ammar Ihsan Awadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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48
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Bouchenak-Khelladi Y, Onstein RE, Xing Y, Schwery O, Linder HP. On the complexity of triggering evolutionary radiations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:313-326. [PMID: 25690582 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in phylogenetic methods have made it possible to reconstruct evolutionary radiations from extant taxa, but identifying the triggers of radiations is still problematic. Here, we propose a conceptual framework to explore the role of variables that may impact radiations. We classify the variables into extrinsic conditions vs intrinsic traits, whether they provide background conditions, trigger the radiation, or modulate the radiation. We used three clades representing angiosperm phylogenetic and structural diversity (Ericaceae, Fagales and Poales) as test groups. We located radiation events, selected variables potentially associated with diversification, and inferred the temporal sequences of evolution. We found 13 shifts in diversification regimes in the three clades. We classified the associated variables, and determined whether they originated before the relevant radiation (backgrounds), originated simultaneously with the radiations (triggers), or evolved later (modulators). By applying this conceptual framework, we establish that radiations require both extrinsic conditions and intrinsic traits, but that the sequence of these is not important. We also show that diversification drivers can be detected by being more variable within a radiation than conserved traits that only allow occupation of a new habitat. This framework facilitates exploration of the causative factors of evolutionary radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Bouchenak-Khelladi
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 107 Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Renske E Onstein
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 107 Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Yaowu Xing
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 107 Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Orlando Schwery
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 107 Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - H Peter Linder
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 107 Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
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49
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A de novo floral transcriptome reveals clues into Phalaenopsis orchid flower development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123474. [PMID: 25970572 PMCID: PMC4430480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phalaenopsis has a zygomorphic floral structure, including three outer tepals, two lateral inner tepals and a highly modified inner median tepal called labellum or lip; however, the regulation of its organ development remains unelucidated. We generated RNA-seq reads with the Illumina platform for floral organs of the Phalaenopsis wild-type and peloric mutant with a lip-like petal. A total of 43,552 contigs were obtained after de novo assembly. We used differentially expressed gene profiling to compare the transcriptional changes in floral organs for both the wild-type and peloric mutant. Pair-wise comparison of sepals, petals and labellum between peloric mutant and its wild-type revealed 1,838, 758 and 1,147 contigs, respectively, with significant differential expression. PhAGL6a (CUFF.17763), PhAGL6b (CUFF.17763.1), PhMADS1 (CUFF.36625.1), PhMADS4 (CUFF.25909) and PhMADS5 (CUFF.39479.1) were significantly upregulated in the lip-like petal of the peloric mutant. We used real-time PCR analysis of lip-like petals, lip-like sepals and the big lip of peloric mutants to confirm the five genes' expression patterns. PhAGL6a, PhAGL6b and PhMADS4 were strongly expressed in the labellum and significantly upregulated in lip-like petals and lip-like sepals of peloric-mutant flowers. In addition, PhAGL6b was significantly downregulated in the labellum of the big lip mutant, with no change in expression of PhAGL6a. We provide a comprehensive transcript profile and functional analysis of Phalaenopsis floral organs. PhAGL6a PhAGL6b, and PhMADS4 might play crucial roles in the development of the labellum in Phalaenopsis. Our study provides new insights into how the orchid labellum differs and why the petal or sepal converts to a labellum in Phalaenopsis floral mutants.
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Hsu CC, Wu PS, Chen TC, Yu CW, Tsai WC, Wu K, Wu WL, Chen WH, Chen HH. Histone acetylation accompanied with promoter sequences displaying differential expression profiles of B-class MADS-box genes for phalaenopsis floral morphogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106033. [PMID: 25501842 PMCID: PMC4263434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Five B-class MADS-box genes, including four APETALA3 (AP3)-like PeMADS2∼5 and one PISTILLATA (PI)-like PeMADS6, specify the spectacular flower morphology in orchids. The PI-like PeMADS6 ubiquitously expresses in all floral organs. The four AP3-like genes, resulted from two duplication events, express ubiquitously at floral primordia and early floral organ stages, but show distinct expression profiles at late floral organ primordia and floral bud stages. Here, we isolated the upstream sequences of PeMADS2∼6 and studied the regulatory mechanism for their distinct gene expression. Phylogenetic footprinting analysis of the 1.3-kb upstream sequences of AP3-like PeMADS2∼5 showed that their promoter regions have sufficiently diverged and contributed to their subfunctionalization. The amplified promoter sequences of PeMADS2∼6 could drive beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene expression in all floral organs, similar to their expression at the floral primordia stage. The promoter sequence of PeMADS4, exclusively expressed in lip and column, showed a 1.6∼3-fold higher expression in lip/column than in sepal/petal. Furthermore, we noted a 4.9-fold increase in histone acetylation (H3K9K14ac) in the translation start region of PeMADS4 in lip as compared in petal. All these results suggest that the regulation via the upstream sequences and increased H3K9K14ac level may act synergistically to display distinct expression profiles of the AP3-like genes at late floral organ primordia stage for Phalaenopsis floral morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Chih Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Yu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropic Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Keqiang Wu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Luan Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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