1
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Wang F, Zhang C, Wu F, He Z, Huang Y. Investigation of the Single-Particle Scale Structure-Activity Relationship Providing New Insights for the Development of High-Performance Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400683. [PMID: 38747891 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
As electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and tools have increasingly high requirements for battery energy density and power density, constantly improving battery performance is a research focus. Accurate measurement of the structure-activity relationship of active materials is key to advancing the research of high-performance batteries. However, conventional performance tests of active materials are based on the electrochemical measurement of porous composite electrodes containing active materials, polymer binders, and conductive carbon additives, which cannot establish an accurate structure-activity relationship with the physical characterization of microregions. In this review, in order to promote the accurate measurement and understanding of the structure-activity relationship of materials, the electrochemical measurement and physical characterization of energy storage materials at single-particle scale are reviewed. The potential problems and possible improvement schemes of the single particle electrochemical measurement and physical characterization are proposed. Their potential applications in single particle electrochemical simulation and machine learning are prospected. This review aims to promote the further application of single particle electrochemical measurement and physical characterization in energy storage materials, hoping to achieve 3D unified evaluation of physical characterization, electrochemical measurement, and theoretical simulation at the single particle scale to provide new inspiration for the development of high-performance batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Zhichao He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Yudong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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2
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Ouyang L, Chen H, Xu R, Shaik R, Zhang G, Zhe J. Rapid Surface Charge Mapping Based on a Liquid Crystal Microchip. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:199. [PMID: 38667192 PMCID: PMC11047892 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Rapid surface charge mapping of a solid surface remains a challenge. In this study, we present a novel microchip based on liquid crystals for assessing the surface charge distribution of a planar or soft surface. This chip enables rapid measurements of the local surface charge distribution of a charged surface. The chip consists of a micropillar array fabricated on a transparent indium tin oxide substrate, while the liquid crystal is used to fill in the gaps between the micropillar structures. When an object is placed on top of the chip, the local surface charge (or zeta potential) influences the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, resulting in changes in the magnitude of transmitted light. By measuring the intensity of the transmitted light, the distribution of the surface charge can be accurately quantified. We calibrated the chip in a three-electrode configuration and demonstrated the validity of the chip for rapid surface charge mapping using a borosilicate glass slide. This chip offers noninvasive, rapid mapping of surface charges on charged surfaces, with no need for physical or chemical modifications, and has broad potential applications in biomedical research and advanced material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leixin Ouyang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (L.O.); (H.C.); (R.X.)
| | - Heyi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (L.O.); (H.C.); (R.X.)
| | - Ruiting Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (L.O.); (H.C.); (R.X.)
| | - Rubia Shaik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (R.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (R.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jiang Zhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (L.O.); (H.C.); (R.X.)
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3
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Takahashi Y, Takamatsu D, Korchev Y, Fukuma T. Correlative Analysis of Ion-Concentration Profile and Surface Nanoscale Topography Changes Using Operando Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. JACS AU 2023; 3:1089-1099. [PMID: 37124299 PMCID: PMC10131198 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although various spectroscopic methods have been developed to capture ion-concentration profile changes, it is still difficult to visualize the ion-concentration profile and surface topographical changes simultaneously during the charging/discharging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To tackle this issue, we have developed an operando scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) method that can directly visualize an ion-concentration profile and surface topography using a SICM nanopipette while controlling the sample potential or current with a potentiostat for characterizing the polarization state during charging/discharging. Using operando SICM on the negative electrode (anode) of LIBs, we have characterized ion-concentration profile changes and the reversible volume changes related to the phase transition during cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge/discharge of the graphite anode. Operando SICM is a versatile technique that is likely to be of major value for evaluating the correlation between the electrolyte concentration profile and nanoscale surface topography changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Department
of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Daiko Takamatsu
- Center
for Exploratory Research, Research &
Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama-machi, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Yuri Korchev
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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4
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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5
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Rabinowitz J, Hartel AJW, Dayton H, Fabbri JD, Jo J, Dietrich LEP, Shepard KL. Charge Mapping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using a Hopping Mode Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Technique. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5285-5292. [PMID: 36920847 PMCID: PMC10359948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a topographic imaging technique capable of probing biological samples in electrolyte conditions. SICM enhancements have enabled surface charge detection based on voltage-dependent signals. Here, we show how the hopping mode SICM method (HP-SICM) can be used for rapid and minimally invasive surface charge mapping. We validate our method usingPseudomonas aeruginosaPA14 (PA) cells and observe a surface charge density of σPA = -2.0 ± 0.45 mC/m2 that is homogeneous within the ∼80 nm lateral scan resolution. This biological surface charge is detected from at least 1.7 μm above the membrane (395× the Debye length), and the long-range charge detection is attributed to electroosmotic amplification. We show that imaging with a nanobubble-plugged probe reduces perturbation of the underlying sample. We extend the technique to PA biofilms and observe a charge density exceeding -20 mC/m2. We use a solid-state calibration to quantify surface charge density and show that HP-SICM cannot be quantitatively described by a steady-state finite element model. This work contributes to the body of scanning probe methods that can uniquely contribute to microbiology and cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Rabinowitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andreas J W Hartel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,Department of Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hannah Dayton
- Department of Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jason D Fabbri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jeanyoung Jo
- Department of Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Lars E P Dietrich
- Department of Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kenneth L Shepard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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6
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Cell Surface Charge Mapping Using a Microelectrode Array on ITO Substrate. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040518. [PMID: 36831185 PMCID: PMC9954061 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cellular functions are regulated by cell surface charges, such as intercellular signaling and metabolism. Noninvasive measurement of surface charge distribution of a single cell plays a vital role in understanding cellular functions via cell membranes. We report a method for cell surface charge mapping via photoelectric interactions. A cell is placed on an array of microelectrodes fabricated on a transparent ITO (indium tin oxide) surface. An incident light irradiates the ITO surface from the backside. Because of the influence of the cell surface charge (or zeta potential), the photocurrent and the absorption of the incident light are changed, inducing a magnitude change of the reflected light. Hence, the cell surface charge distribution can be quantified by analyzing the reflected light intensity. This method does not need physical or chemical modification of the cell surface. We validated this method using charged microparticles (MPs) and two types of cells, i.e., human dermal fibroblast cells (HDFs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). The measured average zeta potentials were in good agreement with the standard electrophoresis light scattering method.
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7
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Xu X, Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Confederat S, Marcuccio F, Lemineur JF, Actis P, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. The New Era of High-Throughput Nanoelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:319-356. [PMID: 36625121 PMCID: PMC9835065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université
Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Samuel Confederat
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Fabio Marcuccio
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Faculty
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paolo Actis
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,
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8
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Caniglia G, Tezcan G, Meloni GN, Unwin PR, Kranz C. Probing and Visualizing Interfacial Charge at Surfaces in Aqueous Solution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:247-267. [PMID: 35259914 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-121521-122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface charge density and distribution play an important role in almost all interfacial processes, influencing, for example, adsorption, colloidal stability, functional material activity, electrochemical processes, corrosion, nanoparticle toxicity, and cellular processes such as signaling, absorption, and adhesion. Understanding the heterogeneity in, and distribution of, surface and interfacial charge is key to elucidating the mechanisms underlying reactivity, the stability of materials, and biophysical processes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) are highly suitable for probing the material/electrolyte interface at the nanoscale through recent advances in probe design, significant instrumental (hardware and software) developments, and the evolution of multifunctional imaging protocols. Here, we assess the capability of AFM and SICM for surface charge mapping, covering the basic underpinning principles alongside experimental considerations. We illustrate and compare the use of AFM and SICM for visualizing surface and interfacial charge with examples from materials science, geochemistry, and the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Caniglia
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany;
| | - Gözde Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany;
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9
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Chen F, He J, Manandhar P, Yang Y, Liu P, Gu N. Gauging surface charge distribution of live cell membrane by ionic current change using scanning ion conductance microscopy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19973-19984. [PMID: 34825684 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05230f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of surface charge and potential of cell membrane plays an indispensable role in cellular activities. However, probing surface charge of live cells under physiological conditions, until recently, remains an arduous challenge owing to the lack of effective methods. Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is an emerging imaging technique for imaging a live cell membrane in its native state. Here, we introduce a simple SICM based imaging technique to effectively map the surface charge contrast distribution of soft substrates including cell membranes by utilizing the higher surface charge sensitivity of the ionic current when the nanopipette tip is close to the substrate with a relatively high current change. This technique was assessed on charged model substrates made of polydimethylsiloxane, and the surface charge sensitivity of ionic current change was supported by finite element method simulations. With this method, we can distinguish the surface charge difference between the cell membrane and the supporting collagen matrix. We also observed the surface charge change induced by the small membrane damage after 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment. This new SICM technique provides opportunities to study interfacial and cell membrane processes with high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
- Physics Department, Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Jin He
- Physics Department, Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Prakash Manandhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yizi Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Peidang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ning Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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10
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Zhou Y, Sun L, Watanabe S, Ando T. Recent Advances in the Glass Pipet: from Fundament to Applications. Anal Chem 2021; 94:324-335. [PMID: 34841859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has emerged as a versatile tool for studies of interfaces in biology and materials science with notable utility in biophysical and electrochemical measurements. The heart of the SICM is a nanometer-scale electrolyte filled glass pipette that serves as a scanning probe. In the initial conception, manipulations of ion currents through the tip of the pipette and appropriate positioning hardware provided a route to recording micro- and nanoscopic mapping of the topography of surfaces. Subsequent advances in instrumentation, probe design, and methods significantly increased opportunities for SICM beyond recording topography. Hybridization of SICM with coincident characterization techniques such as optical microscopy and faradaic electrodes have brought SICM to the forefront as a tool for nanoscale chemical measurement for a wide range of applications. Modern approaches to SICM realize an important tool in analytical, bioanalytical, biophysical, and materials measurements, where significant opportunities remain for further exploration. In this review, we chronicle the development of SICM from the perspective of both the development of instrumentation and methods and the breadth of measurements performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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12
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Iwata F, Shirasawa T, Mizutani Y, Ushiki T. Scanning ion-conductance microscopy with a double-barreled nanopipette for topographic imaging of charged chromosomes. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 70:423-435. [PMID: 33644794 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is useful for imaging soft and fragile biological samples in liquids because it probes the samples' surface topography by detecting ion currents under non-contact and force-free conditions. SICM acquires the surface topographical height by detecting the ion current reduction that occurs when an electrolyte-filled glass nanopipette approaches the sample surface. However, most biological materials have electrically charged surfaces in liquid environments, which sometimes affect the behavior of the ion currents detected by SICM and, especially, make topography measurements difficult. For measuring such charged samples, we propose a novel imaging method that uses a double-barrel nanopipette as an SICM probe. The ion current between the two apertures of the nanopipette desensitizes the surface charge effect on imaging. In this study, metaphase chromosomes of Indian muntjac were imaged by this technique because, owing to their strongly negatively charged surfaces in phosphate-buffered saline, it is difficult to obtain the topography of the chromosomes by the conventional SICM with a single-aperture nanopipette. Using the proposed method with a double-barrel nanopipette, the surfaces of the chromosomes were successfully measured, without any surface charge confounder. Since the detailed imaging of sample topography can be performed in physiological liquid conditions regardless of the sample charge, it is expected to be used for analyzing the high-order structure of chromosomes in relation to their dynamic changes in the cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Iwata
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan.,Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8011, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Shirasawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizutani
- Office of Institutional Research, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan.,Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ushiki
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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13
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Zhu C, Jagdale G, Gandolfo A, Alanis K, Abney R, Zhou L, Bish D, Raff JD, Baker LA. Surface Charge Measurements with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Provide Insights into Nitrous Acid Speciation at the Kaolin Mineral-Air Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12233-12242. [PMID: 34449200 PMCID: PMC9277718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Unique surface properties of aluminosilicate clay minerals arise from anisotropic distribution of surface charge across their layered structures. Yet, a molecular-level understanding of clay mineral surfaces has been hampered by the lack of analytical techniques capable of measuring surface charges at the nanoscale. This is important for understanding the reactivity, colloidal stability, and ion-exchange capacity properties of clay minerals, which constitute a major fraction of global soils. In this work, scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is used for the first time to visualize the surface charge and topography of dickite, a well-ordered member of the kaolin subgroup of clay minerals. Dickite displayed a pH-independent negative charge on basal surfaces whereas the positive charge on edges increased from pH 6 to 3. Surface charges responded to malonate addition, which promoted dissolution/precipitation reactions. Results from SICM were used to interpret heterogeneous reactivity studies showing that gas-phase nitrous acid (HONO) is released from the protonation of nitrite at Al-OH2+ groups on dickite edges at pH well above the aqueous pKa of HONO. This study provides nanoscale insights into mineral surface processes that affect environmental processes on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Gargi Jagdale
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Adrien Gandolfo
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Rebecca Abney
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lushan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - David Bish
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Jonathan D Raff
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
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14
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Teahan J, Perry D, Chen B, McPherson IJ, Meloni GN, Unwin PR. Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy: Surface Charge Effects on Electroosmotic Flow Delivery from a Nanopipette. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12281-12288. [PMID: 34460243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a powerful and versatile technique that allows an increasingly wide range of interfacial properties and processes to be studied. SICM employs a nanopipette tip that contains electrolyte solution and a quasi-reference counter electrode (QRCE), to which a potential is applied with respect to a QRCE in a bathing solution, in which the tip is placed. The work herein considers the potential-controlled delivery of uncharged electroactive molecules (solute) from an SICM tip to a working electrode substrate to determine the effect of the substrate on electroosmotic flow (EOF). Specifically, the local delivery of hydroquinone from the tip to a carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode (CF UME) provides a means of quantifying the rate of mass transport from the nanopipette and mapping electroactivity via the CF UME current response for hydroquinone oxidation to benzoquinone. EOF, and therefore species delivery, has a particularly strong dependence on the charge of the substrate surface at close nanopipette-substrate surface separations, with implications for retaining neutral solute within the tip predelivery and for the delivery process itself, both controlled via the applied tip potential. Finite element method (FEM) simulations of mass transport and reactivity are used to explain the experimental observations and identify the nature of EOF, including unusual flow patterns under certain conditions. The combination of experimental results with FEM simulations provides new insights on mass transport in SICM that will enhance quantitative applications and enable new possibilities for the use of nanopipettes for local delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Teahan
- MAS Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Baoping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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15
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Chen B, Perry D, Teahan J, McPherson IJ, Edmondson J, Kang M, Valavanis D, Frenguelli BG, Unwin PR. Artificial Synapse: Spatiotemporal Heterogeneities in Dopamine Electrochemistry at a Carbon Fiber Ultramicroelectrode. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:6-10. [PMID: 36785735 PMCID: PMC9836071 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An artificial synapse is developed that mimics ultramicroelectrode (UME) amperometric detection of single cell exocytosis. It comprises the nanopipette of a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM), which delivers rapid pulses of neurotransmitter (dopamine) locally and on demand at >1000 defined locations of a carbon fiber (CF) UME in each experiment. Analysis of the resulting UME current-space-time data reveals spatiotemporal heterogeneous electrode activity on the nanoscale and submillisecond time scale for dopamine electrooxidation at typical UME detection potentials. Through complementary surface charge mapping and finite element method (FEM) simulations, these previously unseen variations in electrochemical activity are related to heterogeneities in the surface chemistry of the CF UME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - James Teahan
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - James Edmondson
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Valavanis
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno G. Frenguelli
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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16
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Ouyang L, Shaik R, Xu R, Zhang G, Zhe J. Mapping Surface Charge Distribution of Single-Cell via Charged Nanoparticle. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061519. [PMID: 34208707 PMCID: PMC8235745 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bio-functions of cells can be regulated by their surface charge characteristics. Mapping surface charge density in a single cell's surface is vital to advance the understanding of cell behaviors. This article demonstrates a method of cell surface charge mapping via electrostatic cell-nanoparticle (NP) interactions. Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) were used as the marker to investigate single cells' surface charge distribution. The nanoparticles with opposite charges were electrostatically bonded to the cell surface; a stack of fluorescence distribution on a cell's surface at a series of vertical distances was imaged and analyzed. By establishing a relationship between fluorescent light intensity and number of nanoparticles, cells' surface charge distribution was quantified from the fluorescence distribution. Two types of cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HeLa cells, were tested. From the measured surface charge density of a group of single cells, the average zeta potentials of the two types of cells were obtained, which are in good agreement with the standard electrophoretic light scattering measurement. This method can be used for rapid surface charge mapping of single particles or cells, and can advance cell-surface-charge characterization applications in many biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leixin Ouyang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (L.O.); (R.X.)
| | - Rubia Shaik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (R.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ruiting Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (L.O.); (R.X.)
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (R.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jiang Zhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (L.O.); (R.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-330-972-7737
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17
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Sato K, Sato F, Kumano M, Kamijo T, Sato T, Zhou Y, Korchev Y, Fukuma T, Fujimura T, Takahashi Y. Electrochemical Quantitative Evaluation of the Surface Charge of a Poly(1‐Vinylimidazole) Multilayer Film and Application to Nanopore pH Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba Sendai Miyagi 981-8558 Japan
- Department of Creative Engineering National Institute of Technology Tsuruoka College 104 Sawada, Inooka Tsuruoka Yamagata 997-8511 Japan
| | - Fumiya Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masayuki Kumano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Toshio Kamijo
- Department of Creative Engineering National Institute of Technology Tsuruoka College 104 Sawada, Inooka Tsuruoka Yamagata 997-8511 Japan
| | - Takaya Sato
- Department of Creative Engineering National Institute of Technology Tsuruoka College 104 Sawada, Inooka Tsuruoka Yamagata 997-8511 Japan
| | - Yuanshu Zhou
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Yuri Korchev
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- Imperial College London Department of Medicine W12 0NN London United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba Sendai Miyagi 981-8558 Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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18
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Li P, Li G. Advances in Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy: Principles and Applications. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2020.3037431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Shigyou K, Sun L, Yajima R, Takigaura S, Tajima M, Furusho H, Kikuchi Y, Miyazawa K, Fukuma T, Taoka A, Ando T, Watanabe S. Geometrical Characterization of Glass Nanopipettes with Sub-10 nm Pore Diameter by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15388-15393. [PMID: 33205942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glass nanopipettes are widely used for various applications in nanosciences. In most of the applications, it is important to characterize their geometrical parameters, such as the aperture size and the inner cone angle at the tip region. For nanopipettes with sub-10 nm aperture and thin wall thickness, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) must be most instrumental in their precise geometrical measurement. However, this measurement has remained a challenge because heat generated by electron beam irradiation would largely deform sub-10 nm nanopipettes. Here, we provide methods for preparing TEM specimens that do not cause deformation of such tiny nanopipettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Shigyou
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Riku Yajima
- Division of Nano Life Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shohei Takigaura
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Tajima
- College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Furusho
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yousuke Kikuchi
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Azuma Taoka
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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20
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Cremin K, Jones BA, Teahan J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Zerfass C, Asally M, Soyer OS, Unwin PR. Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Reveals Differences in the Ionic Environments of Gram-Positive and Negative Bacteria. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16024-16032. [PMID: 33241929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the use of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) to locally map the ionic properties and charge environment of two live bacterial strains: the Gram-negative Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. SICM results find heterogeneities across the bacterial surface and significant differences among the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The bioelectrical environment of the B. subtilis was found to be considerably more negatively charged compared to E. coli. SICM measurements, fitted to a simplified finite element method (FEM) model, revealed surface charge values of -80 to -140 mC m-2 for the Gram-negative E. coli. The Gram-positive B. subtilis show a much higher conductivity around the cell wall, and surface charge values between -350 and -450 mC m-2 were found using the same simplified model. SICM was also able to detect regions of high negative charge near B. subtilis, not detected in the topographical SICM response and attributed to the extracellular polymeric substance. To further explore how the B. subtilis cell wall structure can influence the SICM current response, a more comprehensive FEM model, accounting for the physical properties of the Gram-positive cell wall, was developed. The new model provides a more realistic description of the cell wall and allows investigation of the relation between its key properties and SICM currents, building foundations to further investigate and improve understanding of the Gram-positive cellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Cremin
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training (MAS CDT), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Bryn A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - James Teahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training (MAS CDT), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Christian Zerfass
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Munehiro Asally
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Orkun S Soyer
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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21
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Li L, Steinmetz NF, Eppell SJ, Zypman FR. Charge Calibration Standard for Atomic Force Microscope Tips in Liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13621-13632. [PMID: 33155810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An electric charge standard with nanoscale resolution is created using the known charge distribution of a single tobacco mosaic virus coat protein combined with the known packing of these proteins in the virus capsid. This advances the ability to measure charge on nanometric samples. Experimental atomic force microscope (AFM) force-distance curves are collected under aqueous conditions with controlled pH and ion concentration. A mathematical model that considers a polarizable dielectric tip immersed in an electrolyte is used to obtain charge density from the AFM measurements. Interactions between the tip and the sample are modeled using theory that includes monopolar electrostatic interactions, dipolar interactions, screening from both the dielectric nature of ambient water and solvated ions as described by the linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation, and hard-core repulsion. It is found that the tip charge density changes on a timescale of hours requiring recalibration of the tip for experiments lasting more than an hour. As an example of how a charge-calibrated tip may be used, the surface charge densities on 20 individual carboxylate-modified polystyrene (PS) beads are measured. The average of these AFM-measured bead charge densities is compared with the value obtained from conventional titration combined with electron microscopy. The two values are found to agree within 20%. While the comparison demonstrates similarity of the two charge measurements, hypotheses are put forward as to why the two techniques might be expected not to provide identical mean charge densities. The considerations used to build these hypotheses thus underscore the relevance of the method performed here if charge information is required on individual nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Departments of NanoEngineering, Bioengineering, and Radiology, Moores Cancer Center, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Steven J Eppell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Fredy R Zypman
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, Manhattan, New York 10033, United States
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22
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Chen F, Panday N, Li X, Ma T, Guo J, Wang X, Kos L, Hu K, Gu N, He J. Simultaneous mapping of nanoscale topography and surface potential of charged surfaces by scanning ion conductance microscopy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20737-20748. [PMID: 33030171 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) offers the ability to obtain nanoscale resolution images of the membranes of living cells. Here, we show that a dual-barrel nanopipette probe based potentiometric SICM (P-SICM) can simultaneously map the topography and surface potential of soft, rough and heterogeneously charged surfaces under physiological conditions. This technique was validated and tested by systematic studies on model samples, and the finite element method (FEM) based simulations confirmed its surface potential sensing capability. Using the P-SICM method, we compared both the topography and extracellular potential distributions of the membranes of normal (Mela-A) and cancerous (B16) skin cells. We further monitored the structural and electrical changes of the membranes of both types of cells after exposing them to the elevated potassium ion concentration in extracellular solution, known to depolarize and damage the cell. From surface potential imaging, we revealed the dynamic appearance of heterogeneity of the surface potential of the individual cell membrane. This P-SICM method provides new opportunities to study the structural and electrical properties of cell membrane at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China and Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Namuna Panday
- Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Department of Biological Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Tao Ma
- Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Lidia Kos
- Department of Biological Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA and Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ke Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin He
- Physics Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA. and Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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23
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Shkirskiy V, Kang M, McPherson IJ, Bentley CL, Wahab OJ, Daviddi E, Colburn AW, Unwin PR. Electrochemical Impedance Measurements in Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12509-12517. [PMID: 32786472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a versatile tool for electrochemistry, particularly when applied locally to reveal the properties and dynamics of heterogeneous interfaces. A new method to generate local electrochemical impedance spectra is outlined, by applying a harmonic bias between a quasi-reference counter electrode (QRCE) placed in a nanopipet tip of a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) and a conductive (working electrode) substrate (two-electrode setup). The AC frequency can be tuned so that the magnitude of the impedance is sensitive to the tip-to-substrate distance, whereas the phase angle is broadly defined by the local capacitive response of the electrical double layer (EDL) of the working electrode. This development enables the surface topography and the local capacitance to be sensed reliably, and separately, in a single measurement. Further, self-referencing the probe impedance near the surface to that in the bulk solution allows the local capacitive response of the working electrode substrate in the overall AC signal to be determined, establishing a quantitative footing for the methodology. The spatial resolution of AC-SICM is an order of magnitude larger than the tip size (100 nm radius), for the studies herein, due to frequency dispersion. Comprehensive finite element method (FEM) modeling is undertaken to optimize the experimental conditions and minimize the experimental artifacts originating from the frequency dispersion phenomenon, and provides an avenue to explore the means by which the spatial resolution could be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Shkirskiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Oluwasegun J Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W Colburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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24
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Li L, Eppell SJ, Zypman FR. Method to Quantify Nanoscale Surface Charge in Liquid with Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4123-4134. [PMID: 32208713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A theory is presented to obtain surface charge density on nanoscale objects from data in the snap-to-contact portion of an atomic force microscope force-separation curve. The mathematical model takes into account the tip's dielectric constant using the Self-Consistent Sum of Dipoles theory which includes the charge-charge interaction and the charge-dipole interaction with electrolyte-induced exponentially decaying screening, Debye and London dipolar force, and fluid viscosity including confined fluid layers to account for energy dissipation. Using previously published experimental data, the mathematical model is applied to measure the surface charge density on an individual nanoscale amine-modified polystyrene bead immobilized on the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite in buffered aqueous solution. Within the experimental uncertainty, the magnitude of the charge density on a single bead obtained using the new method falls within the distribution of values determined by the manufacturer using titration and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Steven J Eppell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Fredy R Zypman
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, 2495 Amsterdam Avenue, Manhattan, New York 10033, United States
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25
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Sachs L, Denker C, Greinacher A, Palankar R. Quantifying single-platelet biomechanics: An outsider's guide to biophysical methods and recent advances. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:386-401. [PMID: 32211573 PMCID: PMC7086474 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are the key cellular components of blood primarily contributing to formation of stable hemostatic plugs at the site of vascular injury, thus preventing excessive blood loss. On the other hand, excessive platelet activation can contribute to thrombosis. Platelets respond to many stimuli that can be of biochemical, cellular, or physical origin. This drives platelet activation kinetics and plays a vital role in physiological and pathological situations. Currently used bulk assays are inadequate for comprehensive biomechanical assessment of single platelets. Individual platelets interact and respond differentially while modulating their biomechanical behavior depending on dynamic changes that occur in surrounding microenvironments. Quantitative description of such a phenomenon at single-platelet regime and up to nanometer resolution requires methodological approaches that can manipulate individual platelets at submicron scales. This review focusses on principles, specific examples, and limitations of several relevant biophysical methods applied to single-platelet analysis such as micropipette aspiration, atomic force microscopy, scanning ion conductance microscopy and traction force microscopy. Additionally, we are introducing a promising single-cell approach, real-time deformability cytometry, as an emerging biophysical method for high-throughput biomechanical characterization of single platelets. This review serves as an introductory guide for clinician scientists and beginners interested in exploring one or more of the above-mentioned biophysical methods to address outstanding questions in single-platelet biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sachs
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | | | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Raghavendra Palankar
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
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Synchronous Electrical Conductance‐ and Electron Tunnelling‐Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Measurements. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Watanabe S, Kitazawa S, Sun L, Kodera N, Ando T. Development of high-speed ion conductance microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:123704. [PMID: 31893861 DOI: 10.1063/1.5118360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) can image the surface topography of specimens in ionic solutions without mechanical probe-sample contact. This unique capability is advantageous for imaging fragile biological samples but its highest possible imaging rate is far lower than the level desired in biological studies. Here, we present the development of high-speed SICM. The fast imaging capability is attained by a fast Z-scanner with active vibration control and pipette probes with enhanced ion conductance. By the former, the delay of probe Z-positioning is minimized to sub-10 µs, while its maximum stroke is secured at 6 μm. The enhanced ion conductance lowers a noise floor in ion current detection, increasing the detection bandwidth up to 100 kHz. Thus, temporal resolution 100-fold higher than that of conventional systems is achieved, together with spatial resolution around 20 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Watanabe
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoko Kitazawa
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Linhao Sun
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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28
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Daviddi E, Chen Z, Beam Massani B, Lee J, Bentley CL, Unwin PR, Ratcliff EL. Nanoscale Visualization and Multiscale Electrochemical Analysis of Conductive Polymer Electrodes. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13271-13284. [PMID: 31674763 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers are exceptionally promising for modular electrochemical applications including chemical sensors, bioelectronics, redox-flow batteries, and photoelectrochemical systems due to considerable synthetic tunability and ease of processing. Despite well-established structural heterogeneity in these systems, conventional macroscopic electroanalytical methods-specifically cyclic voltammetry-are typically used as the primary tool for structure-property elucidation. This work presents an alternative correlative multimicroscopy strategy. Data from laboratory and synchrotron-based microspectroscopies, including conducting-atomic force microscopy and synchrotron nanoscale infrared spectroscopy, are combined with potentiodynamic movies of electrochemical fluxes from scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) to reveal the relationship between electrode structure and activity. A model conductive polymer electrode system of tailored heterogeneity is investigated, consisting of phase-segregated domains of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) surrounded by contiguous regions of insulating poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), representing an ultramicroelectrode array. Isolated domains of P3HT are shown to retain bulk-like chemical and electronic structure when blended with PMMA and possess approximately equivalent electron-transfer rate constants compared to pure P3HT electrodes. The nanoscale electrochemical data are used to model and predict multiscale electrochemical behavior, revealing that macroscopic cyclic voltammograms should be much more kinetically facile than observed experimentally. This indicates that parasitic resistances rather than redox kinetics play a dominant role in macroscopic measurements in these conductive polymer systems. SECCM further demonstrates that the ambient degradation of the P3HT electroactivity within P3HT/PMMA blends is spatially heterogeneous. This work serves as a roadmap for benchmarking the quality of conductive polymer films as electrodes, emphasizing the importance of nanoscale electrochemical measurements in understanding macroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Zhiting Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Brooke Beam Massani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Erin L Ratcliff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
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Sun L, Shigyou K, Ando T, Watanabe S. Thermally Driven Approach To Fill Sub-10-nm Pipettes with Batch Production. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14080-14084. [PMID: 31589026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Typically, utilization of small nanopipettes results in either high sensitivity or spatial resolution in modern nanoscience and nanotechnology. However, filling a nanopipette with a sub-10-nm pore diameter remains a significant challenge. Here, we introduce a thermally driven approach to filling sub-10-nm pipettes with batch production, regardless of their shape. A temperature gradient is applied to transport water vapor from the backside of nanopipettes to the tip region until bubbles are completely removed from this region. The electrical contact and pore size for filling nanopipettes are confirmed by current-voltage and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, respectively. In addition, we quantitatively compare the pore size between the TEM characterization and estimation on the basis of pore radius and conductance. The validity of this method provides a foundation for highly sensitive detection of single molecules and high spatial resolution imaging of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Sun
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) , Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Kazuki Shigyou
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) , Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) , Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) , Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
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Zhou Y, Saito M, Fukuma T, Takahashi Y. [Unlabeled imaging of primary cilia by scanning ion conductance microscopy]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 154:192-196. [PMID: 31597898 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.154.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile cilia consisting of a centriole-derived basal body and a microtubule-based axoneme. In recent years, the structure and function of primary cilia have been attracting attention due to the relation with the onset of ciliary disease. Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a probe microscopy used to measure the topography and functions of living cells at nanoscale. Furthermore, the labelling procedure is not necessary for SICM measurement compare to fluorescence imaging. We compared the structures of primary cilia of human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (RPE-1 cells) and Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line (MDCK cells) at nanoscale by using SICM. In addition, high resolution SICM images have also succeeded in visualizing ciliary pockets that difficult to be fluorescently labeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University
| | - Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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31
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Wu F, Zhou B, Wang J, Zhong M, Das A, Watkinson M, Hing K, Zhang DW, Krause S. Photoelectrochemical Imaging System for the Mapping of Cell Surface Charges. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5896-5903. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
- Institute of Medical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, 710061, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, 710061, China
| | - Muchun Zhong
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Anirban Das
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Michael Watkinson
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Karin Hing
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - De-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, 710061, China
| | - Steffi Krause
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
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33
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Chen B, Perry D, Page A, Kang M, Unwin PR. Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy: Quantitative Nanopipette Delivery-Substrate Electrode Collection Measurements and Mapping. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2516-2524. [PMID: 30608117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is becoming a powerful multifunctional tool for probing and analyzing surfaces and interfaces. This work outlines methodology for the quantitative controlled delivery of ionic redox-active molecules from a nanopipette to a substrate electrode, with a high degree of spatial and temporal precision. Through control of the SICM bias applied between a quasi-reference counter electrode (QRCE) in the SICM nanopipette probe and a similar electrode in bulk solution, it is shown that ionic redox species can be held inside the nanopipette, and then pulse-delivered to a defined region of a substrate positioned beneath the nanopipette. A self-referencing hopping mode imaging protocol is implemented, where reagent is released in bulk solution (reference measurement) and near the substrate surface at each pixel in an image, with the tip and substrate currents measured throughout. Analysis of the tip and substrate current data provides an improved understanding of mass transport and nanoscale delivery in SICM and a new means of synchronously mapping electrode reactivity, surface topography, and charge. Experiments on Ru(NH3)63+ reduction to Ru(NH3)62+ and dopamine oxidation in aqueous solution at a carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode (UME), used as the substrate, illustrate these aspects. Finite element method (FEM) modeling provides quantitative understanding of molecular delivery in SICM. The approach outlined constitutes a new methodology for electrode mapping and provides improved insights on the use of SICM for controlled delivery to interfaces generally.
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34
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Bentley CL, Edmondson J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Shkirskiy V, Unwin PR. Nanoscale Electrochemical Mapping. Anal Chem 2018; 91:84-108. [PMID: 30500157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Chen F, Manandhar P, Ahmed MS, Chang S, Panday N, Zhang H, Moon JH, He J. Extracellular Surface Potential Mapping by Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Revealed Transient Transmembrane Pore Formation Induced by Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800271. [PMID: 30548770 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In-depth understanding of the biophysicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface is important for basic cell biology and applications in nanomedicine and nanobiosensors. Here, the extracellular surface potential and topography changes of live cell membranes interacting with polymeric nanomaterials using a scanning ion conductance microscopy-based potential imaging technique are investigated. Two structurally similar amphiphilic conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) containing different functional groups (i.e., primary amine versus guanidine) are used to study incubation time and functional group-dependent extracellular surface potential and topographic changes. Transmembrane pores, which induce significant changes in potential, only appear transiently in the live cell membranes during the initial interactions. The cells are able to self-repair the damaged membrane and become resilient to prolonged CPN exposure. This study provides an important observation on how the cells interact with and respond to extracellular polymeric nanomaterials at the early stage. This study also demonstrates that extracellular surface potential imaging can provide a new insight to help understand the complicated interactions at the nano-bio interface and the following cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Physics, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Prakash Manandhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Md Salauddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Shuai Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Namuna Panday
- Department of Physics, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Haiqian Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Joong Ho Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jin He
- Department of Physics, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, FL, 33199, USA
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36
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Bentley CL, Kang M, Unwin PR. Nanoscale Surface Structure–Activity in Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:2179-2193. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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Bauer J, Cohly HHP, Sahana J, Grimm D. Preparative enrichment of human tissue cells capable to change a site of growth in vitro or in vivo - Recent developments. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:954-960. [PMID: 30395783 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1525567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human cells are heterogeneous in regard to their biochemical features and functions. Detailed knowledge about each single cell type is important to understand the whole organism. In order to get a deeper insight in the concert of life, it has to be considered that cell populations such as thyroid cells, epithelial breast cells, endothelial cells, or chondrocytes are heterogeneous in regard to function, RNA expression patterns and protein content. This is true for normal cells and even more relevant for cancer cells. A number of sophisticated methods were developed to enrich cohorts of cells generally belonging to a defined type but outstanding by distinct characteristics, which can be detected by microscopic, proteomic or genomic methods. There is a great interest to investigate human cells, which are able to change their site of growth within the human body leaving an original site, migrating through vessels and reentering another site. In this review experiments are summarized showing that the application of microgravity-exposure of human cells and cell electrophoresis enable a characterization of cells, which leave a site of growth to enter another one. Biochemical features of separated subpopulations are described and their usefulness for deeper investigation is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hari H P Cohly
- b Department of Biology, Jackson State University , Jackson , MI , USA
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- c Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Daniela Grimm
- c Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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38
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Neves MMPDS, Martín-Yerga D. Advanced Nanoscale Approaches to Single-(Bio)entity Sensing and Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E100. [PMID: 30373209 PMCID: PMC6316691 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual (bio)chemical entities could show a very heterogeneous behaviour under the same conditions that could be relevant in many biological processes of significance in the life sciences. Conventional detection approaches are only able to detect the average response of an ensemble of entities and assume that all entities are identical. From this perspective, important information about the heterogeneities or rare (stochastic) events happening in individual entities would remain unseen. Some nanoscale tools present interesting physicochemical properties that enable the possibility to detect systems at the single-entity level, acquiring richer information than conventional methods. In this review, we introduce the foundations and the latest advances of several nanoscale approaches to sensing and imaging individual (bio)entities using nanoprobes, nanopores, nanoimpacts, nanoplasmonics and nanomachines. Several (bio)entities such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, vesicles and viruses are specifically considered. These nanoscale approaches provide a wide and complete toolbox for the study of many biological systems at the single-entity level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter E. Oomen
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Mohaddeseh A. Aref
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Ibrahim Kaya
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Nhu T. N. Phan
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- University of Göttingen Medical Center, Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Gothenburg Imaging Mass Spectrometry (Go:IMS) Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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Dorwling-Carter L, Aramesh M, Han H, Zambelli T, Momotenko D. Combined Ion Conductance and Atomic Force Microscope for Fast Simultaneous Topographical and Surface Charge Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11453-11460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Livie Dorwling-Carter
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Morteza Aramesh
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Hana Han
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
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41
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Mapping Surface Charge of Individual Microdomains with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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42
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Hagemann P, Gesper A, Happel P. Correlative Stimulated Emission Depletion and Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5807-5815. [PMID: 29791140 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Correlation microscopy combining fluorescence and scanning probe or electron microscopy is limited to fixed samples due to the sample preparation and nonphysiological imaging conditions required by most probe or electron microscopy techniques. Among the few scanning probe techniques that allow imaging of living cells under physiological conditions, scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has been shown to be the technique that minimizes the impact on the investigated sample. However, combinations of SICM and fluorescence microscopy suffered from the mismatch in resolution due to the limited resolution of conventional light microscopy. In the last years, the diffraction limit of light microscopy has been circumvented by various techniques, one of which is stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. Here, we aimed at demonstrating the combination of STED and SICM. We show that both methods allow recording a living cellular specimen and provide a SICM and STED image of the same sample, which allowed us to correlate the membrane surface topography and the distribution of the cytoskeletal protein actin. Our proof-of-concept study exemplifies the benefit of correlating SICM with a subdiffraction fluorescence method and might form the basis for the development of a combined instrument that would allow the simultaneous recording of subdiffraction fluorescence and topography information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hagemann
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Astrid Gesper
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Patrick Happel
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
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43
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Bentley CL, Perry D, Unwin PR. Stability and Placement of Ag/AgCl Quasi-Reference Counter Electrodes in Confined Electrochemical Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7700-7707. [PMID: 29808685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoelectrochemistry is an important and growing branch of electrochemistry that encompasses a number of key research areas, including (electro)catalysis, energy storage, biomedical/environmental sensing, and electrochemical imaging. Nanoscale electrochemical measurements are often performed in confined environments over prolonged experimental time scales with nonisolated quasi-reference counter electrodes (QRCEs) in a simplified two-electrode format. Herein, we consider the stability of commonly used Ag/AgCl QRCEs, comprising an AgCl-coated wire, in a nanopipet configuration, which simulates the confined electrochemical cell arrangement commonly encountered in nanoelectrochemical systems. Ag/AgCl QRCEs possess a very stable reference potential even when used immediately after preparation and, when deployed in Cl- free electrolyte media (e.g., 0.1 M HClO4) in the scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) format, drift by only ca. 1 mV h-1 on the several hours time scale. Furthermore, contrary to some previous reports, when employed in a scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) format (meniscus contact with a working electrode surface), Ag/AgCl QRCEs do not cause fouling of the surface (i.e., with soluble redox byproducts, such as Ag+) on at least the 6 h time scale, as long as suitable precautions with respect to electrode handling and placement within the nanopipet are observed. These experimental observations are validated through finite element method (FEM) simulations, which consider Ag+ transport within a nanopipet probe in the SECCM and SICM configurations. These results confirm that Ag/AgCl is a stable and robust QRCE in confined electrochemical environments, such as in nanopipets used in SICM, for nanopore measurements, for printing and patterning, and in SECCM, justifying the widespread use of this electrode in the field of nanoelectrochemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
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Double layer effects in voltammetric measurements with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Zhang J, Zhou J, Pan R, Jiang D, Burgess JD, Chen HY. New Frontiers and Challenges for Single-Cell Electrochemical Analysis. ACS Sens 2018; 3:242-250. [PMID: 29276834 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous measurements of cell populations might obscure many important cellular differences, and new strategies for single-cell analyses are urgently needed to re-examine these fundamental biological principles for better diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Electrochemistry is a robust technique for the analysis of single living cells that has the advantages of minor interruption of cellular activity and provides the capability of high spatiotemporal resolution. The achievements of the past 30 years have revealed significant information about the exocytotic events of single cells to elucidate the mechanisms of cellular activity. Currently, the rapid developments of micro/nanofabrication and optoelectronic technologies drive the development of multifunctional electrodes and novel electrochemical approaches with higher resolution for single cells. In this Perspective, three new frontiers in this field, namely, electrochemical microscopy, intracellular analysis, and single-cell analysis in a biological system (i.e., neocortex and retina), are reviewed. The unique features and remaining challenges of these techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- The
State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Junyu Zhou
- The
State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Rongrong Pan
- The
State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- The
State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - James D. Burgess
- Department
of Medical Laboratory, Imaging, and Radiologic Sciences, College of
Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- The
State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210093, China
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46
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Zhou Y, Saito M, Miyamoto T, Novak P, Shevchuk AI, Korchev YE, Fukuma T, Takahashi Y. Nanoscale Imaging of Primary Cilia with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2891-2895. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaki Saito
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Pavel Novak
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I Shevchuk
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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47
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Bentley CL, Unwin PR. Nanoscale electrochemical movies and synchronous topographical mapping of electrocatalytic materials. Faraday Discuss 2018; 210:365-379. [PMID: 29999075 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Techniques in the scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) family have shown great promise for resolving nanoscale structure-function (e.g., catalytic activity) at complex (electro)chemical interfaces, which is a long-term aspiration in (electro)materials science. In this work, we explore how a simple meniscus imaging probe, based on an easily-fabricated, single-channeled nanopipette (inner diameter ≈ 30 nm) can be deployed in the scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) platform as a fast, versatile and robust method for the direct, synchronous electrochemical/topographical imaging of electrocatalytic materials at the nanoscale. Topographical and voltammetric data are acquired synchronously at a spatial resolution of 50 nm to construct maps that resolve particular surface features on the sub-10 nm scale and create electrochemical activity movies composed of hundreds of potential-resolved images on the minutes timescale. Using the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at molybdenite (MoS2) as an exemplar system, the experimental parameters critical to achieving a robust scanning protocol (e.g., approach voltage, reference potential calibration) with high resolution (e.g., hopping distance) and optimal scan times (e.g., voltammetric scan rate, approach rate etc.) are considered and discussed. Furthermore, sub-nanoentity reactivity mapping is demonstrated with glassy carbon (GC) supported single-crystalline {111}-oriented two-dimensional Au nanocrystals (AuNCs), which exhibit uniform catalytic activity at the single-entity and sub-single entity level. The approach outlined herein signposts a future in (electro)materials science in which the activity of electroactive nanomaterials can be viewed directly and related to structure through electrochemical movies, revealing active sites unambiguously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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48
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Perry D, Page A, Chen B, Frenguelli BG, Unwin PR. Differential-Concentration Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12458-12465. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Perry
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Baoping Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno G. Frenguelli
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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49
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Kang M, Perry D, Bentley CL, West G, Page A, Unwin PR. Simultaneous Topography and Reaction Flux Mapping at and around Electrocatalytic Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9525-9535. [PMID: 28862831 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of electrocatalytic reactions at individual nanoparticles (NPs) is presently of considerable interest but very challenging. Herein, we demonstrate how simple-to-fabricate nanopipette probes with diameters of approximately 30 nm can be deployed in a scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) platform to simultaneously visualize electrochemical reactivity and topography with high spatial resolution at electrochemical interfaces. By employing a self-referencing hopping mode protocol, whereby the probe is brought from bulk solution to the near-surface at each pixel, and with potential-time control applied at the substrate, current measurements at the nanopipette can be made with high precision and resolution (30 nm resolution, 2600 pixels μm-2, <0.3 s pixel-1) to reveal a wealth of information on the substrate physicochemical properties. This methodology has been applied to image the electrocatalytic oxidation of borohydride at ensembles of AuNPs on a carbon fiber support in alkaline media, whereby the depletion of hydroxide ions and release of water during the reaction results in a detectable change in the ionic composition around the NPs. Through the use of finite element method simulations, these observations are validated and analyzed to reveal important information on heterogeneities in ion flux between the top of a NP and the gap at the NP-support contact, diffusional overlap and competition for reactant between neighboring NPs, and differences in NP activity. These studies highlight key issues that influence the behavior of NP assemblies at the single NP level and provide a platform for the use of SICM as an important tool for electrocatalysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff West
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Warwick Manufacturing Group, and §MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Multifunctional scanning ion conductance microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160889. [PMID: 28484332 PMCID: PMC5415692 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a nanopipette-based technique that has traditionally been used to image topography or to deliver species to an interface, particularly in a biological setting. This article highlights the recent blossoming of SICM into a technique with a much greater diversity of applications and capability that can be used either standalone, with advanced control (potential-time) functions, or in tandem with other methods. SICM can be used to elucidate functional information about interfaces, such as surface charge density or electrochemical activity (ion fluxes). Using a multi-barrel probe format, SICM-related techniques can be employed to deposit nanoscale three-dimensional structures and further functionality is realized when SICM is combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), with simultaneous measurements from a single probe opening up considerable prospects for multifunctional imaging. SICM studies are greatly enhanced by finite-element method modelling for quantitative treatment of issues such as resolution, surface charge and (tip) geometry effects. SICM is particularly applicable to the study of living systems, notably single cells, although applications extend to materials characterization and to new methods of printing and nanofabrication. A more thorough understanding of the electrochemical principles and properties of SICM provides a foundation for significant applications of SICM in electrochemistry and interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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