1
|
Disdier Z, Dagnelie RVH. "P AW" a smart analytical process assessing lipophilicity of solutes in mixtures. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342871. [PMID: 38969431 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of mixtures of contaminants remains a challenging task in many fields, including water quality and waste management. For example, the degradation of industrial waste such as plastics, leads to complex mixtures with hundreds of organic contaminants and often non-referenced analytes. In such cases, non-targeted or effects-based analyses provide complementary information to classical targeted-analyses, regarding contaminants nature or properties (molecular mass, lability, toxicity). In this study, a novel analytical method is proposed to characterise mixtures of unknown organic contaminants, with a focus on the lipophilicity of solutes. RESULTS The proposed process, named "PAW" (Partition of Aqueous Waste), aims at the quantification of octanol-water partition coefficients (POW) of mixed organic analytes. The process is based on sequential liquid-liquid partition equilibria. The output result is a lipophilicity histogram of the solutes, screened according to the chosen detection method. The process quantifies the distribution of analytes as a function of their octanol-water partition coefficients, without requiring any identification or prior knowledge. The PAW process is applicable with various detectors (UV-Visible, total carbon, liquid scintillation, etc.) allowing to focus on specific families of contaminants (e.g. organic solutes, colloids, 14C-bearing, etc.). Experimental proofs of concept are proposed, illustrating process implementation and possible fields of application. The first example deals with purity analysis of synthetic radiolabeled compounds. The second example aims the monitoring of cellulose degradation and quantification of the lipophilicity of degradation products. SIGNIFICANCE The PAW analytical process seems especially useful for characterisation of mixtures containing both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, e.g. neutral and ionizable organic contaminants, hardly characterisable simultaneously by chromatographic methods. It could be complementary to more detailed targeted or screening analysis of samples and effluents. For example it may help assessing the composition and environmental fate of mixtures of unknown analytes, thus facilitating waste management or mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Disdier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Physico-Chimie, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - R V H Dagnelie
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Physico-Chimie, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zahn D, Arp HPH, Fenner K, Georgi A, Hafner J, Hale SE, Hollender J, Letzel T, Schymanski EL, Sigmund G, Reemtsma T. Should Transformation Products Change the Way We Manage Chemicals? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7710-7718. [PMID: 38656189 PMCID: PMC11080041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
When chemical pollutants enter the environment, they can undergo diverse transformation processes, forming a wide range of transformation products (TPs), some of them benign and others more harmful than their precursors. To date, the majority of TPs remain largely unrecognized and unregulated, particularly as TPs are generally not part of routine chemical risk or hazard assessment. Since many TPs formed from oxidative processes are more polar than their precursors, they may be especially relevant in the context of persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances, which are two new hazard classes that have recently been established on a European level. We highlight herein that as a result, TPs deserve more attention in research, chemicals regulation, and chemicals management. This perspective summarizes the main challenges preventing a better integration of TPs in these areas: (1) the lack of reliable high-throughput TP identification methods, (2) uncertainties in TP prediction, (3) inadequately considered TP formation during (advanced) water treatment, and (4) insufficient integration and harmonization of TPs in most regulatory frameworks. A way forward to tackle these challenges and integrate TPs into chemical management is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zahn
- Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Peter H. Arp
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anett Georgi
- Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jasmin Hafner
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Hale
- TZW: DVGW
Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Zürich, Switzerland
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and
Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Letzel
- AFIN-TS
GmbH (Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue
du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Gabriel Sigmund
- Environmental
Technology, Wageningen University &
Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Musatadi M, Alvarez-Mora I, Baciero-Hernandez I, Prieto A, Anakabe E, Olivares M, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. Sample preparation for suspect screening of persistent, mobile and toxic substances and their phase II metabolites in human urine by mixed-mode liquid chromatography. Talanta 2024; 271:125698. [PMID: 38262128 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Persistent, mobile and toxic substances have drawn attention nowadays due to their particular properties, but they are overlooked in human monitorization works, limiting the knowledge of the human exposome. In that sense, human urine is an interesting matrix since not only parent compounds are eliminated, but also their phase II metabolites that could act as biomarkers. In this work, 11 sample preparation procedures involving preconcentration were tested to ensure maximum analytical coverage in human urine using mixed-mode liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The optimized procedure consisted of a combination of solid-phase extraction and salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and it was employed for suspect screening. Additionally, a non-discriminatory dilute-and-shoot approach was also evaluated. After evaluating the workflow in terms of limits of identification and type II errors (i.e., false negatives), a pooled urine sample was analysed. From a list of 1450 suspects and in-silico simulated 1568 phase II metabolites (i.e. sulphates, glucuronides, and glycines), 44 and 14 substances were annotated, respectively. Most of the screened suspects were diverse industrial chemicals, but biocides, natural products and pharmaceuticals were also detected. Lastly, the complementarity of the sample preparation procedures, columns, and analysis conditions was assessed. As a result, dilute-and-shoot and the Acclaim Trinity P1 column at pH = 3 (positive ionization) and pH = 7 (negative ionization) allowed the maximum coverage since almost 70 % of the total suspects could be screened using those conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Iker Alvarez-Mora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ines Baciero-Hernandez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Eneritz Anakabe
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pardon M, Reis R, de Witte P, Chapel S, Cabooter D. Detailed comparison of in-house developed and commercially available heart-cutting and selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464565. [PMID: 38096685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Recently, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has become a popular approach to analyze complex samples. This is partly due to the introduction of commercial 2D-LC systems. In the past, 2D-LC was carried out on in-house developed setups, typically consisting of several switching valves and sample loops as the interface between the two dimensions. Commercial systems usually offer different 2D-LC modes in combination with specialized software to operate the instrument and analyze the data. This makes them highly user-friendly, however, at an increased cost compared to in-house developed setups. This study aims to make a comparison between an in-house developed 2D-LC setup and a commercially available 2D-LC instrument. The comparison is made based on experimental differences, in addition to more general differences, including cost price, flexibility, and ease of operation. Special attention is also paid to the different strategies to deal with the mobile phase incompatibility between the highly orthogonal separation mechanisms considered in this work: hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase LC (RPLC). For the commercial 2D-LC instrument, this is done using active solvent modulation (ASM), a valve-based approach allowing the on-line dilution of the effluent eluting from the first dimension column before transfer to the second dimension (2D) column. For the in-house developed setup, a combination of restriction capillaries and a trap column is used. Using a sample of 28 compounds with a large polarity range, peak shapes and recoveries of the 2D-chromatograms are compared for both setups. For early eluting compounds, the selective comprehensive approach, currently only possible on the commercial 2D-LC instrument, results in the best peak shapes and recoveries, however, at the cost of an increased analysis time. In general, depending on the analytical goal (single heart-cut versus full-comprehensive 2D-LC), an in-house developed system can be satisfactory for the analysis of specific target compounds/samples. For more complex problems, it can be interesting to use a more specialized commercial 2D-LC instrument. Overall, this comparison study provides advice for analytical scientists, who are considering to use 2D-LC, on the type of equipment to consider, depending on the needs of their particular applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pardon
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rafael Reis
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soraya Chapel
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Caño-Carrillo I, Martínez-Piernas AB, Gilbert-López B, Molina-Díaz A, García-Reyes JF. Simultaneous analysis of highly polar and multi-residue-type pesticides by heart-cutting 2D-LC-MS. Talanta 2024; 266:124918. [PMID: 37454518 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is currently the gold-standard technique for the analysis of non-volatile small organic molecules. However, one-dimensional liquid chromatography (1D-LC) cannot efficiently deal with mixtures of analytes with different physicochemical properties and, thus, specific chromatographic behaviour. As an alternative, this work proposes a two-dimensional liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (2D-LC-HRMS) approach for the simultaneous analysis of compounds with different polarities. It is based on the combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in the first dimension (1D) and reversed-phase chromatography (RPLC) in the second dimension (2D), employing the heart-cutting methodology. The coupling between 1D and 2D was performed by a multiple heart-cutting (MHC) interface equipped with an active solvent modulation (ASM) valve. The aim of the study was the development of a 2D-LC methodology able to (i) acquire the 1D and 2D content by MS in a single analytical run, avoiding the loss of information caused by the MHC algorithm for filling the sampling loops; (ii) overcome the breakthrough problem caused by solvent incompatibility, modifying the 2D gradient during the ASM phase for this purpose. To evaluate the 2D-LC approach, pesticide residue analysis was proposed, selecting 20 pesticides covering a wide range of polarities (log Kow from -3.2 to 4.3) and including some of the so-called single residue method pesticides because of the difficulty of including them in 1D-LC multi-residue methods with satisfactory chromatographic resolution. The proposed strategy was to transfer in a single cut the void volume from the HILIC separation (consisting of the nonpolar pesticides) to the 2D for analysis under RPLC conditions. The developed assembly was assessed in a vegetable matrix (tomato) employing a hybrid QuEChERS/QuPPe sample treatment based on acetonitrile and methanol extraction. The proposed setup may be extended for 2D-LC applications where it is essential to acquire the entire content of both dimensions in a single data file just by coupling a selection valve to the MHC interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Caño-Carrillo
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Ana B Martínez-Piernas
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain; University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain; University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain; University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Musatadi M, Zumalabe J, Mijangos L, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O. Dilute-and-shoot coupled to mixed mode liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of persistent and mobile organic compounds in human urine. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464141. [PMID: 37364523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive method for the simultaneous determination of 33 diverse persistent and mobile organic compounds (PMOCs) in human urine was developed by dilute-and-shoot (DS) followed by mixed-mode liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MMLC-MS/MS). In the sample preparation step, DS was chosen since it allowed the quantification of all targets in comparison to lyophilization. For the chromatographic separation, Acclaim Trinity P1 and P2 trimodal columns provided greater capacity for retaining PMOCs than reverse phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Therefore, DS was validated at 5 and 50 ng/mL in urine with both mixed mode columns at pH = 3 and 7. Regarding figures of merit, linear calibration curves (r2 > 0.999) built between instrumental quantification limits (mostly below 5 ng/mL) and 500 ng/mL were achieved. Despite only 60% of the targets were recovered at 5 ng/mL because of the dilution, all PMOCs were quantified at 50 ng/mL. Using surrogate correction, apparent recoveries in the 70-130% range were obtained for 91% of the targets. To analyse human urine samples, the Acclaim Trinity P1 column at pH = 3 and 7 was selected as a consensus between analytical coverage (i.e. 94% of the targets) and chromatographic runs. In a pooled urine sample, industrial chemicals (acrylamide and bisphenol S), biocides and their metabolites (2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, dimethyl phosphate, 6-chloropyridine-3-carboxylic acid, and ammonium glufosinate) and an artificial sweetener (aspartame) were determined at ng/mL levels. The outcomes of this work showed that humans are also exposed to PMOCs due to their persistence and mobility, and therefore, further human risk assessment is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain.
| | - Jon Zumalabe
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain
| | - Leire Mijangos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bieber S, Letzel T, Kruve A. Electrospray Ionization Efficiency Predictions and Analytical Standard Free Quantification for SFC/ESI/HRMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37358930 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a promising, sustainable, and complementary alternative to liquid chromatography (LC) and has often been coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for nontarget screening (NTS). Recent developments in predicting the ionization efficiency for LC/ESI/HRMS have enabled quantification of chemicals detected in NTS even if the analytical standards of the detected and tentatively identified chemicals are unavailable. This poses the question of whether analytical standard free quantification can also be applied in SFC/ES/HRMS. We evaluate both the possibility to transfer an ionization efficiency predictions model, previously trained on LC/ESI/HRMS data, to SFC/ESI/HRMS as well as training a new predictive model on SFC/ESI/HRMS data for 127 chemicals. The response factors of these chemicals ranged over 4 orders of magnitude in spite of a postcolumn makeup flow, expectedly enhancing the ionization of the analytes. The ionization efficiency values were predicted based on a random forest regression model from PaDEL descriptors and predicted values showed statistically significant correlation with the measured response factors (p < 0.05) with Spearman's rho of 0.584 and 0.669 for SFC and LC data, respectively. Moreover, the most significant descriptors showed similarities independent of the chromatography used for collecting the training data. We also investigated the possibility to quantify the detected chemicals based on predicted ionization efficiency values. The model trained on SFC data showed very high prediction accuracy with median prediction error of 2.20×, while the model pretrained on LC/ESI/HRMS data yielded median prediction error of 5.11×. This is expected, as the training and test data for SFC/ESI/HRMS have been collected on the same instrument with the same chromatography. Still, the correlation observed between response factors measured with SFC/ESI/HRMS and predicted with a model trained on LC data hints that more abundant LC/ESI/HRMS data prove useful in understanding and predicting the ionization behavior in SFC/ESI/HRMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bieber
- AFIN-TS GmbH (Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- AFIN-TS GmbH (Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tisler S, Savvidou P, Jørgensen MB, Castro M, Christensen JH. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Reveals Persistent Mobile Organic Compounds with Unknown Toxicity in Wastewater Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37307429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Broad screening approaches for monitoring wastewater are normally based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). This method is not sufficient for the very polar micropollutants, neglected in the past due to a lack of suitable analytical methods. In this study, we used supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) to detect very polar and yet-undetected micropollutants in wastewater effluents. We tentatively identified 85 compounds, whereas 18 have only rarely been detected and 11 have not previously been detected in wastewater effluents such as 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, a likely transformation product (TP) of steroids, and 1H-indole-3-carboxamide, a likely TP from new synthetic cannabinoids. Suspect screening of 25 effluent wastewater samples from 8 wastewater treatment plants revealed several distinct potential pollution sources such as a pharmaceutical company and a golf court. The analysis of the same samples with LC-HRMS showed clearly how SFC increases the ionization efficiency for low-molecular-weight micropollutants (m/z < 300 Da) by a factor 2 to 87 times, which significantly improved the mass spectra for identifying very polar compounds. In order to assess which micropollutants might be of environmental concern, literature and toxicological databases were screened. There was a lack of available hazard and bio-activity data for regulatory-relevant in vitro and in vivo assays for >50% of the micropollutants. Especially, 70% of the data were lacking for the whole organism (in vivo) tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selina Tisler
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pinelopi Savvidou
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Mafalda Castro
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Optimizing transfer and dilution processes when using active solvent modulation in on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341040. [PMID: 36935135 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) is becoming increasingly popular for the analysis of complex samples, which is partly due to the recent introduction of commercial 2D-LC systems. To deal with the mobile phase incompatibility between highly orthogonal retention mechanisms, such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase LC (RPLC), several strategies have been introduced over the years. One of these strategies is active solvent modulation (ASM), a valve-based approach allowing the on-line dilution of the effluent eluting from the first dimension before transfer to the second dimension. This strategy has gained a lot of attention and holds great potential, however, no clear guidelines are currently in place for its use. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how the ASM process can be optimized when using highly incompatible LC combinations, such as HILIC and RPLC, in a simplified selective comprehensive 2D-LC set-up (sHILIC x RPLC) to suggest guidelines for future users. Using a representative sample, the dilution factor (DF), the duration of the ASM phase, the filling percentage of the sample loops, and their unloading configuration are investigated and optimized. It is observed that a DF of 10 with an optimal ASM phase duration, a sample loop filling of maximum 25%, and an unloading configuration in backflush mode, result in the best peak shapes, intensities, and recoveries for early eluting compounds, while keeping the total analysis time minimal. Based on these results, some general recommendations are made that could also be applied in other 2D-LC modes, such as comprehensive 2D-LC (LC x LC), heart-cutting 2D-LC (LC-LC), and other chromatographic combinations with mobile phase incompatibility issues.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ciccarelli D, Christopher Braddock D, Surman AJ, Arenas BIV, Salal T, Marczylo T, Vineis P, Barron LP. Enhanced selectivity for acidic contaminants in drinking water: From suspect screening to toxicity prediction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130906. [PMID: 36764252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel analytical workflow for suspect screening of organic acidic contaminants in drinking water is presented, featuring selective extraction by silica-based strong anion-exchange solid-phase extraction, mixed-mode liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), peak detection, feature reduction and compound identification. The novel use of an ammonium bicarbonate-based elution solvent extended strong anion-exchange solid-phase extraction applicability to LC-HRMS of strong acids. This approach performed with consistently higher recovery and repeatability (88 ± 7 % at 500 ng L-1), improved selectivity and lower matrix interference (mean = 12 %) over a generic mixed-mode weak anion exchange SPE method. In addition, a novel filter for reducing full-scan features from fulvic and humic acids was successfully introduced, reducing workload and potential for false positives. The workflow was then applied to 10 London municipal drinking water samples, revealing the presence of 22 confirmed and 37 tentatively identified substances. Several poorly investigated and potentially harmful compounds were found which included halogenated hydroxy-cyclopentene-diones and dibromomethanesulfonic acid. Some of these compounds have been reported as mutagenic in test systems and thus their presence here requires further investigation. Overall, this approach demonstrated that employing selective extraction improved detection and helped shortlist suspects and potentially toxic chemical contaminants with higher confidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ciccarelli
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Surman
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | | | - Tara Salal
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science Campus, Femi Avenue, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0GD, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Leon P Barron
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; NIHR-HPRU Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang C, Zhang X, Yu J, Yuan T, Zhao P, Tao G, Wei W, Wang X. Comprehensive lipidomic analysis of milk polar lipids using ultraperformance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 393:133336. [PMID: 35691069 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polar lipids in milk are receiving increasing interest due to their bioactivities. However, milk polar lipids present a wide range of physical-chemical properties at different concentrations, making their analysis challenging. In this study, we presented a comprehensive lipidomic method using ultraperformance supercritical fluid chromatography (UPSFC)-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS), which enabled the separation of 18 lipid classes (including nonpolar lipids, cholesterol, ceramide, glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelin, and gangliosides) within 10 min. The method was used to analyze the polar lipids in seven samples, including human milk, other mammalian milk and milk fat globule membrane ingredients, identifying 14 lipid classes containing 219 lipid molecular species. A mass spectrometry data processing strategy applicable for high-throughput studies was also developed and validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Jiang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinghe Zhang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tinglan Yuan
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fries E, Grewal T, Sühring R. Persistent, mobile, and toxic plastic additives in Canada: properties and prioritization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1945-1956. [PMID: 36178267 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00097k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The hazards of many plastic additives on human and environmental health are well documented. However, little emphasis has been put on plastic additives that are persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) rather than persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. Due to their high mobility and stability, it is unlikely that wastewater treatment plants will effectively remove PMT plastic additives. Herein, an in silico analysis was performed to (1) assess the retention of PMT plastic additives registered for use in Canada in wastewater treatment plants; and (2) determine whether their physical-chemical properties and structural features can be used as identifiers for PMT plastic additives with particularly low retention. We identified 124 PMT plastic additives of which 52% had less than 20% removal from wastewater treatment based on predictions using the model SimpleTreat. Log Kaw, log Kow/Dow, and log Koc/Doc ranges were defined that are indicative of low retention PMT plastic additives. Furthermore, it was found that non-halogenated PMT plastic additives that contain nitrogen are most likely to be poorly retained in wastewater treatment plants. The results of this study provide screening and prioritization criteria, as well as a suspect list for PMT plastic additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fries
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Tanjot Grewal
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 3L8, Canada
| | - Roxana Sühring
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Characterizing Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment of Surface Water Samples Using Polarity-Extended Non-Target Screening Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165214. [PMID: 36014453 PMCID: PMC9415745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced wastewater treatment such as powdered activated carbon (PAC) reduces the load of organic micropollutants entering the aquatic environment. Since mobile and persistent compounds accumulate in water cycles, treatment strategies need to be evaluated for the removal of (very) polar compounds. Thereby, non-targeted analysis gives a global picture of the molecular fingerprint (including these very polar molecules) of water samples. Target and non-target screening were conducted using polarity-extended chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry. Samples treated with different types and concentrations of PAC were compared to untreated samples. Molecular features were extracted from the analytical data to determine fold changes, perform a principal component analysis and for significance testing. The results suggest that a part of the polar target analytes was adsorbed but also some byproducts might be formed or desorbed from the PAC.
Collapse
|
14
|
Obradović D, Komsta Ł, Stavrianidi AN, Shpigun OA, Pokrovskiy OI, Vujić Z. Retention mechanisms of imidazoline and piperazine-related compounds in non-aqueous hydrophilic interaction and supercritical fluid chromatography based on chemometric design and analysis. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463340. [PMID: 35905682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The experimental design methodology based on central composite design of experiments was applied to compare the retention mechanisms in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and non-aqueous hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (NA-HILIC). The selected set consists of 26 compounds that belong to imidazoline and serotonin receptor ligands. The different chemometric tools (multiple linear regression, principal component analysis, parallel factor analysis) were used to examine the retention, as well as to identify the most significant retention mechanisms. The retention mechanism was investigated on two different stationary phases (diol, and mixed-mode diol). In NA-HILIC, the mobile phase contains acetonitrile as a main component, and methanolic solution of ammonium formate (+ 0.1% of formic acid) as a modifier. The same mobile phase modifier was used in SFC, with a difference in the main component of the mobile phase which was CO2. The retention behaviour differs significantly between HILIC and SFC conditions. The retention pattern in HILIC mode was more partition-like, while in SFC the solute-sorbent interactions allowed retention. The retention mechanism between mixed-mode diol and the diol phases varies depending on the applied chromatographic mode, e.g., in HILIC the type of stationary phase significantly affects the elution order, while in SFC this was not the case. The HILIC retention behaviour was influenced by the number of tertiary amines-aliphatic, and N atom-centred fragments in tested compounds. On the other hand, the number of pyrrole and pyridine rings in the structure of the compound showed correlation with their SFC retention, simultaneously increasing the molecular weight and rapid elution of larger compounds. It was found that temperature surprisingly plays a major role in SFC mode. The increase in temperature reduces the relative contribution of enthalpy factors to total retention, so the separation in SFC was more entropy-controlled. For further pharmaceutical research and optimization, the SFC would be considered more beneficial compared to HILIC since it gives good selectivity in separation of chosen impurities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Obradović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Ł Komsta
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczwsjiego 4, Lublin 20-090, Poland
| | - A N Stavrianidi
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia; A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, GSP-1, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - O A Shpigun
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - O I Pokrovskiy
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, GSP-1, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Z Vujić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Surface Water and Wastewater Effluents, Assisted by the Persistency-Mobility-Toxicity Criteria. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123915. [PMID: 35745037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are compounds of diverse origins that have not been deeply studied in the past which are now accruing growing environmental interest. The NOR-Water project aimed to identify the main CECs and their sources in the water environment of Northern Portugal-Galicia (located in northwest Spain) transnational region. To achieve these goals, a suspect screening analytical methodology based on the use of liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was applied to 29 sampling sites in two campaigns. These sampling sites included river and sea water, as well as treated wastewater. The screening was driven by a library of over 3500 compounds, which included 604 compounds prioritized from different relevant lists on the basis of the persistency, mobility, and toxicity criteria. Thus, a total of 343 chemicals could be tentatively identified in the analyzed samples. This list of 343 identified chemicals was submitted to the classification workflow used for prioritization and resulted in 153 chemicals tentatively classified as persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and 23 as very persistent and very mobile (vMvP), pinpointing the relevance of these types of chemicals in the aqueous environment. Pharmaceuticals, such as the antidepressant venlafaxine or the antipsychotic sulpiride, and industrial chemicals, especially high production volume chemicals (HPVC) such as ε-caprolactam, were the groups of compounds that were detected at the highest frequencies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Paszkiewicz M, Godlewska K, Lis H, Caban M, Białk-Bielińska A, Stepnowski P. Advances in suspect screening and non-target analysis of polar emerging contaminants in the environmental monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Wahman R, Cruzeiro C, Graßmann J, Schröder P, Letzel T. The changes in Lemna minor metabolomic profile: A response to diclofenac incubation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132078. [PMID: 34523431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an emerging approach that investigates the changes in the metabolome profile. In the present study, Lemna minor -considered as an experimental aquatic plant model- was incubated with 10 and 100 μM diclofenac (DCF) for 96 h, respectively. Knowing that DCF is internationally often problematic in wastewater effluents and that it might affect particularly the metabolic profiles in aquatic plants, mainly the oxidoreductase, dehydrogenase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities, here it was hypothesized (H) that in the common duckweed, DCF might increase the phenolic and flavonoids pathways, as an antioxidant response to this stress (H1). Also, it was expected DCF to alternate the physiological characteristics, especially the molecular interaction and biochemical properties, of Lemna (H2). Metabolic changes were investigated with target and untargeted screening analysis using RPLC-HILIC-ESI-TOF-MS. Twelve amino acids were identified in all treatments, together with three organic acids (p-coumaric, cinnamic, and sinapic acids). In untargeted screening, the important metabolites to discriminate between different treatments were assigned to Lemna such as organic acids, lignin, sugars, amino acids, dipeptides, flavonoids, biflavonoids, fatty acids, among others. In resume, Lemna responded to both DCF concentrations, showing different stress patterns. A similar metabolic response had already been identified in other studies in exposing Lemna to other anthropogenic stressors (like pesticides).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rofida Wahman
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany; Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Arab Republic of Egypt, Egypt
| | - Catarina Cruzeiro
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Street 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Johanna Graßmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Schröder
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Street 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany; Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening GmbH (AFIN-TS), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167, Augsburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ovchinnikov DV, Ul'yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Pokrovskiy OI. Some Aspects of Additives Effects on Retention in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Studied by Linear Free Energy Relationships Method. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
19
|
Sieira BJ, Rodil R, Cela R, Quintana JB, Montes R. Transformation products of the high-volume production chemicals 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 2-piperazin-1-ylethanamine formed by UV photolysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132394. [PMID: 34592213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the reaction of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (VP) and 2-piperazin-1-yletanamine (PPE) under UV radiation. Both substances are high-volume production chemicals (production >1000 tons/year) widely used in polymers, coatings and a wide array of applications, which have been classified as mobile chemicals and which can then lead to the formation of persistent and mobile transformation products (TPs). Thus, their reaction with UV light was studied by means of liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Both compounds presented a high reactivity, the VP quantum yield was 0.28 mol/E; whereas, PPE had a quantum yield notably higher than 1 (16 mol/E). Five and 7 TPs were identified for VP and PPE, respectively. Some of them had been already reported in literature due to sunlight photodegradation or other oxidation processes, but most of them are reported here for the first time. Finally, the acute and chronical toxicity of precursors and TPs were estimated using two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) software tools which led to some discrepancies in the estimations, pointing to the need for experimental toxicity assays for these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benigno José Sieira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wahman R, Moser S, Bieber S, Cruzeiro C, Schröder P, Gilg A, Lesske F, Letzel T. Untargeted Analysis of Lemna minor Metabolites: Workflow and Prioritization Strategy Comparing Highly Confident Features between Different Mass Spectrometers. Metabolites 2021; 11:832. [PMID: 34940590 PMCID: PMC8706044 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics approaches provide a vast array of analytical datasets, which require a comprehensive analytical, statistical, and biochemical workflow to reveal changes in metabolic profiles. The biological interpretation of mass spectrometric metabolomics results is still obstructed by the reliable identification of the metabolites as well as annotation and/or classification. In this work, the whole Lemna minor (common duckweed) was extracted using various solvents and analyzed utilizing polarity-extended liquid chromatography (reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)) connected to two time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer types, individually. This study (introduces and) discusses three relevant topics for the untargeted workflow: (1) A comparison study of metabolome samples was performed with an untargeted data handling workflow in two different labs with two different mass spectrometers using the same plant material type. (2) A statistical procedure was observed prioritizing significant detected features (dependent and independent of the mass spectrometer using the predictive methodology Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). (3) Relevant features were transferred to a prioritization tool (the FOR-IDENT platform (FI)) and were compared with the implemented compound database PLANT-IDENT (PI). This compound database is filled with relevant compounds of the Lemnaceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, and Nymphaceae families according to analytical criteria such as retention time (polarity and LogD (pH 7)) and accurate mass (empirical formula). Thus, an untargeted analysis was performed using the new tool as a prioritization and identification source for a hidden-target screening strategy. Consequently, forty-two compounds (amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids) could be recognized and subsequently validated in Lemna metabolic profile using reference standards. The class of flavonoids includes free aglycons and their glycosides. Further, according to our knowledge, the validated flavonoids robinetin and norwogonin were for the first time identified in the Lemna minor extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rofida Wahman
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany;
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Stefan Moser
- Stefan Moser Process Optimization, Weberweg 3, 83131 Nußdorf am Inn, Germany;
| | - Stefan Bieber
- Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening GmbH (AFIN-TS), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Catarina Cruzeiro
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Centrum Munich, Ingolstädter Strasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (C.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Centrum Munich, Ingolstädter Strasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (C.C.); (P.S.)
| | - August Gilg
- Departement of Bioengineering Sciences, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Am Hofgarten 4, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; (A.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Frank Lesske
- Departement of Bioengineering Sciences, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Am Hofgarten 4, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; (A.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany;
- Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening GmbH (AFIN-TS), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yamamoto K, Machida K, Kotani A, Hakamata H. Emerging Separation Techniques in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:970-975. [PMID: 34602578 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has unique separative characteristics distinguished from those of HPLC and gas chromatography. At present, SFC is widely used and there are many applications in various biological, medical, and pharmaceutical fields. In this review, we focus on recently developed novel techniques related to SFC separation including: new column stationary phases, microfluidics, two-dimensional separation, and gas-liquid separation. In addition, we discuss the application of SFC using a water-containing modifier to biological molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and small proteins that had been challenging analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Koichi Machida
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Akira Kotani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Hideki Hakamata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Losacco GL, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Metamorphosis of supercritical fluid chromatography: A viable tool for the analysis of polar compounds? Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
23
|
Nardini GS, Dolzan MD, Micke GA, Vitali L. A new high-throughput method based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine 18 short-chain carboxylic acids in foods. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
24
|
Seiwert B, Nihemaiti M, Bauer C, Muschket M, Sauter D, Gnirss R, Reemtsma T. Ozonation products from trace organic chemicals in municipal wastewater and from metformin: peering through the keyhole with supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 196:117024. [PMID: 33756112 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is an important process to further reduce the trace organic chemicals (TrOCs) in treated municipal wastewater before discharge into surface waters, and is expected to form products that are more oxidized and more polar than their parent compounds. Many of these ozonation products (OPs) are biodegradable and thus removed by post-treatment (e.g., aldehydes). Most studies on OPs of TrOCs in wastewater rely on reversed-phase liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS), which is not suited for highly polar analytes. In this study, supercritical fluid chromatography combined with high resolution MS (SFC-HRMS) was applied in comparison to the generic RPLC-HRMS to search for OPs in ozonated wastewater treatment plant effluent at pilot-scale. While comparable results were obtained from these two techniques during suspect screenings for known OPs, a total of 23 OPs were only observed by SFC-HRMS via non-targeted screening. Several SFC-only OPs were proposed as the derivatives of methoxymethylmelamines, phenolic sulfates/sulfonates, and metformin; the latter was confirmed by laboratory-scale ozonation experiments. A complete ozonation pathway of metformin, a widespread and extremely hydrophilic TrOC in aquatic environment, was elaborated based on SFC-HRMS analysis. Five of the 10 metformin OPs are reported for the first time in this study. Three different dual-media filters were compared as post-treatments, and a combination of sand/anthracite and fresh post-granular activated carbon proved most effective in OPs removal due to the additional adsorption capacity. However, six SFC-only OPs, two of which originating from metformin, appeared to be persistent during all post-treatments, raising concerns on their occurrence in drinking water sources impacted by wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Seiwert
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maolida Nihemaiti
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Coretta Bauer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Muschket
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Neue Juedenstr. 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Gnirss
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Neue Juedenstr. 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Minkus S, Bieber S, Letzel T. (Very) polar organic compounds in the Danube river basin: a non-target screening workflow and prioritization strategy for extracting highly confident features. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2044-2054. [PMID: 33955981 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00434d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, more and more research has been focused on the analysis of polar organic compounds as they tend to be persistent and mobile in the aquatic environment. The serial coupling of reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography allows the separation of analytes of an extended polarity range within a single run. The non-target screening approach was driven by high-resolution mass spectrometry and is able to detect unexpected compounds. It is therefore capable of complementing regular monitoring of surface water. Non-target screening, however, can produce massive data sets. Here, a data processing method is presented focusing on unravelling tentative polar compounds from the full scan data of 51 samples of the Danube river and its tributaries. The feature extraction method was optimized to 34 reference compounds at two concentration levels and was then applied to real samples. Features were matched by accurate mass with anthropogenic substances stored in the compound database STOFF-IDENT located on the FOR-IDENT platform. In order to extract polar candidates, the retention time interval corresponding to the HILIC separation was connected to compounds with a negative log D value. As a result, 67 candidates were detected which were found to be plausible. Finally, features were prioritized based on an identification certainty classification system as well as their frequency of occurrence. Therefore, several feature-candidate compound pairs could be suggested for confirmation via reference materials. The presented non-target screening strategy followed by a database query is transferrable to other sample sets and other data evaluation tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Minkus
- Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering), Garching, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pérez-Mayán L, Ramil M, Cela R, Rodríguez I. Supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of chiral fungicides in viticulture-related samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1644:462124. [PMID: 33839447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), combined with mass spectrometry (MS), was employed for the determination of five chiral fungicides, from two different chemical families (acylalanine and triazol) in wine and vineyard soils. The effect of different SFC parameters (stationary phase, chiral selector, mobile phase modifier and additive) in the resolution between enantiomers and in the efficiency of compounds ionization at the electrospray source (ESI) was thorougly described. Under final working conditions, chiral separations of selected fungicides were achieved using two different SFC-MS methods, with an analysis time of 10 min and resolution factors from 1.05 to 2.45 between enantiomers. In combination with solid-phase extraction and pressurized liquid extraction, they permitted the enantiomeric determination of target compounds in wine and vineyard soils with limits of quantification in the low ppb range (between 0.5 and 2.5 ng mL-1, and from 1.3 to 6.5 ng g-1, for wine and soil, respectively), and overall recoveries above 80%, calculated using solvent-based standards. For azolic fungicides (tebuconazole, myclobutanil and penconazole) soil dissipation and transfer from vines to wines were non-enantioselective processes. Data obtained for acylalanine compounds confirmed the application of metalaxyl (MET) to vines as racemate and as the R-enantiomer. The enantiomeric fractions (MET-S/(MET-S+MET-R)) of this fungicide in vineyard soils varied from 0.01 to 0.96; moreover, laboratory degradation experiments showed that the relative dissipation rates of MET enantiomers varied depending on the type of soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pérez-Mayán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Ramil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Castro V, Quintana JB, Carpinteiro I, Cobas J, Carro N, Cela R, Rodil R. Combination of different chromatographic and sampling modes for high-resolution mass spectrometric screening of organic microcontaminants in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5607-5618. [PMID: 33625537 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the combination of two sampling strategies (polar organic compounds integrative sampler (POCIS) vs. spot sampling) and four chromatographic retention modes (reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), mixed-mode liquid chromatography (MMLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)) for high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) screening of organic pollutants in water samples. To this end, a suspect screening approach, using iterative data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) driven by a library of 3227 chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, drugs of abuse, human metabolites, industrial chemicals and other pollutants), was employed. Results show that POCIS can afford a larger number of positive identifications as compared to spot sampling. On the other hand, the best suited retention mechanisms, in terms of identified analytes, are SFC, and followed by RPLC, MMLC and HILIC. However, the best combination (POCIS + SFC) would only allow the identification of 67% of the detected analytes. Thus, the combination of the two sampling strategies, spot and passive sampling, with two orthogonal retention mechanisms, RPLC and SFC, is proposed in order to maximize the number of analytes detected (89%). This strategy was applied to different surface water (river and estuary) samples from Galicia (NW Spain). A total of 155 compounds were detected at a confidence level 2a, from which the major class was pharmaceuticals (61%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Carpinteiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for multiclass emerging contaminant quantification in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2467-2479. [PMID: 33532915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction allows highly selective concentration of organic compounds that are at trace levels. The determination of those analytes through the supercritical fluid chromatography usage is associated with many analytical benefits, which are significantly increased when it is coupled to a mass spectrometry detector, thus providing an extremely sensitive analytical technique with minimal consumption of organic solvents. On account of this, a hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction technique in two-phase mode combined with supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed for quantifying 19 multiclass emerging contaminants in water samples in a total chromatographic time of 5.5 min. The analytical method used 40 μL of 1-octanol placed in the porous-walled polypropylene fiber as the acceptor phase, and 1 L of water sample was the donor phase. After extraction and quantification techniques were optimized in detail, a good determination coefficient (r2 > 0.9905) in the range of 0.1 to 100 μg L-1, for most of the analytes, and an enrichment factor in the range of 7 to 28,985 were obtained. The recovery percentage (%R) and intraday precision (%RSD) were in the range of 80.80-123.40%, and from 0.48 to 16.89%, respectively. Limit of detection and quantification ranged from 1.90 to 35.66 ng L-1, and from 3.41 to 62.11 ng L-1, respectively. Finally, the developed method was successfully used for the determination of the 19 multiclass emerging contaminants in superficial and wastewater samples.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wawryk NJP, Craven CB, Blackstock LKJ, Li XF. New methods for identification of disinfection byproducts of toxicological relevance: Progress and future directions. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:151-159. [PMID: 33183692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) represent a ubiquitous source of chemical exposure in disinfected water. While over 700 DBPs have been identified, the drivers of toxicity remain poorly understood. Additionally, ever evolving water treatment practices have led to a continually growing list of DBPs. Advancement of analytical technologies have enabled the identification of new classes of DBPs and the quantification of these chemically diverse sets of DBPs. Here we summarize advances in new workflows for DBP analysis, including sample preparation, chromatographic separation with mass spectrometry (MS) detection, and data processing. To aid in the selection of techniques for future studies, we discuss necessary considerations for each step in the strategy. This review focuses on how each step of a workflow can be optimized to capture diverse classes of DBPs within a single method. Additionally, we highlight new MS-based approaches that can be powerful for identifying novel DBPs of toxicological relevance. We discuss current challenges and provide perspectives on future research directions with respect to studying new DBPs of toxicological relevance. As analytical technologies continue to advance, new strategies will be increasingly used to analyze complex DBPs produced in different treatment processes with the aim to identify potential drivers of toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J P Wawryk
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Caley B Craven
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lindsay K Jmaiff Blackstock
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Untargeted Metabolomics Studies on Drug-Incubated Phragmites australis Profiles. Metabolites 2020; 11:metabo11010002. [PMID: 33375173 PMCID: PMC7822174 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a huge number of functionally and chemically different natural products that play an important role in linking the plant with the adjacent environment. Plants can also absorb and transform external organic compounds (xenobiotics). Currently there are only a few studies concerning the effects of xenobiotics and their transformation products on plant metabolites using a mass spectrometric untargeted screening strategy. This study was designed to investigate the changes of the Phragmites australis metabolome following/after diclofenac or carbamazepine incubation, using a serial coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) combined with accurate high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). An untargeted screening strategy of metabolic fingerprints was developed to purposefully compare samples from differently treated P. australis plants, revealing that P. australis responded to each drug differently. When solvents with significantly different polarities were used, the metabolic profiles of P. australis were found to change significantly. For instance, the production of polyphenols (such as quercetin) in the plant increased after diclofenac incubation. Moreover, the pathway of unsaturated organic acids became more prominent, eventually as a reaction to protect the cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, P. australis exhibited an adaptive mechanism to cope with each drug. Consequently, the untargeted screening approach is essential for understanding the complex response of plants to xenobiotics.
Collapse
|
31
|
An assessment of quality assurance/quality control efforts in high resolution mass spectrometry non-target workflows for analysis of environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
32
|
Konya Y, Izumi Y, Bamba T. Development of a novel method for polar metabolite profiling by supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1632:461587. [PMID: 33059177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), the main fluid in the mobile phase for supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), is non-polar. The majority of polar compounds are little soluble in scCO2, thereby rendering them poor candidates for achieving separation by carbon dioxide-based SFC. There is no reported method for the comprehensive analysis of hydrophilic metabolites by SFC with mobile phases comprising a high CO2 ratio. In this study, we investigated the effect of additives in the modifier for enabling the application of SFC to profile diverse polar compounds for metabolomics. Eleven types of columns were screened by using proteinogenic amino acids as the model compounds. The addition of water and acids (formic acid and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) to the modifier was also investigated to improve the solubility of the polar compounds and mitigate the unfavorable interaction between the stationary phase and the polar compounds. A significant improvement in the peak shapes of the amino acids was observed upon addition of TFA. The CO2/modifier ratio and TFA concentration in the mobile phases were investigated using the CROWNPAK CR-I (+) column, which showed the best performance during the column-screening. The CO2/methanol/water/TFA ratio of 70/27/3/0.15 (v/v/v/v) was determined as the optimized mobile phase composition. Furthermore, the applicability of the optimized analytical method to other polar compounds was examined; 100 cationic and amphoteric compounds with predicted logPow values that ranged from -5.9 to 1.7 could be simultaneously analyzed without derivatization. Anionic compounds such as organic acids, phosphates, and sugars were excluded from the target analytes. Most of the previously reported SFC methods for analyzing polar compounds employ a gradient elution and require the use of high modifier ratios at 40% or more. In the proposed method, the use of water and TFA enabled the rapid and simultaneous analysis under isocratic elution within 10 min, even with a high CO2 ratio of 70%. Additionally, a rat serum extract was analyzed using the optimized conditions, and 43 polar metabolites were successfully detected. This result demonstrates the applicability of the SFC/tandem mass spectrometry method to real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Konya
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Scholz K, Lipphardt A, Wienken CM, Tiso T, Hayen H. Hyphenation of supercritical fluid chromatography with different detection methods for identification and quantification of liamocin biosurfactants. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1631:461584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
34
|
Wahman R, Graßmann J, Sauvêtre A, Schröder P, Letzel T. Lemna minor studies under various storage periods using extended-polarity extraction and metabolite non-target screening analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 188:113362. [PMID: 32526623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant metabolomic studies cover a broad band of compounds, including various functional groups with different polarities and other physiochemical properties. For this reason, specific optimized methods are needed in order to enable efficient and non-destructive extraction of molecules over a large range of LogD values. This study presents a simple and efficient extraction procedure for Lemna minor samples demonstrating polarity extension of the molecular range. The Lemna samples chosen were kept under the following storage conditions: 1) fresh, 2) stored for a few days at -80 °C, and 3) stored for 6 months at -80 °C. The samples were extracted using five specifically chosen solvents: 100 % ethanol, 100 % methanol (MeOH), acidic 90 % MeOH (MeOH-water-formic acid (FAC) (90:9.5:0.5, v/v/v), MeOH-water (50:50, v/v), and 100 % water. The final extraction procedure was conducted subject to three solvent conditions, and the subsequent polarity-extended analysis was applied for Lemna minor samples using RPLC-HILIC-ESI-TOF-MS. The extraction yield is in descending order (acidic 90 % MeOH), 50 % MeOH, 100 % water and 100 % MeOH. The results displayed significant molecular differences, both in the extracts investigated and in the fresh Lemna samples, compared to stored samples, in terms of the extraction yield and reducing contents as well as the number of features. The storage of Lemna minor resulted in changes to the fingerprint of its metabolites as the reducing contents increased. The comparisons enable a direct view of molecule characterizations, in terms of their polarity, molecular mass, and signal intensity. This parametric information would appear ideal for further statistical data analysis. Consequently, the extraction procedure and the analysis/data evaluation are highly suitable for the so-called extended-polarity non-target screening procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rofida Wahman
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johanna Graßmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Andrés Sauvêtre
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Centrum Munich, Ingolstädter Street 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schröder
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Centrum Munich, Ingolstädter Street 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Knoll S, Rösch T, Huhn C. Trends in sample preparation and separation methods for the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds in environmental water and biota samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6149-6165. [PMID: 32710277 PMCID: PMC7442764 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent years showed a boost in knowledge about the presence and fate of micropollutants in the environment. Instrumental and methodological developments mainly in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry hold a large share in this success story. These techniques soon complemented gas chromatography and enabled the analysis of more polar compounds including pesticides but also household chemicals, food additives, and pharmaceuticals often present as traces in surface waters. In parallel, sample preparation techniques evolved to extract and enrich these compounds from biota and water samples. This review article looks at very polar and ionic compounds using the criterion log P ≤ 1. Considering about 240 compounds, we show that (simulated) log D values are often even lower than the corresponding log P values due to ionization of the compounds at our reference pH of 7.4. High polarity and charge are still challenging characteristics in the analysis of micropollutants and these compounds are hardly covered in current monitoring strategies of water samples. The situation is even more challenging in biota analysis given the large number of matrix constituents with similar properties. Currently, a large number of sample preparation and separation approaches are developed to meet the challenges of the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds. In addition to reviewing them, we discuss some trends: for sample preparation, preconcentration and purification efforts by SPE will continue, possibly using upcoming mixed-mode stationary phases and mixed beds in order to increase comprehensiveness in monitoring applications. For biota analysis, miniaturization and parallelization are aspects of future research. For ionic or ionizable compounds, we see electromembrane extraction as a method of choice with a high potential to increase throughput by automation. For separation, predominantly coupled to mass spectrometry, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography applications will increase as the polarity range ideally complements reversed phase liquid chromatography, and instrumentation and expertise are available in most laboratories. Two-dimensional applications have not yet reached maturity in liquid-phase separations to be applied in higher throughput. Possibly, the development and commercial availability of mixed-mode stationary phases make 2D applications obsolete in semi-targeted applications. An interesting alternative will enter routine analysis soon: supercritical fluid chromatography demonstrated an impressive analyte coverage but also the possibility to tailor selectivity for targeted approaches. For ionic and ionizable micropollutants, ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are amenable but may be used only for specialized applications such as the analysis of halogenated acids when aspects like desalting and preconcentration are solved and the key advantages are fully elaborated by further research. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Knoll
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Rösch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schulze S, Paschke H, Meier T, Muschket M, Reemtsma T, Berger U. A rapid method for quantification of persistent and mobile organic substances in water using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4941-4952. [PMID: 32524369 PMCID: PMC7334264 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile organic substances (PM substances) are a threat to the quality of our water resources. While screening studies revealed widespread occurrence of many PM substances, rapid trace analytical methods for their quantification in large sample sets are missing. We developed a quick and generic analytical method for highly mobile analytes in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water samples based on enrichment through azeotrope evaporation (4 mL water and 21 mL acetonitrile), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and quantification using a compound-specific correction factor for apparent recovery. The method was validated using 17 PM substances. Sample preparation recoveries were between 60 and 110% for the vast majority of PM substances. Strong matrix effects (most commonly suppressive) were observed, necessitating a correction for apparent recoveries in quantification. Apparent recoveries were neither concentration dependent nor dependent on the water matrix (surface or drinking water). Method detection and quantification limits were in the single- to double-digit ng L−1 ranges, precision expressed as relative standard deviation of quadruplicate quantifications was on average < 10%, and trueness experiments showed quantitative results within ± 30% of the theoretical value in 77% of quantifications. Application of the method to surface water, groundwater, raw water, and finished drinking water revealed the presence of acesulfame and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid up to 70 and 19 μg L−1, respectively. Melamine, diphenylguanidine, p-dimethylbenzenesulfonic acid, and 4-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine were found in high ng L−1 concentrations. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schulze
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidrun Paschke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Till Meier
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Muschket
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Minkus S, Grosse S, Bieber S, Veloutsou S, Letzel T. Optimized hidden target screening for very polar molecules in surface waters including a compound database inquiry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4953-4966. [PMID: 32488388 PMCID: PMC8206052 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Highly polar trace organic compounds, which are persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) or are very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) in the aquatic environment, may pose a risk to surface water, ground water, and drinking water supplies. Despite the advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, there often exists an analytical blind spot when it comes to very polar chemicals. This study seeks to make a broad polarity range analytically accessible by means of serially coupling reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Moreover, a workflow is presented using optimized data processing of nontarget screening (NTS) data and subsequently generating candidate lists for the identification of very polar molecules via an open-access NTS platform and implemented compound database. First, key input parameters and filters of the so-called feature extraction algorithms were identified, and numerical performance indicators were defined to systematically optimize the data processing method. Second, all features from the very polar HILIC elution window were uploaded to the STOFF-IDENT database as part of the FOR-IDENT open-access NTS platform, which contains additional physicochemical information, and the features matched with potential compounds by their accurate mass. The hit list was filtered for compounds with a negative log D value, indicating that they were (very) polar. For instance, 46 features were assigned to 64 candidate compounds originating from a set of 33 samples from the Isar river in Germany. Three PMT candidates (e.g., guanylurea, melamine, and 1,3-dimethylimidazolidin-2-one) were illustratively validated using the respective reference standards. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that polarity-extended chromatography reproducibly retards and separates (very) polar compounds from surface waters. These findings further indicate that a transparent and robust data processing workflow for nontarget screening data is available for addressing new (very) polar substances in the aqueous environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Minkus
- Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering), Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening GmbH (AFIN-TS), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Grosse
- Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering), Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstraße 4, 82110, Germering, Germany
| | - Stefan Bieber
- Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening GmbH (AFIN-TS), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sofia Veloutsou
- Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering), Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.,, N. Votsi 35, 10445, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering), Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening GmbH (AFIN-TS), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167, Augsburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Müller K, Zahn D, Frömel T, Knepper TP. Matrix effects in the analysis of polar organic water contaminants with HILIC-ESI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4867-4879. [PMID: 32130441 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Matrix effects have been shown to be very pronounced and highly variable in the analysis of mobile chemicals, which may severely exacerbate accurate quantification. These matrix effects, however, are still scarcely studied in combination with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and for very polar chemicals. In this study, the matrix effects of 26 polar model analytes were investigated in enriched drinking water, wastewater treatment plant effluent and solutions of inorganic salts, utilizing post-column infusion of the analytes into a HILIC-electrospray ionisation (ESI)-high-resolution mass spectrometry system. These experiments revealed the occurrence of structure-specific and unspecific matrix effects. The unspecific matrix effects were mainly observed in positive ESI polarity and predominantly coincided with a high ion count, resulting in ion suppression of all analytes. Thus, the excess charge is hypothesized to be the limiting factor in ion formation. Structure-specific matrix effects were more pronounced in negative ESI polarity and even structurally similar compounds were observed to react entirely differently: perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids were suppressed, while perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids were simultaneously enhanced. These matrix effects were traced back to inorganic anions and cations, which eluted over a significant fraction of the chromatographic run time with this setup. Hence, it was concluded that inorganic ions are a main cause for matrix effects in the analysis of mobile chemicals utilizing HILIC. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Müller
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany.
| | - Tobias Frömel
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zahn D, Neuwald IJ, Knepper TP. Analysis of mobile chemicals in the aquatic environment-current capabilities, limitations and future perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4763-4784. [PMID: 32086538 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile water contaminants are rapidly developing into a focal point of environmental chemistry and chemical regulation. Their defining parameter that sets them apart from the majority of regularly monitored and regulated contaminants is their mobility in the aquatic environment, which is intrinsically tied to a high polarity. This high polarity, however, may have severe implications in the analytical process and thus the most polar of these mobile contaminants may not be covered by widely utilized trace-analytical methods, and thus, alternatives are required. In this review, we infer the physical and chemical properties of mobile water contaminants from a set of almost 1800 prioritized REACH chemicals and discuss the implications these substance properties may have on four integral steps of the analytical process: sampling and sample storage, sample pre-treatment, separation and detection. We discuss alternatives to widely utilized trace-analytical methods, examine their application range and limitations, highlight potential analytical techniques on the horizon and emphasize research areas we believe still offer the most room for further improvement. While we have a comprehensive set of analytical methods to cover a large portion of the known mobile chemicals, these methods are still only infrequently utilized. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany.
| | - Isabelle J Neuwald
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. GmbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schulze B, Bader T, Seitz W, Winzenbacher R. Column bleed in the analysis of highly polar substances: an overlooked aspect in HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4837-4847. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
41
|
Retention behavior of ginsenosides in a sulfo-based high performance liquid chromatography column. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460542. [PMID: 31558273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the use of a sulfo-based column and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) to separate 14 ginsenosides, namely Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rf, Re, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, Rh2, F2, and C-K. In addition to its rapid and efficient ability to separate these ginsenosides, the sulfo-based column exhibited a good relationship between the ginsenoside capacity factor (k') and molecular weight (Mw) and a strict elution order corresponding to the polarity (P) of the ginsenosides, as confirmed by thin layer chromatography.
Collapse
|
42
|
Obradović D, Stavrianidi AN, Ustinovich KB, Parenago OO, Shpigun OA, Agbaba D. The comparison of retention behaviour of imidazoline and serotonin receptor ligands in non-aqueous hydrophilic interaction chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:371-379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
43
|
Supercritical fluid chromatography – Mass spectrometry: Recent evolution and current trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
44
|
Hernández F, Bakker J, Bijlsma L, de Boer J, Botero-Coy AM, Bruinen de Bruin Y, Fischer S, Hollender J, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Lamoree M, López FJ, Laak TLT, van Leerdam JA, Sancho JV, Schymanski EL, de Voogt P, Hogendoorn EA. The role of analytical chemistry in exposure science: Focus on the aquatic environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:564-583. [PMID: 30726704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure science, in its broadest sense, studies the interactions between stressors (chemical, biological, and physical agents) and receptors (e.g. humans and other living organisms, and non-living items like buildings), together with the associated pathways and processes potentially leading to negative effects on human health and the environment. The aquatic environment may contain thousands of compounds, many of them still unknown, that can pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. Due to the unquestionable importance of the aquatic environment, one of the main challenges in the field of exposure science is the comprehensive characterization and evaluation of complex environmental mixtures beyond the classical/priority contaminants to new emerging contaminants. The role of advanced analytical chemistry to identify and quantify potential chemical risks, that might cause adverse effects to the aquatic environment, is essential. In this paper, we present the strategies and tools that analytical chemistry has nowadays, focused on chromatography hyphenated to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry because of its relevance in this field. Key issues, such as the application of effect direct analysis to reduce the complexity of the sample, the investigation of the huge number of transformation/degradation products that may be present in the aquatic environment, the analysis of urban wastewater as a source of valuable information on our lifestyle and substances we consumed and/or are exposed to, or the monitoring of drinking water, are discussed in this article. The trends and perspectives for the next few years are also highlighted, when it is expected that new developments and tools will allow a better knowledge of chemical composition in the aquatic environment. This will help regulatory authorities to protect water bodies and to advance towards improved regulations that enable practical and efficient abatements for environmental and public health protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - J Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - L Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A M Botero-Coy
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Y Bruinen de Bruin
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate E - Space, Security and Migration, Italy
| | - S Fischer
- Swedish Chemicals Agency (KEMI), P.O. Box 2, SE-172 13, Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - J Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B Kasprzyk-Hordern
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - M Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F J López
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - T L Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - J A van Leerdam
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - J V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - E L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - P de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090, GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E A Hogendoorn
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Schulze S, Zahn D, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Knepper TP, Reemtsma T, Berger U. Occurrence of emerging persistent and mobile organic contaminants in European water samples. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 153:80-90. [PMID: 30703676 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The release of persistent and mobile organic chemicals (PMOCs) into the aquatic environment puts the quality of water resources at risk. PMOCs are challenging to analyze in water samples, due to their high polarity. The aim of this study was to develop novel analytical methods for PMOCs and to investigate their occurrence in surface and groundwater samples. The target compounds were culled from a prioritized list of industrial chemicals that were modeled to be persistent, mobile, and emitted into the environment. Analytical screening methods based on mixed-mode liquid chromatography (LC), hydrophilic interaction LC, reversed phase LC, or supercritical fluid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometric detection were successfully developed for 57 target PMOCs and applied to 14 water samples from three European countries. A total of 43 PMOCs were detected in at least one sample, among them 23 PMOCs that have not been reported before to occur in environmental waters. The most prevalent of these novel PMOCs were methyl sulfate, 2-acrylamino-2-methylpropane sulfonate, benzyltrimethylammonium, benzyldimethylamine, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, 6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-diamine, and 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine occurring in ≥50% of the samples at estimated concentrations in the low ng L-1 up to μg L-1 range. The approach of focused prioritization combined with sensitive target chemical analysis proved to be highly efficient in revealing a large suite of novel as well as scarcely investigated PMOCs in surface and groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schulze
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger Strasse 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Rosa Montes
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger Strasse 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Urs Berger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Montes R, Rodil R, Cela R, Quintana JB. Determination of Persistent and Mobile Organic Contaminants (PMOCs) in Water by Mixed-Mode Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5176-5183. [PMID: 30896927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of persistent and mobile organic contaminants (PMOC) in aquatic environments has become a matter of concern due to their ability of breaking through natural and anthropogenic barriers, even reaching drinking water. The presence of many of these compounds in surface and drinking water has been reported in screening studies, but there is still a lack of analytical methods capable of quantifying them. Herein, we propose a method combining mixed-mode-solid-phase extraction (MM-SPE) as preconcentration technique and mixed-mode liquid chromatography (MMLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry as a determination technique for the quantitative determination of 23 target PMOCs in surface and drinking water samples. When compared to reversed-phase liquid chromatography, the MMLC protocol has proven to be superior in both retentive capabilities and peak shape for ionic compounds, while performing also well for neutrals. The overall method performance was satisfactory with limits of quantification under 50 ng L-1 for most of analytes in both surface and drinking water. The relative standard deviation was lower than 20%, and the average recovery was 78 and 80% in surface and drinking water, respectively. The method was applied to 15 water samples collected in Spain, where 17 out of the 23 target PMOCs were quantified in at least one sample. Among them, 6 chemicals (e.g., benzyltrimethylammonium) are reported and/or quantified here for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Food Analysis and Research-IIAA , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Food Analysis and Research-IIAA , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Food Analysis and Research-IIAA , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Food Analysis and Research-IIAA , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vacuum-assisted evaporative concentration combined with LC-HRMS/MS for ultra-trace-level screening of organic micropollutants in environmental water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2555-2567. [PMID: 30854597 PMCID: PMC6470124 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum-assisted evaporative concentration (VEC) was successfully applied and validated for the enrichment of 590 organic substances from river water and wastewater. Different volumes of water samples (6 mL wastewater influent, 15 mL wastewater effluent, and 60 mL river water) were evaporated to 0.3 mL and finally adjusted to 0.4 mL. 0.1 mL of the concentrate were injected into a polar reversed-phase C18 liquid chromatography column coupled with electrospray ionization to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Analyte recoveries were determined for VEC and compared against a mixed-bed multilayer solid-phase extraction (SPE). Both approaches performed equally well (≥ 70% recovery) for a vast number of analytes (n = 327), whereas certain substances were especially amenable to enrichment by either SPE (e.g., 4-chlorobenzophenone, logDow,pH7 4) or VEC (e.g., TRIS, logDow,pH7 − 4.6). Overall, VEC was more suitable for the enrichment of polar analytes, albeit considerable signal suppression (up to 74% in river water) was observed for the VEC-enriched sample matrix. Nevertheless, VEC allowed for accurate and precise quantification down to the sub-nanogram per liter level and required no more than 60 mL of the sample, as demonstrated by its application to several environmental water matrices. By contrast, SPE is typically constrained by high sample volumes ranging from 100 mL (wastewater influent) to 1000 mL (river water). The developed VEC workflow not only requires low labor cost and minimum supervision but is also a rapid, convenient, and environmentally safe alternative to SPE and highly suitable for target and non-target analysis. ![]()
Collapse
|
48
|
Pilařová V, Plachká K, Khalikova MA, Svec F, Nováková L. Recent developments in supercritical fluid chromatography – mass spectrometry: Is it a viable option for analysis of complex samples? Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
49
|
Zahn D, Mucha P, Zilles V, Touffet A, Gallard H, Knepper TP, Frömel T. Identification of potentially mobile and persistent transformation products of REACH-registered chemicals and their occurrence in surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:86-96. [PMID: 30508717 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of industrial chemicals might be a significant source of hitherto unknown persistent and mobile organic contaminants (PMOC, PM chemicals) present in the aquatic environment. Herein we depicted a three-step strategy consisting of (I) the prioritization of potential PMOC precursors among REACH-registered chemicals, (II) their lab scale transformation through hydrolysis, photolysis, MnO2 oxidation, and biotransformation and subsequent structural elucidation of derived transformation products, and finally (III) the assessment of their environmental relevance. The proposed procedure was utilized to investigate eleven chemicals, for nine of which a concentration reduction was observed. For six of these chemicals transformation products were at least tentatively identified and partially confirmed with a commercially available reference standard. Retrospective assessment of high-performance liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry data as well as a target screening method for the identified TPs and some of the prioritized REACH chemicals revealed the widespread presence of the following chemicals in the environment: 2-pyrrolidone (hydrolysis product of vinylpyrrolidone), TP 216 (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-acetic acid, biotransformation product of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-ethanol), and 1,3-diphenylguanidine (prioritized chemical with experimental evidence of environmental stability). 2-Pyrrolidone was detected in 23/25 investigated surface water samples and present in concentrations of up to 400 ng/L. TP 216 was detected in 20/25 surface water samples and an additional sampling of a waste water treatment plant and the receiving surface water confirmed that TP 216 is formed in waste water treatment plants. The vulcanisation agent 1,3-diphenylguanidine was present in all investigated samples. A leaching experiment with a tire suggested that tires and thus tire wear particles are a potential source of 1,3-diphenylguanidine. With these data the depicted approach was proven successful and suitable for true unknowns like TP 216, and thus an alternative to non-target screenings or suspect-screenings with predicted TPs to identify environmentally relevant transformation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - P Mucha
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - V Zilles
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - A Touffet
- Institut de Chimie des Milieu et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, 1 rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - H Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieu et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, 1 rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - T P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - T Frömel
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Harps LC, Joseph JF, Parr MK. SFC for chiral separations in bioanalysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 162:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|