1
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Cooke NP, Murray M, Cassidy LM, Mattiangeli V, Okazaki K, Kasai K, Gakuhari T, Bradley DG, Nakagome S. Genomic imputation of ancient Asian populations contrasts local adaptation in pre- and post-agricultural Japan. iScience 2024; 27:110050. [PMID: 38883821 PMCID: PMC11176660 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Early modern humans lived as hunter-gatherers for millennia before agriculture, yet the genetic adaptations of these populations remain a mystery. Here, we investigate selection in the ancient hunter-gatherer-fisher Jomon and contrast pre- and post-agricultural adaptation in the Japanese archipelago. Building on the successful validation of imputation with ancient Asian genomes, we identify selection signatures in the Jomon, particularly robust signals from KITLG variants, which may have influenced dark pigmentation evolution. The Jomon lacks well-known adaptive variants (EDAR, ADH1B, and ALDH2), marking their emergence after the advent of farming in the archipelago. Notably, the EDAR and ADH1B variants were prevalent in the archipelago 1,300 years ago, whereas the ALDH2 variant could have emerged later due to its absence in other ancient genomes. Overall, our study underpins local adaptation unique to the Jomon population, which in turn sheds light on post-farming selection that continues to shape contemporary Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall P Cooke
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Lara M Cassidy
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kenji Okazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kenji Kasai
- Toyama Prefectural Center for Archaeological Operations, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Gakuhari
- Institute for the Study of Ancient Civilizations and Cultural Resources, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shigeki Nakagome
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for the Study of Ancient Civilizations and Cultural Resources, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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2
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Júnior DST. High risk of bat bites in an indigenous village in Brazil: Warning of the re-emergence of rabies among the Maxakali People. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107073. [PMID: 37956818 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bat-mediated human rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that poses a serious threat to the public health of traditional peoples, especially indigenous populations that maintain primitive cultural and social habits, such as the Maxakali ethnic group, located in the southeastern region of Brazil. The sociocultural habit of this population led to the emergence between April and May 2022 of the viral spillover of rabies transmitted by bats, which decimated the lives of four children from this population who maintained contact with this animal as a recreational practice. Because the vampire bats Desmodus rotundus have exceptional ecology and social characteristics that can have important effects on the dynamics of viral dispersion in this indigenous population, I present the dynamics of contact between native children and the bat and the meaning of this relationship, which involves ritualistic and recreational significance. As important as knowing the reasons for this practice is discussing some intrinsic and extrinsic factors that imply risks that intensify the vulnerability of this population to the transmission of the rabies virus at any time. In view of this, I warn of the need to adopt efficient strategies to mitigate the risks of a new emergency in this region. Although emergency containment measures were carried out during the critical period of the outbreak, such animal and environmental control actions must become routine programmatic and structuring interventions. Essential for rabies surveillance in this population is to develop culturally adapted interethnic health education campaigns to guarantee the accessibility of the Maxakali indigenous people to the content taught, so that any attempt at domestication, captivity and recreational practices with bats of any species is discouraged, thus avoiding a possible re-emergence of this anthropozoonosis that has impacted not only the epidemiological scenario in this region, but throughout Brazil, and also throughout Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilceu Silveira Tolentino Júnior
- Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Postgraduate Program in Tecnhology, Environment and Society, Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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3
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Rayfield KM, Mychajliw AM, Singleton RR, Sholts SB, Hofman CA. Uncovering the Holocene roots of contemporary disease-scapes: bringing archaeology into One Health. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230525. [PMID: 38052246 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The accelerating pace of emerging zoonotic diseases in the twenty-first century has motivated cross-disciplinary collaboration on One Health approaches, combining microbiology, veterinary and environmental sciences, and epidemiology for outbreak prevention and mitigation. Such outbreaks are often caused by spillovers attributed to human activities that encroach on wildlife habitats and ecosystems, such as land use change, industrialized food production, urbanization and animal trade. While the origin of anthropogenic effects on animal ecology and biogeography can be traced to the Late Pleistocene, the archaeological record-a long-term archive of human-animal-environmental interactions-has largely been untapped in these One Health approaches, thus limiting our understanding of these dynamics over time. In this review, we examine how humans, as niche constructors, have facilitated new host species and 'disease-scapes' from the Late Pleistocene to the Anthropocene, by viewing zooarchaeological, bioarchaeological and palaeoecological data with a One Health perspective. We also highlight how new biomolecular tools and advances in the '-omics' can be holistically coupled with archaeological and palaeoecological reconstructions in the service of studying zoonotic disease emergence and re-emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Rayfield
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology & Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-0390, USA
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alexis M Mychajliw
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology & Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-0390, USA
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biology & Program in Environmental Studies, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753-6203, USA
| | - Robin R Singleton
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology & Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-0390, USA
| | - Sabrina B Sholts
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Courtney A Hofman
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology & Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-0390, USA
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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4
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Isibor PO, Onwaeze OO, Kayode-Edwards II, Agbontaen DO, Ifebem-Ezima IAM, Bilewu O, Onuselogu C, Akinniyi AP, Obafemi YD, Oniha MI. Investigating and combatting the key drivers of viral zoonoses in Africa: an analysis of eight epidemics. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e270857. [PMID: 37531478 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.270857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the interplay of factors that result in a viral zoonotic outbreak is difficult, though it is increasingly important. As anthropogenic influences shift the delicate balance of ecosystems, new zoonoses emerge in humans. Sub-Saharan Africa is a notable hotspot for zoonotic disease due to abundant competent mammalian reservoir hosts. Furthermore, poverty, corruption, and an overreliance on natural resources play considerable roles in depleting biological resources, exacerbating the population's susceptibility. Unsurprisingly, viral zoonoses have emerged in Africa, including HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Avian influenza, Lassa fever, Zika, and Monkeypox. These diseases are among the principal causes of death in endemic areas. Though typically distinct in their manifestations, viral zoonoses are connected by underlying, definitive factors. This review summarises vital findings on viral zoonoses in Africa using nine notable case studies as a benchmark for future studies. We discuss the importance of ecological recuperation and protection as a central strategy to control zoonotic diseases. Emphasis was made on moderating key drivers of zoonotic diseases to forestall future pandemics. This is in conjunction with attempts to redirect efforts from reactive to pre-emptive through a multidisciplinary "one health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Isibor
- Covenant University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - O O Onwaeze
- Covenant University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - I I Kayode-Edwards
- Covenant University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - D O Agbontaen
- University of South Wales, Department of Public Health, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - I-A M Ifebem-Ezima
- Covenant University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - O Bilewu
- Covenant University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - C Onuselogu
- Covenant University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - A P Akinniyi
- Covenant University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Y D Obafemi
- Covenant University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - M I Oniha
- Covenant University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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5
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Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Morbillivirus: A highly adaptable viral genus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18095. [PMID: 37483821 PMCID: PMC10362132 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of human history, numerous diseases have been caused by the transmission of viruses from an animal reservoir into the human population. The viruses of the genus Morbillivirus are human and animal pathogens that emerged from a primordial ancestor a millennia ago and have been transmitting to new hosts, adapting, and evolving ever since. Through interaction with susceptible individuals, as yet undiscovered morbilliviruses or existing morbilliviruses in animal hosts could cause future zoonotic diseases in humans.
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6
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Suwancharoen C, Phuangsri C, Prakhammin K, Japa O. Molecular detection and dense granule antigen 6 genotyping of feline Toxoplasma gondii in Phayao, Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:2309-2314. [PMID: 36341069 PMCID: PMC9631367 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2309-2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Globally, toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic parasite infection of many warm-blooded animals (including humans). Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are widespread, and their contamination can be primarily attributed to the members of the Felidae family. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and determine the dense granule antigen 6 (GRA6) genotype of T. gondii among domestic cats in the Phayao Province, Thailand. Materials and Methods: A total of 124 fecal samples were collected from owned cats in the Muang district, Phayao, Thailand, from January to December 2020. Fecal samples were tested for the presence of T. gondii DNA using targeted B1 gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and positive samples were subsequently analyzed for their T. gondii genotype through PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and sequencing of the GRA6 gene. Results: Among the 124 samples, 46 (37.1%) were tested positive for T. gondii. Only 10 positive DNA samples were successfully amplified for the GRA6 marker. Subsequent PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses indicated that all T. gondii isolates from cats in Phayao belonged to GRA6 genotype I. Conclusion: Data revealed that toxoplasmosis is remarkably distributed among (studied) domestic cats in Phayao, Thailand. Moreover, the virulent GRA6 allele was found to be circulated among domestic cats in this area. However, no significant correlation was observed between infection rates and different risk factors, which indicated that pet cats of any age, gender, or breed have similar risks of being infected with T. gondii. Our results further suggested that infective oocysts of T. gondii are widely distributed and that environmental contamination with these oocysts will introduce more risks of disease transmission to humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittakun Suwancharoen
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Chorpaka Phuangsri
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Khanuengnij Prakhammin
- Department of Applied Statistics, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ornampai Japa
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand; Scientific Instrument and Product Standard Quality Inspection Center, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
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7
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Collen EJ, Johar AS, Teixeira JC, Llamas B. The immunogenetic impact of European colonization in the Americas. Front Genet 2022; 13:918227. [PMID: 35991555 PMCID: PMC9388791 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.918227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of pathogens originating from Eurasia into the Americas during early European contact has been associated with high mortality rates among Indigenous peoples, likely contributing to their historical and precipitous population decline. However, the biological impacts of imported infectious diseases and resulting epidemics, especially in terms of pathogenic effects on the Indigenous immunity, remain poorly understood and highly contentious to this day. Here, we examine multidisciplinary evidence underpinning colonization-related immune genetic change, providing contextualization from anthropological studies, paleomicrobiological evidence of contrasting host-pathogen coevolutionary histories, and the timings of disease emergence. We further summarize current studies examining genetic signals reflecting post-contact Indigenous population bottlenecks, admixture with European and other populations, and the putative effects of natural selection, with a focus on ancient DNA studies and immunity-related findings. Considering current genetic evidence, together with a population genetics theoretical approach, we show that post-contact Indigenous immune adaptation, possibly influenced by selection exerted by introduced pathogens, is highly complex and likely to be affected by multifactorial causes. Disentangling putative adaptive signals from those of genetic drift thus remains a significant challenge, highlighting the need for the implementation of population genetic approaches that model the short time spans and complex demographic histories under consideration. This review adds to current understandings of post-contact immunity evolution in Indigenous peoples of America, with important implications for bettering our understanding of human adaptation in the face of emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Jane Collen
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Evelyn Jane Collen, ; Bastien Llamas,
| | - Angad Singh Johar
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - João C. Teixeira
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Culture History and Language, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bastien Llamas
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Indigenous Genomics Research Group, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Evelyn Jane Collen, ; Bastien Llamas,
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8
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Wegner GI, Murray KA, Springmann M, Muller A, Sokolow SH, Saylors K, Morens DM. Averting wildlife-borne infectious disease epidemics requires a focus on socio-ecological drivers and a redesign of the global food system. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 47:101386. [PMID: 35465645 PMCID: PMC9014132 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A debate has emerged over the potential socio-ecological drivers of wildlife-origin zoonotic disease outbreaks and emerging infectious disease (EID) events. This Review explores the extent to which the incidence of wildlife-origin infectious disease outbreaks, which are likely to include devastating pandemics like HIV/AIDS and COVID-19, may be linked to excessive and increasing rates of tropical deforestation for agricultural food production and wild meat hunting and trade, which are further related to contemporary ecological crises such as global warming and mass species extinction. Here we explore a set of precautionary responses to wildlife-origin zoonosis threat, including: (a) limiting human encroachment into tropical wildlands by promoting a global transition to diets low in livestock source foods; (b) containing tropical wild meat hunting and trade by curbing urban wild meat demand, while securing access for indigenous people and local communities in remote subsistence areas; and (c) improving biosecurity and other strategies to break zoonosis transmission pathways at the wildlife-human interface and along animal source food supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia I. Wegner
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Kris A. Murray
- MRC Unit the Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Marco Springmann
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Adrian Muller
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Sonneggstrasse 33, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, Frick 5070, Switzerland
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Jerry Yang & Akiko Yamazaki Environment & Energy Building, MC 4205, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - Karen Saylors
- Labyrinth Global Health, 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704, USA
| | - David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Zhang D, Yang Y, Li M, Lu Y, Liu Y, Jiang J, Liu R, Liu J, Huang X, Li G, Qu J. Ecological Barrier Deterioration Driven by Human Activities Poses Fatal Threats to Public Health due to Emerging Infectious Diseases. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 10:155-166. [PMID: 33903827 PMCID: PMC8060651 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and concerns about several other pandemics in the 21st century have attracted extensive global attention. These emerging infectious diseases threaten global public health and raise urgent studies on unraveling the underlying mechanisms of their transmission from animals to humans. Although numerous works have intensively discussed the cross-species and endemic barriers to the occurrence and spread of emerging infectious diseases, both types of barriers play synergistic roles in wildlife habitats. Thus far, there is still a lack of a complete understanding of viral diffusion, migration, and transmission in ecosystems from a macro perspective. In this review, we conceptualize the ecological barrier that represents the combined effects of cross-species and endemic barriers for either the natural or intermediate hosts of viruses. We comprehensively discuss the key influential factors affecting the ecological barrier against viral transmission from virus hosts in their natural habitats into human society, including transmission routes, contact probability, contact frequency, and viral characteristics. Considering the significant impacts of human activities and global industrialization on the strength of the ecological barrier, ecological barrier deterioration driven by human activities is critically analyzed for potential mechanisms. Global climate change can trigger and expand the range of emerging infectious diseases, and human disturbances promote higher contact frequency and greater transmission possibility. In addition, globalization drives more transmission routes and produces new high-risk regions in city areas. This review aims to provide a new concept for and comprehensive evidence of the ecological barrier blocking the transmission and spread of emerging infectious diseases. It also offers new insights into potential strategies to protect the ecological barrier and reduce the wide-ranging risks of emerging infectious diseases to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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10
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Gene mutations in resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces of Iran - A cross-sectional study. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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The influence of social and economic environment on health. One Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822794-7.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Miller L, Berber E, Sumbria D, Rouse BT. Controlling the Burden of COVID-19 by Manipulating Host Metabolism. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:24-32. [PMID: 34905407 PMCID: PMC8863913 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to cause global health problems, but its impact would be minimized if the many effective vaccines that have been developed were available and in widespread use by all societies. This ideal situation is not occurring so other means of controlling COVID-19 are needed. In this short review, we make the case that manipulating host metabolic pathways could be a therapeutic approach worth exploring. The rationale for such an approach comes from the fact that viruses cause metabolic changes in cells they infect, effective host defense mechanisms against viruses requires the activity of one or more metabolic pathways, and that hosts with metabolic defects such as diabetes are more susceptible to severe consequences after COVID-19. We describe the types of approaches that could be used to redirect various aspects of host metabolism and the success that some of these maneuvers have had at controlling other virus infections. Manipulating metabolic activities to control the outcome of COVID-19 has to date received minimal attention. Manipulating host metabolism will never replace vaccines to control COVID-19 but could be used as an adjunct therapy to the extent of ongoing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Engin Berber
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Deepak Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Barry T. Rouse, Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4539, USA
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13
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Witkowski JM. Immune system aging and the aging-related diseases in the COVIID-19 era. Immunol Lett 2022; 243:19-27. [PMID: 35108570 PMCID: PMC8801734 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the process of aging, and specifically in how aging affects the working of our immune system, has recently enormously grown among both specialists (immunologists and gerontologists) and representatives of other disciplines of health sciences. An obvious reason for this interest is the current pandemics of COVID-19, known to affect the elderly more than younger people. In this paper current knowledge about mechanisms and complex facets of human immune system aging is presented, stemming from the knowledge about the working of various parts of the immune system, and leading to understanding of immunological mechanisms of chronic, inflammatory, aging-related diseases and of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland.
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14
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Saied AA, Metwally AA, Mohamed HMA, Haridy MAM. The contribution of bovines to human health against viral infections. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46999-47023. [PMID: 34272669 PMCID: PMC8284698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
- Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohie A M Haridy
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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15
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Bonetto E, Dezecache G, Nugier A, Inigo M, Mathias JD, Huet S, Pellerin N, Corman M, Bertrand P, Raufaste E, Streith M, Guimond S, de la Sablonnière R, Dambrun M. Basic human values during the COVID-19 outbreak, perceived threat and their relationships with compliance with movement restrictions and social distancing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253430. [PMID: 34143832 PMCID: PMC8213047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the evolution of Schwartz's Basic Human Values during the COVID-19 outbreak, and their relationships with perceived threat, compliance with movement restrictions and social distancing. An online questionnaire was administered to a heterogeneous sample of French citizens (N = 1025) during the first French lockdown related to the outbreak. Results revealed a significant evolution of values; the conservation value was higher during the outbreak than usual, and both self-enhancement and openness-to-change values were lower during the COVID-19 outbreak than usual. Conservation and perceived threat during the outbreak were robustly and positively related to both compliance with movement restrictions and social distancing. Conservation during the outbreak emerged as a significant partial mediator of the relationship between perceived threat and outcomes (i.e., compliance with movement restrictions and social distancing). Implications of these results for the malleability of values and the COVID-19 modelling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bonetto
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Armelle Nugier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marion Inigo
- CINBIOSE Research Group, UQAM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Denis Mathias
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR LISC, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand, Aubière, France
| | - Sylvie Huet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR LISC, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand, Aubière, France
| | | | - Maya Corman
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Bertrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Raufaste
- Université Toulouse 2 Jean Jaurès, CNRS, CLLE, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Streith
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Serge Guimond
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Michael Dambrun
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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16
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Abstract
Since ancient times, the need for healthy water has resulted in the development of various kinds of water supply systems. From early history, civilizations have developed water purification devices and treatment methods. The necessity for fresh water has influenced individual lives as well as communities and societies. During the last two hundred years, intensive and effective efforts have been made internationally for sufficient water quantity and quality. At the same time, human life expectancy has increased all over the globe at unprecedented rates. The present work represents an effort to sketch out how water purity and life expectancy have entangled, thus influencing one another. Water properties and characteristics have directly affected life quality and longevity. The dramatic increase in life expectancy has been, indisputably, affected by the improvement in water quality, but also in other concomitant factors, varying temporally and spatially in different parts of the world throughout the centuries. Water technologies and engineering have an unequivocal role on life expectancy. In some cases, they appear to have taken place earlier than the progress of modern medicine. Among these, improved sanitation, personal hygiene, progress in medicine, and better standards of economic living have played the greatest roles.
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17
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Bateman AW, Schulze AD, Kaukinen KH, Tabata A, Mordecai G, Flynn K, Bass A, Di Cicco E, Miller KM. Descriptive multi-agent epidemiology via molecular screening on Atlantic salmon farms in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3466. [PMID: 33568681 PMCID: PMC7876018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid expansion of salmon aquaculture has resulted in high-density populations that host diverse infectious agents, for which surveillance and monitoring are critical to disease management. Screening can reveal infection diversity from which disease arises, differential patterns of infection in live and dead fish that are difficult to collect in wild populations, and potential risks associated with agent transmission between wild and farmed hosts. We report results from a multi-year infectious-agent screening program of farmed salmon in British Columbia, Canada, using quantitative PCR to assess presence and load of 58 infective agents (viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes) in 2931 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Our analysis reveals temporal trends, agent correlations within hosts, and agent-associated mortality signatures. Multiple agents, most notably Tenacibaculum maritimum, were elevated in dead and dying salmon. We also report detections of agents only recently shown to infect farmed salmon in BC (Atlantic salmon calicivirus, Cutthroat trout virus-2), detection in freshwater hatcheries of two marine agents (Kudoa thyrsites and Tenacibaculum maritimum), and detection in the ocean of a freshwater agent (Flavobacterium psychrophilum). Our results provide information for farm managers, regulators, and conservationists, and enable further work to explore patterns of multi-agent infection and farm/wild transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Bateman
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, Canada. .,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Angela D Schulze
- Molecular Genetics, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Molecular Genetics, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Molecular Genetics, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Gideon Mordecai
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kelsey Flynn
- Molecular Genetics, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Arthur Bass
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, Canada.,Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Kristina M Miller
- Molecular Genetics, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada.,Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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18
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Hessenauer P, Feau N, Gill U, Schwessinger B, Brar GS, Hamelin RC. Evolution and Adaptation of Forest and Crop Pathogens in the Anthropocene. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:49-67. [PMID: 33200962 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0358-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropocene marks the era when human activity is making a significant impact on earth, its ecological and biogeographical systems. The domestication and intensification of agricultural and forest production systems have had a large impact on plant and tree health. Some pathogens benefitted from these human activities and have evolved and adapted in response to the expansion of crop and forest systems, resulting in global outbreaks. Global pathogen genomics data including population genomics and high-quality reference assemblies are crucial for understanding the evolution and adaptation of pathogens. Crops and forest trees have remarkably different characteristics, such as reproductive time and the level of domestication. They also have different production systems for disease management with more intensive management in crops than forest trees. By comparing and contrasting results from pathogen population genomic studies done on widely different agricultural and forest production systems, we can improve our understanding of pathogen evolution and adaptation to different selection pressures. We find that in spite of these differences, similar processes such as hybridization, host jumps, selection, specialization, and clonal expansion are shaping the pathogen populations in both crops and forest trees. We propose some solutions to reduce these impacts and lower the probability of global pathogen outbreaks so that we can envision better management strategies to sustain global food production as well as ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Hessenauer
- Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Nicolas Feau
- Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Upinder Gill
- College of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin Schwessinger
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Gurcharn S Brar
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
- Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
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19
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Animal board invited review: OneARK: Strengthening the links between animal production science and animal ecology. Animal 2020; 15:100053. [PMID: 33515992 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild and farmed animals are key elements of natural and managed ecosystems that deliver functions such as pollination, pest control and nutrient cycling within the broader roles they play in contributing to biodiversity and to every category of ecosystem services. They are subjected to global changes with a profound impact on the natural range and viability of animal species, the emergence and spatial distribution of pathogens, land use, ecosystem services and farming sustainability. We urgently need to improve our understanding of how animal populations can respond adaptively and therefore sustainably to these new selective pressures. In this context, we explored the common points between animal production science and animal ecology to identify promising avenues of synergy between communities through the transfer of concepts and/or methodologies, focusing on seven concepts that link both disciplines. Animal adaptability, animal diversity (both within and between species), selection, animal management, animal monitoring, agroecology and viability risks were identified as key concepts that should serve the cross-fertilization of both fields to improve ecosystem resilience and farming sustainability. The need for breaking down interdisciplinary barriers is illustrated by two representative examples: i) the circulation and reassortment of pathogens between wild and domestic animals and ii) the role of animals in nutrient cycles, i.e. recycling nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon through, for example, contribution to soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Our synthesis identifies the need for knowledge integration techniques supported by programmes and policy tools that reverse the fragmentation of animal research toward a unification into a single Animal Research Kinship, OneARK, which sets new objectives for future science policy. At the interface of animal ecology and animal production science, our article promotes an effective application of the agroecology concept to animals and the use of functional diversity to increase resilience in both wild and farmed systems. It also promotes the use of novel monitoring technologies to quantify animal welfare and factors affecting fitness. These measures are needed to evaluate viability risk, predict and potentially increase animal adaptability and improve the management of wild and farmed systems, thereby responding to an increasing demand of society for the development of a sustainable management of systems.
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20
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Bos N, Guimaraes L, Palenzuela R, Renelies-Hamilton J, Maccario L, Silue SK, Koné N'A, Poulsen M. You don't have the guts: a diverse set of fungi survive passage through Macrotermes bellicosus termite guts. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:163. [PMID: 33297950 PMCID: PMC7724875 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monoculture farming poses significant disease challenges, but fungus-farming termites are able to successfully keep their monoculture crop free from contamination by other fungi. It has been hypothesised that obligate gut passage of all plant substrate used to manure the fungal symbiont is key to accomplish this. Here we refute this hypothesis in the fungus-farming termite species Macrotermes bellicosus. Results We first used ITS amplicon sequencing to show that plant substrate foraged on by termite workers harbour diverse fungal communities, which potentially could challenge the farming symbiosis. Subsequently, we cultivated fungi from dissected sections of termite guts to show that fungal diversity does not decrease during gut passage. Therefore, we investigated if healthy combs harboured these undesirable fungal genera, and whether the presence of workers affected fungal diversity within combs. Removal of workers led to a surge in fungal diversity in combs, implying that termite defences must be responsible for the near-complete absence of other fungi in functioning termite gardens. Conclusions The rapid proliferation of some of these fungi when colonies are compromised indicates that some antagonists successfully employ a sit-and-wait strategy that allows them to remain dormant until conditions are favourable. Although this strategy requires potentially many years of waiting, it prevents these fungi from engaging in an evolutionary arms race with the termite host, which employs a series of complementary behavioural and chemical defences that may prove insurmountable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Bos
- Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Leandro Guimaraes
- Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Romen Palenzuela
- Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Justinn Renelies-Hamilton
- Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lorrie Maccario
- Department of Biology, Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 1, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Kolotchèlèma Silue
- Unité de Recherche en Ecologie Et Biodiversité (UREB), Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Des Sciences de La Nature (UFR-SN), 28 BP 847 28, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre de Recherche en Écologie (CRE), Station de Recherche en Ecologie du Parc National de La Comoé, Bouna, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - N 'golo Abdoulaye Koné
- Unité de Recherche en Ecologie Et Biodiversité (UREB), Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Des Sciences de La Nature (UFR-SN), 28 BP 847 28, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre de Recherche en Écologie (CRE), Station de Recherche en Ecologie du Parc National de La Comoé, Bouna, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen East, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Greene AM, Panyadee P, Inta A, Huffman MA. Asian elephant self-medication as a source of ethnoveterinary knowledge among Karen mahouts in northern Thailand. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112823. [PMID: 32387460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ethnoveterinary medicine is often assumed to be a subset of human medicinal knowledge. Here we investigate the possibility that some ethnoveterinary medicine rather originates from observations of animal self-medication. We document and analyze the ethnoveterinary medicine used by Karen mahouts for elephant care and attempt to determine whether this knowledge originated from humans or elephants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Elephant camp owners and mahouts in four communities in northern Thailand were interviewed about their knowledge and use of plants for ethnoveterinary elephant care. For each ethnoveterinary plant, data were collected on Karen human medicinal uses and whether elephants independently consume them. Based on overlaps between ethnoveterinary use, human medicinal use and elephant dietary use, plants were classified into three categories: those that originated from Karen human medicine, those that originated from Asian elephant self-medication, and those which were present in both human and elephant knowledge traditions. RESULTS The use of 34 plants (32 identified at least to genus) and two additional non-plant remedies (salt and human urine) were reported to be used in ethnoveterinary elephant medicine. A total of 44 treatments in 11 use categories were recorded: tonic, wounds, compress, eye problems, indigestion, broken bones, galactagogue, snakebite, fatigue, skin and musth regulation. Of the ethnoveterinary plants, 55% had the same use in human medicine, 43% had different uses and 2% had no use. Elephants consume 84% of the ethnoveterinary plants as part of their natural diet. DISCUSSION Analysis indicates that 32% of plant uses likely originated from Karen human medicine, 60% of plant uses likely existed independently in both human and elephant knowledge systems, and 8% of plant uses likely originated from elephant self-medicating behavior. The tonic use category shows the strongest evidence of influence from observations of elephant self-medication. The use of tonic medicines appears to be increasing as a way to mitigate the unnaturally limited diet of elephants in tourist camps. CONCLUSION Ethnoveterinary medicine for elephant care is influenced by both human medicinal knowledge and elephant knowledge of plants for self-medication. The ethnoveterinary knowledge domain appears to be the result of an interactive process linked to convergent evolution or co-evolution between humans and Asian elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prateep Panyadee
- Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, The Botanical Garden Organization, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Angkhana Inta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Department of Behavior and Ecology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.
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22
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Rahman MT, Sobur MA, Islam MS, Ievy S, Hossain MJ, El Zowalaty ME, Rahman AMMT, Ashour HM. Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091405. [PMID: 32932606 PMCID: PMC7563794 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Md. Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Md. Jannat Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (H.M.A.)
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23
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Arning N, Wilson DJ. The past, present and future of ancient bacterial DNA. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000384. [PMID: 32598277 PMCID: PMC7478633 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundbreaking studies conducted in the mid-1980s demonstrated the possibility of sequencing ancient DNA (aDNA), which has allowed us to answer fundamental questions about the human past. Microbiologists were thus given a powerful tool to glimpse directly into inscrutable bacterial history, hitherto inaccessible due to a poor fossil record. Initially plagued by concerns regarding contamination, the field has grown alongside technical progress, with the advent of high-throughput sequencing being a breakthrough in sequence output and authentication. Albeit burdened with challenges unique to the analysis of bacteria, a growing number of viable sources for aDNA has opened multiple avenues of microbial research. Ancient pathogens have been extracted from bones, dental pulp, mummies and historical medical specimens and have answered focal historical questions such as identifying the aetiological agent of the black death as Yersinia pestis. Furthermore, ancient human microbiomes from fossilized faeces, mummies and dental plaque have shown shifts in human commensals through the Neolithic demographic transition and industrial revolution, whereas environmental isolates stemming from permafrost samples have revealed signs of ancient antimicrobial resistance. Culminating in an ever-growing repertoire of ancient genomes, the quickly expanding body of bacterial aDNA studies has also enabled comparisons of ancient genomes to their extant counterparts, illuminating the evolutionary history of bacteria. In this review we summarize the present avenues of research and contextualize them in the past of the field whilst also pointing towards questions still to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Arning
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Daniel J. Wilson
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
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24
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Quinn EA, Childs G. Trekking and toddlers: Towards a biocultural analysis of growth among infants and young children in a rural region of the Himalayas. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23452. [PMID: 32543052 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rapid socioeconomic change, associated with development and a growing tourism industry is occurring across the Himalayas. The health impact of this rapid economic development is poorly understood, especially for infants and young children. This study investigated the associations between village level economic differences as indexed by economic development and tourism engagement on infant and young child growth and health in a population of ethnic Tibetans living in the western Himalayas of Nepal. METHODS One hundred and fifty nine infants and young children (ages 1-24 months) were enrolled. Anthropometric data (height, weight, triceps skinfold thickness) were collected at a single time point. Village level measurements of tourism and market engagement were incorporated into a scale measuring tourism, healthcare, trail access, agriculture, and involvement in medicinal trade. Village level disease patterns were calculated from morbidity and mortality recalls collected since 2003. RESULTS There were no significant associations between infant weight for age z-score (WAZ), length for age z-score (LAZ), or weight-for-length for age z-score (WLZ) and village altitude, village economic development score, or engagement in tourism. Males had significantly higher LAZ, WAZ, and WLZ compared to females; only females showed a decline in LAZ with age. Triceps skinfold thickness z-score (ZTSF) was inversely associated with village level economic development score in male but not female infants; females ZTSF was positively associated with IYC age. CONCLUSIONS While overall size for age indices (WAZ, LAZ, WLZ) were not associated with altitude or village economic development in this population, ZTSF was inversely associated with village economic development in males but not females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Quinn
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Geoff Childs
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Stone
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Kostopoulou D, Claerebout E, Arvanitis D, Ligda P, Casaert S, Sotiraki S. Identifying human enteric parasitic infections in Greece, with focus on Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Exp Parasitol 2020; 211:107864. [PMID: 32088147 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted in two different areas in Greece to investigate the presence of intestinal human parasitic infections (targeting healthy and individuals with diarrhoea). In total, 876 stool samples were collected from 822 adults and 54 children. Both sedimentation (acid/ether) and concentration/flotation techniques were performed in all samples to detect intestinal parasites. Additionally, a quantitative direct immunofluorescence assay was used specifically for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. PCR followed by sequencing was applied to genotype Giardia and Cryptosporidium positive samples. Thirty-five (4%) of the individuals examined harboured at least one species of intestinal parasite, the majority of which were protozoa (3.8%). The species found were Blastocystis hominis (1.8%), Giardia duodenalis (1.3%), Cryptosporidium spp. (0.6%), Entamoeba coli (0.2%) and E. histolytica/E. dispar (0.1%). Two persons were positive for Enterobius vermicularis. Genotyping results revealed the presence of G. duodenalis sub-assemblage AII, whereas sequencing was not successful for Cryptosporidium positive samples. A novel multi-locus genotype of G. duodenalis was identified, which has not been described in humans or animals previously. Overall, in the studied population, infection rates with intestinal parasites were low and similar to previous published data. As infection levels were low, no associations could be made between infection status and clinical relevance, risk factors or indication of potential sources of infection, apart from the fact that infections with Giardia were positively correlated to diarrhoea. Based on the parasite species and genotypes detected, there was no indication that animals were an important source of infection. Thus, it is suggested that Giardia infections were more likely to be acquired via human-to-human transmission, either involving indirect pathways such as contaminated food or water, or via direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kostopoulou
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium; Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - E Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium.
| | - D Arvanitis
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - P Ligda
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium; Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - S Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium.
| | - S Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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PATHOGEN PREVALANCE IN AMERICAN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS AMBLYCEPS) OF THE JEMEZ MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO, USA. J Wildl Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.7589/2018-12-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sumbria D, Berber E, Rouse BT. Factors Affecting the Tissue Damaging Consequences of Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2314. [PMID: 31636623 PMCID: PMC6787772 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals are infected by multiple endogenous and exogenous viruses but few agents cause overt tissue damage. We review the circumstances which favor overt disease expression. These can include intrinsic virulence of the agent, new agents acquired from heterologous species, the circumstances of infection such as dose and route, current infection with other agents which includes the composition of the microbiome at mucosal and other sites, past history of exposure to other infections as well as the immune status of the host. We also briefly discuss promising therapeutic strategies that can expand immune response patterns that minimize tissue damaging responses to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry T. Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Harrison GF, Sanz J, Boulais J, Mina MJ, Grenier JC, Leng Y, Dumaine A, Yotova V, Bergey CM, Nsobya SL, Elledge SJ, Schurr E, Quintana-Murci L, Perry GH, Barreiro LB. Natural selection contributed to immunological differences between hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1253-1264. [PMID: 31358949 PMCID: PMC6684323 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The shift from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural mode of subsistence is believed to have been associated with profound changes in the burden and diversity of pathogens across human populations. Yet, the extent to which the advent of agriculture affected the evolution of the human immune system remains unknown. Here we present a comparative study of variation in the transcriptional responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to bacterial and viral stimuli between Batwa rainforest hunter-gatherers and Bakiga agriculturalists from Uganda. We observed increased divergence between hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists in the early transcriptional response to viruses compared with that for bacterial stimuli. We demonstrate that a significant fraction of these transcriptional differences are under genetic control and we show that positive natural selection has helped to shape population differences in immune regulation. Across the set of genetic variants underlying inter-population immune-response differences, however, the signatures of positive selection were disproportionately observed in the rainforest hunter-gatherers. This result is counter to expectations on the basis of the popularized notion that shifts in pathogen exposure due to the advent of agriculture imposed radically heightened selective pressures in agriculturalist populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genelle F Harrison
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joaquin Sanz
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Boulais
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J Mina
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Dumaine
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vania Yotova
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christina M Bergey
- Departments of Anthropology and Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Samuel L Nsobya
- Department of Pathology, School Biomedical, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
- Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - George H Perry
- Departments of Anthropology and Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Williams AC, Hill LJ. Nicotinamide as Independent Variable for Intelligence, Fertility, and Health: Origin of Human Creative Explosions? Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919855944. [PMID: 31258332 PMCID: PMC6585247 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919855944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat and nicotinamide acquisition was a defining force during the 2-million-year evolution of the big brains necessary for, anatomically modern, Homo sapiens to survive. Our next move was down the food chain during the Mesolithic 'broad spectrum', then horticultural, followed by the Neolithic agricultural revolutions and progressively lower average 'doses' of nicotinamide. We speculate that a fertility crisis and population bottleneck around 40 000 years ago, at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, was overcome by Homo (but not the Neanderthals) by concerted dietary change plus profertility genes and intense sexual selection culminating in behaviourally modern Homo sapiens. Increased reliance on the 'de novo' synthesis of nicotinamide from tryptophan conditioned the immune system to welcome symbionts, such as TB (that excrete nicotinamide), and to increase tolerance of the foetus and thereby fertility. The trade-offs during the warmer Holocene were physical and mental stunting and more infectious diseases and population booms and busts. Higher nicotinamide exposure could be responsible for recent demographic and epidemiological transitions to lower fertility and higher longevity, but with more degenerative and auto-immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Mirahmadizadeh A, Yaghobi R, Soleimanian S. Viral ecosystem: An epidemiological hypothesis. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2053. [PMID: 31206234 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are incomplete elements that require other organisms to survive and multiply, hence constantly mutate during its evolution, resulting from adaptations in response to environmental changes such as the immune response of the host. In this line, they are responsible for many diseases, but today, there is evidence that viruses have many benefits and even have a unique ecosystem to control the different species or strain of themselves. While highlighting the benefits of some viruses and the undesirable effects of their eradication, the present review expresses the idea of the viral ecosystem and its importance, which has been supported in several studies. There are countless articles about virus-related illnesses and the undesirable effects of therapeutic interventions in eliminating the less pathogenic viruses or manipulating viral ecosystems. By simulating the viral ecosystem with an ecosystem found among the snakes, it can be assumed that the viruses have concentric zones, which its inner zone includes the most dangerous viruses for humans and each zone is surrounded and controlled by an outer zone of less dangerous viruses for humans. The outermost zone consists of viruses that are least dangerous to humans such as common cold that protect humans and possibly other living organisms against more dangerous viruses in inner zone, causing the activation of immune system by playing a unique and pivotal role in the ecosystems. Therefore, manipulating the ecosystem and disrupting the balance might have epidemics and harmful consequences for the plants, animals, and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mirahmadizadeh
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeede Soleimanian
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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32
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Whitehead H, Laland KN, Rendell L, Thorogood R, Whiten A. The reach of gene-culture coevolution in animals. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2405. [PMID: 31160560 PMCID: PMC6546714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture (behaviour based on socially transmitted information) is present in diverse animal species, yet how it interacts with genetic evolution remains largely unexplored. Here, we review the evidence for gene-culture coevolution in animals, especially birds, cetaceans and primates. We describe how culture can relax or intensify selection under different circumstances, create new selection pressures by changing ecology or behaviour, and favour adaptations, including in other species. Finally, we illustrate how, through culturally mediated migration and assortative mating, culture can shape population genetic structure and diversity. This evidence suggests strongly that animal culture plays an important evolutionary role, and we encourage explicit analyses of gene-culture coevolution in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal Whitehead
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Kevin N Laland
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Rendell
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Thorogood
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences (Research Program in Organismal & Evolutionary Biology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Andrew Whiten
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, United Kingdom
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Zhu S, Zimmerman D, Deem SL. A Review of Zoonotic Pathogens of Dromedary Camels. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:356-377. [PMID: 31140075 PMCID: PMC7087575 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dromedary, or one-humped, camels Camelus dromedarius are an almost exclusively domesticated species that are common in arid areas as both beasts of burden and production animals for meat and milk. Currently, there are approximately 30 million dromedary camels, with highest numbers in Africa and the Middle East. The hardiness of camels in arid regions has made humans more dependent on them, especially as a stable protein source. Camels also carry and may transmit disease-causing agents to humans and other animals. The ability for camels to act as a point source or vector for disease is a concern due to increasing human demands for meat, lack of biosafety and biosecurity protocols in many regions, and a growth in the interface with wildlife as camel herds become sympatric with non-domestic species. We conducted a literature review of camel-borne zoonotic diseases and found that the majority of publications (65%) focused on Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), brucellosis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Rift Valley fever. The high fatality from MERS outbreaks during 2012-2016 elicited an immediate response from the research community as demonstrated by a surge of MERS-related publications. However, we contend that other camel-borne diseases such as Yersinia pestis, Coxiella burnetii, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are just as important to include in surveillance efforts. Camel populations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are increasing exponentially in response to prolonged droughts, and thus, the risk of zoonoses increases as well. In this review, we provide an overview of the major zoonotic diseases present in dromedary camels, their risk to humans, and recommendations to minimize spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Zhu
- Graduate Group in Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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34
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Taylor S. The puzzle of altruism: Why do 'selfish genes' behave so unselfishly? Explore (NY) 2019; 15:371-375. [PMID: 31104907 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are sound evolutionary and philosophical reasons for believing that human beings have a powerful innate disposition towards pure altruism-an altruism that is not a form of disguised selfishness, a survival strategy, or limited to those with whom we are closely genetically related. An overview of archaeological and anthropologic evidence suggests that the so-called 'environment of evolutionary adaptedness' was very different to the brutal, competitive struggle typically depicted by evolutionary psychologists. It is false to assume that competitiveness and selfishness are inevitable and fundamental human traits. An alternative view that altruism and co-operation are fundamental traits could more justifiably be drawn from archaeological and anthropological evidence. The philosophy of 'panspiritism' suggests that pure altruism is the result of the human capacity for empathy, which itself is the result of our fundamental interconnectedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Taylor
- Leeds Beckett University, School of Social, Psychological and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Calverley Building CL413, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK.
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35
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Uhl EW, Kelderhouse C, Buikstra J, Blick JP, Bolon B, Hogan RJ. New world origin of canine distemper: Interdisciplinary insights. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 24:266-278. [PMID: 30743216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Canine distemper virus (CDV), human measles virus (HMV), and rinderpest virus (RPV) of cattle are morbilliviruses that have caused devastating outbreaks for centuries. This paper seeks to reconstruct the evolutionary history of CDV. MATERIALS AND METHODS An interdisciplinary approach is adopted, synthesizing paleopathological analysis of 96 Pre-Columbian dogs (750-1470 CE) from the Weyanoke Old Town, Virginia site, with historical reports, molecular analysis and morbilliviral epidemiology. RESULTS Both measles (c.900CE) and rinderpest (c. 376 BCE) were first reported in Eurasia, while canine distemper was initially described in South America much later (1735 CE); there are no paleopathological indications of CDV in Weyanoke Old Town dogs. Molecularly, CDV is closely related to HMV, while viral codon usage indicates CDV may have previously infected humans; South American measles epidemics occurred prior to the emergence of canine distemper and would have facilitated HMV transmission and adaptation to dogs. CONCLUSIONS The measles epidemics that decimated indigenous South American populations in the 1500-1700 s likely facilitated the establishment of CDV as a canine pathogen, which eventually spread to Europe and beyond. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the historical and environmental conditions that have driven morbilliviral evolution provides important insights into potential future threats of animal/human cross-species infections. LIMITATIONS Interpreting historical disease descriptions is difficult and the archaeological specimens are limited. Molecular sequence data and codon usage analyses rely on modern viruses. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Interdisciplinary approaches are increasingly needed to understand diseases of the past and present, as critical information and knowledge is scattered in different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7388, USA.
| | - Charles Kelderhouse
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, 30602-7388, USA.
| | - Jane Buikstra
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA.
| | - Jeffrey P Blick
- Department of Government and Sociology, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061-0490, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- Department of Government and Sociology, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061-0490, USA.
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7388, USA.
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Structure-Guided Identification of a Nonhuman Morbillivirus with Zoonotic Potential. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01248-18. [PMID: 30232185 PMCID: PMC6232486 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01248-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbilliviruses infect a broad range of mammalian hosts, including ruminants, carnivores, and humans. The recent eradication of rinderpest virus (RPV) and the active campaigns for eradication of the human-specific measles virus (MeV) have raised significant concerns that the remaining morbilliviruses may emerge in so-called vacated ecological niches. Seeking to assess the zoonotic potential of nonhuman morbilliviruses within human populations, we found that peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)-the small-ruminant morbillivirus-is restricted at the point of entry into human cells due to deficient interactions with human SLAMF1-the immune cell receptor for morbilliviruses. Using a structure-guided approach, we characterized a single amino acid change, mapping to the receptor-binding domain in the PPRV hemagglutinin (H) protein, which overcomes this restriction. The same mutation allowed escape from some cross-protective, human patient, anti-MeV antibodies, raising concerns that PPRV is a pathogen with zoonotic potential. Analysis of natural variation within human and ovine SLAMF1 also identified polymorphisms that could correlate with disease resistance. Finally, the mechanistic nature of the PPRV restriction was also investigated, identifying charge incompatibility and steric hindrance between PPRV H and human SLAMF1 proteins. Importantly, this research was performed entirely using surrogate virus entry assays, negating the requirement for in situ derivation of a human-tropic PPRV and illustrating alternative strategies for identifying gain-of-function mutations in viral pathogens.IMPORTANCE A significant proportion of viral pandemics occur following zoonotic transmission events, where animal-associated viruses jump species into human populations. In order to provide forewarnings of the emergence of these viruses, it is necessary to develop a better understanding of what determines virus host range, often at the genetic and structural levels. In this study, we demonstrated that the small-ruminant morbillivirus, a close relative of measles, is unable to use human receptors to enter cells; however, a change of a single amino acid in the virus is sufficient to overcome this restriction. This information will be important for monitoring this virus's evolution in the field. Of note, this study was undertaken in vitro, without generation of a fully infectious virus with this phenotype.
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Corona E, Wang L, Ko D, Patel CJ. Systematic detection of positive selection in the human-pathogen interactome and lasting effects on infectious disease susceptibility. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196676. [PMID: 29799843 PMCID: PMC5969750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease has shaped the natural genetic diversity of humans throughout the world. A new approach to capture positive selection driven by pathogens would provide information regarding pathogen exposure in distinct human populations and the constantly evolving arms race between host and disease-causing agents. We created a human pathogen interaction database and used the integrated haplotype score (iHS) to detect recent positive selection in genes that interact with proteins from 26 different pathogens. We used the Human Genome Diversity Panel to identify specific populations harboring pathogen-interacting genes that have undergone positive selection. We found that human genes that interact with 9 pathogen species show evidence of recent positive selection. These pathogens are Yersenia pestis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1, Zaire ebolavirus, Francisella tularensis, dengue virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, Rubella virus, and Bacillus anthracis. For HIV-1, GWAS demonstrate that some naturally selected variants in the host-pathogen protein interaction networks continue to have functional consequences for susceptibility to these pathogens. We show that selected human genes were enriched for HIV susceptibility variants (identified through GWAS), providing further support for the hypothesis that ancient humans were exposed to lentivirus pandemics. Human genes in the Italian, Miao, and Biaka Pygmy populations that interact with Y. pestis show significant signs of selection. These results reveal some of the genetic footprints created by pathogens in the human genome that may have left lasting marks on susceptibility to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Corona
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Dennis Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Chirag J. Patel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Robertson LJ. Parasites in Food: From a Neglected Position to an Emerging Issue. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:71-113. [PMID: 30077225 PMCID: PMC7129657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne parasites have long been a neglected group of pathogens, as they often have insidious, chronic effects, rather than being acute diseases, and they are often associated with impoverished or marginalized populations. In addition, due to the long incubation period for most foodborne parasites, source attribution is often difficult, if not impossible. However, global trends have enabled foodborne parasites to emerge in different populations in new locations, transmitted through different food types, and sometimes with unexpected symptoms. This emergence of foodborne parasites has brought them into focus. In this chapter, six foodborne parasites are used as examples on emergence: Echinococcus multilocularis is spreading to new locations; Cryptosporidium spp. are beginning to be associated not only with water, but also with salads; Trypanosoma cruzi is being manifest with acute disease due to foodborne transmission, particularly transmitted with juices; Trichinella spp. have become less of a burden regarding transmission via pork in many countries, but now game animals are becoming a concern; anisakiasis is becoming a global problem as the world develops a taste for sushi, and similarly for opisthorchiasis, which is increasingly being associated with cholangiocarcinoma. However, the emergence of these foodborne parasites provides an incentive for increased efforts being made toward control. In this chapter, having described how the parasites are emerging from their neglected position, the focus turns toward control. In addition to considering control measures that may be applied to the specific parasites, an overview is provided of some of the organized collaborations, projects, and consortia, as well as some of their outputs, that have in focus the control of these emerging and important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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McMahon DP, Wilfert L, Paxton RJ, Brown MJF. Emerging Viruses in Bees: From Molecules to Ecology. Adv Virus Res 2018; 101:251-291. [PMID: 29908591 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases arise as a result of novel interactions between populations of hosts and pathogens, and can threaten the health and wellbeing of the entire spectrum of biodiversity. Bees and their viruses are a case in point. However, detailed knowledge of the ecological factors and evolutionary forces that drive disease emergence in bees and other host-pathogen communities is surprisingly lacking. In this review, we build on the fundamental insight that viruses evolve and adapt over timescales that overlap with host ecology. At the same time, we integrate the role of host community ecology, including community structure and composition, biodiversity loss, and human-driven disturbance, all of which represent significant factors in bee virus ecology. Both of these evolutionary and ecological perspectives represent major advances but, in most cases, it remains unclear how evolutionary forces actually operate across different biological scales (e.g., from cell to ecosystem). We present a molecule-to-ecology framework to help address these issues, emphasizing the role of molecular mechanisms as key bottom-up drivers of change at higher ecological scales. We consider the bee-virus system to be an ideal one in which to apply this framework. Unlike many other animal models, bees constitute a well characterized and accessible multispecies assemblage, whose populations and interspecific interactions can be experimentally manipulated and monitored in high resolution across space and time to provide robust tests of prevailing theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino P McMahon
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Paxton
- Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; German Centre for integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mark J F Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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Studies on Drug Resistance among Klebsiella and Citrobacter spp Isolated from two Human Groups and Wild Animals. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.58784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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41
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Marciniak S, Perry GH. Harnessing ancient genomes to study the history of human adaptation. Nat Rev Genet 2017; 18:659-674. [PMID: 28890534 DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past several years have witnessed an explosion of successful ancient human genome-sequencing projects, with genomic-scale ancient DNA data sets now available for more than 1,100 ancient human and archaic hominin (for example, Neandertal) individuals. Recent 'evolution in action' analyses have started using these data sets to identify and track the spatiotemporal trajectories of genetic variants associated with human adaptations to novel and changing environments, agricultural lifestyles, and introduced or co-evolving pathogens. Together with evidence of adaptive introgression of genetic variants from archaic hominins to humans and emerging ancient genome data sets for domesticated animals and plants, these studies provide novel insights into human evolution and the evolutionary consequences of human behaviour that go well beyond those that can be obtained from modern genomic data or the fossil and archaeological records alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Marciniak
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - George H Perry
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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42
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French KE. The Contribution of 21stCentury Pastoralists to Biodiversity Conservation and Emerging Bioeconomies. J ETHNOBIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-37.3.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Viruses rapidly evolve and can emerge in unpredictable ways. Transmission pathways by which foodborne viruses may enter human populations and evolutionary mechanisms by which viruses can become virulent are discussed in this chapter. A majority of viruses emerge from zoonotic animal reservoirs, often by adapting and infecting intermediate hosts, such as domestic animals and livestock. Viruses that are known foodborne threats include hepatitis E virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, enteroviruses, adenovirus, and astroviruses, among others. Viruses may potentially evolve and emerge as a result of modern agricultural practices which can concentrate livestock and bring them into contact with wild animals. Examples of viruses that have emerged in this manner are influenza, coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, and the Nipah virus. The role of bats, bush meat, rodents, pigs, cattle, and poultry as reservoirs from which infectious pathogenic viruses emerge are discussed.
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Vargová L, Vymazalová K, Horáčková L. A brief history of tuberculosis in the Czech Lands. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 105:35-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shehata HR, Griffiths MW, Raizada MN. Seeds of the Wild Progenitor of Maize Possess Bacteria That Antagonize Foodborne Pathogens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:202-209. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan R. Shehata
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mansel W. Griffiths
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manish N. Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Fournié G, Pfeiffer DU, Bendrey R. Early animal farming and zoonotic disease dynamics: modelling brucellosis transmission in Neolithic goat populations. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160943. [PMID: 28386446 PMCID: PMC5367282 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens are frequently hypothesized as emerging with the origins of farming, but evidence of this is elusive in the archaeological records. To explore the potential impact of animal domestication on zoonotic disease dynamics and human infection risk, we developed a model simulating the transmission of Brucella melitensis within early domestic goat populations. The model was informed by archaeological data describing goat populations in Neolithic settlements in the Fertile Crescent, and used to assess the potential of these populations to sustain the circulation of Brucella. Results show that the pathogen could have been sustained even at low levels of transmission within these domestic goat populations. This resulted from the creation of dense populations and major changes in demographic characteristics. The selective harvesting of young male goats, likely aimed at improving the efficiency of food production, modified the age and sex structure of these populations, increasing the transmission potential of the pathogen within these populations. Probable interactions between Neolithic settlements would have further promoted pathogen maintenance. By fostering conditions suitable for allowing domestic goats to become reservoirs of Brucella melitensis, the early stages of agricultural development were likely to promote the exposure of humans to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Robin Bendrey
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Whiteknights Box 226, Reading RG6 6AB, UK
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, William Robertson Wing, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
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47
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Klous G, Huss A, Heederik DJ, Coutinho RA. Human-livestock contacts and their relationship to transmission of zoonotic pathogens, a systematic review of literature. One Health 2016; 2:65-76. [PMID: 28616478 PMCID: PMC5462650 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro-organisms transmitted from vertebrate animals - including livestock - to humans account for an estimated 60% of human pathogens. Micro-organisms can be transmitted through inhalation, ingestion, via conjunctiva or physical contact. Close contact with animals is crucial for transmission. The role of intensity and type of contact patterns between livestock and humans for disease transmission is poorly understood. In this systematic review we aimed to summarise current knowledge regarding patterns of human-livestock contacts and their role in micro-organism transmission. METHODS We included peer-reviewed publications published between 1996 and 2014 in our systematic review if they reported on human-livestock contacts, human cases of livestock-related zoonotic diseases or serological epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in human samples. We extracted any information pertaining the type and intensity of human-livestock contacts and associated zoonoses. RESULTS 1522 papers were identified, 75 were included: 7 reported on incidental zoonoses after brief animal-human contacts (e.g. farm visits), 10 on environmental exposures and 15 on zoonoses in developing countries where backyard livestock keeping is still customary. 43 studies reported zoonotic risks in different occupations. Occupations at risk included veterinarians, culling personnel, slaughterhouse workers and farmers. For culling personnel, more hours exposed to livestock resulted in more frequent occurrence of transmission. Slaughterhouse workers in contact with live animals were more often positive for zoonotic micro-organisms compared to co-workers only exposed to carcasses. Overall, little information was available about the actual mode of micro-organism transmission. CONCLUSIONS Little is known about the intensity and type of contact patterns between livestock and humans that result in micro-organism transmission. Studies performed in occupational settings provide some, but limited evidence of exposure response-like relationships for livestock-human contact and micro-organism transmission. Better understanding of contact patterns driving micro-organism transmission from animals to humans is needed to provide options for prevention and thus deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Klous
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J.J. Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A. Coutinho
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wu J, Liu L, Wang G, Lu J. One Health in China. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:33843. [PMID: 27906124 PMCID: PMC5131455 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.33843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of rapid economic growth over the previous three decades, China has become the second largest economy worldwide since 2010. However, as a developing country with the largest population, this rapid economic growth primarily based on excessive consumption and waste of resources. Thus, China has been facing particularly severe ecological and environmental problems in speeding up industrialization and urbanization. The impact of the health risk factors is complex and difficult to accurately predict. Therefore, it is critical to investigate potential threats in the context of the human-animal-environment interface to protect human and animal health. The "One Health" concept recognizes that human health is connected to animal and environmental health. This review primarily discusses specific health problems in China, particularly zoonoses, and explains the origin and development of the One Health approach, as well as the importance of a holistic approach in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Wu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoling Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, Guangzhou, China;
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Kilgore PE, Salim AM, Zervos MJ, Schmitt HJ. Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:449-86. [PMID: 27029594 PMCID: PMC4861987 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00083-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a severe respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, and in 2008, pertussis was associated with an estimated 16 million cases and 195,000 deaths globally. Sizeable outbreaks of pertussis have been reported over the past 5 years, and disease reemergence has been the focus of international attention to develop a deeper understanding of pathogen virulence and genetic evolution of B. pertussis strains. During the past 20 years, the scientific community has recognized pertussis among adults as well as infants and children. Increased recognition that older children and adolescents are at risk for disease and may transmit B. pertussis to younger siblings has underscored the need to better understand the role of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, including the role of waning immunity. Although recognition of adult pertussis has increased in tandem with a better understanding of B. pertussis pathogenesis, pertussis in neonates and adults can manifest with atypical clinical presentations. Such disease patterns make pertussis recognition difficult and lead to delays in treatment. Ongoing research using newer tools for molecular analysis holds promise for improved understanding of pertussis epidemiology, bacterial pathogenesis, bioinformatics, and immunology. Together, these advances provide a foundation for the development of new-generation diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Kilgore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Abdulbaset M Salim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus J Zervos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Schmitt
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Paris, France Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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50
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Overstreet RM, Lotz JM. Host–Symbiont Relationships: Understanding the Change from Guest to Pest. ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7123458 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28170-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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