1
|
Chuderski A, Chinta SR. Transcranial alternating current stimulation barely enhances working memory in healthy adults: A meta-analysis. Brain Res 2024; 1839:149022. [PMID: 38801916 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a pivotal neural mechanism for cognitive function and ability. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) was used to improve WM by entraining key brain rhythms. We submitted to meta-analysis 143 effects of tACS on WM performance, found in 42 reports published between 2014 and 2023, encompassing a total of 1386 healthy adults stimulated. The overall effect size of 134 interventions intended to improve WM equaled Hedges' g = 0.076 [0.039, 0.113]. However, after correcting for a significant publication bias this effect size dropped to zero. By contrast, 9 interventions distorting the brain synchronization using antiphase tACS reliably decreased WM performance, with Hedges' g = -0.266, [-0.458, -0.074]. Individuating the targeted frequency band was the only reliable moderator. The disparity between our null outcome and moderately positive tACS effects estimated by previous meta-analyses resulted from our inclusion of the most recent studies mostly reporting negligible effects. Our results suggest that current tACS protocols barely enhance WM in healthy adults. More research is needed to develop effective methods for WM stimulation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Joo YY, Lee E, Kim BG, Kim G, Seo J, Cha J. Polygenic architecture of brain structure and function, behaviors, and psychopathologies in children. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.595444. [PMID: 38826224 PMCID: PMC11142157 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.595444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The human brain undergoes structural and functional changes during childhood, a critical period in cognitive and behavioral development. Understanding the genetic architecture of the brain development in children can offer valuable insights into the development of the brain, cognition, and behaviors. Here, we integrated brain imaging-genetic-phenotype data from over 8,600 preadolescent children of diverse ethnic backgrounds using multivariate statistical techniques. We found a low-to-moderate level of SNP-based heritability in most IDPs, which is lower compared to the adult brain. Using sparse generalized canonical correlation analysis (SGCCA), we identified several covariation patterns among genome-wide polygenic scores (GPSs) of 29 traits, 7 different modalities of brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs), and 266 cognitive and psychological phenotype data. In structural MRI, significant positive associations were observed between total grey matter volume, left ventral diencephalon volume, surface area of right accumbens and the GPSs of cognition-related traits. Conversely, negative associations were found with the GPSs of ADHD, depression and neuroticism. Additionally, we identified a significant positive association between educational attainment GPS and regional brain activation during the N-back task. The BMI GPS showed a positive association with fractional anisotropy (FA) of connectivity between the cerebellum cortex and amygdala in diffusion MRI, while the GPSs for educational attainment and cannabis use were negatively associated with the same IDPs. Our GPS-based prediction models revealed substantial genetic contributions to cognitive variability, while the genetic basis for many mental and behavioral phenotypes remained elusive. This study delivers a comprehensive map of the relationships between genetic profiles, neuroanatomical diversity, and the spectrum of cognitive and behavioral traits in preadolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Yoonie Joo
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University
| | - Bo-Gyeom Kim
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University
| | - Gakyung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University
| | - Jungwoo Seo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University
| | - Jiook Cha
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University
- Institute of Psychological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen D, Jia T, Cheng W, Desrivières S, Heinz A, Schumann G, Feng J. Evaluation of behavioral variance/covariance explained by the neuroimaging data through a pattern-based regression. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26601. [PMID: 38488475 PMCID: PMC10941514 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging data have been widely used to understand the neural bases of human behaviors. However, most studies were either based on a few predefined regions of interest or only able to reveal limited vital regions, hence not providing an overarching description of the relationship between neuroimaging and behaviors. Here, we proposed a voxel-based pattern regression that not only could investigate the overall brain-associated variance (BAV) for a given behavioral measure but could also evaluate the shared neural bases between different behaviors across multiple neuroimaging data. The proposed method demonstrated consistently high reliability and accuracy through comprehensive simulations. We further implemented this approach on real data of adolescents (IMAGEN project, n = 2089) and adults (HCP project, n = 808) to investigate brain-based variances of multiple behavioral measures, for instance, cognitive behaviors, substance use, and psychiatric disorders. Notably, intelligence-related scores showed similar high BAVs with the gray matter volume across both datasets. Further, our approach allows us to reveal the latent brain-based correlation across multiple behavioral measures, which are challenging to obtain otherwise. For instance, we observed a shared brain architecture underlying depression and externalizing problems in adolescents, while the symptom comorbidity may only emerge later in adults. Overall, our approach will provide an important statistical tool for understanding human behaviors using neuroimaging data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University)Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University)Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceSGDP Centre, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University)Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceSGDP Centre, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCMCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCMCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University)Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bignardi G, Smit DJA, Vessel EA, Trupp MD, Ticini LF, Fisher SE, Polderman TJC. Genetic effects on variability in visual aesthetic evaluations are partially shared across visual domains. Commun Biol 2024; 7:55. [PMID: 38184755 PMCID: PMC10771521 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The aesthetic values that individuals place on visual images are formed and shaped over a lifetime. However, whether the formation of visual aesthetic value is solely influenced by environmental exposure is still a matter of debate. Here, we considered differences in aesthetic value emerging across three visual domains: abstract images, scenes, and faces. We examined variability in two major dimensions of ordinary aesthetic experiences: taste-typicality and evaluation-bias. We build on two samples from the Australian Twin Registry where 1547 and 1231 monozygotic and dizygotic twins originally rated visual images belonging to the three domains. Genetic influences explained 26% to 41% of the variance in taste-typicality and evaluation-bias. Multivariate analyses showed that genetic effects were partially shared across visual domains. Results indicate that the heritability of major dimensions of aesthetic evaluations is comparable to that of other complex social traits, albeit lower than for other complex cognitive traits. The exception was taste-typicality for abstract images, for which we found only shared and unique environmental influences. Our study reveals that diverse sources of genetic and environmental variation influence the formation of aesthetic value across distinct visual domains and provides improved metrics to assess inter-individual differences in aesthetic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bignardi
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dirk J A Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward A Vessel
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychology, City College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - MacKenzie D Trupp
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca F Ticini
- Department of Psychology, Webster Vienna Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tinca J C Polderman
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VKC Psyche, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychosocial Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pine JG, Agrawal A, Bogdan R, Kandala S, Cooper S, Barch DM. Shared and unique heritability of hippocampal subregion volumes in children and adults. Neuroimage 2024; 285:120471. [PMID: 38007188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral genetic analyses have not demonstrated robust, unique, genetic correlates of hippocampal subregion volume. Genetic differentiation of hippocampal longitudinal axis subregion volume has not yet been investigated in population-based samples, although this has been demonstrated in rodent and post-mortem human tissue work. The following study is the first population-based investigation of genetic factors that contribute to gray matter volume along the hippocampal longitudinal axis. Twin-based biometric analyses demonstrated that longitudinal axis subregions are associated with significant, unique, genetic variance, and that longitudinal axis subregions are also associated with significant shared, hippocampus-general, genetic factors. Our study's findings suggest that genetic differences in hippocampal longitudinal axis structure can be detected in individual differences in gray matter volume in population-level research designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Pine
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America.
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America
| | - Sridhar Kandala
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Shelly Cooper
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arnatkeviciute A, Lemire M, Morrison C, Mooney M, Ryabinin P, Roslin NM, Nikolas M, Coxon J, Tiego J, Hawi Z, Fornito A, Henrik W, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Garavan H, Nigg J, Friedman NP, Burton C, Schachar R, Crosbie J, Bellgrove MA. Trans-ancestry meta-analysis of genome wide association studies of inhibitory control. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4175-4184. [PMID: 37500827 PMCID: PMC10827666 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in effective executive function, including inhibitory control are associated with risk for a number of psychiatric disorders and significantly impact everyday functioning. These complex traits have been proposed to serve as endophenotypes, however, their genetic architecture is not yet well understood. To identify the common genetic variation associated with inhibitory control in the general population we performed the first trans-ancestry genome wide association study (GWAS) combining data across 8 sites and four ancestries (N = 14,877) using cognitive traits derived from the stop-signal task, namely - go reaction time (GoRT), go reaction time variability (GoRT SD) and stop signal reaction time (SSRT). Although we did not identify genome wide significant associations for any of the three traits, GoRT SD and SSRT demonstrated significant and similar SNP heritability of 8.2%, indicative of an influence of genetic factors. Power analyses demonstrated that the number of common causal variants contributing to the heritability of these phenotypes is relatively high and larger sample sizes are necessary to robustly identify associations. In Europeans, the polygenic risk for ADHD was significantly associated with GoRT SD and the polygenic risk for schizophrenia was associated with GoRT, while in East Asians polygenic risk for schizophrenia was associated with SSRT. These results support the potential of executive function measures as endophenotypes of neuropsychiatric disorders. Together these findings provide the first evidence indicating the influence of common genetic variation in the genetic architecture of inhibitory control quantified using objective behavioural traits derived from the stop-signal task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurina Arnatkeviciute
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathieu Lemire
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Morrison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael Mooney
- Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Ryabinin
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nicole M Roslin
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Molly Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James Coxon
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Walter Henrik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Developmental trajectories & psychiatry" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Developmental trajectories & psychiatry" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Developmental trajectories & psychiatry" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Etablissement Public de Santé (EPS) Barthélemy Durand, 91700, Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Joel Nigg
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christie Burton
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dong L, Giangrande EJ, Womack SR, Yoo K, Beam CR, Jacobson KC, Turkheimer E. A Longitudinal Analysis of Gene x Environment Interaction on Verbal Intelligence Across Adolescence and Early Adulthood. Behav Genet 2023; 53:311-330. [PMID: 37171531 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Scarr-Rowe hypothesis proposes that the heritability of intelligence is higher in more advantaged socioeconomic contexts. An early demonstration of this hypothesis was Rowe and colleagues (Rowe et al., Child Dev 70:1151-1162, 1999), where an interaction between the heritability of verbal intelligence and parental education was identified in adolescent siblings in Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. The present study repeated their original analysis at Wave I using contemporary methods, replicated the finding during young adulthood at Wave III, and analyzed the interaction longitudinally utilizing multiple measurements. We examined parental education, family income, and peer academic environment as potential moderators. Results indicated increased heritability and decreased shared environmental variance of verbal intelligence at higher levels of parental education and peer academic environment in adolescence. Moreover, moderation by peer academic environment persisted into adulthood with its effect partially attributable to novel gene-environment interactions that arose in the process of cognitive development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LiChen Dong
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Evan J Giangrande
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sean R Womack
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kristy Yoo
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher R Beam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristen C Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric Turkheimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alex AM, Buss C, Davis EP, Campos GDL, Donald KA, Fair DA, Gaab N, Gao W, Gilmore JH, Girault JB, Grewen K, Groenewold NA, Hankin BL, Ipser J, Kapoor S, Kim P, Lin W, Luo S, Norton ES, O'Connor TG, Piven J, Qiu A, Rasmussen JM, Skeide MA, Stein DJ, Styner MA, Thompson PM, Wakschlag L, Knickmeyer R. Genetic Influences on the Developing Young Brain and Risk for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:905-920. [PMID: 36932005 PMCID: PMC10136952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Imaging genetics provides an opportunity to discern associations between genetic variants and brain imaging phenotypes. Historically, the field has focused on adults and adolescents; very few imaging genetics studies have focused on brain development in infancy and early childhood (from birth to age 6 years). This is an important knowledge gap because developmental changes in the brain during the prenatal and early postnatal period are regulated by dynamic gene expression patterns that likely play an important role in establishing an individual's risk for later psychiatric illness and neurodevelopmental disabilities. In this review, we summarize findings from imaging genetics studies spanning from early infancy to early childhood, with a focus on studies examining genetic risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. We also introduce the Organization for Imaging Genomics in Infancy (ORIGINs), a working group of the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) consortium, which was established to facilitate large-scale imaging genetics studies in infancy and early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Alex
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Claudia Buss
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Gustavo de Los Campos
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Statistics & Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Kirsten A Donald
- Division of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Damien A Fair
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Wei Gao
- Cedars-Sinai Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jessica B Girault
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrboro, North Carolina
| | - Karen Grewen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Benjamin L Hankin
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois Urbana,-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Jonathan Ipser
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shreya Kapoor
- Research Group Learning in Early Childhood, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth S Norton
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Medical Social Sciences and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas G O'Connor
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Neuroscience, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Joseph Piven
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrboro, North Carolina
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS (Suzhou) Research Institute, National University of Singapore, China; the Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jerod M Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Michael A Skeide
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Research Group Learning in Early Childhood, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dan J Stein
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of the Sunshine Coast, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Laurie Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rebecca Knickmeyer
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dunkel CS, van der Linden D, Kawamoto T. Maternal supportiveness is predictive of childhood general intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
|
10
|
Pine JG, Paul SE, Johnson E, Bogdan R, Kandala S, Barch DM. Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia, Major Depression, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Hippocampal Subregion Volumes in Middle Childhood. Behav Genet 2023; 53:279-291. [PMID: 36720770 PMCID: PMC10875985 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies demonstrate that individuals with diagnoses for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and Schizophrenia (SCZ) may exhibit smaller hippocampal gray matter relative to otherwise healthy controls, although the effect sizes vary in each disorder. Existing work suggests that hippocampal abnormalities in each disorder may be attributable to genetic liability and/or environmental variables. The following study uses baseline data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development[Formula: see text] Study (ABCD Study[Formula: see text]) to address three open questions regarding the relationship between genetic risk for each disorder and hippocampal volume reductions: (a) whether polygenic risk scores (PGRS) for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ are related to hippocampal volume; (b) whether PGRS for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ are differentially related to specific hippocampal subregions along the longitudinal axis; and (c) whether the association between PGRS for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ and hippocampal volume is moderated by sex and/or environmental adversity. In short, we did not find associations between PGRS for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ to be significantly related to any hippocampal subregion volumes. Furthermore, neither sex nor enviornmental adversity significantly moderated these associations. Our study provides an important null finding on the relationship genetic risk for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ to measures of hippocampal volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Pine
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Sarah E Paul
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Emma Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sridhar Kandala
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wright L, Davies NM, Bann D. The association between cognitive ability and body mass index: A sibling-comparison analysis in four longitudinal studies. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004207. [PMID: 37053134 PMCID: PMC10101525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass index (BMI) and obesity rates have increased sharply since the 1980s. While multiple epidemiologic studies have found that higher adolescent cognitive ability is associated with lower adult BMI, residual and unobserved confounding due to family background may explain these associations. We used a sibling design to test this association accounting for confounding factors shared within households. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used data from four United States general youth population cohort studies: the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79), the NLSY-79 Children and Young Adult, the NLSY 1997 (NLSY-97), and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS); a total of 12,250 siblings from 5,602 households followed from adolescence up to age 62. We used random effects within-between (REWB) and residualized quantile regression (RQR) models to compare between- and within-family estimates of the association between adolescent cognitive ability and adult BMI (20 to 64 years). In REWB models, moving from the 25th to 75th percentile of adolescent cognitive ability was associated with -0.95 kg/m2 (95% CI = -1.21, -0.69) lower BMI between families. Adjusting for family socioeconomic position reduced the association to -0.61 kg/m2 (-0.90, -0.33). However, within families, the association was just -0.06 kg/m2 (-0.35, 0.23). This pattern of results was found across multiple specifications, including analyses conducted in separate cohorts, models examining age-differences in association, and in RQR models examining the association across the distribution of BMI. Limitations include the possibility that within-family estimates are biased due to measurement error of the exposure, confounding via non-shared factors, and carryover effects. CONCLUSIONS The association between high adolescent cognitive ability and low adult BMI was substantially smaller in within-family compared with between-family analysis. The well-replicated associations between cognitive ability and subsequent BMI may largely reflect confounding by family background factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Wright
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M. Davies
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sarraf MA, Woodley of Menie MA, Peñaherrera-Aguirre M. The anti-Wilson effect: The decrease in heritability of general cognitive ability, as proxied by polygenic expressivity, with advanced age. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
13
|
Associations between brain imaging and polygenic scores of mental health and educational attainment in children aged 9-11. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119611. [PMID: 36070838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are highly heritable and polygenic, and many have their peak onset in late childhood and adolescence, a period of tremendous changes. Although the neurodevelopmental antecedents of mental illness are widely acknowledged, research in youth population cohorts is still scarce, preventing our progress towards the early characterization of these disorders. We included 7,124 children (9-11 years old) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study to map the associations of structural and diffusion brain imaging with common genetic variants and polygenic scores for psychiatric disorders and educational attainment. We used principal component analysis to derive imaging components, and calculated their heritability. We then assessed the relationship of imaging components with genetic and clinical psychiatric risk with univariate models and Canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Most imaging components had moderate heritability. Univariate models showed limited evidence and small associations of polygenic scores with brain structure at this age. CCA revealed two significant modes of covariation. The first mode linked higher polygenic scores for educational attainment with less externalizing problems and larger surface area. The second mode related higher polygenic scores for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder to higher global cortical thickness, smaller white matter volumes of the fornix and cingulum, larger medial occipital surface area and smaller surface area of lateral and medial temporal regions. While cross-validation suggested limited generalizability, our results highlight the potential of multivariate models to better understand the transdiagnostic and distributed relationships between mental health and brain structure in late childhood.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bann D, Wright L, Hardy R, Williams DM, Davies NM. Polygenic and socioeconomic risk for high body mass index: 69 years of follow-up across life. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010233. [PMID: 35834443 PMCID: PMC9282556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic influences on body mass index (BMI) appear to markedly differ across life, yet existing research is equivocal and limited by a paucity of life course data. We thus used a birth cohort study to investigate differences in association and explained variance in polygenic risk for high BMI across infancy to old age (2-69 years). A secondary aim was to investigate how the association between BMI and a key purported environmental determinant (childhood socioeconomic position) differed across life, and whether this operated independently and/or multiplicatively of genetic influences. Data were from up to 2677 participants in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, with measured BMI at 12 timepoints from 2-69 years. We used multiple polygenic indices from GWAS of adult and childhood BMI, and investigated their associations with BMI at each age. For polygenic liability to higher adult BMI, the trajectories of effect size (β) and explained variance (R2) diverged: explained variance peaked in early adulthood and plateaued thereafter, while absolute effect sizes increased throughout adulthood. For polygenic liability to higher childhood BMI, explained variance was largest in adolescence and early adulthood; effect sizes were marginally smaller in absolute terms from adolescence to adulthood. All polygenic indices were related to higher variation in BMI; quantile regression analyses showed that effect sizes were sizably larger at the upper end of the BMI distribution. Socioeconomic and polygenic risk for higher BMI across life appear to operate additively; we found little evidence of interaction. Our findings highlight the likely independent influences of polygenic and socioeconomic factors on BMI across life. Despite sizable associations, the BMI variance explained by each plateaued or declined across adulthood while BMI variance itself increased. This is suggestive of the increasing importance of chance ('non-shared') environmental influences on BMI across life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DB); (LW)
| | - Liam Wright
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DB); (LW)
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Social Research Institute, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan M. Williams
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neil M. Davies
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Egeland J. The ups and downs of intelligence: The co-occurrence model and its associated research program. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
16
|
Social Adversity Reduces Polygenic Score Expressivity for General Cognitive Ability, but Not Height. Twin Res Hum Genet 2022; 25:10-23. [PMID: 35393928 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2022.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that even 'perfect' polygenic scores (PGSs) composed of only causal variants may not be fully portable between different social groups owing to gene-by-environment interactions modifying the expression of relevant variants. The impacts of such interactions involving two forms of social adversity (low socioeconomic status [SES] and discrimination) are examined in relation to the expressivity of a PGS for educational attainment composed of putatively causal variants in a large, representatively sampled and genotyped cohort of US children. A relatively small-magnitude Scarr-Rowe effect is present (SES × PGSEDU predicting General Cognitive Ability [GCA]; sR = .02, 95% CI [.00, .04]), as is a distinct discrimination × PGSEDU interaction predicting GCA (sR = -.02, 95% CI [-.05, 00]). Both are independent of the confounding main effects of 10 ancestral principal components, PGSEDU, SES, discrimination and interactions among these factors. No sex differences were found. These interactions were examined in relation to phenotypic and genotypic data on height, a prospectively more socially neutral trait. They were absent in both cases. The discrimination × PGSEDU interaction is a co-moderator of the differences posited in modern versions of Spearman's hypothesis (along with shared environmentality), lending support to certain environmental explanations of those differences. Behavior-genetic analysis of self-reported discrimination indicates that it is nonsignificantly heritable (h2 = .027, 95% CI [-.05, .10]), meaning that it is not merely proxying some underlying source of heritable phenotypic variability. This suggests that experiences of discrimination might stem instead from the action of purely social forces.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Nowak R, Kubaszewska J, Gos W. Interdisciplinary Approach to Biological and Health Implications in Selected Professional Competences. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020236. [PMID: 35203999 PMCID: PMC8870650 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Everyday life’s hygiene and professional realities, especially in economically developed countries, indicate the need to modify the standards of pro-health programs as well as modern hygiene and work ergonomics programs. These observations are based on the problem of premature death caused by civilization diseases. The biological mechanisms associated with financial risk susceptibility are well described, but there is little data explaining the biological basis of neuroaccounting. Therefore, the aim of the study was to present relationships between personality traits, cognitive competences and biological factors shaping behavioral conditions in a multidisciplinary aspect. This critical review paper is an attempt to compile biological and psychological factors influencing the development of professional competences, especially decent in the area of accounting and finance. We analyzed existing literature from wide range of scientific disciplines (including economics, psychology, behavioral genetics) to create background to pursuit multidisciplinary research models in the field of neuroaccounting. This would help in pointing the best genetically based behavioral profile of future successful financial and accounting specialists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland; (R.N.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland; (R.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Joanna Kubaszewska
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland; (R.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Waldemar Gos
- Institute of Economy and Finance, University of Szczecin, 64 Mickiewicza St., 71-101 Szczecin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Martel MM, Elkins AR, Eng AG, Goh PK, Bansal PS, Smith-Thomas TE, Thaxton MH, Ryabinin P, Mooney MA, Gustafsson HC, Karalunas SL, Nigg JT. Longitudinal Temperament Pathways to ADHD Between Childhood and Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1055-1066. [PMID: 35102487 PMCID: PMC9680910 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation extended prior cross-sectional mapping of etiological factors, transdiagnostic effortful and affective traits, and ADHD symptoms to longitudinal pathways extending from two etiological domains: polygenic and prenatal risk. Hypotheses were (1) genetic risk for ADHD would be related to inattentive ADHD symptoms in adolescence and mediated by childhood effortful control; (2) prenatal smoking would be related to hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms during childhood and mediated by childhood surgency; and (3) there would be age-related variation, such that mediation of genetic risk would be larger for older than younger ages, whereas mediation of prenatal risk would be larger in earlier childhood than at later ages. Participants were 849 children drawn from the Oregon ADHD-1000 Cohort, which used a case control sample and an accelerated longitudinal design to track development from childhood (at year 1 ages 7-13) through adolescence (at year 6 ages 13-19). Results showed the mediational pathway from prenatal smoking through surgency to hyperactivity-impulsivity at Year 1 was significant (indirect effect estimate = .053, p < .01). The mediational pathway from polygenic risk through effortful control to inattention at Year 6 was also significant (indirect effect estimate = .084, p < .01). Both results were independent of the association between inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity and control for the alternative etiological input and held across parent- and teacher-report of ADHD symptoms. In line with dual pathway models of ADHD, early prenatal risk for hyperactivity-impulsivity appears to operate through surgency, while polygenic genetic risk for inattention appears mediated by effortful control.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bairos-Novak KR, Hoogenboom MO, van Oppen MJH, Connolly SR. Coral adaptation to climate change: Meta-analysis reveals high heritability across multiple traits. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5694-5710. [PMID: 34482591 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change is a rapidly intensifying selection pressure on biodiversity across the globe and, particularly, on the world's coral reefs. The rate of adaptation to climate change is proportional to the amount of phenotypic variation that can be inherited by subsequent generations (i.e., narrow-sense heritability, h2 ). Thus, traits that have higher heritability (e.g., h2 > 0.5) are likely to adapt to future conditions faster than traits with lower heritability (e.g., h2 < 0.1). Here, we synthesize 95 heritability estimates across 19 species of reef-building corals. Our meta-analysis reveals low heritability (h2 < 0.25) of gene expression metrics, intermediate heritability (h2 = 0.25-0.50) of photochemistry, growth, and bleaching, and high heritability (h2 > 0.50) for metrics related to survival and immune responses. Some of these values are higher than typically observed in other taxa, such as survival and growth, while others were more comparable, such as gene expression and photochemistry. There was no detectable effect of temperature on heritability, but narrow-sense heritability estimates were generally lower than broad-sense estimates, indicative of significant non-additive genetic variation across traits. Trait heritability also varied depending on coral life stage, with bleaching and growth in juveniles generally having lower heritability compared to bleaching and growth in larvae and adults. These differences may be the result of previous stabilizing selection on juveniles or may be due to constrained evolution resulting from genetic trade-offs or genetic correlations between growth and thermotolerance. While we find no evidence that heritability decreases under temperature stress, explicit tests of the heritability of thermal tolerance itself-such as coral thermal reaction norm shape-are lacking. Nevertheless, our findings overall reveal high trait heritability for the majority of coral traits, suggesting corals may have a greater potential to adapt to climate change than has been assumed in recent evolutionary models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Bairos-Novak
- College of Science and Engineering and ARCCOE for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mia O Hoogenboom
- College of Science and Engineering and ARCCOE for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean R Connolly
- College of Science and Engineering and ARCCOE for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
No evidence for cumulating socioeconomic advantage. Ability explains increasing SES effects with age on children's domain test scores. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
21
|
Ujma PP, Kirkegaard EOW. The overlapping geography of cognitive ability and chronotype. Psych J 2021; 10:834-846. [PMID: 34423580 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chronotype and cognitive ability are two human phenotypes with an uneven geographic distribution due to both selective migration and causal environmental effects. In our study, we aimed to examine the relationship between geographic variables, cognitive ability and chronotype. We used a large anonymized sample (n = 25,700, mostly from the USA, UK, Canada and Australia) of dating site users to estimate chronotype and cognitive ability from questionnaire responses using item response theory. We matched each user to geographic coordinates and city size using the reported locations and geographic databases. In line with previous research we found that male sex, younger age, residence in a more populous locale, higher cognitive ability and more westward position within the same time zone were associated with later chronotype. Male sex, younger age, residence in a more populous locale, later chronotype and higher latitude were associated with higher cognitive ability, but the effect of population on chronotype and latitude on cognitive ability was only present in the USA. The relationship between age and chronotype was stronger in males, and the relationship between chronotype and cognitive ability was stronger in males and in older participants. Population density had an independent association with cognitive ability, but not chronotype. Our results confirm the uneven geographic distribution of chronotype and cognitive ability. These findings generalize across countries, but they are moderated by age and sex, suggesting both biological and cultural effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Przemyslaw Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
In Prototypical Autism, the Genetic Ability to Learn Language Is Triggered by Structured Information, Not Only by Exposure to Oral Language. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081112. [PMID: 34440286 PMCID: PMC8391732 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
What does the way that autistic individuals bypass, learn, and eventually master language tell us about humans’ genetically encoded linguistic ability? In this theoretical review, we argue that autistic non-social acquisition of language and autistic savant abilities provide a strong argument for an innate, human-specific orientation towards (and mastery of) complex embedded structures. Autistic non-social language learning may represent a widening of the material processed during development beyond oral language. The structure detection and manipulation and generative production of non-linguistic embedded and chained material (savant abilities in calendar calculation, musical composition, musical interpretation, and three-dimensional drawing) may thus represent an application of such innate mechanisms to non-standard materials. Typical language learning through exposure to the child’s mother tongue may represent but one of many possible achievements of the same capacity. The deviation from typical language development in autism may ultimately allow access to oral language, sometimes in its most elaborate forms, and also explain the possibility of the absence of its development when applied exclusively to non-linguistic structured material. Such an extension of human capacities beyond or in parallel to their usual limits call into question what we consider to be specific or expected in humans and therefore does not necessarily represent a genetic “error”. Regardless of the adaptive success or failure of non-social language learning, it is the duty of science and ethical principles to strive to maintain autism as a human potentiality to further foster our vision of a plural society.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Behavioral genetics and cultural evolution have both revolutionized our understanding of human behavior-largely independent of each other. Here we reconcile these two fields under a dual inheritance framework, offering a more nuanced understanding of the interaction between genes and culture. Going beyond typical analyses of gene-environment interactions, we describe the cultural dynamics that shape these interactions by shaping the environment and population structure. A cultural evolutionary approach can explain, for example, how factors such as rates of innovation and diffusion, density of cultural sub-groups, and tolerance for behavioral diversity impact heritability estimates, thus yielding predictions for different social contexts. Moreover, when cumulative culture functionally overlaps with genes, genetic effects become masked, unmasked, or even reversed, and the causal effects of an identified gene become confounded with features of the cultural environment. The manner of confounding is specific to a particular society at a particular time, but a WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic) sampling problem obscures this boundedness. Cultural evolutionary dynamics are typically missing from models of gene-to-phenotype causality, hindering generalizability of genetic effects across societies and across time. We lay out a reconciled framework and use it to predict the ways in which heritability should differ between societies, between socioeconomic levels and other groupings within some societies but not others, and over the life course. An integrated cultural evolutionary behavioral genetic approach cuts through the nature-nurture debate and helps resolve controversies in topics such as IQ.
Collapse
|
24
|
Segal NL, Niculae FJ, Becker EN, Shih EY. Reared-apart/reared-together Chinese twins and virtual twins: Evolving research program and general intelligence findings. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 207:105106. [PMID: 33743413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
China's One-Child Policy (1979-2015) limited rural families to two children and urban families to one child. This practice, which led to the abandonment of hundreds of thousands of female infants, is indirectly responsible for the separate placement of infant twins. The availability of this sample launched the first prospective study of these pairs. Participants include families and twins comprising 15 monozygotic (MZA) pairs and 7 dizygotic (DZA) pairs from countries throughout the world. The research program is described, and the initial wave of IQ scores for MZA and DZA twin pairs is examined in the first comprehensive report from this study. The twins' mean age at participation was 9.41 years (SD = 6.36), and their ages ranged from 3.19 to 24.98 years. Informative contrasts with adopted-together Chinese twins and virtual twins (same-age unrelated individuals reared together) highlight shared genetic and environmental effects on intellectual development. Applied directions based on findings from these novel samples are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Segal
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA.
| | - Francisca J Niculae
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
| | - Erika N Becker
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
| | - Emmy Y Shih
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Golding J, van den Berg G, Northstone K, Suderman M, Ellis G, Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S, Pembrey M. Grandchild's IQ is associated with grandparental environments prior to the birth of the parents. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:198. [PMID: 33842694 PMCID: PMC8008356 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16205.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Despite convincing animal experiments demonstrating the potential for environmental exposures in one generation to have demonstrable effects generations later, there have been few relevant human studies. Those that have been undertaken have demonstrated associations, for example, between exposures such as nutrition and cigarette smoking in the grandparental generation and outcomes in grandchildren. We hypothesised that such transgenerational associations might be associated with the IQ of the grandchild, and that it would be likely that there would be differences in results between the sexes of the grandparents, parents, and children. Method. We used three-generational data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We incorporated environmental factors concerning grandparents (F0) and focussed on three exposures that we hypothesised may have independent transgenerational associations with the IQ of the grandchildren (F2): (i) UK Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at grandparental birth year; (ii) whether grandfather smoked; and (iii) whether the grandmother smoked in the relevant pregnancy. Potential confounders were ages of grandparents when the relevant parent was born, ethnic background, education level and social class of each grandparent. Results. After adjustment, all three target exposures had specific associations with measures of IQ in the grandchild. Paternal grandfather smoking was associated with reduced total IQ at 15 years; maternal grandfather smoking with reduced performance IQ at 8 years and reduced total IQ at 15. Paternal grandmother smoking in pregnancy was associated with reduced performance IQ at 8, especially in grandsons. GDP at grandparents' birth produced independent associations of reduced IQ with higher GDP; this was particularly true of paternal grandmothers. Conclusions. These results are complex and need to be tested in other datasets. They highlight the need to consider possible transgenerational associations in studying developmental variation in populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Golding
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Kate Northstone
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Genette Ellis
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Yasmin Iles-Caven
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Steve Gregory
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Marcus Pembrey
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Are the effects of intelligence on student achievement and well-being largely functions of family income and social class? Evidence from a longitudinal study of Irish adolescents. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2020.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
27
|
Spare the rod and spoil the group's cultural fitness? Conditions under which corporal punishment leads to detrimental and beneficial outcomes. Med Hypotheses 2020; 145:110334. [PMID: 33242737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Corporal punishment of children is common across human history, and the specific practice of striking the buttocks, known as spanking, seems to have developed independently across a number of separate cultures. This pattern suggests adaptive value, posing a paradox in view of the many reviews stating that spanking has purely negative outcomes on future mental health, and the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics that it be outlawed. We purport to resolve this paradox by separating this particular type of corporal punishment from less controlled lashing out in anger, and we reanalyze these reviews in terms of psychological and physical health outcomes. We find that spanking is associated with positive mental health outcomes when (1) performed by calm parents in a (2) ritualized, structured fashion and combined with (3) other disciplinary techniques within (4) a loving relationship with the child, typically (5) as part of the practice of moral, collective religiosity, and when (6) controlling for confounding variables. In that spanking is noticeably practiced by conservative religious cultural groups, we hypothesize that it can be a fitness-promoting form of behaviour in line with religiousness being an example of a group-fitness-promoting adaptation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Silver AM, Elliott L, Imbeah A, Libertus ME. Understanding the unique contributions of home numeracy, inhibitory control, the approximate number system, and spontaneous focusing on number for children's math abilities. MATHEMATICAL THINKING & LEARNING 2020; 22:296-311. [PMID: 33727781 PMCID: PMC7959406 DOI: 10.1080/10986065.2020.1818469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Math abilities are important predictors of both children's academic achievement and their outcomes in adulthood such as full-time employment and income. Previous work indicates that parenting factors (i.e., parental education, parent math ability, frequency of math activities) relate to children's math performance. Further, research demonstrates that both domain-general (i.e., language skills, inhibitory control) and domain-specific (i.e., approximate number system acuity, tendency to spontaneously focus on number) cognitive predictors are related to math during early childhood. However, work to date has not examined all of these factors together to identify their unique contributions for young children's math abilities. Thus, in the present study we examine whether parent-level and child-level factors uniquely explain children's math abilities. To this end, 112 four-year-old children and one of their parents completed a battery of assessments and questionnaires. Results indicate that children's math performance is uniquely predicted by the frequency of home math activities reported by the parents, as well as children's own inhibitory control, approximate number system acuity, and tendency to spontaneously focus on number. These parent- and child-level factors provide independent targets for future interventions aimed at improving early math performance.
Collapse
|
29
|
Golding J, van den Berg G, Northstone K, Suderman M, Ellis G, Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S, Pembrey M. Grandchild's IQ is associated with grandparental environments prior to the birth of the parents. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:198. [PMID: 33842694 PMCID: PMC8008356 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16205.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In spite of convincing animal experiments demonstrating the potential for environmental exposures in one generation to have demonstrable effects generations later, there have been few relevant human studies. Those that have been undertaken have demonstrated associations, for example, between exposures such as nutrition and cigarette smoking in the grandparental generation and outcomes in grandchildren. We hypothesised that such transgenerational associations might be associated with the IQ of the grandchild, and that it would be likely that there would be differences in results between the sexes of the grandparents, parents and children. Methods: We used three-generational data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We incorporated environmental factors concerning grandparents (F0) and focussed on three exposures that we hypothesised may have independent transgenerational associations with the IQ of the grandchildren (F2): (i) UK Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at grandparental birth year; (ii) whether the grandfather smoked; and (iii) whether the grandmother smoked in the relevant pregnancy. Potential confounders were ages of grandparents when the relevant parent was born, ethnic background, education level and social class of each grandparent. Results: After adjustment, all three target exposures had specific associations with measures of IQ in the grandchild. Paternal grandfather smoking was associated with reduced total IQ at 15 years; maternal grandfather smoking with reduced performance IQ at 8 years and reduced total IQ at 15. Paternal grandmother smoking in pregnancy was associated with reduced performance IQ at 8, especially in grandsons. GDP at grandparents' birth produced independent associations of reduced IQ with higher GDP; this was particularly true of paternal grandmothers. Conclusions: These results are complex and need to be tested in other datasets. They highlight the need to consider possible transgenerational associations in studying developmental variation in populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Golding
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Kate Northstone
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Genette Ellis
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Yasmin Iles-Caven
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Steve Gregory
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Marcus Pembrey
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Winegard B, Winegard B, Anomaly J. Dodging Darwin: Race, evolution, and the hereditarian hypothesis. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
31
|
Examination of the genetic factors underlying the cognitive variability associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Genet Med 2020; 22:889-897. [PMID: 32015538 PMCID: PMC7200599 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with cognitive deficits. The NF1 cognitive phenotype is generally considered to be highly variable, possibly due to the observed T2-weighted hyperintensities, loss of heterozygosity, NF1-specific genetic modifiers, or allelic imbalance. Methods We investigated cognitive variability and assessed the contribution of genetic factors by performing a retrospective cohort study and a monozygotic twin case series. We included data of 497 children with genetically confirmed NF1 and an IQ assessment, including 12 monozygotic twin and 17 sibling sets. Results Individuals carrying an NF1 chromosomal microdeletion showed significant lower full-scale IQ (FSIQ) scores than individuals carrying intragenic pathogenic NF1 variants. For the intragenic subgroup, the variability in cognitive ability and the correlation of IQ between monozygotic NF1 twin pairs or between NF1 siblings is similar to the general population. Conclusions The variance and heritability of IQ in individuals with NF1 are similar to that of the general population, and hence mostly driven by genetic background differences. The only factor that significantly attenuates IQ in NF1 individuals is the NF1 chromosomal microdeletion genotype. Implications for clinical management are that individuals with intragenic NF1 variants that score <1.5–2 SD below the mean of the NF1 population should be screened for additional causes of cognitive disability.
Collapse
|
32
|
Finet C, Vermeer HJ, Juffer F, Bijttebier P, Bosmans G. Remarkable cognitive catch-up in Chinese Adoptees nine years after adoption. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
33
|
The Role of Puberty and Ovarian Hormones in the Genetic Diathesis of Eating Disorders in Females. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2019; 28:617-628. [PMID: 31443879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a critical risk period for eating disorders (EDs). ED incidence increases across the pubertal period and becomes female predominant, and genetic influences on disordered eating significantly increase. Surges of ovarian hormones, particularly estrogen, may drive this increasing genetic effect for EDs in pubertal girls and contribute to differential phenotypic presentations beyond puberty. In this article, we explain phenotypic associations between puberty and disordered eating and present evidence showing underlying genetic and hormonal influence. Potential benefits of communicating roles of genetic influence to people with or at risk for EDs are also discussed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Toulopoulou T, Zhang X, Cherny S, Dickinson D, Berman KF, Straub RE, Sham P, Weinberger DR. Polygenic risk score increases schizophrenia liability through cognition-relevant pathways. Brain 2019; 142:471-485. [PMID: 30535067 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficit is thought to represent, at least in part, genetic mechanisms of risk for schizophrenia, with recent evidence from statistical modelling of twin data suggesting direct causality from the former to the latter. However, earlier evidence was based on inferences from twin not molecular genetic data and it is unclear how much genetic influence 'passes through' cognition on the way to diagnosis. Thus, we included direct measurements of genetic risk (e.g. schizophrenia polygenic risk scores) in causation models to assess the extent to which cognitive deficit mediates some of the effect of polygenic risk scores on the disorder. Causal models of family data tested relationships among key variables and allowed parsing of genetic variance components. Polygenic risk scores were calculated from summary statistics from the current largest genome-wide association study of schizophrenia and were represented as a latent trait. Cognition was also modelled as a latent trait. Participants were 1313 members of 1078 families: 416 patients with schizophrenia, 290 unaffected siblings, and 607 controls. Modelling supported earlier findings that cognitive deficit has a putatively causal role in schizophrenia. In total, polygenic risk score explained 8.07% [confidence interval (CI) 5.45-10.74%] of schizophrenia risk in our sample. Of this, more than a third (2.71%, CI 2.41-3.85%) of the polygenic risk score influence was mediated through cognition paths, exceeding the direct influence of polygenic risk score on schizophrenia risk (1.43%, CI 0.46-3.08%). The remainder of the polygenic risk score influence (3.93%, CI 2.37-4.48%) reflected reciprocal causation between schizophrenia liability and cognition (e.g. mutual influences in a cyclical manner). Analysis of genetic variance components of schizophrenia liability indicated that 26.87% (CI 21.45-32.57%) was associated with cognition-related pathways not captured by polygenic risk score. The remaining variance in schizophrenia was through pathways other than cognition-related and polygenic risk score. Although our results are based on inference through statistical modelling and do not provide an absolute proof of causality, we find that cognition pathways mediate a significant part of the influence of cumulative genetic risk on schizophrenia. We estimate from our model that 33.51% (CI 27.34-43.82%) of overall genetic risk is mediated through influences on cognition, but this requires further studies and analyses as the genetics of schizophrenia becomes better characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothea Toulopoulou
- Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Psychology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stacey Cherny
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Pak Sham
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, The McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Using data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we examined whether European ancestry predicted cognitive ability over and above both parental socioeconomic status (SES) and measures of eye, hair, and skin color. First, using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, we verified that strict factorial invariance held between self-identified African and European-Americans. The differences between these groups, which were equivalent to 14.72 IQ points, were primarily (75.59%) due to difference in general cognitive ability (g), consistent with Spearman’s hypothesis. We found a relationship between European admixture and g. This relationship existed in samples of (a) self-identified monoracial African-Americans (B = 0.78, n = 2,179), (b) monoracial African and biracial African-European-Americans, with controls added for self-identified biracial status (B = 0.85, n = 2407), and (c) combined European, African-European, and African-American participants, with controls for self-identified race/ethnicity (B = 0.75, N = 7,273). Controlling for parental SES modestly attenuated these relationships whereas controlling for measures of skin, hair, and eye color did not. Next, we validated four sets of polygenic scores for educational attainment (eduPGS). MTAG, the multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association study (GWAS) eduPGS (based on 8442 overlapping variants) predicted g in both the monoracial African-American (r = 0.111, n = 2179, p < 0.001), and the European-American (r = 0.227, n = 4914, p < 0.001) subsamples. We also found large race differences for the means of eduPGS (d = 1.89). Using the ancestry-adjusted association between MTAG eduPGS and g from the monoracial African-American sample as an estimate of the transracially unbiased validity of eduPGS (B = 0.124), the results suggest that as much as 20%–25% of the race difference in g can be naïvely explained by known cognitive ability-related variants. Moreover, path analysis showed that the eduPGS substantially mediated associations between cognitive ability and European ancestry in the African-American sample. Subtest differences, together with the effects of both ancestry and eduPGS, had near-identity with subtest g-loadings. This finding confirmed a Jensen effect acting on ancestry-related differences. Finally, we confirmed measurement invariance along the full range of European ancestry in the combined sample using local structural equation modeling. Results converge on genetics as a potential partial explanation for group mean differences in intelligence.
Collapse
|
36
|
Roos JM, Nielsen F. Outrageous fortune or destiny? Family influences on status achievement in the early life course. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2019; 80:30-50. [PMID: 30955560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Psychologists using quantitative studies of the trait intelligence have established with much confidence that the impact of genes on intelligence increases with age, while the environmental effect of the family of origin declines. We examined the conjecture that a similar trend of increasing effect of genes/declining family environmental effect characterizes other status-related outcomes when arranged in typical age-graded sequence over adolescence and early adulthood. We used DeFries-Fulker (1985) (DF) analysis with longitudinal data on 1,576 pairs of variously-related young adult siblings (MZ twins; DZ twins; full siblings; half siblings; cousins; and nonrelated siblings; mean age 28) to estimate univariate quantitative genetic decompositions for fifteen status-related outcomes roughly ordered along the early life course: Verbal IQ, High school GPA, College plans, High school graduation, Some college, College graduation, Graduate school, Educational attainment, Occupational education, Occupational wages, Personal earnings, Household income, Household assets, Home ownership, and Subjective social status, with and without covariate controls for Age, Female gender, and Race/ethnicity (black, Hispanic, other; reference white). Results for successive outcomes did not support the conjecture of increasing heritability with maturity. Rather, the impacts of both the genes and the family environment tended to decline over the life course, resulting in a downward trend in family influences from all sources. There was some evidence of a recrudescence in relative influence of the family environment for outcomes related to the household that are often shared with a spouse, such as home ownership, suggesting a role of assortative mating in status reproduction. Other findings and limitations of the study are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Micah Roos
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
It is often claimed that race is a social construct and that scientists studying race differences are disruptive racists. The recent April 2018 “Race Issue” of the widely distributed National Geographic Magazine (NG) provided its millions of readers with a particularly illustrative example of this position. As discussions of race issues often recur, in both scientific and lay literature, stir considerable polemics, and have political, societal and human implications, we found it of both scientific and general interest to identify and dissect the following partly overlapping key contentions of the NG race issue magazine: (1) Samuel Morton’s studies of brain size is reprehensible racism (2) Race does not relate to geographic location, (3) Races do not exist as we are all equals and Africans, (4) Admixture and displacement erase race differences as soon as they appear, and (5) Race is only skin color deep. Also examined is the claim that Race does not matter. When analyzed within syllogistic formalism, each of the claims is found theoretically and empirically unsustainable, as Morton’s continuously evolving race position is misrepresented, race relates significantly to geography, we are far from equals, races have definitely not been erased, and race, whether self-reported or defined by ancestry, lineage, ecotype, species, or genes, is much more than skin color deep. Race matters vitally for people and societies. We conclude that important research on existing population differences is hurt when widely respected institutions such as NG mobilize their full authority in a massively circulated attempt to betray its scientific and public readership by systematically misrepresenting historical sources and scientific positions, shaming past scientists, and by selectively suppressing unwanted or unacceptable results–acts included as examples of academic fraud by the National Academy of Sciences (US, 1986). Any unqualified a priori denial of the formative evolutionary aspects of individual and population differences threatens to impede the recent promising research on effects of genome wide allelic associations, which would lames us in the vital quest to develop rational solutions to associated globally pressing societal problems.
Collapse
|
38
|
The Intelligence of Biracial Children of U.S. Servicemen in Northeast Asia: Results from Japan. PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/psych1010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The IQ averages of biracial children have long been of interest to intelligence researchers for clarifying the causes of group differences in intelligence. We carried out a search for IQ test results of biracial children fathered by U.S. servicemen after World War 2 and indigenous Asian women in northeast Asian countries (Japan, Korea, China). We were able to locate a report from Japan from a foster home (n = 28–48 biracial children across tests). Results showed that there was only a minuscule IQ gap (<1 IQ) between children of Black–Japanese and White–Japanese parents. However, interpretation of the results is difficult owing to the very small sample size, the non-representative sample, and unknown patterns of assortative mating. We suggest possible avenues for future research.
Collapse
|
39
|
Taji W, Mandell B, Liu J. China's urban-rural childhood cognitive divide: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study after a 6-year follow up. INTELLIGENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
40
|
Ye A, Yan S, Huang K, Mao L, Ge X, Weng T, Zuo A, Tao X, Tao F. Maternal intelligence quotient and motor development in early childhood: The mediating role of mother's education. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55:87-94. [PMID: 30051946 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the association between maternal intelligence quotient (IQ) and early childhood motor development and whether maternal education mediates this relationship. METHODS Data were collected prospectively in the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort study. Maternal IQ was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised by China (WAIS-RC). Information on baseline characteristics and maternal education was obtained from questionnaires and medical records. The study outcome was motor development evaluated at 18 months by the Third Edition of Ages and Stages Questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses and mediation analyses were used. RESULTS Of 2739 valid subjects (84% follow-up), the rate of developmental delay was 3.1% in the gross motor domain and 6.2% in the fine motor domain. The mean value for maternal IQ was 96.2 (standard deviation 10.6). About 40.3% of the mothers had secondary education or less, while 59.7% had a college education. Mothers with higher IQ had a significantly higher educational level and had children with better motor development. Maternal education significantly mediated the association between maternal IQ and fine motor development. There was a direct effect of maternal IQ on gross motor development, but the mediation effect of maternal education was not found. CONCLUSIONS Maternal IQ was associated with motor development. Maternal education played an important role in reducing the disparities in fine motor development among children of different maternal IQs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoxing Ye
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuangqin Yan
- Department of Child Health Care, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Center, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Leijing Mao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Ge
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Child Health Care, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Center, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Azhu Zuo
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingyong Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Lewis BA, Freebairn L, Tag J, Benchek P, Morris NJ, Iyengar SK, Taylor HG, Stein CM. Heritability and longitudinal outcomes of spelling skills in individuals with histories of early speech and language disorders. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018; 65:1-11. [PMID: 30555216 DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the spelling skills in middle childhood and adolescence in individuals with histories of early childhood speech sound disorders (SSD) with and without language impairment (LI). Youth without such histories were also included (No SSD/LI group). The heritability of spelling skills at each age level was estimated. Children with SSD were classified as SSD-only, SSD with LI but without childhood apraxia of speech (SSD + LI/ No CAS), and CAS and LI (CAS + LI). The SSD-only group did not differ in spelling from the No SSD/LI group, suggesting that SSD-only did not increase risk for poor spelling. The SSD + LI/No CAS and CAS + LI groups had poorer spelling skills than the SSD-only and No SSD/LI groups. Spelling was associated with phonological awareness in the middle childhood and adolescent samples and with rapid automatized naming in the adolescent sample. Heritability of spelling skills was stronger in adolescence than in middle childhood. Differences in the correlates of spelling and in heritability at the two ages suggest developmental changes in the factors contributing to spelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Lewis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lisa Freebairn
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jessica Tag
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Penelope Benchek
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nathan J Morris
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - H Gerry Taylor
- Biobehavioral Health Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Catherine M Stein
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Emser TS, Johnston BA, Steele JD, Kooij S, Thorell L, Christiansen H. Assessing ADHD symptoms in children and adults: evaluating the role of objective measures. Behav Brain Funct 2018; 14:11. [PMID: 29776429 PMCID: PMC5960089 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic guidelines recommend using a variety of methods to assess and diagnose ADHD. Applying subjective measures always incorporates risks such as informant biases or large differences between ratings obtained from diverse sources. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that ratings and tests seem to assess somewhat different constructs. The use of objective measures might thus yield valuable information for diagnosing ADHD. This study aims at evaluating the role of objective measures when trying to distinguish between individuals with ADHD and controls. Our sample consisted of children (n = 60) and adults (n = 76) diagnosed with ADHD and matched controls who completed self- and observer ratings as well as objective tasks. Diagnosis was primarily based on clinical interviews. A popular pattern recognition approach, support vector machines, was used to predict the diagnosis. RESULTS We observed relatively high accuracy of 79% (adults) and 78% (children) applying solely objective measures. Predicting an ADHD diagnosis using both subjective and objective measures exceeded the accuracy of objective measures for both adults (89.5%) and children (86.7%), with the subjective variables proving to be the most relevant. CONCLUSIONS We argue that objective measures are more robust against rater bias and errors inherent in subjective measures and may be more replicable. Considering the high accuracy of objective measures only, we found in our study, we think that they should be incorporated in diagnostic procedures for assessing ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa S Emser
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps University Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, 35037, Marburg, Germany. .,Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinic Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Blair A Johnston
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - J Douglas Steele
- School of Medicine (Neuroscience), University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Sandra Kooij
- PsyQ, Psycho-medical Programs, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Jan van Nassaustraat 125, 2596 BS, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Thorell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 5th floor, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Christiansen
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps University Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zabaneh D, Krapohl E, Gaspar HA, Curtis C, Lee SH, Patel H, Newhouse S, Wu HM, Simpson MA, Putallaz M, Lubinski D, Plomin R, Breen G. A genome-wide association study for extremely high intelligence. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1226-1232. [PMID: 29731509 PMCID: PMC5987166 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We used a case-control genome-wide association (GWA) design with cases consisting of 1238 individuals from the top 0.0003 (~170 mean IQ) of the population distribution of intelligence and 8172 unselected population-based controls. The single-nucleotide polymorphism heritability for the extreme IQ trait was 0.33 (0.02), which is the highest so far for a cognitive phenotype, and significant genome-wide genetic correlations of 0.78 were observed with educational attainment and 0.86 with population IQ. Three variants in locus ADAM12 achieved genome-wide significance, although they did not replicate with published GWA analyses of normal-range IQ or educational attainment. A genome-wide polygenic score constructed from the GWA results accounted for 1.6% of the variance of intelligence in the normal range in an unselected sample of 3414 individuals, which is comparable to the variance explained by GWA studies of intelligence with substantially larger sample sizes. The gene family plexins, members of which are mutated in several monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders, was significantly enriched for associations with high IQ. This study shows the utility of extreme trait selection for genetic study of intelligence and suggests that extremely high intelligence is continuous genetically with normal-range intelligence in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Zabaneh
- King’s College London, MRC Social,
Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - E Krapohl
- King’s College London, MRC Social,
Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - H A Gaspar
- King’s College London, MRC Social,
Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for
Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London,
UK
| | - C Curtis
- King’s College London, MRC Social,
Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for
Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London,
UK
| | - S H Lee
- King’s College London, MRC Social,
Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for
Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London,
UK
| | - H Patel
- King’s College London, MRC Social,
Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for
Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London,
UK
| | - S Newhouse
- King’s College London, MRC Social,
Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for
Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London,
UK
| | - H M Wu
- King’s College London, MRC Social,
Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - M A Simpson
- Department of Medical and Molecular
Genetics, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy’s Hospital,
London, UK
| | - M Putallaz
- Duke University Talent Identification
Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D Lubinski
- Department of Psychology and Human
Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,
USA
| | - R Plomin
- King’s College London, MRC Social,
Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - G Breen
- King’s College London, MRC Social,
Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for
Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London,
UK,King's College London, MRC Social Genetic and
Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and
Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London
SE5 8AF, UK. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Empathy is the ability to recognize and respond to the emotional states of other individuals. It is an important psychological process that facilitates navigating social interactions and maintaining relationships, which are important for well-being. Several psychological studies have identified difficulties in both self-report and performance-based measures of empathy in a range of psychiatric conditions. To date, no study has systematically investigated the genetic architecture of empathy using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here we report the results of the largest GWAS of empathy to date using a well-validated self-report measure of empathy, the Empathy Quotient (EQ), in 46,861 research participants from 23andMe, Inc. We identify 11 suggestive loci (P < 1 × 10-6), though none were significant at P < 2.5 × 10-8 after correcting for multiple testing. The most significant SNP was identified in the non-stratified analysis (rs4882760; P = 4.29 × 10-8), and is an intronic SNP in TMEM132C. The EQ had a modest but significant narrow-sense heritability (0.11 ± 0.014; P = 1.7 × 10-14). As predicted, based on earlier work, we confirmed a significant female advantage on the EQ (P < 2 × 10-16, Cohen's d = 0.65). We identified similar SNP heritability and high genetic correlation between the sexes. Also, as predicted, we identified a significant negative genetic correlation between autism and the EQ (rg = -0.27 ± 0.07, P = 1.63 × 10-4). We also identified a significant positive genetic correlation between the EQ and risk for schizophrenia (rg = 0.19 ± 0.04; P = 1.36 × 10-5), risk for anorexia nervosa (rg = 0.32 ± 0.09; P = 6 × 10-4), and extraversion (rg = 0.45 ± 0.08; 5.7 × 10-8). This is the first GWAS of self-reported empathy. The results suggest that the genetic variations associated with empathy also play a role in psychiatric conditions and psychological traits.
Collapse
|
46
|
Churbanov A, Abrahamyan L. Preventing Common Hereditary Disorders through Time-Separated Twinning. BIONANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-017-0488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
47
|
Bakhiet SFA, Dutton E, Ashaer KYA, Essa YAS, Blahmar TAM, Hakami SM, Madison G. Understanding the Simber Effect: Why is the age-dependent increase in children's cognitive ability smaller in Arab countries than in Britain? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
48
|
León FR, Burga-León A. UV Radiation Associates With State Income Through Complex Cognitive Ability in the USA. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Economic development and national intelligence decline with proximity to the equator. Absolute latitude associates with both, income and IQ, but the nature of their relationship is ambiguous. This study applied structural equation modeling using secondary data pertaining to the 48 contiguous states of the United States of America to test the hypothesis that UV (ultraviolet) radiation associates with income through complex cognitive ability vis-a-vis the hypothesis that UV radiation associates with complex cognitive ability through income. The resulting evidence was consistent with the ability → income pathway and unsupportive of the income → ability model. The findings uphold the cognitive capitalism perspective and may throw light on the evolvement of regional differences in the USA.
Collapse
|
49
|
Evans DW, Uljarević M. Parental education accounts for variability in the IQs of probands with Down syndrome: A longitudinal study. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:29-33. [PMID: 29159970 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that variability in probands' phenotypes, including physical features, cognitive abilities, social functioning, and other developmental domains, is influenced by parental traits. Here we examine the role of parental education as a factor contributing to the variability of intelligence quotient (IQ) of offspring with trisomy 21. Participants were 43 probands with trisomy 21, aged 4-21 years of age, and their parents. Data were collected on parental education, and a bi-parental mean education score (BMES) was calculated. Probands' cognitive abilities were assessed by the Stanford-Binet 4th edition at baseline (T1), and again 24 months later (T2). Probands were placed into one of two age groups: 4-12 years and 13-21 years. Results indicated higher parent-proband correlations in Age Group 2 (mean r = .47) relative to Age Group 1 (mean r = .33) and increasing parent-proband correlations across time, with mean correlations of Age Group 1, T1: r = .26, T2: 39; Age Group 2 T1: r = .49, T2: r = 46. Despite the expected IQ deficits observed in trisomy 21 probands, parental education may still contribute to the variability of probands' cognitive abilities. These findings are consistent with the literature noting increasing heritability of IQ with development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W Evans
- Department of Psychology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Mirko Uljarević
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cole JH, Poudel RPK, Tsagkrasoulis D, Caan MWA, Steves C, Spector TD, Montana G. Predicting brain age with deep learning from raw imaging data results in a reliable and heritable biomarker. Neuroimage 2017; 163:115-124. [PMID: 28765056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learning analysis of neuroimaging data can accurately predict chronological age in healthy people. Deviations from healthy brain ageing have been associated with cognitive impairment and disease. Here we sought to further establish the credentials of 'brain-predicted age' as a biomarker of individual differences in the brain ageing process, using a predictive modelling approach based on deep learning, and specifically convolutional neural networks (CNN), and applied to both pre-processed and raw T1-weighted MRI data. Firstly, we aimed to demonstrate the accuracy of CNN brain-predicted age using a large dataset of healthy adults (N = 2001). Next, we sought to establish the heritability of brain-predicted age using a sample of monozygotic and dizygotic female twins (N = 62). Thirdly, we examined the test-retest and multi-centre reliability of brain-predicted age using two samples (within-scanner N = 20; between-scanner N = 11). CNN brain-predicted ages were generated and compared to a Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) approach, on all datasets. Input data were grey matter (GM) or white matter (WM) volumetric maps generated by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) or raw data. CNN accurately predicted chronological age using GM (correlation between brain-predicted age and chronological age r = 0.96, mean absolute error [MAE] = 4.16 years) and raw (r = 0.94, MAE = 4.65 years) data. This was comparable to GPR brain-predicted age using GM data (r = 0.95, MAE = 4.66 years). Brain-predicted age was a heritable phenotype for all models and input data (h2 ≥ 0.5). Brain-predicted age showed high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.90-0.99). Multi-centre reliability was more variable within high ICCs for GM (0.83-0.96) and poor-moderate levels for WM and raw data (0.51-0.77). Brain-predicted age represents an accurate, highly reliable and genetically-influenced phenotype, that has potential to be used as a biomarker of brain ageing. Moreover, age predictions can be accurately generated on raw T1-MRI data, substantially reducing computation time for novel data, bringing the process closer to giving real-time information on brain health in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Cole
- Computational, Cognitive & Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rudra P K Poudel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Matthan W A Caan
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Steves
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Montana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|