1
|
Wang ZL, Zhu R. Regioselective Condensation Polymerization of Propargylic Electrophiles Enabled by Catalytic Element-Cupration. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19377-19385. [PMID: 38951483 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Here, we report a set of new polymerization reactions enabled by the 1,2-regioselective hydro- and silylcupration of enyne-type propargylic electrophiles. Highly regioregular head-to-tail poly(2-butyne-1,4-diyl)s (HT-PBD), bearing either methyl or silylmethyl side chains, are synthesized for the first time. A rapid entry into carbon-rich copolymers with adjustable silicon content is developed via in situ monomer bifurcation. Furthermore, a one-pot polymerization/semireduction sequence is developed to access a cis-poly(butadiene)-derived backbone by a ligand swap on copper hydride species. Interestingly, borocupration, typically exhibiting identical regioselectivity with its hydro- and silyl analogues, seems to proceed in a 3,4-selective manner. Computational studies suggest the possible role of the propargylic leaving group in this selectivity switch. This work presents a new class of regioregular sp-carbon-rich polymers and meanwhile a novel approach to organosilicon materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Lin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu C, Saquet A, Maraval V, Bijani C, Cui X, Poater A, Chauvin R. From Stilbenes to carbo-Stilbenes: an Encouraging Prospect. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400451. [PMID: 38407368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Beyond previously described carbo-naphthalene and carbo-biphenyl, a novel type of bis-carbo-benzenic molecules is envisaged from the stilbene parent. The synthesis, structure, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of two such carbo-stilbenes are described at complementary experimental and computational DFT levels. In the selected targets, the bare skeletal carbo-mer of carbo-stilbene is decorated by 8 or 10 phenyl groups, 0 or 2 tert-butyl groups, and 2 n-octyl chains, the later substituents being introduced to compensate anticipated solubility issues. As in the parent stilbene series, isomers of the phenylated carbo-stilbenes are characterized. The cis- and trans-isomers are, however, formed in almost equal amounts and could not be separated by either chromatography or crystallization. Nevertheless, due to a slow interconversion at the NMR time scale (up to 55 °C) the 1H NMR signals of both isomers of the two carbo-stilbenes could be tentatively assigned. The calculated structure of the cis-isomer exhibits a helical shape, consistent with the observed magnetic shielding of phenyl p-CH nuclei residing inside the shielding cone of the facing C18 ring. The presence of the two isomers in solution also gives rise to quite broad UV-vis absorption spectra with main bands at ca 460, 560 and 710 nm, and a significant bathochromic shift for the decaphenylated carbo-stilbene vs the di-tert-butyl-octaphenylated counterpart. Square wave voltammograms do not show any resolution of the two isomers, giving a reversible reduction wave at -0.65 or -0.58 V/SCE, and an irreversible oxidation peak at 1.11 V/SCE, those values being classical for most carbo-benzene derivatives. Calculated NICS values (NICS(1)=-12.5±0.2 ppm) also indicate that the aromatic nature of the C18 rings is not markedly affected by the dialkynylbutatriene (DAB) connector between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongwei Zhu
- Faculté Science et Ingénierie - Département de Chimie., Unsaturated molecules for physics, biology and chemistry group., Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31-062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Alix Saquet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Maraval
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Xiuling Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Mª Aurèlia, Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Remi Chauvin
- Faculté Science et Ingénierie - Département de Chimie., Unsaturated molecules for physics, biology and chemistry group., Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31-062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou Z, Johnson MA, Wei Z, Bühringer MU, Garner MH, Tykwinski R, Petrukhina MA. Bending a Cumulene with Electrons: Stepwise Chemical Reduction and Structural Study of a Tetraaryl[4]Cumulene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304145. [PMID: 38433113 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Chemical reduction of a [4]cumulene with cesium metal was explored, and the structural changes stemming from electron acquisition are detailed using X-ray crystallography. It is found that the [4]cumulene undergoes dramatic geometric changes upon stepwise reduction, including bending of the cumulenic core and twisting of the endgroups from orthogonal to planar. The structural deformation is consistent with early theoretical reports that suggest that the twisting should occur upon reduction of both even and odd [n]cumulenes. The current results, on the other hand, are inconsistent with a previous experimental study of a [3]cumulene in which the predicted twisting is not observed upon reduction. DFT calculations reveal that the barrier to deformation is an order of magnitude lower in a [3]cumulene than a [4]cumulene, allowing the barrier to be overcome in the solid-state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY-12222, USA
| | - Matthew A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB-T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY-12222, USA
| | - Martina U Bühringer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc H Garner
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rik Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB-T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY-12222, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bro-Jørgensen W, Solomon GC. Understanding Current Density in Molecules Using Molecular Orbitals. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9003-9012. [PMID: 37856785 PMCID: PMC10627148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
While the use of molecular orbitals (MOs) and their isosurfaces to explain physical phenomena in chemical systems is a time-honored tool, we show that the nodes are an equally important component for understanding the current density through single-molecule junctions. We investigate three different model systems consisting of an alkane, alkene, and even [n]cumulene and show that we can explain the form of the current density using the MOs of the molecule. Essentially, the MOs define the region in which current can flow and their gradients define the direction in which current flows within that region. We also show that it is possible to simplify the current density for improved understanding by either partitioning the current density into more chemically intuitive parts, such as σ- and π-systems, or by filtering out MOs with negligible contributions to the overall current density. Our work highlights that it is possible to infer a non-equilibrium property (current density) given only equilibrium properties (MOs and their gradients), and this, in turn, grants deeper insight into coherent electron transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Bro-Jørgensen
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gemma C. Solomon
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF
Quantum Computing Programme, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang ZY, Zhu R. Conjugated [5]Cumulene Polymers Enabled by Condensation Polymerization of Propargylic Electrophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23755-23763. [PMID: 37853723 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Cumulenes, sp-hybridized carbon motifs featuring consecutive double bonds, have rarely been explored as π-elements for conjugated polymers. Long cumulenic conjugated polymers can serve as models for approaching carbyne, an intriguing yet elusive carbon allotrope. However, their synthesis is notoriously difficult due to intrinsic instability. To date, only few [3]cumulene-based polymers have been synthesized, mostly relying on surface chemistry. Higher cumulene-based polymers remain unknown. Here, we present a "meet in the middle" strategy to overcome this challenge and synthesize high-molecular-weight, stable, and solution-processable conjugated [5]cumulene polymers (Mw up to 67.9 kg/mol). Our approach involves a new polymerization method called step-growth condensation polymerization of propargylic electrophiles (step-growth CPPE). The structures and molecular weights of the cumulenic polymers are established by various spectroscopic methods, including a comparative analysis of a discrete oligomer series. By introducing ortho-substituents on the aryl side groups, we successfully address the stability-conjugation dilemma. Electronic communication between cumulene units is found to be contingent upon the aromaticity of the π-spacers, enabling flexible energy-level adjustment and new narrow band gap polymers. The synthetic methodology and structure-property relationship established in this work serve as the starting points for the exploration of this fascinating family of sp-carbon-rich materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lai Y, Halder A, Kim J, Hicks TJ, Milner PJ. Electroreductive Radical Borylation of Unactivated (Hetero)Aryl Chlorides Without Light by Using Cumulene-Based Redox Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310246. [PMID: 37559156 PMCID: PMC10529720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-electron transfer (SET) plays a critical role in many chemical processes, from organic synthesis to environmental remediation. However, the selective reduction of inert substrates (Ep/2 <-2 V vs Fc/Fc+ ), such as ubiquitous electron-neutral and electron-rich (hetero)aryl chlorides, remains a major challenge. Current approaches largely rely on catalyst photoexcitation to reach the necessary deeply reducing potentials or suffer from limited substrate scopes. Herein, we demonstrate that cumulenes-organic molecules with multiple consecutive double bonds-can function as catalytic redox mediators for the electroreductive radical borylation of (hetero)aryl chlorides at relatively mild cathodic potentials (approximately -1.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl) without the need for photoirradiation. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational studies support that step-wise electron transfer from reduced cumulenes to electron-neutral chloroarenes is followed by thermodynamically favorable mesolytic cleavage of the aryl radical anion to generate the desired aryl radical intermediate. Our findings will guide the development of other sustainable, purely electroreductive radical transformations of inert molecules using organic redox mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Arjun Halder
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thomas J Hicks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Phillip J Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu JW, Wang Y, Kang LX, Zhao Y, Xing GY, Huang ZY, Zhu YC, Li DY, Liu PN. Two-Dimensional Crystal Transition from Radialene to Cumulene on Ag(111) via Retro-[2 + 1] Cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37289993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) crystal-to-crystal transition is an important method in crystal engineering because of its ability to directly create diverse crystal materials from one crystal. However, steering a 2D single-layer crystal-to-crystal transition on surfaces with high chemo- and stereoselectivity under ultra-high vacuum conditions is a great challenge because the transition is a complex dynamic process. Here, we report a highly chemoselective 2D crystal transition from radialene to cumulene with retention of stereoselectivity on Ag(111) via retro-[2 + 1] cycloaddition of three-membered carbon rings and directly visualize the transition process involving a stepwise epitaxial growth mechanism by the combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy. Using progression annealing, we found that isocyanides on Ag(111) at a low annealing temperature underwent sequential [1 + 1 + 1] cycloaddition and enantioselective molecular recognition based on C-H···Cl hydrogen bonding interactions to form 2D triaza[3]radialene crystals. In contrast, a higher annealing temperature induced the transformation of triaza[3]radialenes to generate trans-diaza[3]cumulenes, which were further assembled into 2D cumulene-based crystals through twofold N-Ag-N coordination and C-H···Cl hydrogen bonding interactions. By combining the observed distinct transient intermediates and density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that the retro-[2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction proceeds via the ring opening of a three-membered carbon ring, sequential dechlorination/hydrogen passivation, and deisocyanation. Our findings provide new insights into the growth mechanism and dynamics of 2D crystals and have implications for controllable crystal engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li-Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guang-Yan Xing
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bajaj A, Ali ME. Anti-ohmic nanoconductors: myth, reality and promise. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9607-9616. [PMID: 36942699 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00366c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent accomplishment in the design of molecular nanowires characterized by increasing conductance with length has led to the origin of an extraordinary new family of molecular junctions referred to as "anti-ohmic" wires. Herein, this highly desirable, non-classical behavior, has been examined for molecules long-enough to exhibit pronounced diradical character in their ground state within the unrestricted DFT formalism with spin symmetry breaking. We demonstrate that highly conjugated acenes signal higher resistance in an open-shell singlet (OSS) configuration as compared to their closed-shell counterparts. This anomaly has been further proven for experimentally certified cumulene wires, which reveals phenomenal modulation in the transport characteristics such that an increasing conductance is observed in the closed-shell limit, while higher cumulenes in the OSS ground state yield regular decay of conductance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bajaj
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab-140306, India.
| | - Md Ehesan Ali
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab-140306, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dhindsa JS, Cotterill EL, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Boyle PD, Gilroy JB. Blending the Optical and Redox Properties of Oligoynes and Boron Difluoride Formazanates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208502. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S. Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Erin L. Cotterill
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Francis L. Buguis
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michael Anghel
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dhindsa JS, Cotterrill EL, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Boyle PD, Gilroy JB. Blending the Optical and Redox Properties of Oligoynes and Boron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S Dhindsa
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Erin L. Cotterrill
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Francis L. Buguis
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Michael Anghel
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- The University of Western Ontario Department of Chemistry 1151 Richmond St. N. N6A 5B7 London CANADA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun B, Oakley MS, Yoshida K, Yang Y, Tommasini M, Zanchi C, Lucotti A, Ferguson MJ, Hampel F, Klobukowski M, Tykwinski RR. The Effects of Ring Strain on Cyclic Tetraaryl[5]cumulenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200616. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bozheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Meagan S. Oakley
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yanwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Chiara Zanchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | | | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | | | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pecorario S, Scaccabarozzi AD, Fazzi D, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Vurro V, Maserati L, Jiang M, Losi T, Sun B, Tykwinski RR, Casari CS, Caironi M. Stable and Solution-Processable Cumulenic sp-Carbon Wires: A New Paradigm for Organic Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110468. [PMID: 35178779 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed, large-area, and flexible electronics largely relies on the excellent electronic properties of sp2 -hybridized carbon molecules, either in the form of π-conjugated small molecules and polymers or graphene and carbon nanotubes. Carbon with sp-hybridization, the foundation of the elusive allotrope carbyne, offers vast opportunities for functionalized molecules in the form of linear carbon atomic wires (CAWs), with intriguing and even superior predicted electronic properties. While CAWs represent a vibrant field of research, to date, they have only been applied sparingly to molecular devices. The recent observation of the field-effect in microcrystalline cumulenes suggests their potential applications in solution-processed thin-film transistors but concerns surrounding the stability and electronic performance have precluded developments in this direction. In the present study, ideal field-effect characteristics are demonstrated for solution-processed thin films of tetraphenyl[3]cumulene, the shortest semiconducting CAW. Films are deposited through a scalable, large-area, meniscus-coating technique, providing transistors with hole mobilities in excess of 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 , as well as promising operational stability under dark conditions. These results offer a solid foundation for the exploitation of a vast class of molecular semiconductors for organic electronics based on sp-hybridized carbon systems and create a previously unexplored paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pecorario
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Department of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | | | - Vito Vurro
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maserati
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mengting Jiang
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Tommaso Losi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Bozheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Carlo S Casari
- Department of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu B, Su HZ, Wang ZY, Yu ZD, Sun HL, Yang F, Dou JH, Zhu R. Copper-Catalyzed Formal Dehydration Polymerization of Propargylic Alcohols via Cumulene Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4315-4320. [PMID: 35245047 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a copper-catalyzed formal dehydration polymerization of propargylic alcohols. Copper catalysis allows for efficient in situ generation of [n]cumulenes (n = 3, 5) by a soft deprotonation/β-elimination pathway and subsequent polymerization via organocopper species. Alkyne polymers (Mn up to 36.2 kg/mol) were produced with high efficiency (up to 95% yield) and excellent functional group tolerance. One-pot synthesis of semiconducting head-to-head poly(phenylacetylene) was demonstrated through a polymerization-isomerization sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao-Ze Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zi-Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Han-Li Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Asim W, Waheeb AS, Awad MA, Kadhum AM, Ali A, Mallah SH, Iqbal MA, Kadhim MM. Recent advances in the synthesis of zirconium complexes and their catalytic applications. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
15
|
Structural and electronic properties of polyyne and cumulene chains with phenylene as central aromatic group: a density functional theory study. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Johnson MA, Martin M, Cocq K, Ferguson M, Jux N, Tykwinski RR. Acylation of Hexaphenylbenzene for the Synthesis of [5]Cumulenes. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Martin
- FAU Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kévin Cocq
- University of Alberta Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | | | - Norbert Jux
- FAU: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- University of Alberta Department of Chemistry T6G 2G2 Edmonton CANADA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Balakrishnan A, Vijayakumar S. Highly delocalised molecular orbitals in boron-, carbon- and nitrogen-based linear chains: a DFT study. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.2020923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Vijayakumar
- Department of Medical Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu W, Leary E, Sangtarash S, Jirasek M, González MT, Christensen KE, Abellán Vicente L, Agraït N, Higgins SJ, Nichols RJ, Lambert CJ, Anderson HL. A Peierls Transition in Long Polymethine Molecular Wires: Evolution of Molecular Geometry and Single-Molecule Conductance. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20472-20481. [PMID: 34817985 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecules capable of mediating charge transport over several nanometers with minimal decay in conductance have fundamental and technological implications. Polymethine cyanine dyes are fascinating molecular wires because up to a critical length, they have no bond-length alternation (BLA) and their electronic structure resembles a one-dimensional free-electron gas. Beyond this threshold, they undergo a symmetry-breaking Peierls transition, which increases the HOMO-LUMO gap. We have investigated cationic cyanines with central polymethine chains of 5-13 carbon atoms (Cy3+-Cy11+). The absorption spectra and crystal structures show that symmetry breaking is sensitive to the polarity of the medium and the size of the counterion. X-ray crystallography reveals that Cy9·PF6 and Cy11·B(C6F5)4 are Peierls distorted, with high BLA at one end of the π-system, away from the partially delocalized positive charge. This pattern of BLA distribution resembles that of solitons in polyacetylene. The single-molecule conductance is essentially independent of molecular length for the polymethine salts of Cy3+-Cy11+ with the large B(C6F5)4- counterion, but with the PF6- counterion, the conductance decreases for the longer molecules, Cy7+-Cy11+, because this smaller anion polarizes the π-system, inducing a symmetry-breaking transition. At higher bias (0.9 V), the conductance of the shorter chains, Cy3+-Cy7+, increases with length (negative attenuation factor, β = -1.6 nm-1), but the conductance still drops in Cy9+ and Cy11+ with the small polarizing PF6- counteranion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund Leary
- Fundación IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Jirasek
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - M Teresa González
- Fundación IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Abellán Vicente
- Fundación IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás Agraït
- Fundación IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, IFIMAC and Instituto "Nicolás Cabrera", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon J Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, Donnan and Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, Donnan and Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
More details on diazoolefins. Nat Chem 2021; 13:1030-1032. [PMID: 34707234 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Lenko I, Mamontov A, Alayrac C, Legay R, Witulski B. Media‐Driven Pd‐Catalyzed Reaction Cascades with 1,3‐Diynamides Leading Selectively to Either Indoles or Quinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Illia Lenko
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique CNRS UMR 6507 ENSICAEN & UNICAEN Normandie Univ. 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin 14050 Caen France
| | - Alexander Mamontov
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique CNRS UMR 6507 ENSICAEN & UNICAEN Normandie Univ. 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin 14050 Caen France
| | - Carole Alayrac
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique CNRS UMR 6507 ENSICAEN & UNICAEN Normandie Univ. 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin 14050 Caen France
| | - Rémi Legay
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique CNRS UMR 6507 ENSICAEN & UNICAEN Normandie Univ. 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin 14050 Caen France
| | - Bernhard Witulski
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique CNRS UMR 6507 ENSICAEN & UNICAEN Normandie Univ. 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin 14050 Caen France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lenko I, Mamontov A, Alayrac C, Legay R, Witulski B. Media-Driven Pd-Catalyzed Reaction Cascades with 1,3-Diynamides Leading Selectively to Either Indoles or Quinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22729-22734. [PMID: 34411395 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Divergent Pd-catalyzed reaction cascades with various 1,3-diynamides yielding either 2-amino-3-alkynylindoles or 2-amino-4-alkenylquinolines were established. Omitting or adding TBAF (tetrabutylammonium fluoride) to the reaction of N,N-(2-iodophenyl)(4-toluenesulfonyl)-1,3-diynamides with secondary or primary amines in the presence of KOH in THF and catalytic amounts of Pd(PPh3 )4 completely changed the outcome of the reaction. In the absence of TBAF, 2-amino-3-alkynylindoles were the sole products, while the presence of TBAF switched the product formation to 2-amino-4-alkenylquinolines. Deuterium labeling proceeded selectively at the C3 and C11 positions of the 2-amino-4-alkenylquinoline products and this suggests the unprecedented formation of [4]cumulenimines from 1,3-diynamides as reactive key intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Illia Lenko
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, CNRS UMR 6507, ENSICAEN & UNICAEN, Normandie Univ., 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin, 14050, Caen, France
| | - Alexander Mamontov
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, CNRS UMR 6507, ENSICAEN & UNICAEN, Normandie Univ., 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin, 14050, Caen, France
| | - Carole Alayrac
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, CNRS UMR 6507, ENSICAEN & UNICAEN, Normandie Univ., 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin, 14050, Caen, France
| | - Rémi Legay
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, CNRS UMR 6507, ENSICAEN & UNICAEN, Normandie Univ., 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin, 14050, Caen, France
| | - Bernhard Witulski
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, CNRS UMR 6507, ENSICAEN & UNICAEN, Normandie Univ., 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin, 14050, Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hirao Y, Daifuku Y, Ihara K, Kubo T. Spin–Spin Interactions in One‐Dimensional Assemblies of a Cumulene‐Based Singlet Biradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoko Daifuku
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Keiji Ihara
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bro-Jørgensen W, Garner MH, Solomon GC. Quantification of the Helicality of Helical Molecular Orbitals. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8107-8115. [PMID: 34491758 PMCID: PMC8450904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The frontier molecular orbital (MO) topology of linear carbon molecules, such as polyynes, can be visually identified as helices. However, there is no clear way to quantify the helical curvature of these π-MOs, and it is thus challenging to quantify correlations between the helical curvature and molecular properties. In this paper, we develop a method that enables us to compute the helical curvature of MOs based on their nodal planes. Using this method, we define a robust way of quantifying the helical nature of MOs (helicality) by their deviation from a perfect helix. We explore several limiting cases, including polyynes, metallacumulenes, cyclic allenes, and spiroconjugated systems, where the change in helical curvature is subtle yet clearly highlighted with this method. For example, we show that strain only has a minor effect on the helicality of the frontier orbitals of cycloallenes and that the MOs of spiroconjugated systems are close to perfect helices around the spiro-carbon. Our work provides a well-defined method for assessing orbital helicality beyond visual inspection of MO isosurfaces, thus paving the way for future studies of how the helicality of π-MOs affects molecular properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Bro-Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marc H Garner
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Gemma C Solomon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hirao Y, Daifuku Y, Ihara K, Kubo T. Spin-Spin Interactions in One-Dimensional Assemblies of a Cumulene-Based Singlet Biradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21319-21326. [PMID: 34101316 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of phenalenyl-endcapped [5]cumulene as a cumulene-based singlet biradical and the spin correlation changes of one-dimensional aggregates are described. The high propensity for self-aggregation of phenalenyl rings and the introduction of bulky substituents into the appropriate positions led to the formation of a one-dimensional chain assembly. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis indicated that the bond length alternation of the cumulene chain increased with decreasing temperature, along with improved overlapping of the phenalenyl rings. Variable-temperature Raman spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that a localized spin pair within the molecule decouples at low temperatures, and a continuum spin system involving intra- and intermolecular spin-spin interactions emerges in the one-dimensional chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoko Daifuku
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Keiji Ihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Balakrishnan A, Shankar R, Vijayakumar S. Polyyne-metal complexes for use in molecular wire applications: A DFT insight. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Sarbadhikary P, Misra A. Magnetic Modulation in Heteroallene and Heterocumulene Based tert-butyl Nitroxide Diradicals: Spin Delocalization and Conformation Play Crucial Roles. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1379-1388. [PMID: 33977620 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have theoretically investigated the magnetic properties of heteroallene (>C=C=X-) and heterocumulene (>C=C=C=X-) based tert-butyl nitroxide diradicals (X is P/As). Calculation of magnetic exchange coupling constant (J) shows ferromagnetic interaction in heteroallene based diradicals. Whereas, in heterocumulene based diradicals, tuning of J value from antiferro- to ferro-magnetic state is observed from Z- to E- isomer. Delocalization of spin density from radical site to the coupler (in planar arrangement) is observed in spin distribution analysis which is also advocated by molecular orbital analysis. The typical feature of tert-butyl nitroxide radical creates spin delocalization along with spin polarization within the coupler. The J values of all the diradicals strongly depend on the dihedral angle between radical center and coupler. Magneto-structural correlation shows that the change in dihedral angle tunes the magnetic property for both the Z- and E- isomers of heterocumulenes depending on the spin accumulation on two nearby magnetic centers. The extent of spin delocalization and conformation of spin centers on the molecular axis are important for the different J values observed in our designed systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anirban Misra
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Dist-Darjeeling, 734013, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Anderson HL, Patrick CW, Scriven LM, Woltering SL. A Short History of Cyclocarbons. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Connor W. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Lorel M. Scriven
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ghorai S, Lee D. Selectivity for Alkynyl or Allenyl Imidamides and Imidates in Copper-Catalyzed Reactions of Terminal 1,3-Diynes and Azides. Org Lett 2021; 23:697-701. [PMID: 33443441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed reactions of terminal 1,3-diynes with electron-deficient azides to generate either 3-alkynyl or 2,3-dienyl imidamides and imidates are described. The selectivity depends on the diyne substituents and the nucleophile that reacts with the ketenimide intermediate generated from the corresponding triazole precursor. Reactions of 1,3-diynes containing a propargylic acetate afford [3]cumulenyl imidamides, while reactions using methanol as the trapping agent selectively generate 2,3-dienyl imidates. Five-membered heterocycles were obtained from 1,3-diynes containing a homopropargylic hydroxyl or amine substituent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Daesung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Garner MH, Corminboeuf C. Helical electronic transitions of spiroconjugated molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6408-6411. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01904j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The π–π* transitions of disubstituted spiropentadiene become helical due to mixing of its two perpendicular π-systems. The helicity is symmetry-protected and gives rise to experimentally observable effects, such as optical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc H. Garner
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Lausanne 1015
- Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Lausanne 1015
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Riaño A, Carini M, Melle-Franco M, Mateo-Alonso A. Mechanically Interlocked Nitrogenated Nanographenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20481-20488. [PMID: 33213145 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of mechanically interlocked nitrogenated nanographenes. These systems have been obtained by clipping different tetralactam macrocycles around a 1.9 nm dumbbell-shaped nitrogenated nanographene. Thermal, optoelectronic, and electrochemical characterization of the different mechanically interlocked nanographenes evidence enhanced thermal and photochemical stability, and also absorption and emission properties that vary with the structure of the macrocycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Riaño
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Marco Carini
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pinter P, Munz D. Controlling Möbius-Type Helicity and the Excited-State Properties of Cumulenes with Carbenes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10100-10110. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piermaria Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, General and Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Geb. C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, General and Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zang Y, Fu T, Zou Q, Ng F, Li H, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L. Cumulene Wires Display Increasing Conductance with Increasing Length. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8415-8419. [PMID: 33095021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional sp-hybridized carbon wires, including cumulenes and polyynes, can be regarded as finite versions of carbynes. They are likely to be good candidates for molecular-scale conducting wires as they are predicted to have a high-conductance. In this study, we first characterize the single-molecule conductance of a series of cumulenes and polyynes with a backbone ranging in length from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, including [7]cumulene, the longest cumulenic carbon wire studied to date for molecular electronics. We observe different length dependence of conductance when comparing these two forms of carbon wires. Polyynes exhibit conductance decays with increasing molecular length, while cumulenes show a conductance increase with increasing molecular length. Their distinct conducting behaviors are attributed to their different bond length alternation, which is supported by theoretical calculations. This study confirms the long-standing theoretical predictions on sp-hybridized carbon wires and demonstrates that cumulenes can form highly conducting molecular wires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tianren Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Qi Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Fay Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hexing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Mondal KC, Frenking G. Stabilization of Linear C 3 by Two Donor Ligands: A Theoretical Study of L-C 3 -L (L=PPh 3 , NHC Me , cAAC Me )*. Chemistry 2020; 26:14211-14220. [PMID: 32743817 PMCID: PMC7702110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical studies using density functional theory and ab initio methods have been carried out for the molecules L-C3 -L with L=PPh3 (1), NHCMe (2, NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene), and cAACMe (3, cAAC=cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene). The calculations predict that 1 and 2 have equilibrium geometries where the ligands are bonded with rather acute bonding angles at the linear C3 moiety. The phosphine adduct 1 has a synclinal (gauche) conformation whereas 2 exhibits a trans conformation of the ligands. In contrast, the compound 3 possesses a nearly linear arrangement of the carbene ligands at the C3 fragment. The bond dissociation energies of the ligands have the order 1<2<3. The bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods suggests that 3 is best described as a cumulene with electron-sharing double bonds between neutral fragments (cAACMe )2 and C3 in the respective electronic quintet state yielding (cAACMe )=C3 =(cAACMe ). In contrast, 1 and 2 possess electron-sharing and dative bonds between positively charged ligands [(PPh3 )2 ]+ or [(NHCMe )2 ]+ and negatively charged [C3 ]- fragments in the respective doublet state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
| | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Garner MH, Corminboeuf C. Correlation between Optical Activity and the Helical Molecular Orbitals of Allene and Cumulenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:8028-8033. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc H. Garner
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Simserides C, Morphis A, Lambropoulos K. Hole Transfer in Open Carbynes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3979. [PMID: 32911864 PMCID: PMC7559821 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigate hole transfer in open carbynes, i.e., carbon atomic nanowires, using Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (RT-TDDFT). The nanowire is made of N carbon atoms. We use the functional B3LYP and the basis sets 3-21G, 6-31G*, cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, cc-pVQZ. We also utilize a few Tight-Binding (TB) wire models, a very simple model with all sites equivalent and transfer integrals given by the Harrison ppπ expression (TBI) as well as a model with modified initial and final sites (TBImod) to take into account the presence of one or two or three hydrogen atoms at the edge sites. To achieve similar site occupations in cumulenes with those obtained by converged RT-TDDFT, TBImod is sufficient. However, to achieve similar frequency content of charge and dipole moment oscillations and similar coherent transfer rates, the TBImod transfer integrals have to be multiplied by a factor of four (TBImodt4times). An explanation for this is given. Full geometry optimization at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory shows that in cumulenes bond length alternation (BLA) is not strictly zero and is not constant, although it is symmetrical relative to the molecule center. BLA in cumulenic cases is much smaller than in polyynic cases, so, although not strictly, the separation to cumulenes and polyynes, approximately, holds. Vibrational analysis confirms that for N even all cumulenes with coplanar methylene end groups are stable, for N odd all cumulenes with perpendicular methylene end groups are stable, and the number of hydrogen atoms at the end groups is clearly seen in all cumulenic and polyynic cases. We calculate and discuss the Density Functional Theory (DFT) ground state energy of neutral molecules, the CDFT (Constrained DFT) "ground state energy" of molecules with a hole at one end group, energy spectra, density of states, energy gap, charge and dipole moment oscillations, mean over time probabilities to find the hole at each site, coherent transfer rates, and frequency content, in general. We also compare RT-TDDFT with TB results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Simserides
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, GR-15784 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (K.L.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Urgel JI, Di Giovannantonio M, Eimre K, Lohr TG, Liu J, Mishra S, Sun Q, Kinikar A, Widmer R, Stolz S, Bommert M, Berger R, Ruffieux P, Pignedoli CA, Müllen K, Feng X, Fasel R. On-Surface Synthesis of Cumulene-Containing Polymers via Two-Step Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Dibromomethylene-Functionalized Tribenzoazulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13281-13287. [PMID: 32350979 PMCID: PMC7496152 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cumulene compounds are notoriously difficult to prepare and study because their reactivity increases dramatically with the increasing number of consecutive double bonds. In this respect, the emerging field of on-surface synthesis provides exceptional opportunities because it relies on reactions on clean metal substrates under well-controlled ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Here we report the on-surface synthesis of a polymer linked by cumulene-like bonds on a Au(111) surface via sequential thermally activated dehalogenative C-C coupling of a tribenzoazulene precursor equipped with two dibromomethylene groups. The structure and electronic properties of the resulting polymer with cumulene-like pentagon-pentagon and heptagon-heptagon connections have been investigated by means of scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy methods and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, complemented by density functional theory calculations. Our results provide perspectives for the on-surface synthesis of cumulene-containing compounds, as well as protocols relevant to the stepwise fabrication of carbon-carbon bonds on surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José I. Urgel
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Thorsten G. Lohr
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnical University of Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnical University of Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Nanostructures at SurfacesInstitute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH-1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnical University of Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnical University of Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Urgel JI, Di Giovannantonio M, Eimre K, Lohr TG, Liu J, Mishra S, Sun Q, Kinikar A, Widmer R, Stolz S, Bommert M, Berger R, Ruffieux P, Pignedoli CA, Müllen K, Feng X, Fasel R. On‐Surface Synthesis of Cumulene‐Containing Polymers via Two‐Step Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Dibromomethylene‐Functionalized Tribenzoazulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José I. Urgel
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Thorsten G. Lohr
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technical University of Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technical University of Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Laboratory of Nanostructures at Surfaces Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technical University of Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technical University of Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Konishi A, Satake S, Yasuda M. Catalytic Cycloisomerization of Conjugated Bisbutatrienes into Pentalene Skeletons: Synthesis and Properties of Bisbutatrienes with an Acenaphthene Backbone. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoya Satake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Allenes (carbodicarbenes) and [3]cumulenes are linear carbon chains that can be bent when the terminal group has a strong carbene nature. This bending can be quite pronounced in allenes but not in [3]cumulenes. In this study, how N-heterocyclic or cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene (NHC and CAAC, respectively) terminal groups can modify the linear structure of [n]cumulenes has been analyzed. A low π acidity of the terminal carbene affects the linearity of [2n]cumulenes. Indeed, it has been found that the NHC [4]cumulene is extremely bent, contrary to classical [4]cumulenes. The predicted NHC [4]cumulene or tricarbodicarbene has two lone pairs and the π electrons are delocalized over the whole molecule. More significantly, DFT calculations have shown that this bent [4]cumulene is very stable, considerably more so than the corresponding [3]cumulene, which has been elusive to synthesize. Remarkably, calculations have shown that all the NHC [2n]cumulenes are more than 25 kcal mol-1 more stable than the [2n-1]cumulenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Enrique Barquera-Lozada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, México, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nojo W, Tamaoki H, Ishigaki Y, Katoono R, Fujiwara K, Fukushima T, Suzuki T. Molecular Wires with Controllable π-Delocalization Incorporating Redox-Triggered π-Conjugated Switching Units. Chempluschem 2020; 84:634-642. [PMID: 31944008 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A perfluorobiphenyl-2,2'-diyl dication and its corresponding dihydrophenanthrene-type electron donor are interconvertible upon two-electron transfer. Redox-triggered C-C bond-formation/cleavage caused a drastic change in the torsion angle of the biphenyl unit. Thus, π-delocalization ON/OFF switching was observed as a change in the UV absorption upon electrolysis of the linearly extended analogue with two phenylethynyl groups. A further extended π-system with a molecular length of ca. 3.5 nm, which has two switching units, was synthesized. Spectroelectrograms as well as voltammetric analyses showed that the two units act nearly simultaneously because of the very small inter-unit electrostatic repulsion in the tetracationic state. Thus, the present pair is a promising candidate as a switching unit for "molecular wires" with controllable π-delocalization, in which a higher ON/OFF ratio of delocalization could be realized by incorporating multiple switching units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nojo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hitomi Tamaoki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Akita University, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li P, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Pu L, King RB. Understanding the singlet–triplet energy splittings in transition metal-capped carbon chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2858-2869. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06591a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory and molecular orbital analysis suggest that the odd–even alternation of singlet–triplet energy separations is a general feature of transition metal-capped carbon chains, determined primarily by the carbon chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Yang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Pu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - R. Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Directing isomerization reactions of cumulenes with electric fields. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4482. [PMID: 31578333 PMCID: PMC6775130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric fields have been proposed as having a distinct ability to catalyze chemical reactions through the stabilization of polar or ionic intermediate transition states. Although field-assisted catalysis is being researched, the ability to catalyze reactions in solution using electric fields remains elusive and the understanding of mechanisms of such catalysis is sparse. Here we show that an electric field can catalyze the cis-to-trans isomerization of [3]cumulene derivatives in solution, in a scanning tunneling microscope. We further show that the external electric field can alter the thermodynamics inhibiting the trans-to-cis reverse reaction, endowing the selectivity toward trans isomer. Using density functional theory-based calculations, we find that the applied electric field promotes a zwitterionic resonance form, which ensures a lower energy transition state for the isomerization reaction. The field also stabilizes the trans form, relative to the cis, dictating the cis/trans thermodynamics, driving the equilibrium product exclusively toward the trans.
Collapse
|
43
|
Ardila‐Fierro KJ, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Mechanosynthesis of Odd-Numbered Tetraaryl[n]cumulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12945-12949. [PMID: 31265746 PMCID: PMC6773223 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A mechanochemical synthesis of one-dimensional carbon allotrope carbyne model compounds, namely tetraaryl[n]cumulenes (n=3, 5) was realized. Central for the mechanosynthesis of the cumulenic carbon nanostructures were the development of a mechanochemical Favorskii alkynylation-type reaction and the implementation of a solvent-free, acid-free reductive elimination with tin(II) chloride by ball milling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ardila‐Fierro KJ, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Mechanosynthesis of Odd‐Numbered Tetraaryl[
n
]cumulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yoshida D, Takahashi K. Odd–Even Reactivity Variation Due to Dynamical Effects around the Roaming Saddle Points of the Reaction Between C n– Chain ( n = 2–8) and H 2. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5300-5308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yoshida
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China
| | - Kaito Takahashi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Xu W, Leary E, Hou S, Sangtarash S, González MT, Rubio‐Bollinger G, Wu Q, Sadeghi H, Tejerina L, Christensen KE, Agraït N, Higgins SJ, Lambert CJ, Nichols RJ, Anderson HL. Unusual Length Dependence of the Conductance in Cumulene Molecular Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8378-8382. [PMID: 31026371 PMCID: PMC6563095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cumulenes are sometimes described as "metallic" because an infinitely long cumulene would have the band structure of a metal. Herein, we report the single-molecule conductance of a series of cumulenes and cumulene analogues, where the number of consecutive C=C bonds in the core is n=1, 2, 3, and 5. The [n]cumulenes with n=3 and 5 have almost the same conductance, and they are both more conductive than the alkene (n=1). This is remarkable because molecular conductance normally falls exponentially with length. The conductance of the allene (n=2) is much lower, because of its twisted geometry. Computational simulations predict a similar trend to the experimental results and indicate that the low conductance of the allene is a general feature of [n]cumulenes where n is even. The lack of length dependence in the conductance of [3] and [5]cumulenes is attributed to the strong decrease in the HOMO-LUMO gap with increasing length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Edmund Leary
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of LiverpoolOxford StreetLiverpoolL69 3BXUK
| | - Songjun Hou
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | | | - M. Teresa González
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Gabino Rubio‐Bollinger
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Lara Tejerina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | | | - Nicolás Agraït
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | | | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of LiverpoolOxford StreetLiverpoolL69 3BXUK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Xu W, Leary E, Hou S, Sangtarash S, González MT, Rubio‐Bollinger G, Wu Q, Sadeghi H, Tejerina L, Christensen KE, Agraït N, Higgins SJ, Lambert CJ, Nichols RJ, Anderson HL. Unusual Length Dependence of the Conductance in Cumulene Molecular Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Edmund Leary
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Songjun Hou
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - M. Teresa González
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Gabino Rubio‐Bollinger
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - Lara Tejerina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Nicolás Agraït
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | | | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Garner MH, Jensen A, Hyllested LOH, Solomon GC. Helical orbitals and circular currents in linear carbon wires. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4598-4608. [PMID: 31123570 PMCID: PMC6496982 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disubstituted odd-carbon cumulenes are linear carbon wires with helical π-orbitals, which results in circular current around the wire.
Disubstituted odd-carbon cumulenes are linear carbon wires with near-degenerate helical π-orbitals. Such cumulenes are chiral molecules but their electronic structure consists of helical orbitals of both chiralities. For these helical molecular orbitals to give rise to experimentally observable effects, the near-degenerate orbitals of opposite helicities must be split. Here we show how pyramidalized single-faced π-donors, such as the amine substituent, provide a strategy for splitting the helical molecular orbitals. The chirality induced by the amine substituents allow for systematic control of the helicity of the frontier orbitals. We examine how the helical orbitals in odd-carbon cumulenes control the coherent electron transport properties, and we explicitly predict two modes in the experimental single-molecule conductance for these molecules. We also show that the current density through these linear wires exhibits strong circular currents. The direction of the circular currents is systematically controlled by the helicity of the frontier molecular orbitals, and is therefore altered by changing between the conformations of the molecule. Furthermore, the circular currents are subject to a full ring-reversal around antiresonances in the Landauer transmission, emphasizing the relation to destructive quantum interference. With circular currents present around truly linear carbon wires, cumulenes are promising candidates for novel applications in molecular electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Garner
- Department of Chemistry , Nano-Science Center , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ;
| | - Anders Jensen
- Department of Chemistry , Nano-Science Center , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ;
| | - Louise O H Hyllested
- Department of Chemistry , Nano-Science Center , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ;
| | - Gemma C Solomon
- Department of Chemistry , Nano-Science Center , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Franz M, Januszewski JA, Hampel F, Tykwinski RR. [3]Rotaxanes with Mixed Axles: Polyynes and Cumulenes. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Franz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Johanna A. Januszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lee JK, Lee GD, Lee S, Yoon E, Anderson HL, Briggs GAD, Warner JH. Atomic Scale Imaging of Reversible Ring Cyclization in Graphene Nanoconstrictions. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2379-2388. [PMID: 30673212 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an atomic level study of reversible cyclization processes in suspended nanoconstricted regions of graphene that form linear carbon chains (LCCs). Before the nanoconstricted region reaches a single linear carbon chain (SLCC), we observe that a double linear carbon chain (DLCC) structure often reverts back to a ribbon of sp2 hybridized oligoacene rings, in a process akin to the Bergman rearrangement. When the length of the DLCC system only consists of ∼5 atoms in each LCC, full recyclization occurs for all atoms present, but for longer DLCCs we find that only single sections of the chain are modified in their bonding hybridization and no full ring closure occurs along the entire DLCCs. This process is observed in real time using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and simulated using density functional theory and tight binding molecular dynamics calculations. These results show that DLCCs are highly sensitive to the adsorption of local gas molecules or surface diffusion impurities and undergo structural modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ja Kyung Lee
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Gun-Do Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-743 , Korea
| | - Sungwoo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-743 , Korea
| | - Euijoon Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-743 , Korea
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - G Andrew D Briggs
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|