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Zhang S, Luo W, Zhao F, Huang L, Qin R, Yan X, Tang B, Luo X, Mai B, Yu Y, Zheng J. Melanin-mediated accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human hair: Insights from biomonitoring and cell exposure studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134112. [PMID: 38537572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
While human hair is widely used to monitor micro-organic contaminants (MOCs), their incorporation mechanisms are poorly understood. Melanin, known to facilitate the accumulation of drugs in hair, hasn't been studied in the field of MOCs. Here, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of priority MOCs, were investigated through hair biomonitoring as well as cell exposure experiments. PAH concentrations and melanin contents were measured in black and white hairs from the same individual. The results showed that five dominant PAHs (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene and chrysene) in black hair (0.66 ng/g - 35.1 ng/g) were significantly higher than those in white hair (0.52 ng/g - 29.6 ng/g). Melanin contents in black hair (14.9 - 48.9 ng/g) were markedly higher than in white hair (0.35 - 2.15 ng/g) and were correlated to PAH concentrations, hinting melanin-mediated accumulation of PAHs in hair. The in vitro experiment using murine melanoma cells demonstrates that PAH levels in cells were affected by melanin, suggesting the affinity of melanin to PAHs. Both biomonitoring and cell exposure experiment implicate the pivotal role of melanin in PAH accumulation in hair. Therefore, to ensure the accuracy of hair biomonitoring for MOCs, attention must be paid to the melanin content uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Center of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Weikeng Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Center of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China.
| | - Fang Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Center of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China; School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lulu Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Center of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China; School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ruixin Qin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Center of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xiao Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Center of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Center of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Center of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Center of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China.
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Shima N, Nitta A, Sasaki K, Katagi M, Sato T, Nishioka H. Influences of hair dyeing on the distribution shapes of zolpidem and methoxyphenamine in hair. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 357:111990. [PMID: 38518566 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In order to investigate the influences of hair dyeing on the distribution shapes of drugs in hair, different hair dyeing processes ("semi-permanent coloring without bleaching" and "permanent coloring with bleaching") were performed in vitro on black hair specimens collected from two subjects (Asians) who took a single dose of zolpidem (ZP, 10 mg of ZP tartrate) or methoxyphenamine (MOP, 50 mg of MOP hydrochloride). Under the following three different dyeing conditions, (1) semi-permanent coloring, (2) permanent coloring (once), (3) permanent coloring (twice), drug distributions in single hair specimens were investigated using a 2-mm segmental analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Distribution shapes of drugs changed significantly only under the permanent coloring (twice) condition, resulting in reduced peak concentration and extended distribution width. There was, however, no significant difference in the amounts of drugs in hair between non-treated and dyed specimens, suggesting the drugs hardly leaked out of hair or were only slightly degraded during dyeing. In addition, while assuming contact with aqueous environment such as daily hair washing after dyeing, dyed hair specimens were individually immersed in ultrapure water for 20 hours, then the outflow of drugs in ultrapure water as well as the distribution shapes of drugs remaining in hair were determined. The drug outflow after permanent coloring (once and twice) was significantly larger than those after semi-permanent coloring, and the outflow ratios, [outflow]/([outflow] + [amount remaining in hair]), ranged over 9.8-24% (n = 3) for ZP and 68-71% (n = 3) for MOP after permanent coloring (once), and 54-72% (n = 3) for ZP and 86-91% (n = 3) for MOP after permanent coloring (twice). The distribution shapes of drugs after 20 h of immersion tended to flatten as outflow ratios increased, resulting in no change in the shapes after semi-permanent coloring, and complete collapse of their shapes after permanent coloring (twice). Thus, the present results indicated that hair dyeing involving bleaching and subsequent contact with aqueous environment after dyeing could significantly influence distribution shapes of drugs in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku , Osaka 541-0053, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nitta
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku , Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku , Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takako Sato
- Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishioka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku , Osaka 541-0053, Japan
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Hung SH, Kan HL, Tung CW, Lin YC, Chen TT, Tian C, Chang WCW. Probing the hair detectability of prohibited substances in sports: an in vivo-in silico-clinical approach and analytical implications compared with plasma, urine, and faeces. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:779-790. [PMID: 38224356 PMCID: PMC10861659 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Hair analysis is a crucial method in forensic toxicology with potential applications in revealing doping histories in sports. Despite its widespread use, knowledge about detectable substances in hair is limited. This study systematically assessed the detectability of prohibited substances in sports using a multifaceted approach. Initially, an animal model received a subset of 17 model drugs to compare dose dependencies and detection windows across different matrices. Subsequently, hair incorporation data from the animal experiment were extrapolated to all substances on the World Anti-Doping Agency's List through in-silico prediction. The detectability of substances in hair was further validated in a proof-of-concept human study involving the consumption of diuretics and masking agents. Semi-quantitative analysis of substances in specimens was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed plasma had optimal dose dependencies with limited detection windows, while urine, faeces, and hair exhibited a reasonable relationship with the administered dose. Notably, hair displayed the highest detection probability (14 out of 17) for compounds, including anabolic agents, hormones, and diuretics, with beta-2 agonists undetected. Diuretics such as furosemide, canrenone, and hydrochlorothiazide showed the highest hair incorporation. Authentic human hair confirmed diuretic detectability, and their use duration was determined via segmental analysis. Noteworthy is the first-time reporting of canrenone in human hair. Anabolic agents were expected in hair, whereas undetectable compounds, such as peptide hormones and beta-2 agonists, were likely due to large molecular mass or high polarity. This study enhances understanding of hair analysis in doping investigations, providing insights into substance detectability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hsin Hung
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Kan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, College of Humanities and Management, National Ilan University, Yilan County, 260, Taiwan
| | - Ciao Tian
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - William Chih-Wei Chang
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Ji JJ, Xu D, Yan H, Xiang P, Shen M. Micro-segmental analysis of the entry pathway and distribution of zolpidem in hair from different scalp regions after a single dose. Front Chem 2023; 11:1115247. [PMID: 37214486 PMCID: PMC10198615 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hair testing is well established for the assessment of past drug exposure; however, more research is needed to understand drug incorporation mechanisms and drug entry pathways into hair. Method: In this study, a micro-segmental LC-MS/MS method was used to analyze a 0.4 mm segment of hair after a single oral administration of zolpidem. Five single hairs were plucked at 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days after administration from the vertex posterior of three subjects, and 5 single hairs were also plucked from the parietal, left temporal, and right temporal regions of the head at 28 days. Results and discussion: Proximal S1 (0-0.4 mm) in hair plucked at 1 day had the highest level of zolpidem at 1.5-2.4 pg/mm; much lower concentrations (< 1 pg/mm) were detected at proximal S2-S8 (0.4-3.2 mm). The drug concentration decreased gradually in S1 for 7 days after drug intake and disappeared by 28 days, suggesting that the drug from the bloodstream initially combined with the hair follicle and then gradually moved to the hair tip as the hair grew. The zolpidem concentration-hair segment profiles exhibited a large peak (root side) and a small peak (tip side) for the four sampling times in all three subjects, indicating that drug incorporation in the hair bulb occurred mainly from the blood but probably also entered the hair through sweat and sebum. Zolpidem was also detected in all hairs from the vertex posterior in all three subjects but was not detected in 1 hair from the parietal region and 2 hairs from the left temporal region. The consistency in drug detection, drug concentration level, and peak position was better in hair from the vertex posterior than from the other three regions, indicating that the vertex posterior is a suitable sampling region for estimating drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duoqi Xu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
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Wang H, Wang Y. Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization-mass spectrometric imaging of psilocybin and its analogues in psychedelic mushrooms using a cesium chloride-coated target plate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:735-745. [PMID: 36459169 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Fungi with hallucinogenic properties and neurotoxicity have been listed as prohibited drugs in recent years, but there is a lack of in situ quantification of psilocybin and analogues in these samples to avoid the decomposition of these psychoactive tryptamines in time-consuming sample preparation. In this study, matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization (MALDI)-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT ICR) mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) was used to analyze the distribution of psilocybin and its analogues in hallucinogenic Psilocybe mushrooms. A cesium chloride (CsCl)-coated target plate was prepared to improve the detection sensitivity and reduce the interference of other compounds or decomposition products with very similar m/z values in MALDI-FT ICR MS analysis. Psilocybin and other tryptamines with structurally similar compounds, including psilocin, baeocystin, tryptophan, tryptamine, and aeruginascin, were identified and imaged in the psilocybe tissue section; the semiquantitative analysis of the distribution of psilocybin was also investigated using a homemade 75-well CsCl-coated plate; and the target plate can be placed on the mass spectrometry target carrier along with the indium-tin oxide (ITO) conductive slide, which can simultaneously carry out matrix vapor deposition, thus ensuring the parallelism between the standards and samples in the pretreatment experiment and MSI. The contents of psilocybin and its analogues in the psilocybe tissue section can be evaluated from the color changes corresponding to different concentration standard curves. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison between MALDI-FT ICR MS and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS) analysis was performed for quantification and validation. This study reduces the decomposition in time-consuming sample pretreatment and provides a powerful tool for drug abuse control and forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China. .,Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Narcotics Control Commission, Nanjing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Nanjing, 210012, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Tang L, Wang C, Zhu R, Dong R, Zheng L, Sha W, Huang L, Li P, Weng S. Multi-scale convolution neural network with residual modules for determination of drugs in human hair using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with a gold nanorod film self-assembled by inverted evaporation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121463. [PMID: 35714442 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detection of illegal drug users is crucial in controlling drug-related crimes, reducing drug prevalence, and protecting human lives to ensure social stability. In this study, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and deep learning networks were employed to determine methamphetamine, ketamine, and morphine in human hair. Drugs were obtained from hair through alkaline hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction, and gold nanorods were employed to prepare the self-assembled film as the SERS substrate by inverted evaporation. The film showed good uniformity and excellent sensitivity, with a relative standard deviation of 15.6% and a detection limit of at least 10-10 M in the SERS detection of crystal violet. The spectra of methamphetamine, ketamine, and morphine at 0.05-1.0, 0.1-2.0, and 0.1-2.0 ng/mg were obtained, and the three drugs could be detected. Inception, a multi-scale feature extraction network, was combined with residual modules (Inception-ResNet) to develop the identification models of drugs, and the effect of spectral input form as a vector or matrix was explored. Inception-ResNet with input form of matrix outweighed other methods with 100.00%, 100.00%, and 99.23% accuracies in the training, validation, and prediction sets, respectively. In brief, SERS and Inception-ResNet with the spectra in matrix form provide an efficient and accurate determination of drugs in human hair, enabling the retrospective evaluation of drug use, and the method will be anticipated to detect excitant, poison, and toxic chemicals in human hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronglu Dong
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Sha
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linsheng Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Li
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhuang Weng
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.
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Xu D, Ji J, Xiang P, Yan H, Duan G, Shen M. Time course of estazolam in single-strand hair based on micro-segmental analysis after controlled oral administration. Front Chem 2022; 10:996857. [PMID: 36324520 PMCID: PMC9619365 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.996857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of estazolam incorporation into hair was investigated by studying the time course of estazolam along single-strand hair after two oral administration of estazolam at 28 days interval. Estazolam in single hair segments 0.4 mm in length was verified and quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The distributions of estazolam within a strand of hair (collected at 12 h, 28 days, and 56 days post-administration) were visualized by micro-segmental analysis. The highest estazolam concentration (1.5–9.9 pg/mm) was detected in the hair bulb region (S1), and it then decreased through the hair shaft to the distal end, with a small fluctuation (0.3–3 pg/mm) near the junction of the hair roots and shafts (S4–S7) 12 h after drug intake. These findings suggested that the incorporation of estazolam occurred in two regions, mainly in the hair bulb and to a lesser extent in the upper dermis zone. Models using internal temporal markers (TIMs) and temporal intervals (TIs) were constructed to estimate the day of estazolam ingestion. The estimation accuracy was within an average error of 1.7 mm and 3.0 mm between the calculated and actual positions, based on the TIMs and TIs 56 days after estazolam intake. These findings can help in further elucidation of the drug incorporation mechanism, which is crucial for interpreting hair analysis results used to reveal individual drug-use history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoqi Xu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Phamaceutical Analysis, School of Phamacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Min Shen,
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Taira S, Shikano H, Takahashi N. Analysis of hair components by nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Okada Y, Iwata YT. Micro-segmental hair analysis: detailed procedures and applications in forensic toxicology. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:215-233. [PMID: 36454411 PMCID: PMC9715473 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the 1980s, the detection sensitivity of mass spectrometers has increased by improving the analysis of drugs in hair. Accordingly, the number of hair strands required for the analysis has decreased. The length of the hair segment used in the analysis has also shortened. In 2016, micro-segmental hair analysis (MSA), which cuts a single hair strand at a 0.4-mm interval corresponding to a hair growth length of approximately one day, was developed. The advantage of MSA is that the analytical results provide powerful evidence of drug use in the investigation of drug-related crimes and detailed information about the mechanism of drug uptake into hair. This review article focuses on the MSA technique and its applications in forensic toxicology. METHODS Multiple databases, such as SciFinder, PubMed, and Google, were utilized to collect relevant reports referring to MSA and drug analysis in hair. The experiences of our research group on the MSA were also included in this review. RESULTS The analytical results provide a detailed drug distribution profile in a hair strand, which is useful for examining the mechanism of drug uptake into hair in detail. Additionally, the analytical method has been used for various scenarios in forensic toxicology, such as the estimation of days of drug consumption and death. CONCLUSIONS The detailed procedures are summarized so that beginners can use the analytical method in their laboratories. Moreover, some application examples are presented, and the limitations of the current analytical method and future perspectives are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Hajime Miyaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yuko T Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
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Mass Spectroscopy Imaging of Hair Strands Captures Short-Term and Long-Term Changes in Emtricitabine Adherence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0217621. [PMID: 35266824 PMCID: PMC9017293 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02176-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most measures of adherence to antiretroviral therapy require a blood sample, and none capture longitudinal daily adherence. A new noninvasive method for measuring daily adherence to antiretroviral regimens containing emtricitabine (FTC) was developed for intact hair strands using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). A directly observed therapy study of daily and intermittent (3, 1, and 0 doses/week) FTC dosing (n = 12) benchmarked adherence in hair, revealing distinct accumulation patterns and median FTC signal abundance (1,702, 495, 352, and 0, respectively) with each dosing frequency. A threshold value of FTCsignal abundance of 500 differentiated daily dosing from 3 or fewer doses/week (specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 100% over 30 days and 80% over 60 days). Using these criteria, daily FTC hair adherence was classified in young men (n = 8) who have sex with men (YMSM) engaged in or initiating preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Four types of adherence profiles were observed in sequential 30-day periods: consistently high, occasional missed doses, improvement following study initiation, and intermittent. Discrete days of nonadherence were identified across the 60-day window, with the average number of consecutive days classified as nonadherent increasing across the four profile types (1, 2, 19, and 58 days, respectively). Additionally, cumulative FTC response in hair (60-day average) significantly correlated with dried blood spot tenofovir diphosphate concentrations collected simultaneously (rs = 0.79, P = 0.03). Based on these data, IR-MALDESI FTC adherence classification in hair strands can better delineate short-term changes in adherence behaviors over a long retrospective window, offering great potential for noninvasive adherence monitoring and quick supportive interventions.
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11
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Kong R, Li L, Liu W, Xiang P, Zhao J. Rapid characterization of drugs in a single hair using thermal desorption ionization mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:806-812. [PMID: 35138309 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01908b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hair remains the most common type of physical evidence found in most crime scenes. However, the amount of hair found at a crime scene is limited and analysis of drugs in hair by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is laborious and time-consuming. In this study, a rapid and simple method is developed using thermal desorption ionization mass spectrometry (TDI-MS) to analyze drugs directly in a single hair. A single hair is put onto a heated metal ceramic heater (MCH) and then a high voltage direct current and solvent are applied to the single hair. The drugs in the hair are thermally desorbed and ionized, and subsequently transferred to the MS inlet and detected. A typical hair analysis can be completed in a few minutes. This novel technique provides a new orientation for forensic scientists to study drugs in a single hair that is found at a crime scene, on a suspect, or on a victim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Kong
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junbo Zhao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Mapping the Chemistry of Hair Strands by Mass Spectrometry Imaging-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247522. [PMID: 34946604 PMCID: PMC8706971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair can record chemical information reflecting our living conditions, and, therefore, strands of hair have become a potent analytical target within the biological and forensic sciences. While early efforts focused on analyzing complete hair strands in bulk, high spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has recently come to the forefront of chemical hair-strand analysis. MSI techniques offer a localized analysis, requiring fewer de-contamination procedures per default and making it possible to map the distribution of analytes on and within individual hair strands. Applying the techniques to hair samples has proven particularly useful in investigations quantifying the exposure to, and uptake of, toxins or drugs. Overall, MSI, combined with optimized sample preparation protocols, has improved precision and accuracy for identifying several elemental and molecular species in single strands of hair. Here, we review different sample preparation protocols and use cases with a view to make the methodology more accessible to researchers outside of the field of forensic science. We conclude that—although some challenges remain, including contamination issues and matrix effects—MSI offers unique opportunities for obtaining highly resolved spatial information of several compounds simultaneously across hair surfaces.
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13
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History of hair analysis by mass spectrometry imaging. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:89-97. [PMID: 34840067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In conventional forensic science, blood and urine have been used for drug testing. However, hair has recently attracted attention as a new source of biological information in this milieu. Drugs and biomolecules taken up by the hair from the capillaries of the scalp are retained in the hair without being degraded by enzymes, migrating toward the tip of the hair as the hair grows at a constant rate. As a result, drug residues are stored in the hair in chronological order. In recent years, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has been developed to visualize the history of drug use in hair samples, making use of this unique property. Advances in this drug testing technique are expected to create a powerful deterrent for drug abuse and doping. In this paper, we introduce the history of hair research using MSI and the evolution of instruments, matrices, and methods.
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14
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Nitta A, Shima N, Kamata T, Sasaki K, Matsuta S, Ishikawa A, Asai R, Wada M, Kakehashi H, Fujii S, Kamata H, Nishioka H, Sato T, Tsuchihashi H, Miki A, Katagi M. Incorporation of Methoxyphenamine into Hair in Early Stage after Intake. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:1006-1013. [PMID: 33068108 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the incorporation behavior of drugs into hair in early stage (within 24 h) after intake, time-course changes in drug distribution in black hair were carefully analyzed after a single oral administration of methoxyphenamine (MOP), a non-regulated analog of methamphetamine. Single-hair specimens collected by plucking with the roots intact at appropriate intervals post-intake were each divided into 1-mm segments from the proximal end, and MOP in each segment was determined by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry procedure. At 10 min after intake, MOP was not detected in any of the segments. MOP became detectable 30 min after intake in the hair bulb (0-1-mm segment from the proximal end) and 1 h after intake in the upper dermis zone (1-2-mm to 4-5-mm segments). The amount of MOP in the hair bulb increased rapidly over 3 h after intake and reached a maximum concentration of ∼100-900 pg/1-mm single hair (11-95 ng/mg) around 3-10 h after intake, whereas that in the upper dermis zone increased at a more gradual pace over 24 h and reached a plateau at ∼30-100 pg/1-mm hair (3-11 ng/mg). These differences can be attributed to the different incorporation mechanisms of the drug. Results from this study can further elucidate the drug incorporation mechanism, which is crucial for accurately interpreting results in hair analyses. Our findings also suggest that hair drug analysis with special attention to the hair root can serve as a useful complementary approach to urine- and blood-based testing in the field of forensic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nitta
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Tooru Kamata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Matsuta
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Akari Ishikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asai
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Misato Wada
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Hidenao Kakehashi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Shihoko Fujii
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Hiroe Kamata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishioka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Takako Sato
- Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuchihashi
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Akihiro Miki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
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15
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Okada Y, Iwata YT. Distribution profiles of diphenhydramine and lidocaine in scalp, axillary, and pubic hairs measured by micro-segmental hair analysis: good indicator for discrimination between administration and external contamination of the drugs. Forensic Toxicol 2021; 40:64-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Drug distribution in scalp hair can provide historical information about drug use, such as the date and frequency of drug ingestion. We previously developed micro-segmental hair analysis, which visualizes drug distribution at 0.4-mm intervals in individual hairs. The present study examines whether the distribution profiles of drugs can be markers for the administration or external contamination of the drugs using scalp, axillary, and pubic hairs.
Methods
A single dose of anti-itch ointment containing diphenhydramine (DP) and lidocaine (LD) was topically applied to the axillary or pubic areas of two volunteers; DP was also orally administered; and LD was intra-gingivally injected. Scalp, axillary, and pubic hairs were assessed using our micro-segmental analysis.
Results
The localization of DP and LD differed within individual scalp hair strands, implying DP and LD were predominantly incorporated into scalp hair via the bloodstream and via sweat/sebum, respectively, showing double-peak profiles. However, DP and LD were distributed along the shafts of axillary and pubic hairs without appearance of the double-peak profiles when the ointment had been applied to the axillary and pubic areas. The distributions of DP and LD in scalp hairs did not significantly differ according to administration routes, such as oral administration, gingival injection, and topical application.
Conclusions
Micro-segmental analysis revealed differences in the distribution profiles of drugs in hairs, and distinguished hairs with and without external contamination. These findings will be useful for understanding of the mechanism of drug uptake into hair and for estimating the circumstances for a drug use.
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16
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Okada Y, Iwata YT. Development of an improved method to estimate the days of continuous drug ingestion, based on the micro-segmental hair analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1295-1304. [PMID: 33682351 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To prove drug-related crimes, it is important to estimate the date on which a specific drug was ingested. Previously, we developed a method, "micro-segmental hair analysis," to estimate the day of ingestion of a single-dose drug by segmenting a hair strand into 0.4-mm segments, which correspond to daily hair growth. In this study, the method was improved to estimate the days of continuous drug ingestion. The subjects ingested four hay-fever medicines (fexofenadine, epinastine, cetirizine, and loratadine) continuously (1-18 days) and chlorpheniramine as a single dose at intervals of several weeks as an internal temporal marker (ITM). The hair strands of the subjects were collected and subjected to a micro-segmental analysis. The distribution curves of each hay-fever medicine in a hair strand had broad peaks reflecting the number of days of drug ingestion. The positions on the curves corresponding to the first and final ingestion days of hay-fever medicines were identified using the ITM. The positions were near the hair segments on both ends of full width at half maximum (W2 ) of the broad peak. When the first and final days of continuous ingestion were estimated using W2 , independent of peak shape, the absolute average error from the actual ingestion days was approximately 2 days. Overall, we established a method to estimate the days of both single-dose and continuous drug ingestions. Furthermore, the method would be useful to investigate drug ingestion history in various scenes such as drug-related crimes and therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- First Chemistry Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hajime Miyaguchi
- First Chemistry Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- First Chemistry Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- First Chemistry Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- First Chemistry Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Segawa
- First Chemistry Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- First Chemistry Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko T Iwata
- First Chemistry Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
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17
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Wiedfeld C, Skopp G, Musshoff F. Single hair analysis: Validation of a screening method for over 150 analytes and application on documented single-dose cases. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:817-832. [PMID: 33448136 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hair is the matrix of choice in forensic toxicology when retrospective analysis is needed. Nonetheless, due to misalignment, different growth stages and segmentation lengths of 0.5-1 cm, resolution of time is limited. By segmental analysis of single hairs, most of these factors can be compensated and resolution of time is enhanced. A method for manually segmenting single hairs in 2-mm sections and screening for 156 analytes by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and validated. The method was applied to 15 single-dose cases concerning different pharmaceuticals by analyzing 10 hairs each, sampled 1 and 2 months after ingestion in most cases. The validation showed a lower limit of quantification of ≤1.25 pg/segment for ~90% of analytes and good accuracy. Many substances could be detected in the presented cases, whereas detection of benzodiazepines and low dosed opioids remains challenging. In positive cases, characteristic peak-shaped concentration profiles across the hairs were obtained. The segment with most coinciding peak maxima can be allocated to the time of ingestion. A method for the determination of individual hair growth rate was applied and revealed a gap between expected and actual position of peak maxima. Additionally, different localization of simultaneously administered substances was observed. These findings were tried to be explained by different routes of incorporation and may contribute to current knowledge. The presented method may directly be applied to similar questions in hair analysis, and the findings are considered important for interpreting further results in single hair analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisela Skopp
- Forensic Toxicological Center (FTC) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Musshoff
- Forensic Toxicological Center (FTC) Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Derakhshanrad S, Mirzaei M, Streb C, Amiri A, Ritchie C. Polyoxometalate-Based Frameworks as Adsorbents for Drug of Abuse Extraction from Hair Samples. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:1472-1479. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Derakhshanrad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Masoud Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Amirhassan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran
| | - Chris Ritchie
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Ogasawara H, Hayasaka M, Maemoto A, Furukawa S, Ito T, Kimura O, Endo T. Levels of major and trace metals in the scalp hair of Crohn's disease patients: correlations among transition metals. Biometals 2021; 34:197-210. [PMID: 33387116 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of 16 metals in the scalp hair of male Crohn's disease (CD) patients (n = 28) were compared to those of male control subjects (n = 25). The majority of patients (n = 20) took an anti-inflammatory agent (mesalazine), and several patients underwent colectomy. A low concentration of serum ferritin was observed in approximately 50% of CD patients due to Fe-deficiency anemia. The concentrations of Fe, Cr, and Co in the hair of CD patients were significantly higher than those of control subjects, and particularly high concentrations were found in CD patients with low serum ferritin. Significant correlations were found among the concentrations of Fe, Cr, and Co in the hair of CD patients, but not in control subjects. In agreement with previous reports, a significant negative correlation was found between ferritin and transferrin concentrations in serum, although the available data in this study was limited (n = 8). Transferrin not only binds to Fe3+ but also to Cr3+ and Co3+, and the amount of transferrin is increased in Fe-deficiency anemia. Thus, the majority of the Fe3+, Cr3+, and Co3+ in the serum of CD patients is likely to bind to transferrin, which may be associated with the higher concentrations of those metals, as well as the significant correlations among those metals in the scalp hair of CD patients. In addition, colectomy may alter the intestinal absorption rate of some metals, while mesalazine may increase the concentrations of Mn and some metals in the scalp hair by chelate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ogasawara
- Kashiwaba Neurosurgical Hospital, E1-15-20, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8513, Japan
| | - Moriaki Hayasaka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Atsuo Maemoto
- Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, N33-E14, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeru Furukawa
- Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, N33-E14, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, N33-E14, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Osamu Kimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
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20
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Okada Y, Iwata YT. Development of the “selective concentration” analytical method for drug-containing hair regions based on micro-segmental analysis to identify a trace amount of drug in hair: hair analysis following single-dose ingestion of midazolam. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Quand le cheveu unique révèle une habitude de consommation : imagerie des cocaïniques par désorption/ionisation laser assistée par matrice et comparaison avec la chromatographie liquide. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Measurement of three-dimensional distributions of drugs in nails using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry after micro-segmentation to elucidate drug uptake routes. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1108:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Ashraf SS, El‐Gahany W, Alraeesi A, Al‐Hajj L, Al‐Maidalli A, Shah I. Analysis of illicit glucocorticoid levels in camel hair using competitive ELISA – Comparison with LC–MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:458-464. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesKhalifa University Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Wesam El‐Gahany
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
| | - Ayisha Alraeesi
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
| | - Latifa Al‐Hajj
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
| | | | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
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24
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Kamata T, Shima N, Miki A, Matsuo E, Yamamoto T, Tsuchihashi H, Sato T, Shimma S, Katagi M. High Spatial-Resolution Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Ion Trap-Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Depicting Longitudinal and Transverse Distribution of Drugs Incorporated into Hair. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5821-5829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tooru Kamata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Akihiro Miki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Eiichi Matsuo
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Takushi Yamamoto
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuchihashi
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Takako Sato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shimma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
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25
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Davies C, Gautam L, Grela A, Morrissey J. Variability associated with interpreting drugs within forensic hair analysis: A three-stage interpretation. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:868-888. [PMID: 32126591 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis is capable of determining both an individual's long-term drug history and a single exposure to a drug, which can be particularly important for corroborating incidents of drug-facilitated crimes. As a source of forensic evidence that may be used in a court of law, it must be credible, impartial and reliable, yet the pathways of drug and metabolite entry into hair are still uncertain. Many variables may influence drug analysis results, most of which are outside of the control of an analyst. An individual's pharmacokinetic and metabolic responses, hair growth rates, drug incorporation routes, axial migration, ethnicity, age and gender, for example, all display interpersonal variability. At present there is little standardization of the analytical processes involved with hair analysis. Both false positives and negative results for drugs are frequently encountered, regardless of whether a person has consumed a drug or not. In this regard, we have categorized these variables and proposed a three-stage analytical approach to facilitate forensic toxicologists, hair analysis experts, judiciaries and service users in the analytical and interpretation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Davies
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lata Gautam
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agatha Grela
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, Brentford, London, UK
| | - Joanne Morrissey
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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26
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Lin H, Zeng X, Wang Q, Li Y, Sun B, Wang Y, Wang H. Identification and imaging of indole-3-carboxamide cannabinoids in hair using matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Gilliland WM, Prince HMA, Poliseno A, Kashuba ADM, Rosen EP. Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Human Hair to Characterize Longitudinal Profiles of the Antiretroviral Maraviroc for Adherence Monitoring. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10816-10822. [PMID: 31345022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we assess infrared matrix assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) analysis of hair as a clinical tool for monitoring patient adherence to the antiretroviral maraviroc (MVC). A custom MATLAB-based algorithm has been developed to streamline data analysis and generate longitudinal profiles of drug incorporation along the length of hair strands. Hair strands from volunteers enrolled in a directly observed therapy study were analyzed by IR-MALDESI MSI and processed using this tool to characterize the profiles of single doses and a daily dose regimen of MVC. Single dose responses were 1.7 [1.1, 2.5] mm (median [range]) wide along the length of the hair and were detected in 8 out of 12 volunteers. Daily dose profiles capturing 28 days of continuous dosing were approximately 5 times the intensity of single dose profiles and 10.5 [7.0, 13] mm wide, corresponding to 1 month of hair growth. MVC ion abundance was observed in all 12 volunteers for the daily dosing period. Daily dosing profiles were consistent with a model of MVC accumulation in hair based on linear superposition of a single dose response, indicating the potential for prediction of daily drug-taking behavior based on deconvolution of a complex longitudinal profile in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Gilliland
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Heather M A Prince
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Amanda Poliseno
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,Center for AIDS Research , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Elias P Rosen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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Shima N, Nitta A, Kamata T, Sasaki K, Matsuta S, Ishikawa A, Asai R, Wada M, Kakehashi H, Nakano S, Kamata H, Sato T, Tsuchihashi H, Miki A, Katagi M. Incorporation of zolpidem and methoxyphenamine into white hair strands after single administrations: Influence of hair pigmentation on drug incorporation. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Shima N, Sasaki K, Kamata T, Miki A, Katagi M. Hair Testing for Drugs in the Field of Forensics. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:705-713. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police H.Q
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police H.Q
| | - Tohru Kamata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police H.Q
| | - Akihiro Miki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police H.Q
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30
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Strong evidence of drug-facilitated crimes by hair analysis using LC–MS/MS after micro-segmentation. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Tachibana K. Letter to the Editor-Hair Ethanol Glucuronide (EtG) and Washout Effects: Can and Should Pre-Analytical Washout Effects be Assessed During the Method Validation Phase? J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:323-324. [PMID: 30605569 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazama Tachibana
- Territory Pathology, Department of Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Rocklands Drive, Tiwi, NT, 0810, Australia
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32
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Kernalléguen A, Enjalbal C, Alvarez JC, Belgacem O, Léonetti G, Lafitte D, Pélissier-Alicot AL. Synthetic cannabinoid isomers characterization by MALDI-MS3 imaging: Application to single scalp hair. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1041:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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Kuwayama K, Nariai M, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Abe H, Iwase H, Inoue H. Estimation of day of death using micro-segmental hair analysis based on drug use history: a case of lidocaine use as a marker. Int J Legal Med 2018; 133:117-122. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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34
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Kuwayama K, Nariai M, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Abe H, Iwase H, Inoue H. Accurate Estimation of Drug Intake Day by Microsegmental Analysis of a Strand of Hair by Use of Internal Temporal Markers. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 3:37-47. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.025346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Segmental hair analysis can be useful for estimating the time of drug intake. However, this estimation is currently only accurate to within several months. We previously conducted microsegmental analysis of a strand of hair to visualize drug distribution at a spatial resolution of 0.4 mm, which corresponds to daily hair-growth length. Herein, we describe a procedure for accurately estimating the day of drug intake by using internal temporal markers (ITMs) to mark a timescale in the analyzed strand of hair.
Methods
Five drugs were administered in a single dose to the subjects, and then administration was stopped for several weeks. Two subsequent cycles of drug administration and similar withdrawal were performed. For analysis, a strand of hair was plucked from the subject's scalp. The first intake day was considered as the unknown and the drugs administered second and third were regarded as the ITMs. The first intake day was estimated based on the distance from hair root end to 3 drug peaks and 3 known days (hair sampling and 2 ITM cycles).
Results
The drug concentration–hair segment curve had 3 peaks, which reflected the 3 drug cycles. The use of ITMs reduced the error of the true intake day to within 2 days, because the growth rate of the analyzed strand of hair was accounted for by the 2 ITMs.
Conclusions
The estimated accuracy showed little dependency on drug and individual variation. This procedure for estimating the time of drug intake down to a particular day can be used in drug-related crimes, drug abuse and compliance, and for medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Maika Nariai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko T Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Abe
- Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
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35
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Chae JW, Ng R, Chan A. Chemotherapy drug concentrations in hair follicles: a potential biomarker to monitor the effectiveness of scalp cooling for chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Support Care Cancer 2018; 26:3669-3670. [PMID: 29946791 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Chae
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Raymond Ng
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexandre Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Block S4A, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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36
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Kuwayama K, Nariai M, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Abe H, Iwase H, Inoue H. Micro-segmental hair analysis for proving drug-facilitated crimes: Evidence that a victim ingested a sleeping aid, diphenhydramine, on a specific day. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 288:23-28. [PMID: 29705586 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleeping aids are often abused in the commission of drug-facilitated crimes. Generally, there is little evidence that a victim ingested a spiked drink unknowingly because the unconscious victim cannot report the situation to the police immediately after the crime occurred. Although conventional segmental hair analysis can estimate the number of months since a targeted drug was ingested, this analysis cannot determine the specific day of ingestion. We recently developed a method of micro-segmental hair analysis using internal temporal markers (ITMs) to estimate the day of drug ingestion. This method was based on volunteer ingestion of ITMs to determine a timescale within individual hair strands, by segmenting a single hair strand at 0.4-mm intervals, corresponding to daily hair growth. This study assessed the ability of this method to estimate the day of ingestion of an over-the-counter sleeping aid, diphenhydramine, which can be easily abused. To model ingestion of a diphenhydramine-spiked drink unknowingly, each subject ingested a dose of diphenhydramine, followed by ingestion of two doses of the ITM, chlorpheniramine, 14days apart. Several hair strands were collected from each subject's scalp several weeks after the second ITM ingestion. Diphenhydramine and ITM were detected at specific regions within individual hair strands. The day of diphenhydramine ingestion was estimated from the distances between the regions and the days of ITM ingestion. The error between estimated and actual ingestion day ranged from -0.1 to 1.9days regardless of subjects and hair collection times. The total time required for micro-segmental analysis of 96 hair segments (hair length: 3.84cm) was approximately 2days and the cost was almost the same as in general drug analysis. This procedure may be applicable to the investigation of crimes facilitated by various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Maika Nariai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hajime Miyaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yuko T Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroko Abe
- Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
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37
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Flinders B, Beasley E, Verlaan RM, Cuypers E, Francese S, Bassindale T, Clench MR, Heeren RMA. Optimization of Sample Preparation and Instrumental Parameters for the Rapid Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Hair samples by MALDI-MS/MS Imaging. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2462-2468. [PMID: 28801836 PMCID: PMC5645433 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been employed to rapidly screen longitudinally sectioned drug user hair samples for cocaine and its metabolites using continuous raster imaging. Optimization of the spatial resolution and raster speed were performed on intact cocaine contaminated hair samples. The optimized settings (100 × 150 μm at 0.24 mm/s) were subsequently used to examine longitudinally sectioned drug user hair samples. The MALDI-MS/MS images showed the distribution of the most abundant cocaine product ion at m/z 182. Using the optimized settings, multiple hair samples obtained from two users were analyzed in approximately 3 h: six times faster than the standard spot-to-spot acquisition method. Quantitation was achieved using longitudinally sectioned control hair samples sprayed with a cocaine dilution series. A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiment was also performed using the 'dynamic pixel' imaging method to screen for cocaine and a range of its metabolites, in order to differentiate between contaminated hairs and drug users. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and cocaethylene were detectable, in agreement with analyses carried out using the standard LC-MS/MS method. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Flinders
- FOM-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Beasley
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Ricky M Verlaan
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology", Herestraat 49, PO 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simona Francese
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Tom Bassindale
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Malcolm R Clench
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- FOM-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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38
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Inoue H. Different localizations of drugs simultaneously administered in a strand of hair by micro-segmental analysis. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:750-760. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | | | - Yuko T. Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
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39
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Binz TM, Williner E, Strajhar P, Dolder PC, Liechti ME, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T, Steuer AE. Chiral analysis of amphetamines in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: compliance-monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients under Elvanse® therapy and identification after controlled low-dose application. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:254-261. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina M. Binz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Elena Williner
- Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Petra Strajhar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Patrick C. Dolder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research; University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Matthias E. Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research; University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Markus R. Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andrea E. Steuer
- Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
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40
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Fresnais M, Richardin P, Sepúlveda M, Leize-Wagner E, Charrié-Duhaut A. Omics for Precious Rare Biosamples: Characterization of Ancient Human Hair by a Proteomic Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:361-370. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Fresnais
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse des interactions et des systèmes (LSMIS), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascale Richardin
- Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France (C2RMF), Palais du Louvre, Paris, France
| | - Marcela Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Análisis e Investigación Arqueométricas y Laboratorio de Arqueologia y Paleoambiente, Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse des interactions et des systèmes (LSMIS), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140, Strasbourg, France
| | - Armelle Charrié-Duhaut
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse des interactions et des systèmes (LSMIS), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140, Strasbourg, France
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41
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Wang H, Wang Y, Wang G, Hong L. Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging of olanzapine in a single hair using esculetin as a matrix. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:123-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Song X, Luo Z, Li X, Li T, Wang Z, Sun C, Huang L, Xie P, Liu X, He J, Abliz Z. In Situ Hydrogel Conditioning of Tissue Samples To Enhance the Drug’s Sensitivity in Ambient Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6318-6323. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhigang Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenglong Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Luojiao Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ping Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiuming He
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zeper Abliz
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Center
for Imaging and Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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43
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Wang H, Wang Y. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging for the rapid segmental analysis of methamphetamine in a single hair using umbelliferone as a matrix. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 975:42-51. [PMID: 28552305 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Segmental hair analysis offers a longer period for retrospective drug detection than blood or urine. Hair is a keratinous fiber and is strongly hydrophobic. The embedding of drugs in hydrophobic hair at low concentrations makes it difficult for extraction and detection with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) coupled with mass spectrometric imaging (MSI). In this study, a single scalp hair was longitudinally cut with a cryostat section to a length of 4 mm and fixed onto a stainless steel MALDI plate. Umbelliferone was used as a new hydrophobic matrix to enrich and assist the ionization efficiency of methamphetamine in the hair sample. MALDI-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR)-MS profiling and imaging were performed for direct detection and mapping of methamphetamine on the longitudinal sections of the single hair sample in positive ion mode. Using MALDI-MSI, the distribution of methamphetamine was observed throughout five longitudinally sectioned hair samples from a drug abuser. The changes of methamphetamine were also semi-quantified by comparing the ratios of methamphetamine/internal standard (I.S). This method improves the detection sensitivity of target drugs embedded in a hair matrix for imaging with mass spectrometry. The method could provide a detection level of methamphetamine down to a nanogram per milligram incorporated into hair. The results were also compared with the conventional high performance liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method. Changes in the imaging results over time by the MSI method showed good semi-quantitative correlation to the results from the HPLC-MS/MS method. This study provides a powerful tool for drug abuse control and forensic medicine analysis in a narrow time frame, and a reduction in the sample amount required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, 200063, PR China; Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Narcotics Control Commission, Nanjing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Nanjing, 210012, PR China
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Spatial Metabolite Profiling by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 965:291-321. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47656-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Flinders B, Cuypers E, Porta T, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G, Heeren RMA. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Drugs of Abuse in Hair. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1618:137-147. [PMID: 28523505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7051-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hair testing is a powerful tool routinely used for the detection of drugs of abuse. The analysis of hair is highly advantageous as it can provide prolonged drug detectability versus that in biological fluids and chronological information about drug intake based on the average growth of hair. However, current methodology requires large amounts of hair samples and involves complex time-consuming sample preparation followed by gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry imaging is increasingly being used for the analysis of single hair samples, as it provides more accurate and visual chronological information in single hair samples.Here, two methods for the preparation of single hair samples for mass spectrometry imaging are presented.The first uses an in-house built cutting apparatus to prepare longitudinal sections, the second is a method for embedding and cryo-sectioning hair samples in order to prepare cross-sections all along the hair sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Flinders
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Herestraat 49, PO 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tiffany Porta
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Shima N, Sasaki K, Kamata T, Matsuta S, Wada M, Kakehashi H, Nakano S, Kamata H, Nishioka H, Sato T, Tsuchihashi H, Miki A, Katagi M. Incorporation of Zolpidem into Hair and Its Distribution after a Single Administration. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:286-293. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Inoue H. Three-step drug extraction from a single sub-millimeter segment of hair and nail to determine the exact day of drug intake. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 948:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Duvivier WF, van Beek TA, Nielen MWF. Critical comparison of mass analyzers for forensic hair analysis by ambient ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2331-2340. [PMID: 27528453 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recently, several direct and/or ambient mass spectrometry (MS) approaches have been suggested for drugs of abuse imaging in hair. The use of mass spectrometers with insufficient selectivity could result in false-positive measurements due to isobaric interferences. Different mass analyzers have been evaluated regarding their selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from intact hair samples using direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization. METHODS Four different mass analyzers, namely (1) an orbitrap, (2) a quadrupole orbitrap, (3) a triple quadrupole, and (4) a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF), were evaluated. Selectivity and sensitivity were assessed by analyzing secondary THC standard dilutions on stainless steel mesh screens and blank hair samples, and by the analysis of authentic cannabis user hair samples. Additionally, separation of isobaric ions by use of travelling wave ion mobility (TWIM) was investigated. RESULTS The use of a triple quadrupole instrument resulted in the highest sensitivity; however, transitions used for multiple reaction monitoring were only found to be specific when using high mass resolution product ion measurements. A mass resolution of at least 30,000 FWHM at m/z 315 was necessary to avoid overlap of THC with isobaric ions originating from the hair matrix. Even though selectivity was enhanced by use of TWIM, the QTOF instrument in resolution mode could not indisputably differentiate THC from endogenous isobaric ions in drug user hair samples. CONCLUSIONS Only the high resolution of the (quadrupole) orbitrap instruments and the QTOF instrument in high-resolution mode distinguished THC in hair samples from endogenous isobaric interferences. As expected, enhanced selectivity compromises sensitivity and THC was only detectable in hair from heavy users. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco F Duvivier
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703, HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Teris A van Beek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703, HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703, HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dutkiewicz EP, Urban PL. Quantitative mass spectrometry of unconventional human biological matrices. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150380. [PMID: 27644966 PMCID: PMC5031645 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of sensitive and versatile mass spectrometric methodology has fuelled interest in the analysis of metabolites and drugs in unconventional biological specimens. Here, we discuss the analysis of eight human matrices-hair, nail, breath, saliva, tears, meibum, nasal mucus and skin excretions (including sweat)-by mass spectrometry (MS). The use of such specimens brings a number of advantages, the most important being non-invasive sampling, the limited risk of adulteration and the ability to obtain information that complements blood and urine tests. The most often studied matrices are hair, breath and saliva. This review primarily focuses on endogenous (e.g. potential biomarkers, hormones) and exogenous (e.g. drugs, environmental contaminants) small molecules. The majority of analytical methods used chromatographic separation prior to MS; however, such a hyphenated methodology greatly limits analytical throughput. On the other hand, the mass spectrometric methods that exclude chromatographic separation are fast but suffer from matrix interferences. To enable development of quantitative assays for unconventional matrices, it is desirable to standardize the protocols for the analysis of each specimen and create appropriate certified reference materials. Overcoming these challenges will make analysis of unconventional human biological matrices more common in a clinical setting.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Beasley E, Francese S, Bassindale T. Detection and Mapping of Cannabinoids in Single Hair Samples through Rapid Derivatization and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10328-10334. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Beasley
- Centre
for Mass Spectrometry
Imaging, Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard
Street, S1 1WB Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Francese
- Centre
for Mass Spectrometry
Imaging, Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard
Street, S1 1WB Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Bassindale
- Centre
for Mass Spectrometry
Imaging, Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard
Street, S1 1WB Sheffield, United Kingdom
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