Competitive Displacement Triggering DBP Photoelectrochemical Aptasensor via Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Bridging Aptamer and Perovskite

Near-infrared light-driven lab-on-paper cathodic photoelectrochemical aptasensing for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate based on AgInS2/Cu2O/FeOOH photocathode

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is commonly released from plastics in aqueous environment, which can disrupt endocrine system and cause adverse effects on public health. There is a pressing need to highly sensitive detect DEHP. Herein, a near-infrared (NIR) light-driven lab-on-paper cathodic photoelectrochemical aptasensing platform integrated with AgInS2/Cu2O/FeOOH photocathode and "Y"-like ternary conjugated DNA nanostructure-mediated "ON-OFF" catalytic switching of hemin monomer-to-dimer was established for ultrasensitive DEHP detection. Profiting from the collaborative roles of the effective photosensitization of NIR-response AgInS2 and the fast hole extraction of FeOOH, the NIR light-activated AgInS2/Cu2O/FeOOH photocathode generated a markedly enhanced photocathodic signal. The dual hemin-labelled "Y"-like ternary conjugated DNA nanostructures made the hemin monomers separated in space and they maintained highly active to catalyze in situ generation of electron acceptors (O2). The hemin monomers were relocated in close proximity with the help of target-induced allosteric change of DNA nanostructures, which could spontaneously dimerize into catalytically inactive hemin dimers and fail to mediate electron acceptors generation, resulting in a decreased photocathodic signal. Therefore, the ultrasensitive DEHP detection was realized with a linear response range of 1 pM-500 nM and a detection limit of 0.39 pM. This work rendered a promising prototype to construct powerful paper-based photocathodic aptasensing system for sensitive and accurate screening of DEHP in aqueous environment.

Highly sensitive photoelectrochemical biosensing detection of early cardiac injury enabled by novel self-assembled Bi2O3/MgIn2S4 photoelectrode coupled with ZnSnO3 quencher

The development of photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensors plays a critical role in enabling timely intervention and personalized treatment for cardiac injury. Herein, a novel approach is presented for the fabrication of highly sensitive PEC biosensor employing Bi2O3/MgIn2S4 heterojunction for the ultrasensitive detection of heart fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP). The Bi2O3/MgIn2S4 heterojunction, synthesized through in-situ growth of MgIn2S4 on Bi2O3 nanoplates, offers superior attributes including a larger specific surface area and more homogeneous distribution, leading to enhanced sensing sensitivity. The well-matched valence and conduction bands of Bi2O3 and MgIn2S4 effectively suppress the recombination of photogenerated carriers and facilitate electron transfer, resulting in a significantly improved photocurrent signal response. And the presence of the secondary antibody marker (ZnSnO3) introduces steric hindrance that hinders electron transfer between ascorbic acid and the photoelectrode, leading to a reduction in photocurrent signal. Additionally, the competition between the ZnSnO3 marker and the Bi2O3/MgIn2S4 heterojunction material for the excitation light source further diminishes the photocurrent signal response. After rigorous repeatability and selectivity tests, the PEC biosensor exhibited excellent performance, and the linear detection range of the biosensor was determined to be 0.05 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL with a remarkable detection limit of 0.029 pg/mL (S/N = 3).

Ultrasensitive monitoring of PCB77 in environmental samples using a visible-driven photoelectrochemical sensing platform coupling with exonuclease I assisted in target recycling

Due to the urgent need for detecting trace amounts of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) in the environment, we have developed an efficient and visible-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platform based on carbon quantum dots (CQDs) modified titanium dioxide nanorods (TiO2 NRs), coupling with exonuclease I (Exo I) assisted in target recycling for significant signal amplification. CQDs/TiO2 NRs with high visible-light absorption ability and electron-hole separation efficiency is used as photoactive substrate for anchoring anti-PCB77 aptamer and its complementary DNA (cDNA). With the addition of PCB77, the specific interaction between PCB77 and its aptamer forces aptamer to separate from the electrode surface, resulting in an increase in photocurrent density. Adding Exo I in the test system, a self-catalytic target cycle was motivated, which significantly increased the PEC signal by more than twice, achieving signal amplification. The relationship between the photocurrent density changes and the concentrations of PCB77 are utilized to achieve quantitative detection of PCB77. The designed PEC sensing platform has good analytical performance with a detection limit as low as 0.33 pg L-1, high selectivity and stability. Moreover, the PEC sensor is successfully used to evaluate the content of PBC77 in the environment samples. The established sensing platform provides a simple and efficient method for detecting trace amounts of PCB77 in the environment.

A generalizable sensing platform based on molecularly imprinted polymer-aptamer double recognition and nanoenzyme assisted photoelectrochemical-colorimetric dual-mode detection

Developing highly sensitive and selective methods that incorporate specific recognition elements is crucial for detecting small molecules because of the limited availability of small molecule antibodies and the challenges in obtaining sensitive signals. In this study, a generalizable photoelectrochemical-colorimetric dual-mode sensing platform was constructed based on the synergistic effects of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-aptamer sandwich structure and nanoenzymes. The MIP functionalized peroxidase-like Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@MIPs) and alkaline phosphatase mimic Zr-MOF labeled aptamer (Zr-mof@Apt) were used as the recognition elements. By selectively accumulating dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a small molecule target model, on Fe3O4@MIPs, the formation of Zr-MOF@Apt-DBP- Fe3O4@MIPs sandwich structure was triggered. Fe3O4@MIPs oxidized TMB to form blue-colored oxTMB. However, upon selective accumulation of DBP, the catalytic activity of Fe3O4@MIPs was inhibited, resulting in a lighter color that was detectable by the colorimetric method. Additionally, Zr-mof@Apt effectively catalyzed the hydrolysis of L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (AAPS), generating ascorbic acid (AA) that could neutralize the photogenerated holes to decrease the photocurrent signals for PEC sensing and reduce oxTMB for colorimetric testing. The dual-mode platform showed strong linearity for different concentrations of DBP from 1.0 pM to 10 μM (PEC) and 0.1 nM to 0.5 μM (colorimetry). The detection limits were 0.263 nM (PEC) and 30.1 nM (colorimetry) (S/N = 3), respectively. The integration of dual-signal measurement mode and sandwich recognition strategy provided a sensitive and accurate platform for the detection of small molecules.

Highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical detection of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on broad-spectrum responsive and interfacial electronic interaction induced p-n BiOI/ZnO nanoarrays heterojunction

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), an endocrine disruptor, shows carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and estrogenic effects. It is easy to release from plastic materials and migrate to soil environment, causing serious pollution and posing a great threat to human health. In our work, a photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platform for DEHP detection was constructed using BiOI/ZnO nanoarrays (NRs) as the transducer species and the DEHP aptamers as the biological recognition elements. ZnO NRs with three-dimensional and large diameter area were prepared by hydrothermal method to increase the light absorption capacity. Coupling BiOI in a narrow band gap with ZnO NRs strengthened visible-light absorption, while promoting charge carrier separation and transportation. This was attributed to the generation of an internal electric field between BiOI and ZnO NRs, exhibiting obvious photocurrent response. The as-developed PEC sensing platform demonstrated great sensing performance for detection of DEHP. Furthermore, the photocurrent varied and the logarithm of DEHP concentration showed a linear relationship from 1.0 × 10-11 to 5.0 × 10-7 mol/L, and the limit of detection was estimated to be 3.8 × 10-12 mol/L. In the meantime, while evaluating its usage in real soil samples, satisfying outcomes were realized. Thus, the as-proposed PEC sensing platform provided a potential device to monitor DEHP in the environment.

Controlling Gold Morphology Using Electrodeposition for the Preparation of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors

Nanostructuring of gold surfaces to enhance electroactive surface area has proven to significantly enhance the performance of electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors, particularly for electrodes on the microscale. Unlike for sensors fabricated on polished gold surfaces, predicting the behavior of E-AB sensors on surfaces with varied gold morphologies becomes more intricate due to the effects of surface roughness and the shapes and sizes of surface features on supporting a self-assembled monolayer. In this study, we explored the impact of gold morphology characteristics on sensor performance, evaluating parameters such as signal change in response to the addition of the target analyte, aptamer probe packing density, and continuous sensing ability. Our findings reveal that surface area enhancement can either enhance or diminish sensor performance for gold nanostructured E-AB sensors, contingent upon the surface morphology. In particular, our results indicate that the aptamer packing density and target analyte signal change results are heavily dependent on gold nanostructure size and features. Sensing surfaces with larger nanoparticle diameters, which were prepared using electrodeposition at a constant potential, had a reduced aptamer packing density and exhibited diminished sensor performance. However, the equivalent packing density of polished electrodes did not yield the equivalent signal change. Other surfaces that were prepared using pulsed waveform electrodeposition achieved optimal signal change with a deposition time, tdep, of 120 s, and increased deposition time with enhanced electroactive surface area resulted in minimized signal changes and more rapid sensor degradation. By investigating sensing surfaces with varied morphologies, we have demonstrated that enhancing the electroactive surface does not always enhance the signal change of the sensor, and aptamer packing density alone does not dictate observed signal change trends. We anticipate that understanding how electrodeposition techniques enhance or diminish sensor performance will pave the way for further exploration of nanostructure-aptamer relationships, contributing to the future development of optimized, miniaturized electrochemical aptamer-based sensors for continuous, in vivo sensing.

Integrating multiple probes for simplifying signal-on photoelectrochemical biosensing of microRNA with ultrasensitivity and wide detection range based on biofunctionalized porous ferroferric oxide and hypotoxic quaternary semiconductor

A facile and signal-on photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing strategy was designed based on hypotoxic Cu2ZnSnS4 NPs nanoparticles (NPs) and biofunctionalized Fe3O4 NPs that integrated recognition units with signal elements, without the need for immobilization of probes on the electrode. Cu2ZnSnS4 NPs were used as the PEC substrate to produce intensive and stable photocurrent. The porous magnetic Fe3O4 NPs displayed favorable loading capacity for CdS QDs and easy biofunctionalization by negatively charged capture DNA (cDNA). cDNA sealed the pore of Fe3O4 NPs, avoiding the escape of CdS QDs as a PEC sensitizer. After hybridizing with target microRNA (miRNA), cDNA split away off Fe3O4 NPs whose porous channel might open and release sealed CdS QDs (signal element), resulting in a dramatical enhancement of PEC response. Herein, miRNA hardly contacted with CdS QDs, effectively avoiding harm to the target miRNA. This proposed strategy simplified procedures of assembly and made the biorecognition process sufficient for promoting a stationary quantity of probes, which was expected to obtain satisfactory performance for bioassay. Using miRNA-155 as a model analyte and combining with duplex-specific nuclease (DSN)-assisted amplification, a simplified and signal-on PEC biosensing platform for miRNA-155 with wonderful performance was proposed. DSN-assisted amplification further promoted PEC signal increment, leading to ulteriorly improving sensitivity (detection limit of 0.17 fM) and linear range (6.5 orders of magnitude) for miRNA-155 assay. Moreover, the developed PEC biosensing platform exhibited satisfactory stability, excellent specificity, and favorable accuracy for miRNA-155, which would have a promising prospect for monitoring miRNA expression in tumor cells.

A review on solution- and vapor-responsive sensors for the detection of phthalates

Phthalic acid esters, largely referred to as phthalates, are today acknowledged as important pollutants used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based plastics, whose use extends to almost every aspect of modern life. The risk of exposure to phthalates is particularly relevant as high concentrations are regularly found in drinking water, food-contact materials and medical devices, motivating an immense body of research devoted to methods for their detection in liquid samples. Conversely, phthalate vapors have only recently been acknowledged as potentially important atmospheric pollutants and as early fire indicators; additionally, deposition of these vapors can pose significant problems to the proper functioning of spacecraft and diverse on-board devices, leading to major space agencies recognizing the need of developing vapor-responsive phthalate sensors. In this manuscript we present a literature survey on solution- and vapor-responsive sensors and analytical assays for the detection of phthalates, providing a detailed analysis of a vast array of analytical data to offer a clear idea on the analytical performance (limits of detection and quantification, linear range) and advantages provided by each class of sensor covered in this review (electrochemical, optical and vapor-responsive) in the context of their potential real-life applications; the manuscript also gives detailed fundamental information on the various physicochemical responses exploited by these sensors and assays that could potentially be harnessed by new researchers entering the field.

Photoelectrochemical aptasensing of lincomycin based on a AgI-carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes-BiOI Z-scheme heterojunction

Lincomycin (LIN) is a common antibiotic that is widely used in animal husbandry and other fields, and the residual problem caused by its abuse has attracted widespread attention. Herein, a novel AgI-carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (cMWCNT)-BiOI Z-scheme heterojunction material was synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method, modified on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode surface, and used for detecting LIN. The photocurrent on the AgI-cMWCNT-BiOI/FTO photoelectrode is 4.6 times that on the control AgI-BiOI/FTO photoelectrode. An amino-functionalized LIN aptamer was fixed on the AgI-cMWCNT-BiOI/FTO photoelectrode by the cross-linking reaction between chitosan and glutaraldehyde, and then Ru(NH3)63+ was electrostatically attached to the LIN aptamer to increase the photocurrent response to the LIN binding. When LIN binds competitively with Ru(NH3)63+ to the aptamer, the photocurrent signal can be quantitatively decreased. Under optimized conditions, the anodic photocurrent at 0 V vs KCl-saturated calomel electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.100 M ascorbic acid was linear with the common logarithm of LIN concentration from 10.0 pM to 500 nM, with a limit of detection of 2.8 pM (S/N = 3). Satisfactory recovery results were obtained in the analysis of cow milk samples.

Magnetic-assisted exciton-plasmon interactions modulated Bi2S3 nanorods@MoS2 nanosheets heterojunction: towards a split-type photoelectrochemical sensing of profenofos

A split-type photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor was designed for the detection of profenofos (PFF) depending on the magnetic-assisted exciton-plasmon interactions (EPI) between the semiconductor substrate and Au NPs. The core-shell Bi2S3 nanorods@MoS2 nanosheets (Bi2S3 NRs@MoS2 NSs) heterostructure nanomaterial with fascinating performance was synthesized and used as the photovoltaic conversion substrate and signal molecules absorption platform. The PEC sensor is operated by co-incubating with the released Au NPs-cDNA from the surface of magnetic beads, originating from the target-triggered DNA double-stranded structure opening event. Due to the strong EPI effects, the photocurrent of Bi2S3 NRs@MoS2 NSs decreased and varied with the PFF concentrations. The proposed PEC sensor exhibited outstanding analytical performances, including a wide linear range (1.0 pg mL-1~1.0 μg mL-1), low detection limitation (0.23 pg mL-1, at 3 σ/m), excellent specificity, high stability, and applicability. Overall, this work provides a new signal strategy for PEC biosensors and extends its application in environmental analysis.

One-Step Ultrasonic Preparation of Stable Bovine Serum Albumin-Perovskite for Fluorescence Analysis of L-Ascorbic Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase

Halide lead perovskite has attracted increased attention due to its excellent optical properties. However, the poor stability of the halide lead perovskite nanocrystals has been a major obstacle to their application in biosensing. Here, we proposed a method to synthesize CsPbBr3/BSA NCs perovskite using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a zwitterion ligand. Then, a fluorescent sensor for alkaline phosphatase determination based on CsPbBr3/BSA NCs was successfully built via the interaction of L-ascorbic acid (AA) with BSA on the perovskite surface. Under optimal conditions, the sensor showed a linear concentration range from 50 to 500 μM with a detection limit of 28 μM (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) for AA, and demonstrated a linear concentration range from 40 to 500 U/L with a detection limit of 15.5 U/L (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) for alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In addition, the proposed fluorescent biosensor exhibited good selectivity and recovery in the determination of ALP in human serum. This strategy offers an innovative way for enhancing the water stability of lead halide perovskite and promoting their application in biosensing areas.

Ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor amplified by target induced assembly of cruciform DNA nanostructure for the detection of dibutyl phthalate

In this work, an ultra-sensitive signal quenched photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) detection was constructed by using a target induced cruciform DNA structure as signal amplifier and g-C₃N₄/SnO₂ composite as signal indicator. Impressively, the designed cruciform DNA structure shows high signal amplification efficiency due to the reduced reaction steric hindrance because of its mutually separated and repelled tails, multiple recognition domains, and a fixed direction for the sequential identification of the target. Therefore, the fabricated PEC biosensor demonstrated a low detection limit of 0.3 fM for DBP in a wide linear range of 1 fM to 1 nM. This work offered a novel nucleic acid signal amplification approach for enhancing the sensitivity of PEC sensing platforms for the detection of phthalates (PAEs)-based plasticizer, laying the foundation for its utilization in the determine of real environmental pollutants.

A wearable sweat electrochemical aptasensor based on the Ni-Co MOF nanosheet-decorated CNTs/PU film for monitoring of stress biomarker

Monitoring cortisol, a hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to stress, is essential to evaluate the endocrine response to stress stimuli. While the current cortisol sensing methods require large laboratory settings, complex assay, and professional personnel. Herein, a novel flexible and wearable electrochemical aptasensor based on a Ni-Co metal-organic frameworks (MOF) nanosheet-decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polyurethane (PU) film is developed for rapid and reliable detection of cortisol in sweat. First, the CNTs/PU (CP) film was prepared by a modified wet spinning technology, and the CNTs/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution was thermally deposited on the surface of CP film to form the highly flexible CNTs/PVA/CP (CCP) film with excellent conductivity. Then aminated Ni-Co MOF nanosheet prepared by a facile solvothermal method was conjugated with streptavidin and modified on the CCP film. Biofunctional MOF can effectively capture cortisol aptamer due to its excellent specific surface area. In addition, the MOF with peroxidase activity can catalytic oxidization of hydroquinone (HQ) by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which could amplify the peak current signal. The catalytic activity of Ni-Co MOF was substantially suppressed in the HQ/H₂O₂ system due to the formation of the aptamer-cortisol complex, which reduced the current signal, thereby realizing highly sensitive and selective detection of cortisol. The sensor has a linear range of 0.1-100 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.032 ng/mL. Meanwhile, the sensor showed high accuracy for cortisol detection under mechanical deformation conditions. More importantly, the prepared MOF/CCP film based three-electrode was assembled with the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, and the sweat-cloth was used as the sweat collection channel to fabricate a wearable sensor patch for monitoring of cortisol in volunteers' sweat in the morning and evening. This flexible and non-invasive sweat cortisol aptasensor shows great potential for quantitative stress monitoring and management.

Recent Progress in Interface Engineering of Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical Energy Harvesting Applications

With rapid and continuous consumption of nonrenewable energy, solar energy can be utilized to meet the energy requirement and mitigate environmental issues in the future. To attain a sustainable society with an energy mix predominately dependent on solar energy, photoelectrochemical (PEC) device, in which semiconductor nanostructure-based photocatalysts play important roles, is considered to be one of the most promising candidates to realize the sufficient utilization of solar energy in a low-cost, green, and environmentally friendly manner. Interface engineering of semiconductor nanostructures has been qualified in the efficient improvement of PEC performances including three basic steps, i.e., light absorption, charge transfer/separation, and surface catalytic reaction. In this review, recently developed interface engineering of semiconductor nanostructures for direct and high-efficiency conversion of sunlight into available forms (e.g., chemical fuels and electric power) are summarized in terms of their atomic constitution and morphology, electronic structure and promising potential for PEC applications. Extensive efforts toward the development of high-performance PEC applications (e.g., PEC water splitting, PEC photodetection, PEC catalysis, PEC degradation and PEC biosensors) are also presented and appraised. Last but not least, a brief summary and personal insights on the challenges and future directions in the community of next-generation PEC devices are also provided.

Ultrasensitive alkaline phosphatase activity assay based on controllable signal probe production coupled with the cathodic photoelectrochemical analysis

A highly sensitive and selective split-type perovskite-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) platform was developed for measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in milk and serum samples. ALP in the test sample hydrolyzed 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (AAPS) in a 96-microwell plate to produce ascorbic acid (AA), a PEC electron donor. The resulting AA, which could preferentially annihilate the photogenerated holes, indirectly reflects ALP activity. The PEC used a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-functionalized CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (CTAB@CH₃NH₃PbI₃) film as the cathode to monitor the controlled AA production. Due to the excellent photoelectric characteristics of the CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite and the split-type assay, excellent sensitivity and selectivity for ALP detection were obtained. Under the optimum experimental conditions, ALP activity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.6 × 10^-4 U/L in a linear dynamic range of 10^-3 ∼ 10² U/L was obtained. With its sensitive, rapid, and high-throughput detection capabilities, this split-type and label-free PEC platform has great potential for use in food and biomedical analysis.

A halide perovskite/lead sulfide heterostructure with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance for the sensing of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

For the construction of halide perovskite-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensors in aqueous solution, the balance between retaining the excellent photoelectric performances of the halide perovskite and the protective modification of the halide perovskite has always been a challenging problem. In this work, a simple and sensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor based on inorganic halide perovskite CsPbBr₃ as the photoactive material for the detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was reported. The substrate sodium thiophosphate (Na₃SPO₃) can be catalyzed by ALP to produce hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), which can react with the lead site on the surface of the CsPbBr₃ film to form lead sulfide (PbS), resulting in a stable heterostructure and enhanced photocurrent intensity. The possible mechanism of enhanced photocurrent response of CsPbBr₃/PbS heterojunctions was studied in detail. This work paves a new way for applying halide perovskites in different biosensor designs.

Complementary DNA Significantly Enhancing Signal Response and Sensitivity of a Molecular Beacon Probe to Aflatoxin B1

This paper reported an improved molecular beacon method for the rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a natural mycotoxin with severe carcinogenicity. With the assistance of a complementary DNA (cDNA) chain, the molecular beacon which consists of a DNA aptamer flanked by FAM and BHQ1 displayed a larger fluorescent response to AFB1, contributing to the sensitive detection of AFB1. Upon optimization of some key experimental factors, rapid detection of AFB1 ranging from 1 nM to 3 μM, within 20 min, was realized by using this method. A limit of detection (LoD) of 1 nM was obtained, which was lower than the LoD (8 nM) obtained without cDNA assistance. This aptamer-based molecular beacon detection method showed advantages in easy operation, rapid analysis and larger signal response. Good specificity and anti-interference ability were demonstrated. This method showed potential in real-sample analysis.

A Novel Signaling Strategy for an Ultrasensitive Photoelectrochemical Immunoassay Based on Electro-Fenton Degradation of Liposomes on a Photoelectrode

A signaling strategy can directly determine the analytical performance and application scope of photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunoassays, so it is of great significance to develop an effective signaling strategy. The electro-Fenton reaction has been extensively used to degrade organic pollutants, but it has not been applied to PEC immunoassays. Herein, we report a novel signaling strategy for a PEC immunoassay based on electro-Fenton degradation of liposomes (Lip) on a photoelectrode. Lip vesicles are coated on Au@TiO₂ core-shell photoactive material, which can prevent ascorbic acid (AA) from scavenging photogenerated holes. In the presence of a target, the immunomagnetic bead labels are converted to Fe³⁺ for electro-Fenton reaction, and hydroxyl radicals generated by the electro-Fenton reaction can degrade the Lip vesicles on the photoelectrode. Because of the degradation of Lip vesicles, photogenerated holes can be scavenged more effectively by AA, leading to an increase in photocurrent. Based on the electro-Fenton-regulated interface electron transfer, the sensitive "signal on" PEC immunoassay of a carcinoembryonic antigen is achieved, which features a dynamic range from 0.05 to 5 × 10⁴ pg mL^-1 and a detection limit of 0.01 pg mL^-1. Our work provides a novel and efficient PEC immunoassay platform by introducing the electro-Fenton reaction into PEC analysis.

Dual-Signaling Photoelectrochemical Biosensor Based on Biocatalysis-Induced Vulcanization of Bi2MoO6 Nanosheets

A magnetic-assisted photoelectrochemical (PEC) and colorimetric (CL) dual-modal biosensing platform with high precision was established to monitor prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based on Bi₂MoO₆ nanosheets (BMO) by coupling the aptamer-guided hybridization chain reaction (HCR) with the hydrolysate-induced vulcanization reaction of Bi₂MoO₆ nanosheets. Upon addition of PSA, trigger DNA (tDNA) was released by the interaction between the target analyte and the aptamer and then further hybridized with anchor DNA (aDNA) conjugated on magnetic beads (MBs). The as-released tDNA initiated the target-assisted HCR in the presence of two alternating hairpin sequences (Bio-H1 and Bio-H2) to produce nicked long double-stranded DNA on the surface of MBs, where numerous alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes could assemble with MBs through the biotin-avidin reaction, resulting in the hydrolysis of sodium thiophosphate (TP) to H₂S. The as-produced H₂S reacted with BMO to form vulcanized BMO (BMO-S), thus leading to obvious enhanced PEC performance under visible light with the color change from light yellow to brown. Having optimized the test conditions, the magnetic-assisted biosensing system holds a good quantitative diagnosis sensitivity area in a range of 5.0 pg mL^-1-100 ng mL^-1 with a calculated detection limit down to 3.5 pg mL^-1. Meanwhile, a visual colorimetric assay on basis of the change in the color of the materials was also realized. Given the exceptional performance of the constructed biosensor, it may possess great promise as an advanced bioanalytical tool for practical applications.