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Song L, Han Z, Lau WM. Optimization of mid-infrared noninvasive blood-glucose prediction model by support vector regression coupled with different spectral features. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 321:124738. [PMID: 38945006 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Mid-infrared spectral analysis of glucose in subcutaneous interstitial fluid has been widely employed as a noninvasive alternative to the standard blood-glucose detection requiring blood-sampling via skin-puncturing, but improving the confidence level of such a replacement remains highly desirable. Here, we show that with an innovative metric of attributes in measurements and data-management, a high accuracy in correlating the test results of our improved spectral analysis to those of the standard detection is accomplished. First, our comparative laser speckle contrast imaging of subcutaneous interstitial fluid in fingertips, thenar and hypothenar reveal that spectral measurements from hypothenar, with an attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, give much stronger signals than the stereotype measurements from fingertips. Second, we demonstrate that discriminative selection of the spectral locations and ranges, to minimize spectral interference and maximize signal-to-noise, are critically important. The optimal band is pinned at that between 1000 ± 3 cm-1 and1040 ± 3 cm-1. Third, we propose an individual exclusive prediction model by adopting the support vector regression analysis of the spectral data from four subjects. The average predicted coefficient of determination, root mean square error and mean absolute error of four subjects are 0.97, 0.21 mmol/L, 0.17 mmol/L, respectively, and the average probability of being in Zone A of the Clark error grid is 100.00 %. Additionally, we demonstrate with the Bland and Altman plot that our proposed model has the highest consistency with portable blood glucose meter detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, Guangdong 528399, China
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, Guangdong 528399, China
| | - Woon-Ming Lau
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, Guangdong 528399, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276000, China.
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2
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Uluç N, Glasl S, Gasparin F, Yuan T, He H, Jüstel D, Pleitez MA, Ntziachristos V. Non-invasive measurements of blood glucose levels by time-gating mid-infrared optoacoustic signals. Nat Metab 2024; 6:678-686. [PMID: 38538980 PMCID: PMC11052715 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Non-invasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) represents an attractive alternative to finger pricking for blood glucose assessment and management of diabetes. Nevertheless, current NIGM techniques do not measure glucose concentrations in blood but rely on indirect bulk measurement of glucose in interstitial fluid, where glucose is diluted and glucose dynamics are different from those in the blood, which impairs NIGM accuracy. Here we introduce a new biosensor, termed depth-gated mid-infrared optoacoustic sensor (DIROS), which allows, for the first time, non-invasive glucose detection in blood-rich volumes in the skin. DIROS minimizes interference caused by the stratum corneum and other superficial skin layers by time-gating mid-infrared optoacoustic signals to enable depth-selective localization of glucose readings in skin. In measurements on the ears of (female) mice, DIROS displays improved accuracy over bulk-tissue glucose measurements. Our work demonstrates how signal localization can improve NIGM accuracy and positions DIROS as a holistic approach, with high translational potential, that addresses a key limitation of current NIGM methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasire Uluç
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Glasl
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesca Gasparin
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tao Yuan
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hailong He
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Jüstel
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miguel A Pleitez
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Huang X, Yao C, Huang S, Zheng S, Liu Z, Liu J, Wang J, Chen HJ, Xie X. Technological Advances of Wearable Device for Continuous Monitoring of In Vivo Glucose. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1065-1088. [PMID: 38427378 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Managing diabetes is a chronic challenge today, requiring monitoring and timely insulin injections to maintain stable blood glucose levels. Traditional clinical testing relies on fingertip or venous blood collection, which has facilitated the emergence of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology to address data limitations. Continuous glucose monitoring technology is recognized for tracking long-term blood glucose fluctuations, and its development, particularly in wearable devices, has given rise to compact and portable continuous glucose monitoring devices, which facilitates the measurement of blood glucose and adjustment of medication. This review introduces the development of wearable CGM-based technologies, including noninvasive methods using body fluids and invasive methods using implantable electrodes. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed as well as the use of microneedle arrays in minimally invasive CGM. Microneedle arrays allow for painless transdermal puncture and are expected to facilitate the development of wearable CGM devices. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities and look forward to the biomedical applications and future directions of wearable CGM-based technologies in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ji Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Leung HMC, Forlenza GP, Prioleau TO, Zhou X. Noninvasive Glucose Sensing In Vivo. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7057. [PMID: 37631595 PMCID: PMC10458980 DOI: 10.3390/s23167057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose monitoring is an essential aspect of disease management for individuals with diabetes. Unfortunately, traditional methods require collecting a blood sample and thus are invasive and inconvenient. Recent developments in minimally invasive continuous glucose monitors have provided a more convenient alternative for people with diabetes to track their glucose levels 24/7. Despite this progress, many challenges remain to establish a noninvasive monitoring technique that works accurately and reliably in the wild. This review encompasses the current advancements in noninvasive glucose sensing technology in vivo, delves into the common challenges faced by these systems, and offers an insightful outlook on existing and future solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Colman Leung
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Gregory P. Forlenza
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | | | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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John S, Hester S, Basij M, Paul A, Xavierselvan M, Mehrmohammadi M, Mallidi S. Niche preclinical and clinical applications of photoacoustic imaging with endogenous contrast. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 32:100533. [PMID: 37636547 PMCID: PMC10448345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, photoacoustic (PA) imaging has attracted a great deal of popularity as an emergent diagnostic technology owing to its successful demonstration in both preclinical and clinical arenas by various academic and industrial research groups. Such steady growth of PA imaging can mainly be attributed to its salient features, including being non-ionizing, cost-effective, easily deployable, and having sufficient axial, lateral, and temporal resolutions for resolving various tissue characteristics and assessing the therapeutic efficacy. In addition, PA imaging can easily be integrated with the ultrasound imaging systems, the combination of which confers the ability to co-register and cross-reference various features in the structural, functional, and molecular imaging regimes. PA imaging relies on either an endogenous source of contrast (e.g., hemoglobin) or those of an exogenous nature such as nano-sized tunable optical absorbers or dyes that may boost imaging contrast beyond that provided by the endogenous sources. In this review, we discuss the applications of PA imaging with endogenous contrast as they pertain to clinically relevant niches, including tissue characterization, cancer diagnostics/therapies (termed as theranostics), cardiovascular applications, and surgical applications. We believe that PA imaging's role as a facile indicator of several disease-relevant states will continue to expand and evolve as it is adopted by an increasing number of research laboratories and clinics worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel John
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Scott Hester
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Maryam Basij
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Avijit Paul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Mehrmohammadi
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kaysir MR, Song J, Rassel S, Aloraynan A, Ban D. Progress and Perspectives of Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Non-Invasive Glucose Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:716. [PMID: 37504114 PMCID: PMC10377086 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide and can lead to a range of severe health complications that have the potential to be life-threatening. Patients need to monitor and control blood glucose levels as it has no cure. The development of non-invasive techniques for the measurement of blood glucose based on photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has advanced tremendously in the last couple of years. Among them, PAS in the mid-infrared (MIR) region shows great promise as it shows the distinct fingerprint region for glucose. However, two problems are generally encountered when it is applied to monitor real samples for in vivo measurements in this MIR spectral range: (i) low penetration depth of MIR light into the human skin, and (ii) the effect of other interfering components in blood, which affects the selectivity of the detection system. This review paper systematically describes the basics of PAS in the MIR region, along with recent developments, technical challenges, and data analysis strategies, and proposes improvements for the detection sensitivity of glucose concentration in human bodies. It also highlights the recent trends of incorporating machine learning (ML) to enhance the detection sensitivity of the overall system. With further optimization of the experimental setup and incorporation of ML, this PAS in the MIR spectral region could be a viable solution for the non-invasive measurement of blood glucose in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rejvi Kaysir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Jiaqi Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shazzad Rassel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Abdulrahman Aloraynan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dayan Ban
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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7
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Sasaki R, Kino S, Matsuura Y. Mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy based on ultrasound detection for blood component analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3841-3852. [PMID: 37497499 PMCID: PMC10368030 DOI: 10.1364/boe.494615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
For the non-invasive measurement of biological tissue, a piezoelectric photoacoustic spectroscopy (PZT-PAS) system that detects a single frequency of ultrasound induced by the irradiation of pulse-modulated mid-infrared laser light was developed. PA spectra of the optical phantom and biological samples were obtained, and the relationship between the PA signal intensity and optical absorbance in the fingerprint region (930-1,200 cm-1) was analyzed to estimate the optical absorbance. The resonance vibration of the induced ultrasound was utilized to further increase the signal strength for biological tissue measurement. Consequently, PA spectrum reflecting the absorption of components in biological tissues was obtained.
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8
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Aloraynan A, Rassel S, Kaysir MR, Ban D. Dual quantum cascade lasers for noninvasive glucose detection using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7927. [PMID: 37193803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of mid-infrared and photoacoustic spectroscopy has shown promising developments as a substitute for invasive glucose detection technology. A dual single-wavelength quantum cascade laser system has been developed using photoacoustic spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose monitoring. Biomedical skin phantoms with similar properties to human skin have been prepared with blood components at different glucose concentrations as test models for the setup. The detection sensitivity of the system has been improved to ± 12.5 mg/dL in the hyperglycemia blood glucose ranges. An ensemble machine learning classifier has been developed to predict the glucose level in the presence of blood components. The model, which was trained with 72,360 unprocessed datasets, achieved a 96.7% prediction accuracy with 100% of the predicted data located in zones A and B of Clarke's error grid analysis. These findings fulfill both the US Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada requirements for glucose monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Aloraynan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shazzad Rassel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Md Rejvi Kaysir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dayan Ban
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Li A, Li X, Xu Y, Wu C, Geng Z, Zhang J, Wang X, Li Y, Li H, Guo X, Tang F. Evaluating the Clinical Accuracy of a Non-invasive Single-Fasting-Calibration Glucometer in Patients with Diabetes: A Multicentre Study. Diabetes Ther 2023; 14:989-1004. [PMID: 37103775 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-023-01402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability and accuracy of glucose measurements determined using the metabolic heat conformation (MHC)-based non-invasive glucometer in a multicentre, self-controlled clinical trial. This device is the first to obtain a medical device registration certificate awarded by the National Medical Products Administration of China (NMPA). METHODS The multicentre clinical study was conducted at three sites and enrolled 200 subjects whose glucose was measured with a non-invasive glucometer (the Contour Plus blood glucose monitoring system) and by venous plasma glucose (VPG) measurements, in a fasted state and at 2 and 4 h after meals. RESULTS Based on both the non-invasive and VPG measurements, 93.9% (95% confidence interval 91.7-95.6%) of the blood glucose (BG) values fell within consensus error grid (CEG) zones A + B. The measurements obtained in a fasted state and at 2 h after meals were more accurate, with 99.0% and 97.0% of the BG values, respectively, falling within zones A + B. Compared to those subjects who received insulin, the proportion of values in zones A + B and the correlation coefficients were 3.1% and 0.0596 higher, respectively. The accuracy of the non-invasive glucometer was influenced by the level of insulin resistance calculated by the homeostatic model assessment method, which had a correlation coefficient with the mean absolute relative difference of - 0.1588 (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION The MHC-based non-invasive glucometer assessed in the present study demonstrates generally high stability and accuracy in the glucose monitoring of people with diabetes. The calculation model needs to be further explored and optimised for patients with different diabetes subtypes, levels of insulin resistance and insulin secretion capacity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER ChiCTR1900020523.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuanmeng Xu
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chenyang Wu
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhanxiao Geng
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuxiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, China Emergency General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Fei Tang
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Yang L, Zhang Z, Wei X, Yang Y. Glucose diagnosis system combining machine learning and NIR photoacoustic multispectral using a low power CW laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1685-1702. [PMID: 37078043 PMCID: PMC10110296 DOI: 10.1364/boe.485296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive, portable, economical, dynamic blood glucose monitoring device has become a functional requirement for diabetes in his regulating entire life. In a photoacoustic (PA) multispectral near-infrared diagnosis system, the glucose in aqueous solutions was excited by low power (order of milliwatts) CW laser whose wavelengths were from 1500 to 1630 nm. The glucose in aqueous solutions to be analyzed was contained within the photoacoustic cell (PAC). The PA multispectral signals were measured using a piezoelectric detector, and then the voltage signals from the piezoelectric detector were amplified with a precision Lock-in Amplifier (MFLI500K). The continuously tunable lasers were used to verify the various influencing factors of the PA signal, and the PA spectrum of the glucose solution was examined. Subsequently, six wavelengths with high power were selected at approximately equal intervals from 1500 to 1630 nm, and the gaussian process regression of the quadratic rational kernel was used to collect data through these wavelengths to predict the glucose concentration. The experimental results showed that the near-infrared PA multispectral diagnosis system could be engineered for the prediction of the glucose level (more than 92%, zone A of Clarke Error Grid). Subsequently, the model trained with glucose solution was used to predict serum glucose. With the increase of serum glucose content, the prediction results of the model also showed a high linear relationship, indicating that the photoacoustic method was sensitive to the detection of glucose concentration changes. The results of our study have the potential to not only better develop the PA blood glucose meter but also extend the viability into the detection of otherwise blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and
Engineering, University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zhaojiang Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and
Engineering, University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xin Wei
- School of Optoelectronic Science and
Engineering, University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology &
Metabolism, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital,
Chengdu 610072, China
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11
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A photoacoustic patch for three-dimensional imaging of hemoglobin and core temperature. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7757. [PMID: 36522334 PMCID: PMC9755152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic patches, based on various mechanisms, allow continuous and noninvasive monitoring of biomolecules on the skin surface. However, to date, such devices are unable to sense biomolecules in deep tissues, which have a stronger and faster correlation with the human physiological status than those on the skin surface. Here, we demonstrate a photoacoustic patch for three-dimensional (3D) mapping of hemoglobin in deep tissues. This photoacoustic patch integrates an array of ultrasonic transducers and vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) diodes on a common soft substrate. The high-power VCSEL diodes can generate laser pulses that penetrate >2 cm into biological tissues and activate hemoglobin molecules to generate acoustic waves, which can be collected by the transducers for 3D imaging of the hemoglobin with a high spatial resolution. Additionally, the photoacoustic signal amplitude and temperature have a linear relationship, which allows 3D mapping of core temperatures with high accuracy and fast response. With access to biomolecules in deep tissues, this technology adds unprecedented capabilities to wearable electronics and thus holds significant implications for various applications in both basic research and clinical practice.
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12
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Fang Z, Gao F, Jin H, Liu S, Wang W, Zhang R, Zheng Z, Xiao X, Tang K, Lou L, Tang KT, Chen J, Zheng Y. A Review of Emerging Electromagnetic-Acoustic Sensing Techniques for Healthcare Monitoring. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:1075-1094. [PMID: 36459601 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3226290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional electromagnetic (EM) sensing techniques such as radar and LiDAR are widely used for remote sensing, vehicle applications, weather monitoring, and clinical monitoring. Acoustic techniques such as sonar and ultrasound sensors are also used for consumer applications, such as ranging and in vivo medical/healthcare applications. It has been of long-term interest to doctors and clinical practitioners to realize continuous healthcare monitoring in hospitals and/or homes. Physiological and biopotential signals in real-time serve as important health indicators to predict and prevent serious illness. Emerging electromagnetic-acoustic (EMA) sensing techniques synergistically combine the merits of EM sensing with acoustic imaging to achieve comprehensive detection of physiological and biopotential signals. Further, EMA enables complementary fusion sensing for challenging healthcare settings, such as real-world long-term monitoring of treatment effects at home or in remote environments. This article reviews various examples of EMA sensing instruments, including implementation, performance, and application from the perspectives of circuits to systems. The novel and significant applications to healthcare are discussed. Three types of EMA sensors are presented: (1) Chip-based radar sensors for health status monitoring, (2) Thermo-acoustic sensing instruments for biomedical applications, and (3) Photoacoustic (PA) sensing and imaging systems, including dedicated reconstruction algorithms were reviewed from time-domain, frequency-domain, time-reversal, and model-based solutions. The future of EMA techniques for continuous healthcare with enhanced accuracy supported by artificial intelligence (AI) is also presented.
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Kaniyala Melanthota S, Kistenev YV, Borisova E, Ivanov D, Zakharova O, Boyko A, Vrazhnov D, Gopal D, Chakrabarti S, K SP, Mazumder N. Types of spectroscopy and microscopy techniques for cancer diagnosis: a review. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:3067-3084. [PMID: 35834141 PMCID: PMC9525344 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a life-threatening disease that has claimed the lives of many people worldwide. With the current diagnostic methods, it is hard to determine cancer at an early stage, due to its versatile nature and lack of genomic biomarkers. The rapid development of biophotonics has emerged as a potential tool in cancer detection and diagnosis. Using the fluorescence, scattering, and absorption characteristics of cells and tissues, it is possible to detect cancer at an early stage. The diagnostic techniques addressed in this review are highly sensitive to the chemical and morphological changes in the cell and tissue during disease progression. These changes alter the fluorescence signal of the cell/tissue and are detected using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques including confocal and two-photon fluorescence (TPF). Further, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy reveals the morphological changes that occurred in non-centrosymmetric structures in the tissue, such as collagen. Again, Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive method that provides a fingerprinting technique to differentiate benign and malignant tissue based on Raman signal. Photoacoustic microscopy and spectroscopy of tissue allow molecule-specific detection with high spatial resolution and penetration depth. In addition, terahertz spectroscopic studies reveal the variation of tissue water content during disease progression. In this review, we address the applications of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques for cancer detection based on the optical properties of the tissue. The discussed state-of-the-art techniques successfully determines malignancy to its rapid diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhoora Kaniyala Melanthota
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, Manipal, India
| | - Yury V Kistenev
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Borisova
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 72, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria.
- Biology Faculty, Saratov State University, 83, Astrakhanskaya Str, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
| | - Deyan Ivanov
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 72, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Olga Zakharova
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Andrey Boyko
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Denis Vrazhnov
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Dharshini Gopal
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, Manipal, India
| | - Shweta Chakrabarti
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, Manipal, India
| | - Shama Prasada K
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, Manipal, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, Manipal, India.
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Glucose Determination by a Single 1535 nm Pulsed Photoacoustic Technique: A Multiple Calibration for the External Factors. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:9593843. [PMID: 36247088 PMCID: PMC9553719 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9593843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy has been proved to be a potential method for noninvasive blood glucose detection. We used 1535 nm pulsed laser to excite photoacoustic signal in glucose solution and then explored the influence of different glucose concentration on photoacoustic signal to analyze the sensitivity of photoacoustic signal to glucose at this wavelength. We designed a simple photoacoustic cell structure, which used a focused ultrasonic transducer to receive signals, so as to reduce signal attenuation. In terms of the results, we have found that for high-concentration glucose solutions, the results have strong linearity and discrimination, and when the concentration is close to the human body level, the signal difference is not so obvious. Therefore, we explore the external factors affecting the photoacoustic signal in detail and propose a calibration method. Through calibration, the signal generated by the low-concentration glucose solution also has a good linearity.
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Han T, Chen W, Yao M, Liu X, Ge Q, Zhang Z, Li C, Wang Y, Zhao P, Sun D, Xu K. In Vivo Near-Infrared Noninvasive Glucose Measurement and Detection in Humans. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:1100-1111. [PMID: 35315296 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221092474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In optical noninvasive glucose detection, how to detect the glucose-caused signals from the constant human variations and disturbed probing conditions is always the biggest challenge. Developing effective measurement strategies is essential to realize the detection. A near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy-based strategy is studied to effectively solve the in vivo measurement issues, obtaining clean blood glucose-caused signals. Two solutions composing our strategy are applied to the NIR spectroscopy-based measurement system to acquire clean raw signals in the data collection, which are a customized high signal-to-noise ratio multi-ring InGaAs detector to reduce the influence of human variations, and a fixing and aiming method to reproduce a consistent measurement condition. Seventeen cases of glucose tolerance test (GTT) on healthy and diabetic volunteers were conducted to validate the strategy. The human experiment results clearly show that the expected blood glucose changes have been detected at 1550 nm. The average correlation coefficient of the 17 cases of GTT between light signal and glucose reference reaches 0.84. The proposed measurement strategy is verified feasible for the glucose detecting in vivo. The strategy provides references to further studies and product developments for the NIR spectroscopy-based glucose measurement and references to other optical measurements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongshuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, 12605Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, 12605Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Xueyu Liu
- Sunrise Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, 12605Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, 12605Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | - Di Sun
- Sunrise Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, 12605Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Li B, Feng C, Wu H, Jia S, Dong L. Photoacoustic heterodyne breath sensor for real-time measurement of human exhaled carbon monoxide. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100388. [PMID: 36068802 PMCID: PMC9441263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A breath sensor for real-time measurement of human exhaled carbon monoxide is reported. This breath sensor is based on a novel photoacoustic heterodyne gas sensing technique, which combines the conventional photoacoustic spectroscopy with the beat-frequency detection algorithm, thus offering a fast response time and a convenient optical alignment, as well as eliminating the needs for frequency calibration and wavelength locking. The principle of photoacoustic heterodyne gas sensing was explained in detail. The performance of the photoacoustic heterodyne breath sensor was evaluated in terms of minimum detection limit, response time, and linearity. The exhaled carbon monoxide levels of eight volunteers were measured and the results demonstrate the reliability and feasibility of this breath sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chaofan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Cicha I, Priefer R, Severino P, Souto EB, Jain S. Biosensor-Integrated Drug Delivery Systems as New Materials for Biomedical Applications. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091198. [PMID: 36139035 PMCID: PMC9496590 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensor-integrated drug delivery systems are innovative devices in the health area, enabling continuous monitoring and drug administration. The use of smart polymer, bioMEMS, and electrochemical sensors have been extensively studied for these systems, especially for chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer and cardiovascular diseases as well as advances in regenerative medicine. Basically, the technology involves sensors designed for the continuous analysis of biological molecules followed by drug release in response to specific signals. The advantages include high sensitivity and fast drug release. In this work, the main advances of biosensor-integrated drug delivery systems as new biomedical materials to improve the patients’ quality of life with chronic diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cicha
- Cardiovascular Nanomedicine Unit, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil
- Institute of Technology and Research, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.B.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sona Jain
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil
- Correspondence: (E.B.S.); (S.J.)
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Hina A, Saadeh W. Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems Using Near-Infrared Technology—A Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134855. [PMID: 35808352 PMCID: PMC9268854 DOI: 10.3390/s22134855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have seen ongoing development of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems that are noninvasive and accurately measure blood glucose levels. The conventional finger-prick method, though accurate, is not feasible for use multiple times a day, as it is painful and test strips are expensive. Although minimally invasive and noninvasive CGM systems have been introduced into the market, they are expensive and require finger-prick calibrations. As the diabetes trend is high in low- and middle-income countries, a cost-effective and easy-to-use noninvasive glucose monitoring device is the need of the hour. This review paper briefly discusses the noninvasive glucose measuring technologies and their related research work. The technologies discussed are optical, transdermal, and enzymatic. The paper focuses on Near Infrared (NIR) technology and NIR Photoplethysmography (PPG) for blood glucose prediction. Feature extraction from PPG signals and glucose prediction with machine learning methods are discussed. The review concludes with key points and insights for future development of PPG NIR-based blood glucose monitoring systems.
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Bogue-Jimenez B, Huang X, Powell D, Doblas A. Selection of Noninvasive Features in Wrist-Based Wearable Sensors to Predict Blood Glucose Concentrations Using Machine Learning Algorithms. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3534. [PMID: 35591223 PMCID: PMC9100498 DOI: 10.3390/s22093534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glucose monitoring technologies allow users to monitor glycemic fluctuations (e.g., blood glucose levels). This is particularly important for individuals who have diabetes mellitus (DM). Traditional self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) devices require the user to prick their finger and extract a blood drop to measure the blood glucose based on chemical reactions with the blood. Unlike traditional glucometer devices, noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring (NICGM) devices aim to solve these issues by consistently monitoring users' blood glucose levels (BGLs) without invasively acquiring a sample. In this work, we investigated the feasibility of a novel approach to NICGM using multiple off-the-shelf wearable sensors and learning-based models (i.e., machine learning) to predict blood glucose. Two datasets were used for this study: (1) the OhioT1DM dataset, provided by the Ohio University; and (2) the UofM dataset, created by our research team. The UofM dataset consists of fourteen features provided by six sensors for studying possible relationships between glucose and noninvasive biometric measurements. Both datasets are passed through a machine learning (ML) pipeline that tests linear and nonlinear models to predict BGLs from the set of noninvasive features. The results of this pilot study show that the combination of fourteen noninvasive biometric measurements with ML algorithms could lead to accurate BGL predictions within the clinical range; however, a larger dataset is required to make conclusions about the feasibility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bogue-Jimenez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Xiaolei Huang
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Douglas Powell
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Ana Doblas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
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Aloraynan A, Rassel S, Xu C, Ban D. A Single Wavelength Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Glucose Detection Using Machine Learning. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12030166. [PMID: 35323436 PMCID: PMC8946023 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the International Diabetes Federation, 530 million people worldwide have diabetes, with more than 6.7 million reported deaths in 2021. Monitoring blood glucose levels is essential for individuals with diabetes, and developing noninvasive monitors has been a long-standing aspiration in diabetes management. The ideal method for monitoring diabetes is to obtain the glucose concentration level with a fast, accurate, and pain-free measurement that does not require blood drawing or a surgical operation. Multiple noninvasive glucose detection techniques have been developed, including bio-impedance spectroscopy, electromagnetic sensing, and metabolic heat conformation. Nevertheless, reliability and consistency challenges were reported for these methods due to ambient temperature and environmental condition sensitivity. Among all the noninvasive glucose detection techniques, optical spectroscopy has rapidly advanced. A photoacoustic system has been developed using a single wavelength quantum cascade laser, lasing at a glucose fingerprint of 1080 cm-1 for noninvasive glucose monitoring. The system has been examined using artificial skin phantoms, covering the normal and hyperglycemia blood glucose ranges. The detection sensitivity of the system has been improved to ±25 mg/dL using a single wavelength for the entire range of blood glucose. Machine learning has been employed to detect glucose levels using photoacoustic spectroscopy in skin samples. Ensemble machine learning models have been developed to measure glucose concentration using classification techniques. The model has achieved a 90.4% prediction accuracy with 100% of the predicted data located in zones A and B of Clarke's error grid analysis. This finding fulfills the US Food and Drug Administration requirements for glucose monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Aloraynan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.R.); (C.X.)
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Shazzad Rassel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.R.); (C.X.)
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.R.); (C.X.)
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dayan Ban
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.R.); (C.X.)
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (D.B.)
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Jin Y, Yin Y, Li C, Liu H, Shi J. Non-Invasive Monitoring of Human Health by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22031155. [PMID: 35161900 PMCID: PMC8839463 DOI: 10.3390/s22031155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For certain diseases, the continuous long-term monitoring of the physiological condition is crucial. Therefore, non-invasive monitoring methods have attracted widespread attention in health care. This review aims to discuss the non-invasive monitoring technologies for human health based on photoacoustic spectroscopy. First, the theoretical basis of photoacoustic spectroscopy and related devices are reported. Furthermore, this article introduces the monitoring methods for blood glucose, blood oxygen, lipid, and tumors, including differential continuous-wave photoacoustic spectroscopy, microscopic photoacoustic spectroscopy, mid-infrared photoacoustic detection, wavelength-modulated differential photoacoustic spectroscopy, and others. Finally, we present the limitations and prospects of photoacoustic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Jin
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China;
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Yonggang Yin
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Chiye Li
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Hongying Liu
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China;
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Junhui Shi
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.S.)
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22
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Potentio-tunable FET sensor having a redox-polarizable single electrode for the implementation of a wearable, continuous multi-analyte monitoring device. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3267-3277. [PMID: 35103805 PMCID: PMC8956537 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of wearable devices for monitoring bioanalytes calls for the miniaturization of biochemical sensors. The only commercially available electrochemical wearable monitoring medical devices for bioanalytes are the amperometric continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. The use of such amperometric methods to monitor glucose levels requires a relatively large electrode surface area for sufficient redox species collection, allowing accurate measurements to be made. Consequently, miniaturization of such sensors bearing large electrodes is challenging. Furthermore, it is difficult to introduce and deploy more than one electrode-based sensor per device, thereby limiting the number of analytes that can be monitored in parallel. To address these limitations, we have employed a non-referenced, single polarizable electrode coupled to a fin-shaped field-effect transistor (Fin-FET). We have discovered that by passivating the FET area by a relatively thick oxide and/or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer, leaving only the polarizable working electrode (WE) exposed, we can monitor redox analytes at the micromolar to millimolar concentration range. We attribute this effect to the WE polarization by the solution redox species. We have exploited the superior sensitivity of the adjacent silicon-based Fin-FET to detect changes in sensor electrode potentials induced by the redox species. Furthermore, we demonstrated the correlation between a specific analyte and the biasing WE potential on the accumulation/depletion of the coupled Fin-FET channel as manifested by the transistor source-drain current. Moreover, we utilized the analyte-electrode potential interaction, which is analyte-specific, to tune the specificity of the sensor towards an analyte of choice. In addition, we demonstrated the use of a single-electrode potentiometric sweep to assist in identifying the accumulation/depletion as a result of analyte-WE state. Collectively, the tiny potentio-tunable electrochemical sensor (PTEchem sensor) area is ~50 × 50 µm, and dedicated wireless transducer facilitates the use of this sensor for wearable continuous, multi-metabolite monitoring.
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23
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Performance Enhancement of Opened Resonance Photoacoustic Cells Based on Three Dimensional Topology Optimization. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8090380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy techniques enable the detection of trace substances. However, lower threshold detection requirements are increasingly common in practical applications. Thus, we propose a systematic geometry topology optimization approach on a PA cell to enhance the intensity of its detection signal. The model of topology optimization and pressure acoustics in the finite element method was exploited to construct a PA cell and then acquire the optimal structure. In the assessment, a thermo-acoustic model was constructed to properly simulate the frequency response over the range of 0–70 kHz and the temperature field distribution. The simulation results revealed that the acoustic gain of the optimized cell was 2.7 and 1.3 times higher than conventional cells near 25 and 52 kHz, respectively. Moreover, the optimized PA cell achieved a lower threshold detection over a wide frequency range. Ultimately, this study paves a new way for designing and optimizing the geometry of multifarious high-sensitivity PA sensors.
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Zhang R, Luo Y, Jin H, Gao F, Zheng Y. Time-domain photoacoustic waveform analysis for glucose measurement. Analyst 2021; 145:7964-7972. [PMID: 33034591 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01678k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) effect is the product of light-ultrasound interactions and its time-domain waveform contains rich information. Besides optical absorption, the PA waveform inherently consists of other mechanical and thermal properties of the sample. They also have correlation with the target composition but have not been utilized in conventional PA spectroscopy. In this article, we propose a new concept named time-domain photoacoustic waveform spectroscopy (tPAWS) for chemical component quantification. It employs multiple variables inherently contained in the PA waveform excited by a single wavelength laser to extract informative features. The demonstration of glucose measurement in human blood serum (HBS) shows superior sensitivity and accuracy enhancement, compared to conventional amplitude-based PA measurement and NIR spectroscopy. Thanks to the sensitivity and accuracy of tPAWS, multiple wavelength sources and complex instrumentation used in conventional spectroscopic sensing methods can be avoided. TPAWS, as a novel physics-inspired sensing method, shows great potential for complementing or surpassing the current spectroscopic methods as a new sensing technique for chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochong Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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Yang JM, Ghim CM. Photoacoustic Tomography Opening New Paradigms in Biomedical Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1310:239-341. [PMID: 33834440 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6064-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
After the emergence of the ultrasound, X-ray CT, PET, and MRI, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is now in the phase of its exponential growth, with its expected full maturation being another form of mainstream clinical imaging modality. By combining the high contrast benefit of optical imaging and the high-resolution deep imaging capability of ultrasound, PAT can provide unprecedented anatomical image contrasts at clinically relevant depths as well as enable the use of a variety of functional and molecular imaging information, which is not possible with conventional imaging modalities. With these strengths, PAT has achieved numerous breakthroughs in various biomedical applications and also provided new technical platforms that may be able to resolve unmet issues in clinics. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the development of PAT technology for several major biomedical applications and provide an approximate projection of the future of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Mo Yang
- Center for Photoacoustic Medical Instruments, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol-Min Ghim
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Lubinski T, Plotka B, Janik S, Canini L, Mäntele W. Evaluation of a Novel Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitor Based on Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Laser Technology and Photothermal Detection. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:6-10. [PMID: 32627580 PMCID: PMC7780361 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820936634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prototype of a noninvasive glucometer combining skin excitation by a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser with photothermal detection was evaluated in glucose correlation tests including 100 volunteers (41 people with diabetes and 59 healthy people). METHODS Invasive reference measurements using a clinical glucometer and noninvasive measurements at a finger of the volunteer were simultaneously recorded in five-minute intervals starting from fasting glucose values for healthy subjects (low glucose values for diabetes patients) over a two-hour period. A glucose range from >50 to <350 mg/dL was covered. Machine learning algorithms were used to predict glucose values from the photothermal spectra. Data were analyzed for the average percent disagreement of the noninvasive measurements with the clinical reference measurement and visualized in consensus error grids. RESULTS 98.8% (full data set) and 99.1% (improved algorithm) of glucose results were within Zones A and B of the grid, indicating the highest accuracy level. Less than 1% of the data were in Zone C, and none in Zone D or E. The mean and median percent differences between the invasive as a reference and the noninvasive method were 12.1% and 6.5%, respectively, for the full data set, and 11.3% and 6.4% with the improved algorithm. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that noninvasive blood glucose analysis combining mid-infrared spectroscopy and photothermal detection is feasible and comparable in accuracy with minimally invasive glucometers and finger pricking devices which use test strips. As a next step, a handheld version of the present device for diabetes patients is being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Werner Mäntele
- DiaMonTech AG, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biophysik, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
- Werner Mäntele, PhD, Institut für Biophysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Xu C, Rassel S, Zhang S, Aloraynan A, Ban D. Single-wavelength water muted photoacoustic system for detecting physiological concentrations of endogenous molecules. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:666-675. [PMID: 33659094 PMCID: PMC7899505 DOI: 10.1364/boe.413086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Based on the breakthrough technology of water muting on photoacoustic spectroscopy, a single wavelength photoacoustic system in the short-wavelength-infrared (SWIR) region was developed to sense the endogenous molecules (e.g. glucose, lactate, triglyceride, and serum albumin found in blood and interstitial fluid) in aqueous media. The system implemented a robust photoacoustic resonant cell that can significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the acoustic waves. The sensitivity of the system was explored, and the experimental results exhibit a precision detection of physiological concentrations of biomolecules by combining the techniques of water muting and photoacoustic resonant amplification in a portable and low-cost single wavelength laser system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shazzad Rassel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Steven Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Abdulrahman Aloraynan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dayan Ban
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Lan H, Jiang D, Yang C, Gao F, Gao F. Y-Net: Hybrid deep learning image reconstruction for photoacoustic tomography in vivo. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100197. [PMID: 32612929 PMCID: PMC7322183 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional reconstruction algorithms (e.g., delay-and-sum) used in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) provide a fast solution while many artifacts remain, especially for limited-view with ill-posed problem. In this paper, we propose a new convolutional neural network (CNN) framework Y-Net: a CNN architecture to reconstruct the initial PA pressure distribution by optimizing both raw data and beamformed images once. The network combines two encoders with one decoder path, which optimally utilizes more information from raw data and beamformed image. We compared our result with some ablation studies, and the results of the test set show better performance compared with conventional reconstruction algorithms and other deep learning method (U-Net). Both in-vitro and in-vivo experiments are used to validated our method, which still performs better than other existing methods. The proposed Y-Net architecture also has high potential in medical image reconstruction for other imaging modalities beyond PAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengrong Lan
- Hybrid Imaging System Laboratory, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Vision and Imaging, School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daohuai Jiang
- Hybrid Imaging System Laboratory, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Vision and Imaging, School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changchun Yang
- Hybrid Imaging System Laboratory, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Vision and Imaging, School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Hybrid Imaging System Laboratory, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Vision and Imaging, School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Hybrid Imaging System Laboratory, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Vision and Imaging, School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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Dou Q, Wang S, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Guo H, Liu H, Dai Q. A highly sensitive quartz crystal microbalance sensor modified with antifouling microgels for saliva glucose monitoring. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19317-19324. [PMID: 32936170 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03193c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Saliva glucose detection based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technology has become an important research direction of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. However, the performance of this label-free glucose sensor is heavily deteriorated by the large amount of protein contaminants in saliva. Here, we successfully achieved the direct detection of saliva glucose by endowing the microgels on the QCM chip with superior protein-resistive and glucose-sensitive properties. Specifically, the microgel networks provide plenty of boric acid binding sites to amplify the signals of targeted glucose. The amino acid layer wrapped around the microgel and crosslinking layer can effectively eliminate the impact of non-specific proteins in saliva. The designed QCM sensor has a good linearity in the glucose concentration range of 0-40 mg L-1 in the pH range of 6.8-7.5, satisfying the physiological conditions of saliva glucose. Moreover, the sensor has excellent ability to tolerate proteins, enabling it to detect glucose in 50% human saliva. This result provides a new approach for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring based on QCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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Bolla AS, Priefer R. Blood glucose monitoring- an overview of current and future non-invasive devices. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:739-751. [PMID: 32497964 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Blood glucose monitoring is very important for individuals with diabetes due to its rate determining role in medication strength adjustment and observation of possible life-threatening hypoglycemia. Possible non-invasive devices can overcome some of these burdens and could increase adherence towards checking blood glucose. METHODS Data extraction methods were primarily based through various PubMed scholarly articles for real-world examples of non-invasive approaches. Additional articles were used in adjust as supplementary to the PubMed articles. RESULTS Non-invasive technology is being heavily researched and could create a new market that could offer novel options for blood glucose monitoring at home. The lack of adherence for blood glucose monitoring may be tied to current blood glucose monitoring devices, which require invasive procedures that are often painful and expensive to acquire. Certain non-invasive devices have and are being developed for accurately assessing the blood glucose levels of individuals when compared to current blood glucose monitoring devices. CONCLUSION Blood glucose monitoring is very important for the health and safety of individuals with diabetes. It is important to consider the direct problems that may occur from the lack of adherence to blood glucose monitoring and propose options to help reduce the issues associated with current devices. Different non-invasive technologies can tailor to the needs of patients with diabetes based on the body target that is used for detection. Further research may be needed to help improve the specificity and sensitivity of certain technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmole S Bolla
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Friedlein JT, Baumann E, Briggman KA, Colacion GM, Giorgetta FR, Goldfain AM, Herman DI, Hoenig EV, Hwang J, Newbury NR, Perez EF, Yung CS, Coddington I, Cossel KC. Dual-comb photoacoustic spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3152. [PMID: 32561738 PMCID: PMC7305174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectrally resolved photoacoustic imaging is promising for label-free imaging in optically scattering materials. However, this technique often requires acquisition of a separate image at each wavelength of interest. This reduces imaging speeds and causes errors if the sample changes in time between images acquired at different wavelengths. We demonstrate a solution to this problem by using dual-comb spectroscopy for photoacoustic measurements. This approach enables a photoacoustic measurement at thousands of wavelengths simultaneously. In this technique, two optical-frequency combs are interfered on a sample and the resulting pressure wave is measured with an ultrasound transducer. This acoustic signal is processed in the frequency-domain to obtain an optical absorption spectrum. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, we measure photoacoustic signals from polymer films. The absorption spectra obtained from these measurements agree with those measured using a spectrophotometer. Improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the dual-comb photoacoustic spectrometer could enable high-speed spectrally resolved photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Friedlein
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Esther Baumann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Kimberly A Briggman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Gabriel M Colacion
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Optical Science and Engineering, University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard, SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Fabrizio R Giorgetta
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Aaron M Goldfain
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Daniel I Herman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Eli V Hoenig
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, ERC 387, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jeeseong Hwang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Edgar F Perez
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, 8279 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742-3511, USA
| | - Christopher S Yung
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Kevin C Cossel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
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Latif I, Toda M, Ono T. Hermetically Packaged Microsensor for Quality Factor-Enhanced Photoacoustic Biosensing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 18:100189. [PMID: 32477865 PMCID: PMC7248651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of photoacoustics (PA) being a convenient non-invasive analysis tool is widespread in various biomedical fields. Despite significant advances in traditional PA cell systems, detection platforms capable of providing high signal-to-noise ratios and steady operation are yet to be developed for practical micro/nano biosensing applications. Microfabricated transducers offer orders of magnitude higher quality factors and greatly enhanced performance in extremely miniature dimensions that is unattainable with large-scale PA cells. In this work we exploit these attractive attributes of microfabrication technology and describe the first implementation of a vacuum-packaged microscale resonator in photoacoustic biosensing. Steady operation of this functional approach is demonstrated by detecting the minuscule PA signals from the variations of trace amounts of glucose in gelatin-based synthetic tissues. These results demonstrate the potential of the novel approach to broad photoacoustic applications, spanning from micro-biosensing modules to the analysis of solid and liquid analytes of interest in condense mediums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Latif
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Masaya Toda
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Takahito Ono
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
- Micro System Integration Center, Tohoku University, Japan
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33
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Accurate prediction of glucose concentration and identification of major contributing features from hardly distinguishable near-infrared spectroscopy. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dumitras DC, Petrus M, Bratu AM, Popa C. Applications of Near Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Analysis of Human Respiration: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E1728. [PMID: 32283766 PMCID: PMC7180475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, applications of near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy are presented as an opportunity to evaluate human respiration because the measurement of breath is fast, intact and simple to implement. Recently, analytical methods for measuring biomarkers in exhaled air have been extensively developed. With laser-based photoacoustic spectroscopy, volatile organic compounds can be identified with high sensitivity, at a high rate, and with very good selectivity. The literature review has shown the applicability of near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy to one of the problems of the real world, i.e., human health. In addition, the review will consider and explore different breath sampling methods for human respiration analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan C. Dumitras
- University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Physics Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mioara Petrus
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Laser Department, 409 Atomistilor St., PO Box MG 36, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.P.); (A.-M.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Ana-Maria Bratu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Laser Department, 409 Atomistilor St., PO Box MG 36, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.P.); (A.-M.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristina Popa
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Laser Department, 409 Atomistilor St., PO Box MG 36, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.P.); (A.-M.B.); (C.P.)
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Avari P, Reddy M, Oliver N. Is it possible to constantly and accurately monitor blood sugar levels, in people with Type 1 diabetes, with a discrete device (non-invasive or invasive)? Diabet Med 2020; 37:532-544. [PMID: 30803028 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Real-time continuous glucose monitors using subcutaneous needle-type sensors continue to develop. The limitations of currently available systems, however, include time lag behind changes in blood glucose, the invasive nature of such systems, and in some cases, their accuracy. Non-invasive techniques have been developed, but, to date, no commercial device has been successful. A key research priority for people with Type 1 diabetes identified by the James Lind Alliance was to identify ways of monitoring blood glucose constantly and accurately using a discrete device, invasive or non-invasive. Integration of such a sensor is important in the development of a closed-loop system and the technology must be rapid, selective and acceptable for continuous use by individuals. The present review provides an update on existing continuous glucose-sensing technologies, and an overview of emergent techniques, including their accuracy and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Avari
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - M Reddy
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - N Oliver
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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Rassel S, Xu C, Zhang S, Ban D. Noninvasive blood glucose detection using a quantum cascade laser. Analyst 2020; 145:2441-2456. [PMID: 32167098 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02354b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) was invented in the late 90s as a promising mid-infrared light source and it has contributed to the fields of industry, military, medicine, and biology. The room temperature operation, watt-level output power, compact size, and wide tuning capability of this laser advanced the field of noninvasive blood glucose detection with the use of transmission, absorption, and photoacoustic spectroscopy. This review provides a complete overview of the recent progress and technical details of these spectroscopy techniques, using QCL as an infrared light source for detecting blood glucose concentrations in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazzad Rassel
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Infrared Spectroscopy with a Fiber-Coupled Quantum Cascade Laser for Attenuated Total Reflection Measurements Towards Biomedical Applications. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235130. [PMID: 31771133 PMCID: PMC6929073 DOI: 10.3390/s19235130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of rapid and accurate biomedical laser spectroscopy systems in the mid-infrared has been enabled by the commercial availability of external-cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCLs). EC-QCLs are a preferable alternative to benchtop instruments such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometers for sensor development as they are small and have high spectral power density. They also allow for the investigation of multiple analytes due to their broad tuneability and through the use of multivariate analysis. This article presents an in vitro investigation with two fiber-coupled measurement setups based on attenuated total reflection spectroscopy and direct transmission spectroscopy for sensing. A pulsed EC-QCL (1200–900 cm−1) was used for measurements of glucose and albumin in aqueous solutions, with lactate and urea as interferents. This analyte composition was chosen as an example of a complex aqueous solution with relevance for biomedical sensors. Glucose concentrations were determined in both setup types with root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of less than 20 mg/dL using partial least-squares (PLS) regression. These results demonstrate accurate analyte measurements, and are promising for further development of fiber-coupled, miniaturised in vivo sensors based on mid-infrared spectroscopy.
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Zhang YJ, Chen S, Yu YL, Wang JH. A miniaturized photoacoustic device with laptop readout for point-of-care testing of blood glucose. Talanta 2019; 209:120527. [PMID: 31892079 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) effect has been widely applied in many fields, e.g., physics, chemistry and biomedicine. Herein, a miniaturized PA device is developed by integrating laser source, photo chopper, PA cell, microphone, and laptop for point-of-care testing in bioassay. With glucose assay as model, a piece of paper strip preloading chitosan, starch-potassium iodide (KI) and glucose oxidase (GOD) as lab-on-paper is employed for loading sample prior to PA detection. In the presence of glucose, the product generated on the paper strip would give rise to a strong PA signal in the PA cell under the irradiation of frequency-modulated laser at 520 nm via laptop readout. With a sample volume of 20 μL, a detection limit of 0.03 mM is obtained for glucose assay, along with a linear range of 0.08-1 mM. The accuracy and practicability of the present PA device is well demonstrated by detecting glucose in whole blood. Differing from the conventional PA instrument, the present PA device is really small in bulk with competitive sensitivity and excellent stability, offering a promising tool for point-of-care testing in bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Yong-Liang Yu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819, China
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Yang B, Fang X, Kong J. In Situ Sampling and Monitoring Cell-Free DNA of the Epstein-Barr Virus from Dermal Interstitial Fluid Using Wearable Microneedle Patches. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:38448-38458. [PMID: 31554395 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using polymerase chain reaction and genotyping, Epstein-Barr virus cell-free DNA (EBV Cf DNA) was detectable in interstitial fluid (ISF). Microneedles offer a minimally invasive approach to capture such Cf DNA. However, a key challenge of microneedles lies in the ability to specifically isolate biomarkers within a short time. We introduced a hydrogel microneedle patch for rapid and easy capture of EBV Cf DNA from ISF in situ around 15 min, with a maximum capture efficiency of 93.6%. Then, quantification of EBV Cf DNA was achieved by electrochemical recombinase polymerase amplification wearable flexible microfluidics, with a detection limit of 3.7 × 102 copies/μL. Animal tests supported the performance of microneedles for EBV Cf DNA capture. Collectively, these data showed that the microneedle patch may have broad implications for patients with Cf DNA-related disease and cancer metastasis in minimally invasive manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
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Juan CG, García H, Ávila-Navarro E, Bronchalo E, Galiano V, Moreno Ó, Orozco D, Sabater-Navarro JM. Feasibility study of portable microwave microstrip open-loop resonator for non-invasive blood glucose level sensing: proof of concept. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 57:2389-2405. [PMID: 31473945 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-02030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-management of blood glucose level is part and parcel of diabetes treatment, which involves invasive, painful, and uncomfortable methods. A proper non-invasive blood glucose monitor (NIBGM) is therefore desirable to deal better with it. Microwave resonators can potentially be used for such a purpose. Following the positive results from an in vitro previous work, a portable device based upon a microwave resonator was developed and assessed in a multicenter proof of concept. Its electrical response was analyzed when an individual's tongue was placed onto it. The study was performed with 352 individuals during their oral glucose tolerance tests, having four measurements per individual. The findings revealed that the accuracy must be improved before the diabetes community can make real use of the device. However, the relationship between the measuring parameter and the individual's blood glucose level is coherent with that from previous works, although with higher data dispersion. This is reflected in correlation coefficients between glycemia and the measuring magnitude consistently negative, although small, for the different datasets analyzed. Further research is proposed, focused on system improvements, individual calibration, and multitechnology approach. The study of the influence of other blood components different to glucose is also advised. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Juan
- Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Héctor García
- Department of Materials Science, Optics and Electronic Technology, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Ernesto Ávila-Navarro
- Department of Materials Science, Optics and Electronic Technology, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Enrique Bronchalo
- Department of Communications Engineering, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Vicente Galiano
- Department of Computer Engineering, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Óscar Moreno
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Domingo Orozco
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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41
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Glucose Concentration Measurement in Human Blood Plasma Solutions with Microwave Sensors. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19173779. [PMID: 31480415 PMCID: PMC6749577 DOI: 10.3390/s19173779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three microwave sensors are used to track the glucose level of different human blood plasma solutions. In this paper, the sensors are evaluated as glucose trackers in a context close to real human blood. Different plasma solutions sets were prepared from a human blood sample at several added glucose concentrations up to 10 wt%, adding also ascorbic acid and lactic acid at different concentrations. The experimental results for the different sensors/solutions combinations are presented in this work. The sensors show good performance and linearity as glucose level retrievers, although the sensitivities change as the rest of components vary. Different sensor behaviors depending upon the concentrations of glucose and other components are identified and characterized. The results obtained in terms of sensitivity are coherent with previous works, highlighting the contribution of glucose to the dielectric losses of the solution. The results are also consistent with the frequency evolution of the electromagnetic signature of glucose found in the literature, and are helpful for selecting frequency bands for sensing purposes and envisioning future approaches to the challenging measurement in real biological contexts. Discussion of the implications of the results and guidelines for further research and development of more accurate sensors is offered.
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42
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Patrizi B, Siciliani de Cumis M, Viciani S, D'Amato F. Dioxin and Related Compound Detection: Perspectives for Optical Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2671. [PMID: 31151286 PMCID: PMC6600530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioxins and related compounds are environmental xenobiotics that are dangerous to human life, due to the accumulation and persistence in the environment and in the food chain. Cancer, reproductive and developmental issues, and damage to the immune system and endocrine system are only a few examples of the impact of such substances in everyday life. For these reasons, it is fundamental to detect and monitor these molecules in biological samples. The consolidated technique for analytical evaluation is gas chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Nowadays, the development of mid-infrared optical components like broadband laser sources, optical frequency combs, high performance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and plasmonic sensors open the way to new techniques for detection and real time monitoring of these organic pollutants in gaseous or liquid phase, with sufficient sensitivity and selectivity, and in short time periods. In this review, we report the latest techniques for the detection of dioxins, furans and related compounds based on optical and spectroscopic methods, looking at future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Patrizi
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via Nello Carrara n. 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Mario Siciliani de Cumis
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Italian Space Agency, Contrada Terlecchia snc, 75100 Matera, Italy.
| | - Silvia Viciani
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via Nello Carrara n. 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Francesco D'Amato
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via Nello Carrara n. 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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43
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Zhang R, Liu S, Jin H, Luo Y, Zheng Z, Gao F, Zheng Y. Noninvasive Electromagnetic Wave Sensing of Glucose. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E1151. [PMID: 30866459 PMCID: PMC6427587 DOI: 10.3390/s19051151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients need long-term and frequent glucose monitoring to assist in insulin intake. The current finger-prick devices are painful and costly, which places noninvasive glucose sensors in high demand. In this review paper, we list several advanced electromagnetic (EM)-wave-based technologies for noninvasive glucose measurement, including infrared (IR) spectroscopy, photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence, optical coherence tomography (OCT), Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, and microwave sensing. The development of each method is discussed regarding the fundamental principle, system setup, and experimental results. Despite the promising achievements that have been previously reported, no established product has obtained FDA approval or survived a marketing test. The limitations of, and prospects for, these techniques are presented at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochong Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Haoran Jin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Yunqi Luo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Zesheng Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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44
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Ntziachristos V, Pleitez MA, Aime S, Brindle KM. Emerging Technologies to Image Tissue Metabolism. Cell Metab 2019; 29:518-538. [PMID: 30269982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the implication of altered metabolism in a large spectrum of tissue function and disease, assessment of metabolic processes becomes essential in managing health. In this regard, imaging can play a critical role in allowing observation of biochemical and physiological processes. Nuclear imaging methods, in particular positron emission tomography, have been widely employed for imaging metabolism but are mainly limited by the use of ionizing radiation and the sensing of only one parameter at each scanning session. Observations in healthy individuals or longitudinal studies of disease could markedly benefit from non-ionizing, multi-parameter imaging methods. We therefore focus this review on progress with the non-ionizing radiation methods of MRI, hyperpolarized magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and emerging optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging. We also briefly discuss the role of nuclear and optical imaging methods for research and clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Miguel A Pleitez
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Silvio Aime
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Old Addenbrooke's Site, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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45
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Kitazaki T, Kawashima N, Yamamoto N, Nomura H, Kang H, Nishiyama A, Wada K, Ishimaru I. Parametric standing wave generation of a shallow reflection plane in a nonrigid sample for use in a noninvasive blood glucose monitor. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-7. [PMID: 30851012 PMCID: PMC6975181 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.036003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When monitoring a moist sample using mid-infrared spectroscopy, its thickness must be <100 μm to avoid light absorption from the water. Therefore, we propose an ultrasonic-assisted mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging method that can generate a reflection plane at a depth of 100 μm from the surface of the sample by creating an ultrasonic standing wave. A frequency of 10 MHz is required to obtain an optical path length of 100 μm in biological samples. However, because biological samples generally have high compressibility, attenuation of ultrasonic waves at this frequency is significant. We use agar as a biological phantom and observe that a reflection plane is generated inside by ultrasonic standing waves using optical coherence tomography. It is found that when the sample is vibrated with an 800-kHz ultrasonic wave, a reflection plane is generated at a depth shallower than the theoretically predicted value. We believe that the reflection plane is generated by parametric standing waves, which are based on parametric effect. We detect the waveform distortion using an acoustic emission sensor and confirm the higher harmonics that generate the observed reflection plane using a fast Fourier transform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kitazaki
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kawashima
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nomura
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hanyue Kang
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Wada
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ishimaru
- Kagawa University, Faculty of Engineering, Takamatsu-City, Kagawa, Japan
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46
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Comparative accuracy of optical sensor-based wearable system for non-invasive measurement of blood glucose concentration. Clin Biochem 2019; 65:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Advancement of discrete frequency infrared (DFIR) spectroscopic microscopes in image quality and data throughput are critical to their use for analytical measurements. Here, we report the development and characterization of a point scanning instrument with minimal aberrations and capable of diffraction-limited performance across all fingerprint region wavelengths over arbitrarily large samples. The performance of this system is compared to commercial state of the art Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging systems. We show that for large samples or smaller set of discrete frequencies, point scanning far exceeds (∼10-100 fold) comparable data acquired with FT-IR instruments. Further we show improvements in image quality using refractive lenses that show significantly improved contrast across the spatial frequency bandwidth. Finally, we introduce the ability to image two tunable frequencies simultaneously using a single detector by means of demodulation to further speed up data acquisition and reduce the impact of scattering. Together, the advancements provide significantly better spectral quality and spatial fidelity than current state of the art imaging systems while promising to make spectral scanning even faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yeh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 4265 Beckman Institute, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dongkwan Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 4265 Beckman Institute, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Chemistry, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 4265 Beckman Institute, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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48
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Zhang R, Gao F, Feng X, Jin H, Zhang S, Liu S, Luo Y, Xing B, Zheng Y. "Guide Star" Assisted Noninvasive Photoacoustic Measurement of Glucose. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2550-2557. [PMID: 30484628 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel "guide star" assisted photoacoustic (GSPA) method for noninvasive glucose measurement has been proposed. Instead of receiving PA signals that are directly generated by tissue, a virtual photodiode is employed to amplify the PA signal difference regarding amplitude and peak arrival time caused by glucose concentration variations in an indirect way. Being different from traditional PA spectroscopy, this method can improve sensitivity and accuracy by optimizing optical path lengths (or tissue thickness). On the other hand, being superior to near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, it utilizes both optical absorption and acoustic propagation velocity information confered by PA signals. Theoretical analysis and simulation have been done to illustrate how the concentration change affects the PA waveform. In vitro experiments on aqueous glucose solution were conducted with concentrations varying in human physiological range (50-350 mg/dL). Performance of quartz cuvettes with 1 mm and 2 mm optical path lengths were compared in terms of correlation quality ( R2), degree of agreement (Bland-Altman plot), and clinical accuracy (Clarke's Error Grid analysis) to demonstrate the scalability of sensitivity provided by the indirect method. Longer optical length shows better sensitivity and accuracy in this case. Moreover, detection was also done on human blood serum to further prove the potential of the proposed method for clinical application. Our proposed method provides a solution to enhance sensitivity, facilitating development of portable and low-cost PA sensors with low power laser diodes for noninvasive glucose monitoring and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochong Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaohua Feng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Haoran Jin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yunqi Luo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bengang Xing
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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49
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Henderson B, Khodabakhsh A, Metsälä M, Ventrillard I, Schmidt FM, Romanini D, Ritchie GAD, te Lintel Hekkert S, Briot R, Risby T, Marczin N, Harren FJM, Cristescu SM. Laser spectroscopy for breath analysis: towards clinical implementation. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2018; 124:161. [PMID: 30956412 PMCID: PMC6428385 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-018-7030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection and analysis of volatile compounds in exhaled breath represents an attractive tool for monitoring the metabolic status of a patient and disease diagnosis, since it is non-invasive and fast. Numerous studies have already demonstrated the benefit of breath analysis in clinical settings/applications and encouraged multidisciplinary research to reveal new insights regarding the origins, pathways, and pathophysiological roles of breath components. Many breath analysis methods are currently available to help explore these directions, ranging from mass spectrometry to laser-based spectroscopy and sensor arrays. This review presents an update of the current status of optical methods, using near and mid-infrared sources, for clinical breath gas analysis over the last decade and describes recent technological developments and their applications. The review includes: tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, integrated cavity output spectroscopy, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy, and optical frequency comb spectroscopy. A SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) is presented that describes the laser-based techniques within the clinical framework of breath research and their appealing features for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Henderson
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Khodabakhsh
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Metsälä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Florian M. Schmidt
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniele Romanini
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Grant A. D. Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | | | - Raphaël Briot
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Terence Risby
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nandor Marczin
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frans J. M. Harren
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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50
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Lourenço Neto M, Agra KL, Suassuna Filho J, Jorge FE. TDDFT calculations and photoacoustic spectroscopy experiments used to identify phenolic acid functional biomolecules in Brazilian tropical fruits in natura. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 193:249-257. [PMID: 29258020 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations of electronic transitions have been widely used to determine molecular structures. The excitation wavelengths and oscillator strengths obtained with the hybrid exchange-correlation functional B3LYP in conjunction with the ADZP basis set are employed to simulate the UV-Vis spectra of eight phenolic acids. Experimental and theoretical UV-Vis spectra reported previously in the literature are compared with our results. The fast, sensitive and non-destructive technique of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is used to determine the UV-Vis spectra of four Brazilian tropical fresh fruits in natura. Then, the PAS along with the TDDFT results are for the first time used to investigate and identify the presence of phenolic acids in the fruits studied in this work. This theoretical method with this experimental technique show to be a powerful and cheap tool to detect the existence of phenolic acids in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and grains. Comparison with high performance liquid chromatography results, when available, is also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lourenço Neto
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas e Sociais, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus III, 58220-000 Bananeiras, Brazil
| | - K L Agra
- Unidade Acadêmica de Física, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 58429-900 Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - J Suassuna Filho
- Unidade Acadêmica de Física, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 58429-900 Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - F E Jorge
- Unidade Acadêmica de Física, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 58429-900 Campina Grande, Brazil; Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29060-900 Vitória, Brazil.
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