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Bratash O, Buhot A, Leroy L, Engel E. Optical fiber biosensors toward in vivo detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116088. [PMID: 38335876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This review takes stock of the various optical fiber-based biosensors that could be used for in vivo applications. We discuss the characteristics that biosensors must have to be suitable for such applications and the corresponding transduction modes. In particular, we focus on optical fiber biosensors based on fluorescence, evanescent wave, plasmonics, interferometry, and Raman phenomenon. The operational principles, implemented solutions, and performances are described and debated. The different sensing configurations, such as the side- and tip-based fiber biosensors, are illustrated, and their adaptation for in vivo measurements is discussed. The required implementation of multiplexed biosensing on optical fibers is shown. In particular, the use of multi-fiber assemblies, one of the most optimal configurations for multiplexed detection, is discussed. Different possibilities for multiple localized functionalizations on optical fibers are presented. A final section is devoted to the practical in vivo use of fiber-based biosensors, covering regulatory, sterilization, and packaging aspects. Finally, the trends and required improvements in this promising and emerging field are analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Bratash
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Arnaud Buhot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Loïc Leroy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Elodie Engel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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2
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Barhoum A, Sadak O, Ramirez IA, Iverson N. Stimuli-bioresponsive hydrogels as new generation materials for implantable, wearable, and disposable biosensors for medical diagnostics: Principles, opportunities, and challenges. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 317:102920. [PMID: 37207377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are excellent water-swollen polymeric materials for use in wearable, implantable, and disposable biosensors. Hydrogels have unique properties such as low cost, ease of preparation, transparency, rapid response to external conditions, biocompatibility and self-adhesion to the skin, flexibility, and strain sensitivity, making them ideal for use in biosensor platforms. This review provides a detailed overview of advanced applications of stimuli-responsive hydrogels in biosensor platforms, from hydrogel synthesis and functionalization for bioreceptor immobilization to several important diagnostic applications. Emphasis is placed on recent advances in the fabrication of ultrasensitive fluorescent and electrically conductive hydrogels and their applications in wearable, implantable, and disposable biosensors for quantitative measurements. Design, modification, and assembly techniques of fluorescent, ionically conductive, and electrically conductive hydrogels to improve performance will be addressed. The advantages and performance improvements of immobilizing bioreceptors (e.g., antibodies, enzymes, and aptamers), and incorporating fluorescent and electrically conductive nanomaterials are described, as are their limitations. Potential applications of hydrogels in implantable, wearable, disposable portable biosensors for quantitative detection of the various bioanalytes (ions, molecules, drugs, proteins, and biomarkers) are discussed. Finally, the global market for hydrogel-based biosensors and future challenges and prospects are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; National Center for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 Y074, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Omer Sadak
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - Ivon Acosta Ramirez
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Nicole Iverson
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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3
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Žuržul N, Stokke BT. DNA Aptamer Functionalized Hydrogels for Interferometric Fiber-Optic Based Continuous Monitoring of Potassium Ions. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:266. [PMID: 34436068 PMCID: PMC8392310 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we describe a potassium sensor based on DNA-aptamer functionalized hydrogel, that is capable of continuous label-free potassium ion (K+) monitoring with potential for in situ application. A hydrogel attached to the end of an optical fiber is designed with di-oligonucleotides grafted to the polymer network that may serve as network junctions in addition to the covalent crosslinks. Specific affinity toward K+ is based on exploiting a particular aptamer that exhibits conformational transition from single-stranded DNA to G-quadruplex formed by the di-oligonucleotide in the presence of K+. Integration of this aptamer into the hydrogel transforms the K+ specific conformational transition to a K+ concentration dependent deswelling of the hydrogel. High-resolution interferometry monitors changes in extent of swelling at 1 Hz and 2 nm resolution for the hydrogel matrix of 50 µm. The developed hydrogel-based biosensor displayed high selectivity for K+ ions in the concentration range up to 10 mM, in the presence of physiological concentrations of Na+. Additionally, the concentration dependent and selective K+ detection demonstrated in the artificial blood buffer environment, both at room and physiological temperatures, suggests substantial potential for practical applications such as monitoring of potassium ion concentration in blood levels in intensive care medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, NTNU The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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4
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Kudaibergenov SE, Okay O. Behaviors of quenched polyampholytes in solution and gel state. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarkyt E. Kudaibergenov
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile Satbayev University Almaty Republic of Kazakhstan
- Department of Functional Polymers Institute of Polymer Materials and Technology Almaty Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Oguz Okay
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
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Žuržul N, Ilseng A, Prot VE, Sveinsson HM, Skallerud BH, Stokke BT. Donnan Contribution and Specific Ion Effects in Swelling of Cationic Hydrogels are Additive: Combined High-Resolution Experiments and Finite Element Modeling. Gels 2020; 6:E31. [PMID: 32957423 PMCID: PMC7559074 DOI: 10.3390/gels6030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Finite element modeling applied to analyze experimentally determined hydrogel swelling data provides quantitative description of the hydrogel in the aqueous solutions with well-defined ionic content and environmental parameters. In the present study, we expand this strategy to analysis of swelling of hydrogels over an extended concentration of salt where the Donnan contribution and specific ion effects are dominating at different regimes. Dynamics and equilibrium swelling were determined for acrylamide and cationic acrylamide-based hydrogels by high-resolution interferometry technique for step-wise increase in NaCl and NaBr concentration up to 2 M. Although increased hydrogel swelling volume with increasing salt concentration was the dominant trend for the uncharged hydrogel, the weakly charged cationic hydrogel was observed to shrink for increasing salt concentration up to 0.1 M, followed by swelling at higher salt concentrations. The initial shrinking is due to the ionic equilibration accounted for by a Donnan term. Comparison of the swelling responses at high NaCl and NaBr concentrations between the uncharged and the cationic hydrogel showed similar specific ion effects. This indicates that the ion non-specific Donnan contribution and specific ion effects are additive in the case where they are occurring in well separated ranges of salt concentration. We develop a novel finite element model including both these mechanisms to account for the observed swelling in aqueous salt solution. In particular, a salt-specific, concentration-dependent Flory-Huggins parameter was introduced for the specific ion effects. This is the first report on finite element modeling of hydrogels including specific ionic effects and underpins improvement of the mechanistic insight of hydrogel swelling that can be used to predict its response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Žuržul
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, NTNU The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (N.Ž.); (H.M.S.)
| | - Arne Ilseng
- Biomechanics, Department of Structural Engineering, NTNU The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (V.E.P.); (B.H.S.)
| | - Victorien E. Prot
- Biomechanics, Department of Structural Engineering, NTNU The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (V.E.P.); (B.H.S.)
| | - Hrafn M. Sveinsson
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, NTNU The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (N.Ž.); (H.M.S.)
| | - Bjørn H. Skallerud
- Biomechanics, Department of Structural Engineering, NTNU The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (V.E.P.); (B.H.S.)
| | - Bjørn T. Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, NTNU The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (N.Ž.); (H.M.S.)
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Jonášová EP, Bjørkøy A, Stokke BT. Toehold Length of Target ssDNA Affects Its Reaction-Diffusion Behavior in DNA-Responsive DNA- co-Acrylamide Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1687-1699. [PMID: 31887025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we expand on the understanding of hydrogels with embedded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cross-links, from the overall swelling to characterization of processes that precede the swelling. The hydrogels respond to target DNA strands because of a toehold-mediated strand displacement reaction in which the target strand binds to and opens the dsDNA cross-link. The spatiotemporal evolution of the diffusing target ssDNA was determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The concentration profiles revealed diverse partitioning of the target DNA inside the hydrogel as compared with the immersing solution: excluding a nonbinding DNA, while accumulating a binding target. The data show that a longer toehold results in faster cross-link opening but reduced diffusion of the target, thus resulting in only a moderate increase in the overall swelling rate. The parameters obtained by fitting the data using a reaction-diffusion model were discussed in view of the molecular parameters of the target ssDNA and hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonóra Parelius Jonášová
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Dept of Physics, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Bjørkøy
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Dept of Physics, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Dept of Physics, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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7
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Parelius Jonášová E, Stokke BT. Morpholino Target Molecular Properties Affect the Swelling Process of Oligomorpholino-Functionalized Responsive Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E268. [PMID: 31991917 PMCID: PMC7077381 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Responsive hydrogels featuring DNA as a functional unit are attracting increasing interest due to combination of versatility and numerous applications. The possibility to use nucleic acid analogues opens for further customization of the hydrogels. In the present work, the commonly employed DNA oligonucleotides in DNA-co-acrylamide responsive hydrogels are replaced by Morpholino oligonucleotides. The uncharged backbone of this nucleic acid analogue makes it less susceptible to possible enzymatic degradation. In this work we address fundamental issues related to key processes in the hydrogel response; such as partitioning of the free oligonucleotides and the strand displacement process. The hydrogels were prepared at the end of optical fibers for interferometric size monitoring and imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy of the fluorescently labeled free oligonucleotides to observe their apparent diffusion and accumulation within the hydrogels. Morpholino-based hydrogels' response to Morpholino targets was compared to DNA hydrogels' response to DNA targets of the same base-pair sequence. Non-binding targets were observed to be less depleted in Morpholino hydrogels than in DNA hydrogels, due to their electroneutrality, resulting in faster kinetics for Morpholinos. The electroneutrality, however, also led to the total swelling response of the Morpholino hydrogels being smaller than that of DNA, since their lack of charges eliminates swelling resulting from the influx of counter-ions upon oligonucleotide binding. We have shown that employing nucleic acid analogues instead of DNA in hydrogels has a profound effect on the hydrogel response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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Elsherif M, Moreddu R, Hassan MU, Yetisen AK, Butt H. Real-time optical fiber sensors based on light diffusing microlens arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2060-2070. [PMID: 31114826 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The applications of optical fibers are impeded in implantable medical diagnostics due to incompatibility with biological tissues, and immune reaction in vivo. The utilization of biocompatible materials to construct a photonic sensing platform can reduce the immune response in in vivo medical diagnostics. Here, we developed real-time optical fiber sensors to determine the volumetric modulation of stimuli-responsive polymers. Asymmetric microlens structures were replicated on stimuli-sensitive hydrogels as stand-alone sensors and were chemically attached to the tips of silica and biocompatible optical fibers. Quantitative measurements were carried out using a smartphone to demonstrate the ease, simplicity, and practicality of the readout methodology. To demonstrate the utility in real-time sensing, the fiber probe was investigated in various concentrations of ethanol, propan-2-ol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Also, the fiber probe showed a rapid response to pH in the acidic region with a sensitivity of 40 nW pH-1. To develop biocompatible probes for physiological applications, a microlens array-imprinted polymer was attached to the tip of a hydrogel optical fiber. The optical fiber probe in the refection configuration showed a sensitivity of 7 nW pH-1. The developed hydrogel fiber probes may have application in point-of-care diagnostics, continuous biomarker monitoring, and critical care sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherif
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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9
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Zhao J, Su H, Vansuch GE, Liu Z, Salaita K, Dyer RB. Localized Nanoscale Heating Leads to Ultrafast Hydrogel Volume-Phase Transition. ACS NANO 2019; 13:515-525. [PMID: 30574782 PMCID: PMC6467806 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rate of the volume-phase transition for stimuli-responsive hydrogel particles ranging in size from millimeters to nanometers is limited by the rate of water transport, which is proportional to the surface area of the particle. Here, we hypothesized that the rate of volume-phase transition could be accelerated if the stimulus is geometrically controlled from the inside out, thus facilitating outward water ejection. To test this concept, we applied transient absorption spectroscopy, laser temperature-jump spectroscopy, and finite-element analysis modeling to characterize the dynamics of the volume-phase transition of hydrogel particles with a gold nanorod core. Our results demonstrate that the nanoscale heating of the hydrogel particle core led to an ultrafast, 60 ns particle collapse, which is 2-3 orders of magnitude faster than the response generated from conventional heating. This is the fastest recorded response time of a hydrogel material, thus opening potential applications for such stimuli-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hanquan Su
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Gregory E. Vansuch
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zheng Liu
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Corresponding Authors
| | - R. Brian Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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10
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Wu R, Ge H, Liu C, Zhang S, Hao L, Zhang Q, Song J, Tian G, Lv J. A novel thermometer-type hydrogel senor for glutathione detection. Talanta 2018; 196:191-196. [PMID: 30683350 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A thermometer-type visual sensor for glutathione (GSH) sensing was developed with stimulus-responsive fluorescent hydrogel which was obtained by using 5, 6-bicarboxylic fluorescein crossli`nked partly ammoniated polyacrylamide. Various experimental parameters such as the particle size of hydrogel, buffer solution and swelling time were optimized. It is accessible to measure the volume change of hydrogel with the sensor by reading the graduation on a pipette like thermometer with naked eye. The concentration of the GSH depended on the volume in a certain range as the signal. Satisfactory agreements between the sensor and HPLC results for atuomolan tablet assays indicated the capability of the thermometer-type sensors for the analysis of real samples. These findings proved the utility of stimulus-responsive, intelligent hydrogel and the suitability of thermometer-style visual sensor design for quantitative assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi key laboratory of catalysis and application, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, PR China.
| | - Hongguang Ge
- College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi key laboratory of catalysis and application, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, PR China
| | - Cunfang Liu
- College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi key laboratory of catalysis and application, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, PR China
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
| | - Liang Hao
- College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi key laboratory of catalysis and application, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi key laboratory of catalysis and application, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, PR China
| | - Juan Song
- College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi key laboratory of catalysis and application, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, PR China
| | - Guanghui Tian
- College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi key laboratory of catalysis and application, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, PR China.
| | - Jiagen Lv
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China.
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11
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Mapping Nanoparticles in Hydrogels: A Comparison of Preparation Methods for Electron Microscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8122446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) in hydrogels influences their nanoplasmonic response and signals used for biosensor purposes. By controlling the particle distribution in NMNP-nanocomposite hydrogels, it is possible to obtain new nanoplasmonic features with new sensing modalities. Particle positions can be characterized by using volume-imaging methods such as the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) or the serial block-face scanning electron microscope (SBFSEM) techniques. The pore structures in hydrogels are contained by the water absorbed in the polymer network and may pose challenges for volume-imaging methods based on electron microscope techniques since the sample must be in a vacuum chamber. The structure of the hydrogels can be conserved by choosing appropriate preparation methods, which also depends on the composition of the hydrogel used. In this paper, we have prepared low-weight-percentage hydrogels, with and without gold nanorods (GNRs), for conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging by using critical point drying (CPD) and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) drying. The pore structures and the GNR positions in the hydrogel were characterized. The evaluation of the sample preparation techniques elucidate new aspects concerning the drying of hydrogels for SEM imaging. The results of identifying GNRs positioned in a hydrogel polymer network contribute to the development of mapping metal particle positions with volume imaging methods such as FIB-SEM or SBFSEM for studying nanoplasmonic properties of NMNP-nanocomposite hydrogels.
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Fawole OC, Dolai S, Leu HY, Magda J, Tabib-Azar M. Remote Microwave and Field-Effect Sensing Techniques for Monitoring Hydrogel Sensor Response. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E526. [PMID: 30424459 PMCID: PMC6215261 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents two novel techniques for monitoring the response of smart hydrogels composed of synthetic organic materials that can be engineered to respond (swell or shrink, change conductivity and optical properties) to specific chemicals, biomolecules or external stimuli. The first technique uses microwaves both in contact and remote monitoring of the hydrogel as it responds to chemicals. This method is of great interest because it can be used to non-invasively monitor the response of subcutaneously implanted hydrogels to blood chemicals such as oxygen and glucose. The second technique uses a metal-oxide-hydrogel field-effect transistor (MOHFET) and its associated current-voltage characteristics to monitor the hydrogel's response to different chemicals. MOHFET can be easily integrated with on-board telemetry electronics for applications in implantable biosensors or it can be used as a transistor in an oscillator circuit where the oscillation frequency of the circuit depends on the analyte concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhashish Dolai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Hsuan-Yu Leu
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jules Magda
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Massood Tabib-Azar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
- Bio Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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14
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Muri HI, Bano A, Hjelme DR. LSPR and Interferometric Sensor Modalities Combined Using a Double-Clad Optical Fiber. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010187. [PMID: 29324648 PMCID: PMC5795608 DOI: 10.3390/s18010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on characterization of an optical fiber-based multi-parameter sensor concept combining localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) signal and interferometric sensing using a double-clad optical fiber. The sensor consists of a micro-Fabry-Perot in the form of a hemispherical stimuli-responsive hydrogel with immobilized gold nanorods on the facet of a cleaved double-clad optical fiber. The swelling degree of the hydrogel is measured interferometrically using the single-mode inner core, while the LSPR signal is measured using the multi-mode inner cladding. The quality of the interferometric signal is comparable to previous work on hydrogel micro-Fabry-Perot sensors despite having gold nanorods immobilized in the hydrogel. We characterize the effect of hydrogel swelling and variation of bulk solution refractive index on the LSPR peak wavelength. The results show that pH-induced hydrogel swelling causes only weak redshifts of the longitudinal LSPR mode, while increased bulk refractive index using glycerol and sucrose causes large blueshifts. The redshifts are likely due to reduced plasmon coupling of the side-by-side configuration as the interparticle distance increases with increasing swelling. The blueshifts with increasing bulk refractive index are likely due to alteration of the surface electronic structure of the gold nanorods donated by the anionic polymer network and glycerol or sucrose solutions. The recombination of biotin-streptavidin on gold nanorods in hydrogel showed a 7.6 nm redshift of the longitudinal LSPR. The LSPR response of biotin-streptavidin recombination is due to the change in local refractive index (RI), which is possible to discriminate from the LSPR response due to changes in bulk RI. In spite of the large LSPR shifts due to bulk refractive index, we show, using biotin-functionalized gold nanorods binding to streptavidin, that LSPR signal from gold nanorods embedded in the anionic hydrogel can be used for label-free biosensing. These results demonstrate the utility of immobilizing gold nanorods in a hydrogel on a double-clad optical fiber-end facet to obtain multi-parameter sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Ian Muri
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gunnerus Gate 1, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Andon Bano
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gunnerus Gate 1, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Dag Roar Hjelme
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gunnerus Gate 1, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
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15
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Kim A, Lee H, Jones CF, Mujumdar SK, Gu Y, Siegel RA. Swelling, Mechanics, and Thermal/Chemical Stability of Hydrogels Containing Phenylboronic Acid Side Chains. Gels 2017; 4:gels4010004. [PMID: 30674779 PMCID: PMC6318662 DOI: 10.3390/gels4010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here studies of swelling, mechanics, and thermal stability of hydrogels consisting of 20 mol % methacrylamidophenylboronic acid (MPBA) and 80 mol % acrylamide (AAm), lightly crosslinked with methylenebisacrylamide (Bis). Swelling was measured in solutions of fixed ionic strength, but with varying pH values and fructose concentrations. Mechanics was studied by compression and hold. In the absence of sugar or in the presence of fructose, the modulus was mostly maintained during the hold period, while a significant stress relaxation was seen in the presence of glucose, consistent with reversible, dynamic crosslinks provided by glucose, but not fructose. Thermal stability was determined by incubating hydrogels at pH 7.4 at room temperature, and 37, 50, and 65 °C, and monitoring swelling. In PBS (phosphate buffered saline) solutions containing 9 mM fructose, swelling remained essentially complete for 50 days at room temperature, but decreased substantially with time at the higher temperatures, with accelerated reduction of swelling with increasing temperature. Controls indicated that over long time periods, both the MPBA and AAm units were experiencing conversion to different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arum Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Heelim Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Clinton F Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Siddharthya K Mujumdar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Yuandong Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Ronald A Siegel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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17
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Goponenko AV, Dzenis YA. Role of Mechanical Factors in Applications of Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Gels - Status and Prospects. POLYMER 2016; 101:415-449. [PMID: 28348443 PMCID: PMC5365095 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique characteristics such as multifold change of volume in response to minute change in the environment, resemblance of soft biological tissues, ability to operate in wet environments, and chemical tailorability, stimuli responsive gels represent a versatile and very promising class of materials for sensors, muscle-type actuators, biomedical applications, and autonomous intelligent structures. Success of these materials in practical applications largely depends on their ability to fulfill application-specific mechanical requirements. This article provides an overview of recent application-driven development of covalent polymer gels with special emphasis on the relevant mechanical factors and properties. A short account of mechanisms of gel swelling and mechanical characteristics of importance to stimuli-responsive gels is presented. The review highlights major barriers for wider application of these materials and discusses latest advances and potential future directions toward overcoming these barriers, including interpenetrating networks, homogeneous networks, nanocomposites, and nanofilamentary gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Goponenko
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Yuris A. Dzenis
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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18
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Song HS, Kwon OS, Kim JH, Conde J, Artzi N. 3D hydrogel scaffold doped with 2D graphene materials for biosensors and bioelectronics. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 89:187-200. [PMID: 27020065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels consisting of three-dimensional (3D) polymeric networks have found a wide range of applications in biotechnology due to their large water capacity, high biocompatibility, and facile functional versatility. The hydrogels with stimulus-responsive swelling properties have been particularly instrumental to realizing signal transduction in biosensors and bioelectronics. Graphenes are two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with unprecedented physical, optical, and electronic properties and have also found many applications in biosensors and bioelectronics. These two classes of materials present complementary strengths and limitations which, when effectively coupled, can result in significant synergism in their electrical, mechanical, and biocompatible properties. This report reviews recent advances made with hydrogel and graphene materials for the development of high-performance bioelectronics devices. The report focuses on the interesting intersection of these materials wherein 2D graphenes are hybridized with 3D hydrogels to develop the next generation biosensors and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seok Song
- Korea Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Yuseong, Daejeon 169-148, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - João Conde
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Natalie Artzi
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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19
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Peppas NA, Van Blarcom DS. Hydrogel-based biosensors and sensing devices for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 240:142-150. [PMID: 26611939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past 15years drug delivery devices have received added attention, not only as passive systems of drug delivery that respond to the needs of the health care provider or the patient but have an added advantage or an added characteristic of being triggered by an external process of recognition of a cause, a disease or an analyte that leads to a triggering mechanism for specific drug delivery. In this review, we will examine some of the pioneering work in this field, and speak on the use of biodegradable, environmentally-responsive hydrogels as sensing components in novel microscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Peppas
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Division of Pharmaceutics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1062, United States.
| | - Diana Snelling Van Blarcom
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Division of Pharmaceutics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1062, United States
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Swelling Dynamics of a DNA-Polymer Hybrid Hydrogel Prepared Using Polyethylene Glycol as a Porogen. Gels 2015; 1:219-234. [PMID: 30674174 PMCID: PMC6318656 DOI: 10.3390/gels1020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-polyacrylamide hybrid hydrogels designed with covalent and double-stranded (dsDNA) crosslinks respond to specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes by adapting new equilibrium swelling volume. The ssDNA probes need to be designed with a base pair sequence that is complementary to one of the strands in a dsDNA supported network junction. This work focuses on tuning the hydrogel swelling kinetics by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a pore-forming agent. Adding PEG during the preparation of hydrogels, followed by removal after polymerization, has been shown to improve the swelling dynamics of DNA hybrid hydrogels upon specific ssDNA probe recognition. The presence of porogen did not influence the kinetics of osmotic pressure-driven (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid)-co-acrylamide (AMPSA-co-AAm) hydrogels’ swelling, which is in contrast to the DNA-sensitive hydrogels. The difference in the effect of using PEG as a porogen in these two cases is discussed in view of processes leading to the swelling of the gels.
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Siegel RA. Stimuli sensitive polymers and self regulated drug delivery systems: a very partial review. J Control Release 2014; 190:337-51. [PMID: 24984012 PMCID: PMC4142101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the early days of the Journal of Controlled Release, there has been considerable interest in materials that can release drug on an "on-demand" basis. So called "stimuli-responsive" and "intelligent" systems have been designed to deliver drug at various times or at various sites in the body, according to a stimulus that is either endogenous or externally applied. In the past three decades, research along these lines has taken numerous directions, and each new generation of investigators has discovered new physicochemical principles and chemical schemes by which the release properties of materials can be altered. No single review could possibly do justice to all of these approaches. In this article, some general observations are made, and a partial history of the field is presented. Both open loop and closed loop systems are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive hydrogels, and on systems that can respond repeatedly. It is argued that the most success at present and in the foreseeable future is with systems in which biosensing and actuation (i.e. drug delivery) are separated, with a human and/or cybernetic operator linking the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA; Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
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22
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Huang N, Guan Y, Zhu XX, Zhang Y. Swelling Kinetics of Microgels Embedded in a Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Matrix. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1785-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Polyelectrolyte and antipolyelectrolyte effects in swelling of polyampholyte and polyzwitterionic charge balanced and charge offset hydrogels. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Döring A, Birnbaum W, Kuckling D. Responsive hydrogels--structurally and dimensionally optimized smart frameworks for applications in catalysis, micro-system technology and material science. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7391-420. [PMID: 23677178 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the technological and scientific importance of functional polymers has been well established over the last few decades, the most recent focus that has attracted much attention has been on stimuli-responsive polymers. This group of materials is of particular interest due to its ability to respond to internal and/or external chemico-physical stimuli, which is often manifested as large macroscopic responses. Aside from scientific challenges of designing stimuli-responsive polymers, the main technological interest lies in their numerous applications ranging from catalysis through microsystem technology and chemomechanical actuators to sensors that have been extensively explored. Since the phase transition phenomenon of hydrogels is theoretically well understood advanced materials based on the predictions can be prepared. Since the volume phase transition of hydrogels is a diffusion-limited process the size of the synthesized hydrogels is an important factor. Consistent downscaling of the gel size will result in fast smart gels with sufficient response times. In order to apply smart gels in microsystems and sensors, new preparation techniques for hydrogels have to be developed. For the up-coming nanotechnology, nano-sized gels as actuating materials would be of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artjom Döring
- Chemistry Department, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Gao M, Gawel K, Stokke BT. High resolution interferometry as a tool for characterization of swelling of weakly charged hydrogels subjected to amphiphile and cyclodextrin exposure. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 390:282-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Guan Y, Zhang Y. Boronic acid-containing hydrogels: synthesis and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8106-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Impregnation of weakly charged anionic microhydrogels with cationic polyelectrolytes and their swelling properties monitored by a high resolution interferometric technique. Transformation from a polyelectrolyte to polyampholyte hydrogel. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ancla C, Lapeyre V, Gosse I, Catargi B, Ravaine V. Designed glucose-responsive microgels with selective shrinking behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:12693-12701. [PMID: 21892832 DOI: 10.1021/la202910k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of various glucose-responsive microgels based on N-alkylacrylamide derivatives and phenylboronic acid (PBA) as a glucose sensing moiety. Depending on their chemical composition, the microgels exhibit opposite behaviors in response to glucose concentration increase: they can either swell or shrink, using two different mechanisms for glucose recognition. Both behaviors may be suitable for glucose sensing and insulin delivery. When glucose binds a single boronate receptor, the microgel swells as glucose concentration increases. This mechanism can be used to deliver a drug by diffusion through the network. In other cases, glucose binds specifically to two boronates, which creates additional cross-links within the network and provokes shrinkage. Such systems are promising for the development of sensors with improved selectivity and also as potential "intelligent" valves in microfabricated delivery systems. By a rational choice of the constituting units of the network structure, we show how to favor one or the other type of response to glucose variation. Therefore, glucose-swelling microgels operating under physiological conditions have been obtained by copolymerization with an appropriate choice of alkylacrylamide monomer and boronate derivative. At a pH above the pK(a) of the boronic acid derivative, the same structures shrink in response to glucose concentration. The nature of the cross-linker is a key parameter to enable this dual behavior. In other microgels, an amine group is introduced in the vicinity of the boronic acid, which lowers its pK(a) and favors microgel contraction at physiological pH. This work has allowed us to give some general rules to control the swelling/shrinking behavior of glucose-responsive microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Ancla
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, ENSCBP, Université Bordeaux, 16 Av. Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
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Egawa Y, Seki T, Takahashi S, Anzai JI. Electrochemical and optical sugar sensors based on phenylboronic acid and its derivatives. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu Q, Wang L, Yu H, Wang J, Chen Z. Organization of glucose-responsive systems and their properties. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7855-75. [PMID: 21902252 DOI: 10.1021/cr200027j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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31
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Xing S, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Kinetics of Glucose-Induced Swelling of P(NIPAM-AAPBA) Microgels. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200586w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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32
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Bird SP, Baker LA. Biologically modified hydrogels for chemical and biochemical analysis. Analyst 2011; 136:3410-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00871k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gawel K, Barriet D, Sletmoen M, Stokke BT. Responsive hydrogels for label-free signal transduction within biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:4381-409. [PMID: 22399885 PMCID: PMC3292124 DOI: 10.3390/s100504381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels have found wide application in biosensors due to their versatile nature. This family of materials is applied in biosensing either to increase the loading capacity compared to two-dimensional surfaces, or to support biospecific hydrogel swelling occurring subsequent to specific recognition of an analyte. This review focuses on various principles underpinning the design of biospecific hydrogels acting through various molecular mechanisms in transducing the recognition event of label-free analytes. Towards this end, we describe several promising hydrogel systems that when combined with the appropriate readout platform and quantitative approach could lead to future real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Gawel
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; E-Mails: (K.G.); (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - David Barriet
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; E-Mails: (K.G.); (D.B.); (M.S.)
- NTNU NanoLab, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Sletmoen
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; E-Mails: (K.G.); (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; E-Mails: (K.G.); (D.B.); (M.S.)
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Tierney S, Stokke BT. Development of an oligonucleotide functionalized hydrogel integrated on a high resolution interferometric readout platform as a label-free macromolecule sensing device. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1619-26. [PMID: 19425572 DOI: 10.1021/bm900218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of an oligonucleotide functionalized hydrogel integrated on a high resolution interferometric readout platform capable of determining changes in optical length of the hydrogel with 2 nm resolution is described. The hydrogels were designed with hybridized dioligonucleotides grafted to the polymer network making up a network junction point in addition to the covalent cross-links. The hybridized dioligonucleotide network junctions were made with a 10 basepair complementary region flanked by additional basepairs that could aid in destabilizing the junction points in competitive displacement hybridization by the added probe oligonucleotides. The probe oligonucleotide destabilizing the junction point thus induces swelling of the functionalized hydrogel that is sensitive to the concentration of the probe, the sequence, and matching length between the probe and sensing oligonucleotide. This design yields a molecular amplification of the change in the optical length of the gel at least 5-fold compared to a hydrogel where sensing functionality is based on hybridization with a grafted oligonucleotide that is not a part of a network junction. Concentration sensitivity applied for specific label-free detection of oligonucleotide is estimated to be in the nanomolar region. Applications of the resulting oligonucleotide imprinted hydrogel for label-free sensing of probe oligonucleotide sequences or taking advantage of the oligonucleotide sequences designed with aptamer functionalities for determination of other types of molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tierney
- Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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Tierney S, Falch BMH, Hjelme DR, Stokke BT. Determination of Glucose Levels Using a Functionalized Hydrogel−Optical Fiber Biosensor: Toward Continuous Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Vivo. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3630-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tierney
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway, and Invivosense ASA, Leangenvegen 7, NO-7044, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit M. Hasle Falch
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway, and Invivosense ASA, Leangenvegen 7, NO-7044, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dag Roar Hjelme
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway, and Invivosense ASA, Leangenvegen 7, NO-7044, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway, and Invivosense ASA, Leangenvegen 7, NO-7044, Trondheim, Norway
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Glucose sensors based on a responsive gel incorporated as a Fabry-Perot cavity on a fiber-optic readout platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2034-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Su R, Su J, Wang K, Chen D, Yang C, Fu Q. Phase behavior and properties of polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin blends with novel pH-dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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