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Yoshinaga K, Imasaka T, Imasaka T. Femtosecond Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Online Analysis of Human Exhaled Breath. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38972070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
A variety of organic compounds in human exhaled breath were measured online by mass spectrometry using the fifth (206 nm) and fourth (257 nm) harmonic emissions of a femtosecond ytterbium (Yb) laser as the ionization source. Molecular ions were enhanced significantly by means of resonance-enhanced, two-color, two-photon ionization, which was useful for discrimination of analytes against the background. The limit of detection was 0.15 ppm for acetone in air. The concentration of acetone in exhaled breath was determined for three subjects to average 0.31 ppm, which lies within the range of normal healthy subjects and is appreciably lower than the range for patients with diabetes mellitus. Many other constituents, which could be assigned to acetaldehyde, ethanol, isoprene, phenol, octane, ethyl butanoate, indole, octanol, etc., were observed in the exhaled air. Therefore, the present approach shows potential for use in the online analysis of diabetes mellitus and also for the diagnosis of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540:744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Totaro Imasaka
- Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Hikari Giken, Co., 2-10-30, Sakurazaka, Chuou-ku Fukuoka 810-0024, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imasaka
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540:744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Vevang KR, Zhang L, Grill AE, Hatsukami DK, Meier E, Nomura SO, Robien K, Peterson LA. Furan Metabolites Are Elevated in Users of Various Tobacco Products and Cannabis. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:157-161. [PMID: 36716352 PMCID: PMC10035786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to furan, a toxicant and possible human carcinogen, through multiple sources including diet and tobacco smoke. The urinary metabolites of furan are derived from the reaction of its toxic metabolite with protein nucleophiles and are biomarkers of exposure and potential harm. An established isotopic dilution liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry method was used to measure these biomarkers in urine from users of e-cigarettes, cannabis, and/or combustible tobacco with/without reduced nicotine levels. Amounts of furan mercapturic acid metabolites were higher in these individuals relative to nonsmokers, indicating that they may be at risk for potential furan-derived toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin R. Vevang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Alex E. Grill
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Dorothy K. Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,55455, USA
| | - Ellen Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, USA
| | - Sarah Oppeneer Nomura
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kim Robien
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Lisa A. Peterson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Wen Z, Li X, Gu X, Zhang W, Pang Y, Jiang X, Hou H, Hu Q, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Tang X. Online analysis of chemical composition and size distribution of fresh cigarette smoke emitted from a heated tobacco product. MethodsX 2022; 9:101912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Schmidt TC, Saeedi R. Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: A comprehensive systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152667. [PMID: 34963586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The commercially sold cigarettes contain more than 7000 chemicals, and their combustion produces potential toxicants in mainstream smoke (MS), sidestream smoke (SS), secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS), and discarded cigarette butts (CBs). We conducted a systematic review of published literature to compare the toxicants produced in each of these phases of tobacco combustion (MS, SS, and CBs). The initial search included 12,301 articles, but after screening and final restrictions considering the aims of this review, 159 published studies were selected for inclusion. Additionally, SHS and THS are briefly discussed here. Overall, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other aromatic hydrocarbons have been represented in more studies than other compounds. However, metals and nitrosamines were detected in higher concentrations than other components in SS. The concentrations of most PAHs and other aromatic hydrocarbons in MS and SS are higher compared to concentrations found in CBs. Also, the concentrations of all the studied carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones in SS and MS were higher than in CBs. The mean levels of alcohols and phenols in SS were higher than those reported for both MS and CBs. Tobacco toxicants are inhaled by smokers and transmitted to the environment through SS, SHS, THS, and discarded CBs. However, further studies are necessary to assess adverse effects of toxicants found in CBs and THS not only on human health, but also on the environment and ecosystems. The results of this review provide updated information on the chemical contents of MS, SS, SHS, THS, and CBs. It adds to the growing understanding that smoking creates major health problems for smokers and passive smokers, but also that it generates environmental hazards with consequences to the ecosystems and human health through discarded CBs, SHS, and THS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Weng X, Chen J, Fei Q, Guo X, Liu S, Wen L, Liang H, Guo C, Nie L, Jing C. The association of aldehydes exposure with diabetes mellitus in US population: NHANES 2013-2014. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133019. [PMID: 34813847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of mixed aldehydes exposure with diabetes remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore associations between serum aldehydes concentration and diabetes. METHODS We analyzed associations between aldehydes and diabetes using data from 1795 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2014 by multiple logistic regression models. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was used to evaluate the combined association of serum aldehydes on prediabetes and diabetes. RESULTS Isopentanaldehyde increased the risk of diabetes 2.09 fold (95%CI:1.05-4.16) in the highest tertile, compared to the lowest-tertile concentration after adjusting for covariates, with a p-value for trend (P-t) equal to 0.041, in females. The adjusted OR of prediabetes with a 95% CI for the highest tertile was 0.52(0.28, 0.97) for benzaldehyde in females (P-t = 0.034). We also found associations in the male group between butyraldehyde and diabetes for the second (OR:2.80, 95%CI:1.35-5.79) and third (OR:2.59, 95%CI:1.30-5.17) tertile levels (P-t = 0.010). The risk of diabetes increased 2.55 fold (95%CI: 1.26-5.16, P-t = 0.008), in subjects in the highest tertile of hexanaldehyde concentration. Other aldehydes did not show a statistically significant association with diabetes or prediabetes. The BKMR model showed a positive association of mixed aldehydes with diabetes in males, and butyraldehyde showed a significant positive trend with the highest posterior inclusion probability (PIP = 0.85). Mixed aldehydes increased female's risk from prediabetes to diabetes in which isopentanaldehyde had the highest posterior inclusion probability (PIP = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS The mixed aldehydes might increase the risk of suffering from diabetes in males and accelerate the progression of diabetes in females, in which butyraldehyde and isopentanaldehyde play the most important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiong Weng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingmin Chen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaoyuan Fei
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinrong Guo
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Wen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanzhu Liang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Congcong Guo
- Jiaojiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lihong Nie
- Department of Endocrine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Jing
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Wen Z, Gu X, Tang X, Li X, Pang Y, Hu Q, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang W. Time-resolved online analysis of the gas- and particulate-phase of cigarette smoke generated by a heated tobacco product using vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 238:123062. [PMID: 34801915 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp-based photoionization time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer coupled with a capillary inlet and an aerodynamic lens to online analyze the chemical compositions of the gas- and particulate-phase of cigarette smoke of a heated tobacco product (HTP). Both phase compositions of the fresh cigarette smoke, without dilution and pretreatment, are softly photoionized and their mass spectra are measured with a time resolution of 1 s. It is shown that the gas-phase compositions with low mass are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the particulate-phase compositions are also clearly identified and cover the full mass range of the mass spectrometer. The time- or puff-by-puff resolved dynamic data are obtained for each species and provide abundant information to unravel the chemistry of the HTP smoke. In addition, the present results show that besides thermal vaporization, a couple of chemical reactions including pyrolysis and degradation have also occurred in the HTP smoking process, although its operation temperature is less than 350 °C. Even if not done here, this study paves the way to analyze the gas- and particulate-phase chemical compositions of a complex system in real time, like the cigarette smoke presented here, by using advanced soft ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoying Wen
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xuejun Gu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiangyu Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yongqiang Pang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combustion and Pyrolysis, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei, 230088, Anhui, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
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Dang M, Liu R, Dong F, Liu B, Hou K. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization on-line mass spectrometry: instrumentation developments and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Heide J, Ehlert S, Koziorowski T, Rüger CP, Walte A, Zimmermann R. Simultaneous on-line vacuum single- and multi-photon ionization on an orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer platform. Analyst 2022; 147:3662-3674. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00774f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New instrumental development for robust process monitoring with two soft ionization methods working in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Heide
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - S. Ehlert
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Photonion GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | - T. Koziorowski
- PROBAT-Werke von Gimborn Maschinenfabrik GmbH, Emmerich am Rhein, Germany
| | - C. P. Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - A. Walte
- Photonion GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | - R. Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Zhang J, Tian Y, Luo Z, Qian C, Li W, Duan Y. Breath volatile organic compound analysis: an emerging method for gastric cancer detection. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34610588 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac2cde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a common malignancy, being the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Diagnosis of gastric cancer at the early stage is critical to effectively improve the survival rate. However, a substantial proportion of patients with gastric cancer in the early stages lack specific symptoms or are asymptomatic. Moreover, the imaging techniques currently used for gastric cancer screening, such as computed tomography and barium examination, are usually radioactive and have low sensitivity and specificity. Even though endoscopy has high accuracy for gastric cancer screening, its application is limited by the invasiveness of the technique. Breath analysis is an economic, effective, easy to perform, non-invasive detection method, and has no undesirable side effects on subjects. Extensive worldwide research has been conducted on breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which reveals its prospect as a potential method for gastric cancer detection. Many interesting results have been obtained and innovative methods have been introduced in this subject; hence, an extensive review would be beneficial. By providing a comprehensive list of breath VOCs identified by gastric cancer would promote further research in this field. This review summarizes the commonly used technologies for exhaled breath analysis, focusing on the application of analytical instruments in the detection of breath VOCs in gastric cancers, and the alterations in the profile of breath biomarkers in gastric cancer patients are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Tian
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
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Gehm C, Schnepel K, Czech H, Miersch T, Ehlert S, Zimmermann R. Hyper-fast gas chromatography and single-photon ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry with integrated electrical modulator-based sampling for headspace and online VOC analyses. Analyst 2021; 146:3137-3149. [PMID: 33949436 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel fast gas chromatography (fastGC) instrument with integrated sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and detection by single-photon ionisation (SPI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). A consumable-free electrical modulator rapidly cools down to -55 °C to trap VOCs and inject them on a short chromatographic column by prompt heating to 300 °C, followed by carrier gas exchange from air to helium. Due to the low thermal mass and optical heating, the fastGC is operated within total runtimes including cooling for 30 s and 15 s, referring to hyper-fast GC, and at a constantly increasing temperature ramp from 30 °C to 280 °C. The application of soft SPI-TOFMS allows the detection of co-eluting VOCs of different molecular compositions, which cannot be resolved by conventional GC (cGC) with electron ionisation (EI). Among other analytical figures of merit, we achieved limits of detection for toluene and p-xylene of 2 ppb and 0.5 ppb, respectively, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 and a linear response over a range of more than five orders of magnitude. Furthermore, we demonstrate the performance of the instrument on samples from the fields of environmental research and food science by headspace analysis of roasted coffee beans and needles from coniferous trees as well as by quasi-real-time analysis of biomass burning emissions and coffee roast gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gehm
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Heide J, Adam TW, Jacobs E, Wolter JM, Ehlert S, Walte A, Zimmermann R. Puff-resolved analysis and selected quantification of chemicals in the gas phase of E-Cigarettes, Heat-not-Burn devices and conventional cigarettes using single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS): A comparative study. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:2135-2144. [PMID: 33993304 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A wide array of alternative nicotine delivery devices (ANDD) has been developed and they are often described as less harmful than combustible cigarettes. This work compares the chemical emissions of three ANDD in comparison to cigarette smoke. All the tested ANDD are characterized by not involving combustion of tobacco. METHOD Single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS) is coupled to a linear smoking machine, which allows a comprehensive, online analysis of the gaseous phase of the ANDD aerosol and the conventional cigarette smoke (CC). The following devices were investigated in this study: a tobacco cigarette with a glowing piece of coal as a heating source, an electric device for heating tobacco and a first-generation electronic cigarette. Data obtained from a standard 2R4F research cigarette are taken as a reference. RESULTS The puff-by-puff profile of all products was recorded. The ANDD show a substantial reduction or complete absence of known harmful and potentially harmful substances compared to the CC. In addition, tar substances (i.e. semivolatile and low volatile aromatic and phenolic compounds) are formed to a much lower extent. Nicotine, however, is supplied in comparable amounts except for the investigated electronic cigarette. CONCLUSIONS The data shows that consumers switching from CC to ANDD are exposed to lower concentrations of harmful and potentially harmful substances. However, toxicological and epidemiological studies must deliver conclusive results if these reduced exposures are beneficial for users. IMPLICATION The comparison of puff-resolved profiles of emissions from different tobacco products, traditional and alternative, may help users switch to lower emission products. Puff-resolved comparison overcomes technical changes, use modes between products and may help in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heide
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - T W Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Bundeswehr University Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - E Jacobs
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - J-M Wolter
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - S Ehlert
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Photonion GmbH, Schwerin, Germany
| | - A Walte
- Photonion GmbH, Schwerin, Germany
| | - R Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Li Y, Burns AE, Tran LN, Abellar KA, Poindexter M, Li X, Madl AK, Pinkerton KE, Nguyen TB. Impact of e-Liquid Composition, Coil Temperature, and Puff Topography on the Aerosol Chemistry of Electronic Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1640-1654. [PMID: 33949191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
E-cigarette aerosol is a complex mixture of gases and particles with a composition that is dependent on the e-liquid formulation, puffing regimen, and device operational parameters. This work investigated mainstream aerosols from a third generation device, as a function of coil temperature (315-510 °F, or 157-266 °C), puff duration (2-4 s), and the ratio of propylene glycol (PG) to vegetable glycerin (VG) in e-liquid (100:0-0:100). Targeted and untargeted analyses using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, in situ chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and gravimetry were used for chemical characterizations. PG and VG were found to be the major constituents (>99%) in both phases of the aerosol. Most e-cigarette components were observed to be volatile or semivolatile under the conditions tested. PG was found almost entirely in the gas phase, while VG had a sizable particle component. Nicotine was only observed in the particle phase. The production of aerosol mass and carbonyl degradation products dramatically increased with higher coil temperature and puff duration, but decreased with increasing VG fraction in the e-liquid. An exception is acrolein, which increased with increasing VG. The formation of carbonyls was dominated by the heat-induced dehydration mechanism in the temperature range studied, yet radical reactions also played an important role. The findings from this study identified open questions regarding both pathways. The vaping process consumed PG significantly faster than VG under all tested conditions, suggesting that e-liquids become more enriched in VG and the exposure to acrolein significantly increases as vaping continues. It can be estimated that a 30:70 initial ratio of PG:VG in the e-liquid becomes almost entirely VG when 60-70% of e-liquid remains during the vaping process at 375 °F (191 °C). This work underscores the need for further research on the puffing lifecycle of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amanda E Burns
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lillian N Tran
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Karizza A Abellar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Morgan Poindexter
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amy K Madl
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tran B Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Hu Y, Liu C, Xu Y, Yang J, Pan Y. Identification of Isobars and Isomers in Cigarette Sidestream Smoke in Real Time by Synchrotron Radiation Photoionization Mass Spectrometry and Multiple Linear Regression. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5718-5726. [PMID: 33797228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct analysis of chemical components in fresh cigarette smoke in real time is a challenging task. In this work, by using a novel continuous cigarette-pushing and smoke-introducing setup combined with synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry (SR-PIMS), the photoionization mass spectra of fresh gaseous cigarette sidestream smoke (SSS) from the combustion of solid tobacco could be recorded in real time, and the photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves of each mass peak could be obtained for the first time. Hence, lots of well-known chemical components and even isomers could be identified by their discriminated onsets or PIE curve simulation. Moreover, diimine, 2H-azirine, and sulfur monoxide, which have never been reported in cigarette smoke, were observed in cigarette SSS, and even two intermediates, ethenol and propen-2-ol, anticipated to exist were actually observed and distinguished. To increase the qualification accuracy, a new simulation method based on multiple linear regression (MLR) was developed and applied for the PIE curve simulation, where qualification mistakes caused by subjective judgements could be eliminated as far as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Hu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230088, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yingbo Xu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230088, P. R. China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
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14
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Wang J, Peng X, Xie Y, Hu L, Lei Z, Ge S. Fast analysis of selected compounds in inhaled and exhaled vapor phase of cigarette smoke to evaluate components retained in the upper respiratory tract. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8996. [PMID: 33140431 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The aim of this work is to use a new design of online sampling photoionization mass spectrometer to analyze chemical ingredients in inhaled and exhaled cigarette smoke directly without separation. METHODS Based on vacuum ultraviolet photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (VUV-PI-TOFMS) and a sampling system, a newly developed rapid online sampling design approach was used for the upper respiratory tract retention study of gaseous mainstream cigarette smoke components during smoking. The cigarette smoke inhaled or exhaled by seven subjects who displayed three different smoking patterns was directly sampled into a vacuum chamber, photoionized, and analyzed using TOFMS. RESULTS Fourteen species, comprising aldehydes, ketones, phenol, methanethiol, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and unsaturated hydrocarbons, were identified in the cigarette smoke obtained from Virginia-type cigarettes. The upper respiratory tract results for these compounds were similar for smokers with the three different smoking patterns: aldehyde and ketone constituents had a high retention level of more than 60%; phenol, methanethiol, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds were retained at between 30% and 70%; and the retention of unsaturated hydrocarbons was about 20%-60%. The retention trend of the same smoke components in Virginia-type cigarettes by subjects from the three smoking patterns (A, B, and C) was consistent, and the retentions all increased with increased smoking age (A < B < C). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a new online sampling design approach to the study of cigarette smoke components in inhaled and exhaled breath, to evaluate components retained in the upper respiratory tract by subjects with different smoking patterns. This method has good repeatability, and the results indicated that this is a very promising tool for the study of the retention of cigarette smoke constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Peng
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yingsong Xie
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Lizhong Hu
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Shaolin Ge
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
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15
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Dalle-Donne I, Garavaglia ML, Colombo G, Astori E, Lionetti MC, La Porta CAM, Santucci A, Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A. Cigarette smoke and glutathione: Focus on in vitro cell models. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104818. [PMID: 32135238 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is one of the most important preventable risk factors for the development of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and various types of cancer. Due to its high intracellular concentration and central role in maintaining the cellular redox state, glutathione (GSH) is one of the key players in several enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions necessary for protecting cells against CS-induced oxidative stress. A plethora of in vitro cell models have been used over the years to assess the effects of CS on intracellular GSH and its disulphide forms, i.e. glutathione disulphide (GSSG) and S-glutathionylated proteins. In this review, we described the effects of cell exposure to CS on cellular GSH and formation of its oxidized forms and adducts (GSH-conjugates). We also discussed the limitations and relevance of in vitro cell models of exposure to CS and critically assessed the congruence between smokers and in vitro cell models. What emerges clearly is that results obtained in vitro should be interpreted with extreme caution, bearing in mind the limitations of the specific cell model used. Despite this, in vitro cell models remain important tools in the assessment of CS-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria L Garavaglia
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria C Lionetti
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina A M La Porta
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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16
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Tǎbǎran AF, O'Sullivan MG, Seabloom DE, Vevang KR, Smith WE, Wiedmann TS, Peterson LA. Inhaled Furan Selectively Damages Club Cells in Lungs of A/J Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:842-850. [PMID: 31426723 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319869306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Furan, a possible human carcinogen, is a product of incomplete combustion and is present in cigarette smoke, engine exhaust, and processed food. Oral administration induces liver toxicity and carcinogenesis in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. To assess possible adverse effects from inhalation, A/J mice were nose-only exposed for 3 hours to furan (0, 30, 75, 150, 300, or 600 ppmv) and euthanized after 24 hours, 48 hours, or 1 week. Histopathology evaluation revealed bronchiolar club cell necrosis (diffuse, marked) with airway denudation following exposure to 300 and 600 ppmv furan with evidence of club cell regeneration and partial repair after 1 week. Initial signs of hepatotoxicity were observed in the 150 ppmv furan-exposed group. Acute necrosis and mineralization were observed in livers at 24 and 48 hours with hepatocyte regeneration by 1-week postexposure in mice exposed to 300 and 600 ppmv furan; the 300 ppmv exposed group had multifocal mineralization that evoked a mild granulomatous response. Measurement of urinary furan metabolites confirmed that the mice metabolized furan to the toxic intermediate, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial. These observations indicate that inhaled furan is toxic to lungs with club cells as the target as well as liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Flaviu Tǎbǎran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Donna E Seabloom
- AeroCore Testing Service, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karin R Vevang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William E Smith
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy S Wiedmann
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lisa A Peterson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Tǎbǎran is now with the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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17
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Application of Vacuum Ultraviolet Single-photon Ionization Mass Spectrometer in Online Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Chen X, Shi Q, Zhou X, Liu X. Molecular characterization of aldehydes and ketones in particle phase of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181832. [PMID: 30891292 PMCID: PMC6408401 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes and ketones (AKs) in cigarette smoke are risk to humans and environment. Due to the complexity of itself and the interference of the smoke tar matrix, the aldehydes and ketones in particle phase (AKPs) of mainstream smoke (MSS) and sidestream smoke (SSS) have not been well investigated. In this study, the AKPs of MSS and SSS were derivatized into polar products by reaction with Girard T reagent. The derivatives were isolated rapidly by column chromatography and analysed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Fifteen species of aldehydes and ketones were detected by positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) FT-ICR MS: O1-6, N1O1-4, N2O1-3 and N3O2-3. The total number of AKPs obtained by ESI FT-ICR MS in MSS and SSS is about 1100 and 970, respectively. After hydrolysis, the original AKPs were obtained and 63 carbonyls were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The nitrogen-containing and high-oxygen AKPs were further characterized by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Structures of compounds with high relative abundance in the mass spectrum were speculated (e.g. a series of degradants of cembrenediol) by comparison with the results of GCMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibin Zhou
- College of Basic Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezheng Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, People's Republic of China
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19
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Sinharoy P, McAllister SL, Vasu M, Gross ER. Environmental Aldehyde Sources and the Health Implications of Exposure. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1193:35-52. [PMID: 31368096 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6260-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aldehydes, which are present within the air as well as food and beverage sources, are highly reactive molecules that can be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. To prevent harm from reactive aldehyde exposure, the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) metabolizes reactive aldehydes to a less toxic form. However, the genetic variant of ALDH2, ALDH2*2, significantly reduces the ability to metabolize reactive aldehydes in humans. Therefore, frequent environmental aldehyde exposure, coupled with inefficient aldehyde metabolism, could potentially lead to an increased health risk for diseases such as cancer or cardiovascular disease.Here, we discuss the environmental sources of reactive aldehydes and the potential health implications particularly for those with an ALDH2*2 genetic variant. We also suggest when considering the ALDH2*2 genetic variant the safety limits of reactive aldehyde exposure may have to be reevaluated. Moreover, the ALDH2*2 genetic variant can also be used as an example for how to implement precision medicine in the field of environmental health sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Sinharoy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stacy L McAllister
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Megana Vasu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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20
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Stabbert R, Dempsey R, Diekmann J, Euchenhofer C, Hagemeister T, Haussmann HJ, Knorr A, Mueller BP, Pospisil P, Reininghaus W, Roemer E, Tewes FJ, Veltel DJ. Studies on the contributions of smoke constituents, individually and in mixtures, in a range of in vitro bioactivity assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:222-246. [PMID: 28461234 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture with over 8700 identified constituents. Smoking causes many diseases including lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the mechanisms of how cigarette smoke impacts disease initiation or progression are not well understood and individual smoke constituents causing these effects are not generally agreed upon. The studies reported here were part of a series of investigations into the contributions of selected smoke constituents to the biological activity of cigarette smoke. In vitro cytotoxicity measured by the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay and in vitro mutagenicity determined in the Ames bacterial mutagenicity assay (BMA) were selected because these assays are known to produce reproducible, quantitative results for cigarette smoke under standardized exposure conditions. In order to determine the contribution of individual cigarette smoke constituents, a fingerprinting method was developed to semi-quantify the mainstream smoke yields. For cytotoxicity, 90% of gas vapor phase (GVP) cytotoxicity of the Kentucky Reference cigarette 1R4F was explained by 3 aldehydes and 40% of the 1R4F particulate phase cytotoxicity by 10 smoke constituents, e.g., hydroquinone. In the microsuspension version of the BMA, 4 aldehydes accounted for approximately 70% of the GVP mutagenicity. Finally, the benefits of performing such studies along with the difficulties in interpretation in the context of smoking are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Stabbert
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Rue des Usines 90, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
| | - Ruth Dempsey
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Rue des Usines 90, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Diekmann
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Timo Hagemeister
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Arno Knorr
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Boris P Mueller
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pavel Pospisil
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Wolf Reininghaus
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ewald Roemer
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Rue des Usines 90, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Franz J Tewes
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Detlef J Veltel
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
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21
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Luo Z. Deep Ultraviolet Single‐Photon Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/68072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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22
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Xu A, Fan Z, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Liu S, Huang S, Xu X, Long C, Wang W, Zhu J, Li X, Xu C. Simultaneous Determination of Furan and Vinyl Acetate in Vapor Phase of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke by GC-MS. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:383-390. [PMID: 28492733 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of furan and vinyl acetate (VA) in vapor phase of mainstream cigarette smoke with cold trap and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. A Cambridge filter pad (CFP) was placed in front of the impingers of smoking machine to remove the particle phase from cigarette smoke. Furan and VA in vapor phase of mainstream cigarette smoke were collected in two impingers connected in series by filled with methanol at -78°C. The solutions were added with deuterium-labeled furan-d4 and VA-d6 as internal standards and analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that the calibration curves for furan and VA were linear (r2 > 0.9995) over the studied concentration range. The intra- and inter-day precision values for furan and VA were <7.07% and <9.62%, respectively. The extraction recoveries of furan and VA were in the range of 94.5-97.7% and 92.3-94.9%, respectively. Moreover, the limits of detection for furan and VA were 0.028 µg mL-1 and 1.3 ng mL-1, respectively. The validated method has been successfully applied to determine the emissions of furan and VA in the vapor phase of mainstream cigarette smoke under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifei Xu
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Zhong Fan
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyan Chen
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Shijie Huang
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Xuequin Xu
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Congyun Long
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Liuzhou, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co. Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Chunping Xu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Henan, China
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23
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Zhang XY, Elfarra AA. Potential roles of myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid in metabolism and toxicity of alkene hydrocarbons and drug molecules containing olefinic moieties. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:513-524. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1271413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Adnan A. Elfarra
- Department of Comparative Biosciences and the Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Jiang J, Wang Y, Hou K, Hua L, Chen P, Liu W, Xie Y, Li H. Photoionization-Generated Dibromomethane Cation Chemical Ionization Source for Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Its Application on Sensitive Detection of Volatile Sulfur Compounds. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5028-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Liu C, Zhu Y, Zhou Z, Yang J, Qi F, Pan Y. Ultrasonic nebulization extraction/low pressure photoionization mass spectrometry for direct analysis of chemicals in matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:203-10. [PMID: 26388379 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel ultrasonic nebulization extraction/low-pressure photoionization (UNE-LPPI) system has been designed and employed for the rapid mass spectrometric analysis of chemicals in matrices. An ultrasonic nebulizer was used to extract the chemicals in solid sample and nebulize the solvent in the nebulization cell. Aerosols formed by ultrasonic were evaporated by passing through a transferring tube, and desolvated chemicals were ionized by the emitted light (10.6 eV) from a Krypton discharge lamp at low pressure (∼68 Pa). First, a series of semi/non-volatile compounds with different polarities, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), amino acids, dipeptides, drugs, nucleic acids, alkaloids, and steroids were used to test the system. Then, the quantification capability of UNE-LPPI was checked with: 1) pure chemicals, such as 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone dissolved in solvent; 2) soil powder spiked with different amounts of phenanthrene and pyrene. For pure chemicals, the correlation coefficient (R(2)) for the standard curve of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone in the range of 3 ng-20 μg mL(-1) was 0.9922, and the measured limits of detection (LOD) was 1 ng ml(-1). In the case of soil powder, linear relationships for phenanthrene and pyrene from 10 to 400 ng mg(-1) were obtained with correlation coefficients of 0.9889 and 0.9893, respectively. At last, the feasibility of UNE-LPPI for the detection of chemicals in real matrices such as tablets and biological tissues (tea, Citrus aurantium peel and sage (Salvia officinalis) leaf) were successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China; Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China; Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China; Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Fischer M, Wohlfahrt S, Varga J, Matuschek G, Saraji-Bozorgzad MR, Denner T, Walte A, Zimmermann R. Optically Heated Ultra-Fast-Cycling Gas Chromatography Module for Separation of Direct Sampling and Online Monitoring Applications. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8634-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fischer
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical
Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wohlfahrt
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical
Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Janos Varga
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- University of Augsburg, Chair of Resource Strategy, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Georg Matuschek
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical
Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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27
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Hertz-Schünemann R, Ehlert S, Streibel T, Liu C, McAdam K, Baker RR, Zimmermann R. High-resolution time and spatial imaging of tobacco and its pyrolysis products during a cigarette puff by microprobe sampling photoionisation mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2293-9. [PMID: 25627787 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The time- and space-resolved chemical signatures of gases and vapours formed in solid-state combustion processes are difficult to examine using recent analytical techniques. A machine-smoked cigarette represents a very reproducible model system for dynamic solid-state combustion. By using a special sampling system (microprobe unit) that extracts the formed gases from inside of the burning cigarette, which is coupled to a photoionisation mass spectrometer, it was possible to study the evolution of organic gases during a 2-s cigarette puff. The concentrations of various pyrolysis and combustion products such as 1,3-butadiene, toluene, acetaldehyde and phenol were monitored on-line at different sampling points within cigarettes. A near-microscopic-scale spatial resolution and a 200-ms time resolution were achieved. Finally, the recorded information was combined to generate time-resolved concentration maps, showing the formation and destruction zones of the investigated compounds in the burning cigarette. The combustion zone at the tip of cigarette, where e.g. 1,3-butadiene is predominately formed, was clearly separable from the pyrolysis zones. Depending on the stability of the precursor (e.g. lignin or cellulose), the position of pyrolytic formation varies. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that soft photoionisation mass spectrometry in conjunction with a microprobe sampling device can be used for time- and space-resolved analysis of combustion and pyrolysis reactions. In addition to studies on the model cigarette, further model systems may be studied with this approach. This may include further studies on the combustion of biomass or coal chunks, on heterogeneously catalysed reactions or on spray, dust and gas combustion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hertz-Schünemann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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28
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Zimmermann R, Hertz-Schünemann R, Ehlert S, Liu C, McAdam K, Baker R, Streibel T. Highly time-resolved imaging of combustion and pyrolysis product concentrations in solid fuel combustion: NO formation in a burning cigarette. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1711-7. [PMID: 25582882 DOI: 10.1021/ac503512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The highly dynamic, heterogeneous combustion process within a burning cigarette was investigated by a miniaturized extractive sampling probe (microprobe) coupled to photoionization mass spectrometry using soft laser single photon ionization (SPI) for online real-time detection of molecular ions of combustion and pyrolysis products. Research cigarettes smoked by a smoking machine are used as a reproducible model system for solid-state biomass combustion, which up to now is not addressable by current combustion-diagnostic tools. By combining repetitively recorded online measurement sequences from different sampling locations in an imaging approach, highly time- and space-resolved quantitative distribution maps of, e.g., nitrogen monoxide, benzene, and oxygen concentrations were obtained at a near microscopic level. The obtained quantitative distribution maps represent a time-resolved, movie-like imaging of the respective compound's formation and destruction zones in the various combustion and pyrolysis regions of a cigarette during puffing. Furthermore, spatially resolved kinetic data were ascertainable. The here demonstrated methodology can also be applied to various heterogenic combustion/pyrolysis or reaction model systems, such as fossil- or biomass-fuel pellet combustion or to a positional resolved analysis of heterogenic catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock , Rostock, D-18057, Germany
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29
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Hua L, Hou K, Chen P, Xie Y, Jiang J, Wang Y, Wang W, Li H. Realization of In-Source Collision-Induced Dissociation in Single-Photon Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Its Application for Differentiation of Isobaric Compounds. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2427-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5043768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hua
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
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30
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Kleeblatt J, Schubert JK, Zimmermann R. Detection of Gaseous Compounds by Needle Trap Sampling and Direct Thermal-Desorption Photoionization Mass Spectrometry: Concept and Demonstrative Application to Breath Gas Analysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1773-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5039829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Kleeblatt
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen K. Schubert
- Department
of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rostock, Schillingallee
35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Center, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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31
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Blair SL, Epstein SA, Nizkorodov SA, Staimer N. A Real-Time Fast-Flow Tube Study of VOC and Particulate Emissions from Electronic, Potentially Reduced-Harm, Conventional, and Reference Cigarettes. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2015; 49:816-827. [PMID: 26726281 PMCID: PMC4696598 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2015.1076156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-free electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), which are currently not regulated by the FDA, have become widespread as a "safe" form of smoking. One approach to evaluate the potential toxicity of e-cigarettes and other types of potentially "reduced-harm" cigarettes is to compare their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including reactive organic electrophillic compounds such as acrolein, and particulate matter to those of conventional and reference cigarettes. Our newly designed fast-flow tube system enabled us to analyze VOC composition and particle number concentration in real-time by promptly diluting puffs of mainstream smoke obtained from different brands of combustion cigarettes and e-cigarettes. A proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTRMS) was used to analyze real-time cigarette VOC emissions with a 1 s time resolution. Particles were detected with a condensation particle counter (CPC). This technique offers real-time analysis of VOCs and particles in each puff without sample aging and does not require any sample pretreatment or extra handling. Several important determining factors in VOC and particle concentration were investigated: (1) puff frequency; (2) puff number; (3) tar content; (4) filter type. Results indicate that electronic cigarettes are not free from acrolein and acetaldehyde emissions and produce comparable particle number concentrations to those of combustion cigarettes, more specifically to the 1R5F reference cigarette. Unlike conventional cigarettes, which emit different amounts of particles and VOCs each puff, there was no significant puff dependence in the e-cigarette emissions. Charcoal filter cigarettes did not fully prevent the emission of acrolein and other VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Blair
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Scott A. Epstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- corresponding authors: and
| | - Norbert Staimer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- corresponding authors: and
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32
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Papoušek R, Pataj Z, Nováková P, Lemr K, Barták P. Determination of Acrylamide and Acrolein in Smoke from Tobacco and E-Cigarettes. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Sampson MM, Chambers DM, Pazo DY, Moliere F, Blount BC, Watson CH. Simultaneous analysis of 22 volatile organic compounds in cigarette smoke using gas sampling bags for high-throughput solid-phase microextraction. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7088-95. [PMID: 24933649 PMCID: PMC4553414 DOI: 10.1021/ac5015518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in cigarette smoke is necessary to establish smoke-related exposure estimates and evaluate emerging products and potential reduced-exposure products. In response to this need, we developed an automated, multi-VOC quantification method for machine-generated, mainstream cigarette smoke using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). This method was developed to simultaneously quantify a broad range of smoke VOCs (i.e., carbonyls and volatiles, which historically have been measured by separate assays) for large exposure assessment studies. Our approach collects and maintains vapor-phase smoke in a gas sampling bag, where it is homogenized with isotopically labeled analogue internal standards and sampled using gas-phase SPME. High throughput is achieved by SPME automation using a CTC Analytics platform and custom bag tray. This method has successfully quantified 22 structurally diverse VOCs (e.g., benzene and associated monoaromatics, aldehydes and ketones, furans, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, vinyl chloride, and nitromethane) in the microgram range in mainstream smoke from 1R5F and 3R4F research cigarettes smoked under ISO (Cambridge Filter or FTC) and Intense (Health Canada or Canadian Intense) conditions. Our results are comparable to previous studies with few exceptions. Method accuracy was evaluated with third-party reference samples (≤15% error). Short-term diffusion losses from the gas sampling bag were minimal, with a 10% decrease in absolute response after 24 h. For most analytes, research cigarette inter- and intrarun precisions were ≤20% relative standard deviation (RSD). This method provides an accurate and robust means to quantify VOCs in cigarette smoke spanning a range of yields that is sufficient to characterize smoke exposure estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen M. Sampson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - David M. Chambers
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Daniel Y. Pazo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Fallon Moliere
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Clifford H. Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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34
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Xie Y, Hua L, Hou K, Chen P, Zhao W, Chen W, Ju B, Li H. Long-Term Real-Time Monitoring Catalytic Synthesis of Ammonia in a Microreactor by VUV-Lamp-Based Charge-Transfer Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7681-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501576f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wendong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bangyu Ju
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Gates LA, Phillips MB, Matter BA, Peterson LA. Comparative metabolism of furan in rodent and human cryopreserved hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1132-6. [PMID: 24751574 PMCID: PMC4053996 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Furan is a liver toxicant and carcinogen in rodents. Although humans are most likely exposed to furan through a variety of sources, the effect of furan exposure on human health is still unknown. In rodents, furan requires metabolism to exert its toxic effects. The initial product of the cytochrome P450 2E1-catalyzed oxidation is a reactive α,β-unsaturated dialdehyde, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA). BDA is toxic and mutagenic and consequently is considered responsible for the toxic effects of furan. The urinary metabolites of furan in rats are derived from the reaction of BDA with cellular nucleophiles, and precursors to these metabolites are detected in furan-exposed hepatocytes. Many of these precursors are 2-(S-glutathionyl)butanedial-amine cross-links in which the amines are amino acids and polyamines. Because these metabolites are derived from the reaction of BDA with cellular nucleophiles, their levels are a measure of the internal dose of this reactive metabolite. To compare the ability of human hepatocytes to convert furan to the same metabolites as rodent hepatocytes, furan was incubated with cryopreserved human and rodent hepatocytes. A semiquantitative liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for a number of the previously characterized furan metabolites. Qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of the metabolites demonstrated that furan is metabolized in a similar manner in all three species. These results indicate that humans may be susceptible to the toxic effects of furan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Gates
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences (L.A.G., L.A.P.), Masonic Cancer Center (L.A.G., M.B.P., B.A.M., L.A.P.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.B.P., L.A.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Martin B Phillips
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences (L.A.G., L.A.P.), Masonic Cancer Center (L.A.G., M.B.P., B.A.M., L.A.P.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.B.P., L.A.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brock A Matter
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences (L.A.G., L.A.P.), Masonic Cancer Center (L.A.G., M.B.P., B.A.M., L.A.P.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.B.P., L.A.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lisa A Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences (L.A.G., L.A.P.), Masonic Cancer Center (L.A.G., M.B.P., B.A.M., L.A.P.), and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.B.P., L.A.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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36
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Zhu Z, Wang J, Qiu K, Liu C, Qi F, Pan Y. Note: a novel vacuum ultraviolet light source assembly with aluminum-coated electrodes for enhancing the ionization efficiency of photoionization mass spectrometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:046110. [PMID: 24784688 DOI: 10.1063/1.4871796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source assembly (VUVLSA) for enhancing the ionization efficiency of photoionization mass spectrometer has been described. The VUVLSA composes of a Krypton lamp and a pair of disk electrodes with circular center cavities. The two interior surfaces that face the photoionization region were aluminum-coated. VUV light can be reflected back and forth in the photoionization region between the electrodes, thus the photoionization efficiency can be greatly enhanced. The performances of two different shaped electrodes, the coated double flat electrodes (DFE), and double conical electrodes, were studied. We showed that the signal amplification of coated DFE is around 4 times higher than that of uncoated electrodes without VUV light reflection. The relationship between the pressure of ionization chamber and mass signal enhancement has also been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqing Qiu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
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37
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Li Y, Pelah A, An J, Yu YX, Zhang XY. Concentration- and time-dependent genotoxicity profiles of isoprene monoepoxides and diepoxide, and the cross-linking potential of isoprene diepoxide in cells. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:36-45. [PMID: 28962224 PMCID: PMC5598284 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprene, a possible carcinogen, is a petrochemical and a natural product being primarily produced by plants. It is biotransformed to 2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane (IP-1,2-O) and 2-(1-methylethenyl)oxirane (IP-3,4-O), both of which can be further metabolized to 2-methyl-2,2'-bioxirane (MBO). MBO is mutagenic, but IP-1,2-O and IP-3,4-O are not. While IP-1,2-O has been reported being genotoxic, the genotoxicity of IP-3,4-O and MBO, and the cross-linking potential of MBO have not been examined. In the present study, we used the comet assay to investigate the concentration- and time-dependent genotoxicity profiles of the three metabolites and the cross-linking potential of MBO in human hepatocyte L02 cells. For the incubation time of 1 h, all metabolites showed positive concentration-dependent profiles with a potency rank order of IP-3,4-O > MBO > IP-1,2-O. In human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human leukemia (HL60) cells, IP-3,4-O was still more potent in inducing DNA breaks than MBO at high concentrations (>200 μM), although at low concentrations (≤200 μM) IP-3,4-O exhibited slightly lower or similar potency to MBO. Interestingly, their time-dependent genotoxicity profiles (0.5-4 h) in L02 cells were different from each other: IP-1,2-O and MBO (200 μM) exhibited negative and positive profiles, respectively, with IP-3,4-O lying in between, namely, IP-3,4-O-caused DNA breaks did not change over the exposure time. Further experiments demonstrated that hydrolysis of IP-1,2-O contributed to the negative profile and MBO induced cross-links at high concentrations and long incubation times. Collectively, the results suggested that IP-3,4-O might play a significant role in the toxicity of isoprene.
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Key Words
- %Tail DNA, percentage of DNA in the tail
- 2-(1-Methylethenyl)oxirane
- 2-Ethenyl-2-methyloxirane
- 2-Methyl-2,2′-bioxirane
- Comet assay
- DEB, 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Genotoxicity
- HL60, human leukemia cells
- HepG2, human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
- IMDM, Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium
- IP-1,2-O, 2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane
- IP-3,4-O, 2-(1-methylethenyl)oxirane
- Isoprene
- Isoprene metabolites
- MBO, 2-methyl-2,2′-bioxirane
- MMS, methyl methanesulfonate
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- SD, standard deviation
- mCPBA, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Avishay Pelah
- Department of Plastics Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Ramat Gan 52526, Israel
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Ying-Xin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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38
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Chen P, Hou K, Hua L, Xie Y, Zhao W, Chen W, Chen C, Li H. Quasi-Trapping Chemical Ionization Source Based on a Commercial VUV Lamp for Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1332-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403132k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wendong Chen
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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39
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Pan Y, Hu Y, Wang J, Ye L, Liu C, Zhu Z. Online Characterization of Isomeric/Isobaric Components in the Gas Phase of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke by Tunable Synchrotron Radiation Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Photoionization Efficiency Curve Simulation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11993-2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402955k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Center
of Technology, China Tobacco
Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd., Hefei, Anhui 230088, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Lili Ye
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Zhu
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
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40
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Dolka C, Piadé JJ, Belushkin M, Jaccard G. Menthol Addition to Cigarettes Using Breakable Capsules in the Filter. Impact on the Mainstream Smoke Yields of the Health Canada List Constituents. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1430-43. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400146x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Dolka
- Philip Morris International, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - J.-J. Piadé
- Philip Morris International, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - M. Belushkin
- Philip Morris International, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - G. Jaccard
- Philip Morris International, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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41
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Streibel T, Mitschke S, Adam T, Zimmermann R. Time-resolved analysis of the emission of sidestream smoke (SSS) from cigarettes during smoking by photo ionisation/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-TOFMS): towards a better description of environmental tobacco smoke. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7071-82. [PMID: 23354580 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the chemical composition of sidestream smoke (SSS) emissions of cigarettes are characterised using a laser-based single-photon ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometer. SSS is generated from various cigarette types (2R4F research cigarette; Burley, Oriental and Virginia single-tobacco-type cigarettes) smoked on a single-port smoking machine and collected using a so-called fishtail chimney device. Using this setup, a puff-resolved quantification of several SSS components was performed. Investigations of the dynamics of SSS emissions show that concentration profiles of various substances can be categorised into several groups, either depending on the occurrence of a puff or uninfluenced by the changes in the burning zone during puffing. The SSS emissions occurring directly after a puff strongly resemble the composition of mainstream smoke (MSS). In the smouldering phase, clear differences between MSS and SSS are observed. The changed chemical profiles of SSS and MSS might be also of importance on environmental tobacco smoke which is largely determined by SSS. Additionally, the chemical composition of the SSS is strongly affected by the tobacco type. Hence, the higher nitrogen content of Burley tobacco leads to the detection of increased amounts of nitrogen-containing substances in SSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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42
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Liu XJ, Zeng FM, An J, Yu YX, Zhang XY, Elfarra AA. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity of 1-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-butene and 1-chloro-3-buten-2-one, two alternative metabolites of 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:13-9. [PMID: 23643860 PMCID: PMC3714330 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity of 1-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-butene (CHB), a known in vitro metabolite of the human carcinogen 1,3-butadiene, have not previously been investigated. Because CHB can be bioactivated by alcohol dehydrogenases to yield 1-chloro-3-buten-2-one (CBO), a bifunctional alkylating agent that caused globin-chain cross-links in erythrocytes, in the present study we investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of CHB and CBO in human normal hepatocyte L02 cells using the MTT assay, the relative cloning efficiency assay and the comet assay. We also investigated the mutagenic potential of these compounds with the Ames test using Salmonella strains TA1535 and TA1537. The results provide clear evidence for CHB and CBO being both cytotoxic and genotoxic with CBO being approximately 100-fold more potent than CHB. Interestingly, CHB generated both single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites on DNA, whereas CBO produced only alkali-labile sites. CHB did not directly result in DNA breaks, whereas CBO was capable of directly generating breaks on DNA. Interestingly, both compounds did not induce DNA cross-links as examined by the comet assay. The Ames test results showed that CHB induced point mutation but not frameshift mutation, whereas the toxic effects of CBO made it difficult to reliably assess the mutagenic potential of CBO in the two strains. Collectively, the results suggest that CHB and CBO may play a role in the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene.
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Key Words
- %Tail DNA
- 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 1,3-butadiene
- 1-Chloro-2-hydroxy-3-butene
- 1-Chloro-3-buten-2-one
- 1-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-butene
- 1-chloro-3-buten-2-one
- 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol
- 3,4-epoxy-1-butene
- 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide
- ALS
- BD
- CBO
- CHB
- Comet assay
- DEB
- EB
- EBD
- FBS
- GSH
- Genotoxicity
- MMS
- MTT
- Mutagenicity
- RCE
- SD
- SSB
- alkali-labile sites
- fetal bovine serum
- glutathione
- methyl methanesulfonate
- percentage of DNA in the tail
- relative cloning efficiency
- single-strand breaks
- standard deviation
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Liu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Fang-Mao Zeng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Ying-Xin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Adnan A. Elfarra
- Department of Comparative Biosciences and the Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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43
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Liu SY, Kleber M, Takahashi LK, Nico P, Keiluweit M, Ahmed M. Synchrotron-Based Mass Spectrometry to Investigate the Molecular Properties of Mineral–Organic Associations. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6100-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400976z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suet Yi Liu
- Chemical Science
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California,
United States
| | - Markus Kleber
- Department
of Crop and Soil
Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, United States
| | - Lynelle K. Takahashi
- Chemical Science
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California,
United States
| | - Peter Nico
- Earth
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California,
United States
| | - Marco Keiluweit
- Department
of Crop and Soil
Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
California, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Science
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California,
United States
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44
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Piadé JJ, Wajrock S, Jaccard G, Janeke G. Formation of mainstream cigarette smoke constituents prioritized by the World Health Organization--yield patterns observed in market surveys, clustering and inverse correlations. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:329-47. [PMID: 23357567 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The WHO TobReg proposed mandating ceilings on selected smoke constituents determined from the market-specific median of nicotine-normalized yield distributions. Data validating this regulatory concept were obtained from essentially single-blend surveys. This process is strongly impacted by inverse correlations among yields. In the present study, 18 priority WHO smoke constituent yields (nicotine-normalized) were determined (using two smoking regimens) from 262 commercial brands including American, Virginia and local blends from 13 countries. Principal Component Analysis was used to identify yields patterns, clustering of blend types and the inverse correlations causing these clusters. Three principal components explain about 75% of total data variability. PC1 was sensitive to the relative levels of gas- and particle-phase compounds. PC2 and PC3 cluster American- and Virginia-blends, revealing inverse correlations: Nitrogen oxides and amino- or nitroso-aromatic compounds inversely correlate to either formaldehyde and acrolein, or benzo(a)pyrene and di-hydroxybenzenes. These results can be explained by reviewing the processes determining each components smoke delivery. Regulatory initiatives simultaneously targeting selected smoke constituents in markets with mixed blend styles will be strongly impacted by the inverse correlations described. It is difficult to predict the ultimate impact of such regulations on public health, considering the complex chemistry of cigarette smoke formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Piadé
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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45
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van der Toorn M, Slebos DJ, de Bruin HG, Gras R, Rezayat D, Jorge L, Sandra K, van Oosterhout AJM. Critical role of aldehydes in cigarette smoke-induced acute airway inflammation. Respir Res 2013; 14:45. [PMID: 23594194 PMCID: PMC3671961 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking (CS) is the most important risk factor for COPD, which is associated with neutrophilic airway inflammation. We hypothesize, that highly reactive aldehydes are critical for CS-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation. METHODS BALB/c mice were exposed to CS, water filtered CS (WF-CS) or air for 5 days. Levels of total particulate matter (TPM) and aldehydes in CS and WF-CS were measured. Six hours after the last exposure, inflammatory cells and cytokine levels were measured in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Furthermore, Beas-2b bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to CS extract (CSE) or WF-CS extract (WF-CSE) in the absence or presence of the aldehyde acrolein and IL-8 production was measured after 24 hrs. RESULTS Compared to CS, in WF-CS strongly decreased (CS; 271.1 ± 41.5 μM, WF-CS; 58.5 ± 8.2 μM) levels of aldehydes were present whereas levels of TPM were only slightly reduced (CS; 20.78 ± 0.59 mg, WF-CS; 16.38 ± 0.36 mg). The numbers of mononuclear cells in BALF (p<0.01) and lung tissue (p<0.01) were significantly increased in the CS- and WF-CS-exposed mice compared to air control mice. Interestingly, the numbers of neutrophils (p<0.001) in BALF and neutrophils and eosinophils (p<0.05) in lung tissue were significantly increased in the CS-exposed but not in WF-CS-exposed mice as compared to air control mice. Levels of the neutrophil and eosinophil chemoattractants KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α and IL-5 were all significantly increased in lung tissue from CS-exposed mice compared to both WF-CS-exposed and air control mice. Interestingly, depletion of aldehydes in WF-CS extract significantly reduced IL-8 production in Beas-2b as compared to CSE, which could be restored by the aldehyde acrolein. CONCLUSION Aldehydes present in CS play a critical role in inflammatory cytokine production and neutrophilic- but not mononuclear airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van der Toorn
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Slebos
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
| | - Harold G de Bruin
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renee Gras
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Delaram Rezayat
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie Jorge
- Metablys, Research Institute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Metablys, Research Institute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Antoon JM van Oosterhout
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Hou K, Li F, Chen W, Chen P, Xie Y, Zhao W, Hua L, Pei K, Li H. An in-source stretched membrane inlet for on-line analysis of VOCs in water with single photon ionization TOFMS. Analyst 2013; 138:5826-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00659j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Wang H, Xie W, Chen M, Liu B, Guo Y. Determination of hazardous volatile organic compounds in the Hoffmann list by ion-molecule reaction mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1841-1848. [PMID: 22777786 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Off-line gas or liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry techniques are the most widely used method for analysis of hazardous, carcinogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in mainstream cigarette smoke. However, these conventional techniques can lead to modification of VOCs during sample preparation due to the high reactivity of VOCs. Thus, the development of on-line mass spectrometric methods for analysis of VOCs is desirable to circumvent this problem. METHODS The accurate identification of VOCs is a critical step in the analysis of cigarette smoke. Here, we use ion-molecule reaction mass spectrometry (IMR-MS) to study the behavior of standard VOCs in the Hoffmann list during this analytical procedure, and then to profile the VOCs in mainstream cigarette smoke using this on-line mass spectrometric method. RESULTS We first discuss and summarize the charge transfer (CT) ionization and further fragmentation of 20 standard VOCs in the Hoffmann list with the ion reagents Hg(+), Xe(+), and Kr(+). The IMR-MS instrument was then connected to a Borgwaldt-RM20H rotary smoking machine in order to study VOCs in mainstream cigarette smoke on-line. Using this procedure, more than 20 VOCs were identified by IMR-MS by comparison with experimental results obtained on standard VOCs. CONCLUSIONS The IMR-MS technique can potentially result in reduced molecular fragmentation during analysis of VOCs. However, significant fragmentation still occurs during IMR-MS when the ionization energy (IE) of the ion reagent is much higher than the IE of the VOC, given that excess energy is stored in the newly formed ion during CT ionization. Given that IMR-MS cannot distinguish between isobaric compounds or isomers, we summarize the possible overlapping mass peaks from these isobaric species that may be present in analyses of VOCs. Selection of the ion reagent for IMR-MS should be based on the need to ensure CT ionization of the analytes, as well as avoiding their severe fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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48
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Busch C, Streibel T, Liu C, McAdam KG, Zimmermann R. Pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco in a cigarette smoking simulator under air and nitrogen atmosphere. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:419-30. [PMID: 22392377 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A coupling between a cigarette smoking simulator and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer was constructed to allow investigation of tobacco smoke formation under simulated burning conditions. The cigarette smoking simulator is designed to burn a sample in close approximation to the conditions experienced by a lit cigarette. The apparatus also permits conditions outside those of normal cigarette burning to be investigated for mechanistic understanding purposes. It allows control of parameters such as smouldering and puff temperatures, as well as combustion rate and puffing volume. In this study, the system enabled examination of the effects of "smoking" a cigarette under a nitrogen atmosphere. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with a soft ionisation technique is expedient to analyse complex mixtures such as tobacco smoke with a high time resolution. The objective of the study was to separate pyrolysis from combustion processes to reveal the formation mechanism of several selected toxicants. A purposely designed adapter, with no measurable dead volume or memory effects, enables the analysis of pyrolysis and combustion gases from tobacco and tobacco products (e.g. 3R4F reference cigarette) with minimum aging. The combined system demonstrates clear distinctions between smoke composition found under air and nitrogen smoking atmospheres based on the corresponding mass spectra and visualisations using principal component analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Busch
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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49
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Hertz R, Streibel T, Liu C, McAdam K, Zimmermann R. Microprobe sampling--photo ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for in situ chemical analysis of pyrolysis and combustion gases: examination of the thermo-chemical processes within a burning cigarette. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 714:104-13. [PMID: 22244143 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A microprobe sampling device (μ-probe) has been developed for in situ on-line photo ionization mass spectrometric analysis of volatile chemical species formed within objects consisting of organic matter during thermal processing. With this approach the chemical signature occurring during heating, pyrolysis, combustion, roasting and charring of organic material within burning objects such as burning fuel particles (e.g., biomass or coal pieces), lit cigarettes or thermally processed food products (e.g., roasting of coffee beans) can be investigated. Due to its dynamic changes between combustion and pyrolysis phases the cigarette smoking process is particularly interesting and has been chosen as first application. For this investigation the tip of the μ-probe is inserted directly into the tobacco rod and volatile organic compounds from inside the burning cigarette are extracted and real-time analyzed as the glowing front (or coal) approaches and passes the μ-probe sampling position. The combination of micro-sampling with photo ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-TOFMS) allows on-line intrapuff-resolved analysis of species formation inside a burning cigarette. Monitoring volatile smoke compounds during cigarette puffing and smoldering cycles in this way provides unparalleled insights into formation mechanisms and their time-dependent change. Using this technique the changes from pyrolysis conditions to combustion conditions inside the coal of a cigarette could be observed directly. A comparative analysis of species formation within a burning Kentucky 2R4F reference cigarette with μ-probe analysis reveals different patterns and behaviors for nicotine, and a range of semi-volatile aromatic and aliphatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Hertz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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