1
|
Ribeiro JA, Silva AF, Girault HH, Pereira CM. Electroanalytical applications of ITIES - A review. Talanta 2024; 280:126729. [PMID: 39180876 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) attracted considerable attention of the scientific community due to their vast applications, such as extraction, catalysis, partition studies and sensing. The aim of this Review is to highlight the potential of electrochemistry at the ITIES for analytical purposes, focusing on ITIES-based sensors for detection and quantification of chemically and biologically relevant (bio)molecules. We start by addressing the evolution of ITIES in terms of number of publications over the years along with an overview of their main applications (Chapter 1). Then, we provide a general historical perspective about pioneer voltammetric studies at water/oil systems (Chapter 2). After that, we discuss the most impacting improvements on ITIES sensing systems from both perspectives, set-up design (interface stabilization and miniaturization, selection of the organic solvent, etc.) and optimization of experimental conditions to improve selectivity and sensitivity (Chapter 3). In Chapter 4, we discuss the analytical applications of ITIES for electrochemical sensing of several types of analytes, including drugs, pesticides, proteins, among others. Finally, we highlight the present achievements of ITIES as analytical tool and provide future challenges and perspectives for this technology (Chapter 5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A Ribeiro
- CIQUP/Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - A Fernando Silva
- CIQUP/Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - H H Girault
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlos M Pereira
- CIQUP/Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang SH, Parandhaman M, Farnia S, Kim J, Amemiya S. Nanoelectrochemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces for analytical, biological, and material applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9575-9590. [PMID: 37458703 PMCID: PMC10416082 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01982a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we feature our recent efforts toward the development and application of nanoelectrochemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces, which are also known as interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). Nanopipets, nanopores, and nanoemulsions are developed to create the nanoscale ITIES for the quantitative electrochemical measurement of ion transfer, electron transfer, and molecular transport across the interface. The nanoscale ITIES serves as an electrochemical nanosensor to enable the selective detection of various ions and molecules as well as high-resolution chemical imaging based on scanning electrochemical microscopy. The powerful nanoelectroanalytical methods will be useful for biological and material applications as illustrated by in situ studies of solid-state nanopores, nuclear pore complexes, living bacteria, and advanced nanoemulsions. These studies provide unprecedented insights into the chemical reactivity of important biological and material systems even at the single nanostructure level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siao-Han Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | | | - Solaleh Farnia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Walker NL, Dick JE. On the mechanism of the bipolar reference electrode. Analyst 2023; 148:2149-2158. [PMID: 37042122 PMCID: PMC10308696 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Commercial silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrodes are some of the most commonly used reference electrodes, but they suffer from a number of issues due to their porous frits. Such issues include difficulty miniaturizing, silver and chloride ion leakage, charge screening effects at low ionic strength, frit drying if left unattended in air, and incompatibility with organic solvents. To solve these issues, we recently designed a reference electrode that is leakless in principle by replacing the porous frit with a sealed, conductive wire, where the ends of the wire are exposed to the reference electrode solution and the working electrode solution. We hypothesized that the reference electrode operated like a closed, bipolar electrochemical cell, and we termed the name bipolar reference electrode (BPRE). Here, we provide evidence that the BPRE can either act as a reference electrode by operating through an ion transfer mechanism via leakage through the imperfect seal, or it can act as a highly stable quasi-reference electrode through a bipolar electron transfer mechanism (BPQRE). Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the BPRE in other types of common electrochemical studies, including chronoamperometry, linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He J, Spanolios E, Froehlich CE, Wouters CL, Haynes CL. Recent Advances in the Development and Characterization of Electrochemical and Electrical Biosensors for Small Molecule Neurotransmitters. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1391-1403. [PMID: 36940263 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters act as chemical messengers, determining human physiological and psychological function, and abnormal levels of neurotransmitters are related to conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Biologically and clinically relevant concentrations of neurotransmitters are usually very low (nM), so electrochemical and electronic sensors for neurotransmitter detection play an important role in achieving sensitive and selective detection. Additionally, these sensors have the distinct advantage to potentially be wireless, miniaturized, and multichannel, providing remarkable opportunities for implantable, long-term sensing capabilities unachievable by spectroscopic or chromatographic detection methods. In this article, we will focus on advances in the development and characterization of electrochemical and electronic sensors for neurotransmitters during the last five years, identifying how the field is progressing as well as critical knowledge gaps for sensor researchers.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahnood A, Chambers A, Gelmi A, Yong KT, Kavehei O. Semiconducting electrodes for neural interfacing: a review. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1491-1518. [PMID: 36734845 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00830k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, the advent of electronic technology to directly interface with neural tissue has transformed the fields of medicine and biology. Devices that restore or even replace impaired bodily functions, such as deep brain stimulators and cochlear implants, have ushered in a new treatment era for previously intractable conditions. Meanwhile, electrodes for recording and stimulating neural activity have allowed researchers to unravel the vast complexities of the human nervous system. Recent advances in semiconducting materials have allowed effective interfaces between electrodes and neuronal tissue through novel devices and structures. Often these are unattainable using conventional metallic electrodes. These have translated into advances in research and treatment. The development of semiconducting materials opens new avenues in neural interfacing. This review considers this emerging class of electrodes and how it can facilitate electrical, optical, and chemical sensing and modulation with high spatial and temporal precision. Semiconducting electrodes have advanced electrically based neural interfacing technologies owing to their unique electrochemical and photo-electrochemical attributes. Key operation modalities, namely sensing and stimulation in electrical, biochemical, and optical domains, are discussed, highlighting their contrast to metallic electrodes from the application and characterization perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arman Ahnood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andre Chambers
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Amy Gelmi
- School of Science, RMIT University, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Omid Kavehei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Harshita, Park TJ, Kailasa SK. Microwave-assisted synthesis of blue fluorescent molybdenum nanoclusters with maltose-cysteine Schiff base for detection of myoglobin and γ-aminobutyric acid in biofluids. LUMINESCENCE 2023. [PMID: 36758217 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of stable fluorescent MoNCs (molybdenum nanoclusters) in aqueous media is quite challenging as it is not much explored yet. Herein, we report a facile and efficient strategy for fabricating MoNCs using 2,3 dialdehyde maltose-cysteine Schiff base (DAM-cysteine) as a ligand for detecting myoglobin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in biofluids with high selectivity and sensitivity. The DAM-cysteine-MoNCs displayed fluorescence of bright blue color under a UV light at 365 nm with an emission peak at 444 nm after excitation at 370 nm. The synthesized DAM-cysteine-MoNCs were homogeneously distributed with a mean size of 2.01 ± 0.98 nm as confirmed by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Further, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) techniques were utilized to confirm the elemental oxidation states and surface functional groups of the DAM-cysteine-MoNCs. After the addition of myoglobin and GABA, the emission peak of DAM-cysteine-MoNCs at 444 nm was significantly quenched. This resulted in the development of a quantitative assay for the detection of myoglobin (0.1-0.5 μM) and GABA (0.125-2.5 μM) with the lower limit of detection as 56.48 and 112.75 nM for myoglobin and GABA, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshita
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Tae-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Da Y, Luo S, Tian Y. Real-Time Monitoring of Neurotransmitters in the Brain of Living Animals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:138-157. [PMID: 35394736 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, as important chemical small molecules, perform the function of neural signal transmission from cell to cell. Excess concentrations of neurotransmitters are often closely associated with brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, the release of neurotransmitters under the induced stimulation indicates the occurrence of reward-related behaviors, including food and drug addiction. Therefore, to understand the physiological and pathological functions of neurotransmitters, especially in complex environments of the living brain, it is urgent to develop effective tools to monitor their dynamics with high sensitivity and specificity. Over the past 30 years, significant advances in electrochemical sensors and optical probes have brought new possibilities for studying neurons and neural circuits by monitoring the changes in neurotransmitters. This Review focuses on the progress in the construction of sensors for in vivo analysis of neurotransmitters in the brain and summarizes current attempts to address key issues in the development of sensors with high selectivity, sensitivity, and stability. Combined with the latest advances in technologies and methods, several strategies for sensor construction are provided for recording chemical signal changes in the complex environment of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Da
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shihua Luo
- Department of Traumatology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Micro- and nano-devices for electrochemical sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:459. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractElectrode miniaturization has profoundly revolutionized the field of electrochemical sensing, opening up unprecedented opportunities for probing biological events with a high spatial and temporal resolution, integrating electrochemical systems with microfluidics, and designing arrays for multiplexed sensing. Several technological issues posed by the desire for downsizing have been addressed so far, leading to micrometric and nanometric sensing systems with different degrees of maturity. However, there is still an endless margin for researchers to improve current strategies and cope with demanding sensing fields, such as lab-on-a-chip devices and multi-array sensors, brain chemistry, and cell monitoring. In this review, we present current trends in the design of micro-/nano-electrochemical sensors and cutting-edge applications reported in the last 10 years. Micro- and nanosensors are divided into four categories depending on the transduction mechanism, e.g., amperometric, impedimetric, potentiometric, and transistor-based, to best guide the reader through the different detection strategies and highlight major advancements as well as still unaddressed demands in electrochemical sensing.
Graphical Abstract
Collapse
|
9
|
Jetmore HD, Anupriya ES, Cress TJ, Shen M. Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions Electrodes for Chemical Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16519-16527. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry David Jetmore
- University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | | | - Tanner Joe Cress
- University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heroin detection in a droplet hosted in a 3D printed support at the miniaturized electrified liquid-liquid interface. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18615. [PMID: 36329050 PMCID: PMC9633610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple sensing protocols for the detection of illicit drugs are needed. Electrochemical sensing is especially attractive in this respect, as its cost together with the analytical accuracy aspires to replace still frequently used colorimetric tests. In this work, we have shown that the interfacial transfer of protonated heroin can be followed at the electrified water-1,2-dichloroethane interface. We have comprehensively studied the interfacial behavior of heroin alone and in the presence of its major and abundant cutting agents, caffeine and paracetamol. To maximally increase developed sensing protocol applicability we have designed and 3D printed a platform requiring only a few microliters of the aqueous and the organic phase. The proposed sensing platform was equipped with a cavity hosting a short section of Ag/AgCl electrode, up to 20 µL of the aqueous phase and the end of the micropipette tip being used as a casing of a fused silica capillary having 25 µm as the internal pore diameter. The volume of the organic phase was equal to around 5 µL and was present inside the micropipette tip. We have shown that under optimized conditions heroin can be detected in the presence of caffeine and paracetamol existing in a sample with 10,000 times excess over the analyte of interest. The calculated limit of detection equal to 1.3 µM, linear dynamic range spanning to at least 50 µM, good reproducibility, and very low volume of needed sample is fully in line with forensic demands.
Collapse
|
11
|
Oleic and nitro-oleic acid behavior at an electrified water-1,2-dichloroethane interface. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Halicka K, Meloni F, Czok M, Spychalska K, Baluta S, Malecha K, Pilo MI, Cabaj J. New Trends in Fluorescent Nanomaterials-Based Bio/Chemical Sensors for Neurohormones Detection-A Review. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33749-33768. [PMID: 36188279 PMCID: PMC9520559 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study of neurotransmitters and stress hormones allows the determination of indicators of the current stress load in the body. These species also create a proper strategy of stress protection. Nowadays, stress is a general factor that affects the population, and it may cause a wide range of serious disorders. Abnormalities in the level of neurohormones, caused by chronic psychological stress, can occur in, for instance, corporate employees, health care workers, shift workers, policemen, or firefighters. Here we present a new nanomaterials-based sensors technology development for the determination of neurohormones. We focus on fluorescent sensors/biosensors that utilize nanomaterials, such as quantum dots or carbon nanomaterials. Nanomaterials, owing to their diversity in size and shape, have been attracting increasing attention in sensing or bioimaging. They possess unique properties, such as fluorescent, electronic, or photoluminescent features. In this Review, we summarize new trends in adopting nanomaterials for applications in fluorescent sensors for neurohormone monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Halicka
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Francesca Meloni
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mateusz Czok
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Spychalska
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Baluta
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karol Malecha
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria I. Pilo
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Joanna Cabaj
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nadar PM, Merrill MA, Austin K, Strakowski SM, Halpern JM. The emergence of psychoanalytical electrochemistry: the translation of MDD biomarker discovery to diagnosis with electrochemical sensing. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:372. [PMID: 36075922 PMCID: PMC9452859 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease burden and healthcare costs of psychiatric diseases along with the pursuit to understand their underlying biochemical mechanisms have led to psychiatric biomarker investigations. Current advances in evaluating candidate biomarkers for psychiatric diseases, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), focus on determining a specific biomarker signature or profile. The origins of candidate biomarkers are heterogenous, ranging from genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, while incorporating associations with clinical characterization. Prior to clinical use, candidate biomarkers must be validated by large multi-site clinical studies, which can be used to determine the ideal MDD biomarker signature. Therefore, identifying valid biomarkers has been challenging, suggesting the need for alternative approaches. Following validation studies, new technology must be employed to transition from biomarker discovery to diagnostic biomolecular profiling. Current technologies used in discovery and validation, such as mass spectroscopy, are currently limited to clinical research due to the cost or complexity of equipment, sample preparation, or measurement analysis. Thus, other technologies such as electrochemical detection must be considered for point-of-care (POC) testing with the needed characteristics for physicians' offices. This review evaluates the advantages of using electrochemical sensing as a primary diagnostic platform due to its rapidity, accuracy, low cost, biomolecular detection diversity, multiplexed capacity, and instrument flexibility. We evaluate the capabilities of electrochemical methods in evaluating current candidate MDD biomarkers, individually and through multiplexed sensing, for promising applications in detecting MDD biosignatures in the POC setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka M Nadar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mckenna A Merrill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Katherine Austin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Stephen M Strakowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Halpern
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Teleanu RI, Niculescu AG, Roza E, Vladâcenco O, Grumezescu AM, Teleanu DM. Neurotransmitters-Key Factors in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5954. [PMID: 35682631 PMCID: PMC9180936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are molecules that amplify, transmit, and convert signals in cells, having an essential role in information transmission throughout the nervous system. Hundreds of such chemicals have been discovered in the last century, continuing to be identified and studied concerning their action on brain health. These substances have been observed to influence numerous functions, including emotions, thoughts, memories, learning, and movements. Thus, disturbances in neurotransmitters' homeostasis started being correlated with a plethora of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. In this respect, the present paper aims to describe the most important neurotransmitters, broadly classified into canonical (e.g., amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, purines, soluble gases, neuropeptides) and noncanonical neurotransmitters (e.g., exosomes, steroids, D-aspartic acid), and explain their link with some of the most relevant neurological conditions. Moreover, a brief overview of the recently developed neurotransmitters' detection methods is offered, followed by several considerations on the modulation of these substances towards restoring homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Ioana Teleanu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, “Dr. Victor Gomoiu” Children’s Hospital, 022102 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.T.); (E.R.); (O.V.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Eugenia Roza
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, “Dr. Victor Gomoiu” Children’s Hospital, 022102 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.T.); (E.R.); (O.V.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Oana Vladâcenco
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, “Dr. Victor Gomoiu” Children’s Hospital, 022102 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.T.); (E.R.); (O.V.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cao Q, Shao Z, Hensley D, Venton BJ. Carbon nanospike coated nanoelectrodes for measurements of neurotransmitters. Faraday Discuss 2022; 233:303-314. [PMID: 34889344 PMCID: PMC8983598 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00053e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanoelectrodes enable the detection of neurotransmitters at the level of single cells, vesicles, synapses and small brain structures. Previously, the etching of carbon fibers and 3D printing based on direct laser writing have been used to fabricate carbon nanoelectrodes, but these methods lack the ability of mass manufacturing. In this paper, we mass fabricate carbon nanoelectrodes by growing carbon nanospikes (CNSs) on metal wires. CNSs have a short, dense and defect-rich surface that produces remarkable electrochemical properties, and they can be mass fabricated on almost any substrate without using catalysts. Tungsten wires and niobium wires were electrochemically etched in batch to form sub micrometer sized tips, and a layer of CNSs was grown on the metal wires using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). The thickness of the CNS layer was controlled by the deposition time, and a thin layer of CNSs can effectively cover the entire metal surface while maintaining the tip size within the sub micrometer scale. The etched tungsten wires produced tapered conical nanotips, while the etched niobium wires were long and thin. Both showed excellent sensitivity for the detection of outer sphere ruthenium hexamine and the inner sphere test compound ferricyanide. The CNS nanosensors were used for the measurement of dopamine, serotonin, ascorbic acid and DOPAC with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. The CNS nanoelectrodes had a large surface area and numerous defect sites, which improved the sensitivity, electron transfer kinetics and adsorption. Finally, the CNS nanoelectrodes were compared with other nanoelectrode fabrication methods, including flame etching, 3D printing, and nanopipettes, which are slower to make and more difficult for mass fabrication. Thus, CNS nanoelectrodes are a promising strategy for the mass fabrication of nanoelectrode sensors for neurotransmitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA.
| | - Zijun Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA.
| | - Dale Hensley
- Center for Nanophase Material Science, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
El-Said WA, Qaisi RM, Placide V, Choi JW. A stable naked-eye colorimetric sensor for monitoring release of extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter from SH-SY5Y cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120517. [PMID: 34739892 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel optical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-based sensor was developed on interacting thiol compounds and o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) to form thiacetal compounds. Then, the thiacetal interacts with the GABA molecule to form an isoindole compound. The effects of four thiol compounds on the stability of the resulting isoindole compound were assessed. The 2-mercaptoethanol, "one of the most used derivatizing agents," is unexpectedly the least stable; while, 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid resulted in the most durable isoindole compound. The developed sensor showed the capability for detecting GABA within a wide concentration range spanning from 500 nmol L-1 to 100 µmol L-1. The detection limit was about 330 nmol L-1, which indicated the high sensitivity of the developed sensor compared with those previously reported. The findings illustrated the ability to detect GABA at the physiological pH (pH = 7.4) without adjusting the pH value, opening the door for real applications. Furthermore, the sensor could detect various GABA concentrations in human serum with good recovery percentages (98% to 101.4%). In addition, this assay was applied to monitor GABA release from the SH-SY5Y cell line to convert glutamate into GABA. This result indicates the capability of the proposed assay for visually monitoring the release of GABA neurotransmitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A El-Said
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-Ro, Mapo-Gu, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Ramy M Qaisi
- University of Jeddah, College of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Virginie Placide
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-Ro, Mapo-Gu, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-Ro, Mapo-Gu, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Jetmore HD, Milton CB, Anupriya ES, Chen R, Xu K, Shen M. Detection of Acetylcholine at Nanoscale NPOE/Water Liquid/Liquid Interface Electrodes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16535-16542. [PMID: 34846864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has become a very powerful analytical platform for sensing a diverse range of chemicals (e.g., metal ions and neurotransmitters) with the advantage of being able to detect non-redox electroactive species. The ITIES is formed between organic and aqueous phases. Organic solvent identity is crucial to the detection characteristics of the ITIES [half-wave transfer potential (E1/2), potential window range, limit of detection, transfer coefficient (α), standard heterogeneous ion-transfer rate constant (k0), etc.]. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time at the nanoscale, the detection characteristics of the NPOE/water ITIES. Linear detection of the diffusion-limited current at different concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) was demonstrated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and i-t amperometry. The E1/2 of ACh transfer at the NPOE/water nanoITIES was -0.342 ± 0.009 V versus the E1/2 of tetrabutylammonium (TBA+). The limit of detection of ACh at the NPOE/water nanoITIES was 37.1 ± 1.5 μM for an electrode with a radius of ∼127 nm. We also determined the ion-transfer kinetics parameters, α and k0, of TBA+ at the NPOE/water nanoITIES by fitting theoretical cyclic voltammograms to experimental voltammograms. This work lays the basis for future cellular studies using ACh detection at the nanoscale and for studies to detect other analytes. The NPOE/water ITIES offers a potential window distinct from that of the 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE)/water ITIES. This unique potential window would offer the ability to detect analytes that are not easily detected at the DCE/water ITIES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Jetmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Conrad B Milton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kerui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Voltammetric study of cefotaxime at the macroscopic and miniaturized interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:413. [PMID: 34751834 PMCID: PMC8578136 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of cefotaxime (CTX+) was investigated at the polarized macro- and micro-interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) by cyclic voltammetry and alternating current voltammetry. Miniaturization was achieved with fused silica microcapillary tubing entrapped in a polymeric casing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for the fabricated LLI support characterization. Voltammetric investigation of CTX+ at macro- and μ-ITIES allowed the determination of many physicochemical parameters, such as formal Galvani potential of the ion transfer reaction (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\Delta }_{org}^{aq}{\varPhi}^{\prime }$$\end{document}ΔorgaqΦ′), diffusion coefficients (D), formal free Gibbs energy of the ion transfer reaction (∆G′aq → org), and water-1,2-dichloroethane partition coefficient (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\log}{P}_{water/ DCE}^{CTX+}$$\end{document}logPwater/DCECTX+). Additionally, based on the results obtained the analytical parameters including voltammetric sensitivity, limits of detection and the limits of quantification (in micromolar range) were calculated. The applicability of the developed procedures was verified in spiked still mineral and tap water samples.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang X, Xu T, Zhang Y, Gao N, Feng T, Wang S, Zhang M. In Vivo Detection of Redox-Inactive Neurochemicals in the Rat Brain with an Ion Transfer Microsensor. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2757-2762. [PMID: 34191484 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical tracking of redox-inactive neurochemicals remain a challenge due to chemical inertness, almost no Faraday electron transfer for these species, and the complex brain atmosphere. In this work, we demonstrate a low-cost, simple-making liquid/liquid interface microsensor (LLIM) to monitor redox-inactive neurochemicals in the rat brain. Taking choline (Ch) as an example, based on the difference in solvation energies of Ch in cerebrospinal fluid (aqueous phase) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE; organic phase), Ch is recognized in the specific ion-transfer potential and distinctive ion-transfer current signals. The LLIM has an excellent response to Ch with good linearity and selectivity, and the detection limit is 0.37 μM. The LLIM can monitor the dynamics of Ch in the cortex of the rat brain by both local microinfusion and intraperitoneal injection of Ch. This work first demonstrates that the LLIM can be successfully applied in the brain and obtain electrochemical signals in such a sophisticated system, allowing one new perspective of sensing at the liquid/liquid interface for nonelectrically active substances in vivo to understand the physiological function of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Tianci Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Taotao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Walker NL, Dick JE. Leakless, Bipolar Reference Electrodes: Fabrication, Performance, and Miniaturization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10065-10074. [PMID: 34263595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reference electrodes must maintain a well-defined potential for long periods of time to be useful. The silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode is arguably the most widely used reference electrode, but it leaks silver and chloride ions into the sample solution through the porous frit over time. Further, the porous frit makes miniaturization to the micro- and nanoscale challenging. Here, we present an alternative, where the traditional Ag/AgCl reference electrode porous frit is replaced by a conductive wire, preventing ion leakage and allowing miniaturization to the microscale. Charge balance is maintained through a closed bipolar electrochemical mechanism, where faradaic processes occur on each end of the sealed wire. Using the above design, we demonstrate the efficacy of the leakless, bipolar reference electrode (BPRE) and miniaturize it to the microscale (μ-leakless BPRE). Importantly, we demonstrate that leakless and μ-leakless BPREs behave the same as commercial reference electrodes during potentiometric measurements and leakless BPREs perform similarly during voltammetric measurements on ultramicroelectrodes. We demonstrate that the drift during voltammetry using a leakless BPRE on a macroelectrode is slightly more appreciable compared to the drift seen with a commercial reference electrode. We detail design principles for the use of leakless BPREs in nonaqueous solvents and in sealing other conductive materials (e.g., gold and carbon). Using mass spectrometry, we show that the maximum leakage of methylene blue is 0.36 fmol/s, at least 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of commercial reference electrodes. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of using leakless BPREs in potentiometric glucose sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang Q, Reader HE, Stockmann TJ. Electrochemical Characterization of Fe(II) Complexation Reactions at an Electrified Micro Liquid‐Liquid Interface. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| | - Heather E. Reader
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| | - Talia Jane Stockmann
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Y, Du J, Wang M, Zhang J, Liu C, Li X. Recent Progress in Quantitatively Monitoring Vesicular Neurotransmitter Release and Storage With Micro/Nanoelectrodes. Front Chem 2021; 8:591311. [PMID: 33505953 PMCID: PMC7831278 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.591311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis is one of the essential steps for chemical signal transmission between neurons. In this process, vesicles dock and fuse with the plasma membrane and release the stored neurotransmitters through fusion pores into the extracellular space, and all of these steps are governed with various molecules, such as proteins, ions, and even lipids. Quantitatively monitoring vesicular neurotransmitter release in exocytosis and initial neurotransmitter storage in individual vesicles is significant for the study of chemical signal transmission of the central nervous system (CNS) and neurological diseases. Electrochemistry with micro/nanoelectrodes exhibits great spatial-temporal resolution and high sensitivity. It can be used to examine the exocytotic kinetics from the aspect of neurotransmitters and quantify the neurotransmitter storage in individual vesicles. In this review, we first introduce the recent advances of single-cell amperometry (SCA) and the nanoscale interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (nanoITIES), which can monitor the quantity and release the kinetics of electrochemically and non-electrochemically active neurotransmitters, respectively. Then, the development and application of the vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (VIEC) and intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (IVIEC) and their combination with other advanced techniques can further explain the mechanism of neurotransmitter storage in vesicles before exocytosis. It has been proved that these electrochemical techniques have great potential in the field of neuroscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chunlan Liu
- Center for Imaging and Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xianchan Li
- Center for Imaging and Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Madhurantakam S, Karnam JB, Brabazon D, Takai M, Ahad IU, Balaguru Rayappan JB, Krishnan UM. "Nano": An Emerging Avenue in Electrochemical Detection of Neurotransmitters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4024-4047. [PMID: 33285063 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing importance of nanomaterials toward the detection of neurotransmitter molecules has been chronicled in this review. Neurotransmitters (NTs) are chemicals that serve as messengers in synaptic transmission and are key players in brain functions. Abnormal levels of NTs are associated with numerous psychotic and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, their sensitive and robust detection is of great significance in clinical diagnostics. For more than three decades, electrochemical sensors have made a mark toward clinical detection of NTs. The superiority of these electrochemical sensors lies in their ability to enable sensitive, simple, rapid, and selective determination of analyte molecules while remaining relatively inexpensive. Additionally, these sensors are capable of being integrated in robust, portable, and miniaturized devices to establish point-of-care diagnostic platforms. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising materials with significant implications for electrochemical sensing due to their inherent capability to achieve high surface coverage, superior sensitivity, and rapid response in addition to simple device architecture and miniaturization. Considering the enormous significance of the levels of NTs in biological systems and the advances in sensing ushered in with the integration of nanotechnology in electrochemistry, the analysis of NTs by employing nanomaterials as interface materials in various matrices has emerged as an active area of research. This review explores the advancements made in the field of electrochemical sensors for the sensitive and selective determination of NTs which have been described in the past two decades with a distinctive focus on extremely innovative attributes introduced by nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasya Madhurantakam
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Jayanth Babu Karnam
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- I-Form, Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Inam Ul Ahad
- I-Form, Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
- School of Arts, Science & Humanities, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor to detect γ-aminobutyric acid with ligand-based on graphene oxide modified gold electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
26
|
Chen R, Xu K, Shen M. Avocado oil, coconut oil, walnut oil as true oil phase for ion transfer at nanoscale liquid/liquid interfaces. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
27
|
Detection of zwitterion at an electrified liquid-liquid interface: A chemical equilibrium perspective. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
28
|
Suárez-Herrera MF, Scanlon MD. Quantitative Analysis of Redox-Inactive Ions by AC Voltammetry at a Polarized Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10521-10530. [PMID: 32608226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is ideally suited to detect redox-inactive ions by their ion transfer. Such electroanalysis, based on the Nernst-Donnan equation, has been predominantly performed using amperometry, cyclic voltammetry, or differential pulse voltammetry. Here, we introduce a new electroanalytical method based on alternating-current (AC) voltammetry with inherent advantages over traditional approaches such as avoidance of positive feedback iR compensation, a major issue for liquid|liquid electrochemical cells containing resistive organic media and interfacial areas in the cm2 and mm2 range. A theoretical background outlining the generation of the analytical signal is provided and based on extracting the component that depends on the Warburg impedance from the total impedance. The quantitative detection of a series of model redox-inactive tetraalkylammonium cations is demonstrated, with evidence provided of the transient adsorption of these cations at the interface during the course of ion transfer. Since ion transfer is diffusion-limited, by changing the voltage excitation frequency during AC voltammetry, the intensity of the Faradaic response can be enhanced at low frequencies (1 Hz) or made to disappear completely at higher frequencies (99 Hz). The latter produces an AC voltammogram equivalent to a "blank" measurement in the absence of analyte and is ideal for background subtraction. Therefore, major opportunities exist for the sensitive detection of ionic analyte when a "blank" measurement in the absence of analyte is impossible. This approach is particularly useful to deconvolute signals related to reversible electrochemical reactions from those due to irreversible processes, which do not give AC signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco F Suárez-Herrera
- Departamento De Química, Facultad De Ciencias, Universidad Nacional De Colombia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Edificio 451, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Micheál D Scanlon
- The Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen R, Alanis K, Welle TM, Shen M. Nanoelectrochemistry in the study of single-cell signaling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6121-6132. [PMID: 32424795 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Label-free biosensing has been the dream of scientists and biotechnologists as reported by Vollmer and Arnold (Nat Methods 5:591-596, 2008). The ability of examining living cells is crucial to cell biology as noted by Fang (Int J Electrochem 2011:460850, 2011). Chemical measurement with electrodes is label-free and has demonstrated capability of studying living cells. In recent years, nanoelectrodes of different functionality have been developed. These nanometer-sized electrodes, coupled with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), have further enabled nanometer spatial resolution study in aqueous environments. Developments in the field of nanoelectrochemistry have allowed measurement of signaling species at single cells, contributing to better understanding of cell biology. Leading studies using nanoelectrochemistry of a variety of cellular signaling molecules, including redox-active neurotransmitter (e.g., dopamine), non-redox-active neurotransmitter (e.g., acetylcholine), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Theresa M Welle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen R, Yang A, Chang A, Oweimrin PF, Romero J, Vichitcharoenpaisarn P, Tapia S, Ha K, Villaflor C, Shen M. A Newly Synthesized Tris(crown ether) Ionophore for Assisted Ion Transfer at NanoITIES Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Anna Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Albert Chang
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Philip F. Oweimrin
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Julian Romero
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | | | - Stephanie Tapia
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Kevin Ha
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Christopher Villaflor
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chang M, Morgan G, Bedier F, Chieng A, Gomez P, Raminani S, Wang Y. Review-Recent Advances in Nanosensors Built with Pre-Pulled Glass Nanopipettes and Their Applications in Chemical and Biological Sensing. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 167:037533. [PMID: 34326553 PMCID: PMC8317590 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab64be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanosensors built with pre-pulled glass nanopipettes, including bare or chemically modified nanopipettes and fully or partially filled solid nanoelectrodes, have found applications in chemical and biological sensing via resistive-pulse, current rectification, and electrochemical sensing. These nanosensors are easily fabricated and provide advantages through their needle-like geometry with nanometer-sized tips, making them highly sensitive and suitable for local measurements in extremely small samples. The variety in the geometry and layout have extended sensing capabilities. In this review, we will outline the fundamentals in fabrication, modification, and characterization of those pre-pulled glass nanopipette based nanosensors and highlight the most recent progress in their development and applications in real-time monitoring of biological processes, chemical ion sensing, and single entity analysis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
In vivo electrochemical sensing based on implantable microelectrodes is a strong driving force of analytical neurochemistry in brain. The complex and dynamic neurochemical network sets stringent standards of in vivo electrochemical sensors including high spatiotemporal resolution, selectivity, sensitivity, and minimized disturbance on brain function. Although advanced materials and novel technologies have promoted the development of in vivo electrochemical sensors drastically, gaps with the goals still exist. This Review mainly focuses on recent attempts on the key issues of in vivo electrochemical sensors including selectivity, tissue response and sensing reliability, and compatibility with electrophysiological techniques. In vivo electrochemical methods with bare carbon fiber electrodes, of which the selectivity is achieved either with electrochemical techniques such as fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry or based on the physiological nature will not be reviewed. Following the elaboration of each issue involved in in vivo electrochemical sensors, possible solutions supported by the latest methodological progress will be discussed, aiming to provide inspiring and practical instructions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rudnicki K, Poltorak L, Skrzypek S, Sudhölter EJ. Ion transfer voltammetry for analytical screening of fluoroquinolone antibiotics at the water – 1.2-dichloroethane interface. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1085:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
34
|
Shin M, Wang Y, Borgus JR, Venton BJ. Electrochemistry at the Synapse. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:297-321. [PMID: 30707593 PMCID: PMC6989097 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters provide insight into the dynamics of neurotransmission. In this review, we describe the development of electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters and how they started with extrasynaptic measurements but now are pushing toward synaptic measurements. Traditionally, biosensors or fast-scan cyclic voltammetry have monitored extrasynaptic levels of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, adenosine, glutamate, and acetylcholine. Amperometry and electrochemical cytometry techniques have revealed mechanisms of exocytosis, suggesting partial release. Advances in nanoelectrodes now allow spatially resolved, electrochemical measurements in a synapse, which is only 20-100 nm wide. Synaptic measurements of dopamine and acetylcholine have been made. In this article, electrochemical measurements are also compared to optical imaging and mass spectrometry measurements, and while these other techniques provide enhanced spatial or chemical information, electrochemistry is best at monitoring real-time neurotransmission. Future challenges include combining electrochemistry with these other techniques in order to facilitate multisite and multianalyte monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason R Borgus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA;
| | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ou Y, Buchanan AM, Witt CE, Hashemi P. Frontiers in Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitter Detection: Towards Measuring Neurotransmitters as Chemical Diagnostics for Brain Disorders. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:2738-2755. [PMID: 32724337 PMCID: PMC7386554 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It is extremely challenging to chemically diagnose disorders of the brain. There is hence great interest in designing and optimizing tools for direct detection of chemical biomarkers implicated in neurological disorders to improve diagnosis and treatment. Tools that are capable of monitoring brain chemicals, neurotransmitters in particular, need to be biocompatible, perform with high spatiotemporal resolution, and ensure high selectivity and sensitivity. Recent advances in electrochemical methods are addressing these criteria; the resulting devices demonstrate great promise for in vivo neurotransmitter detection. None of these devices are currently used for diagnostic purposes, however these cutting-edge technologies are promising more sensitive, selective, faster, and less invasive measurements. Via this review we highlight significant technical advances and in vivo studies, performed in the last 5 years, that we believe will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools for brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Anna Marie Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Colby E. Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Poltorak L, Eggink I, Hoitink M, Sudhölter EJR, de Puit M. Electrified Soft Interface as a Selective Sensor for Cocaine Detection in Street Samples. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7428-7433. [PMID: 29781600 PMCID: PMC6011179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A straightforward,
direct, and selective method is presented for
electrochemical cocaine identification in street samples. The sensing
mechanism is based on a simple ion transfer reaction across the polarized
liquid–liquid interface. The interfacial behavior of a number
of cutting agents is also reported. Interfacial miniaturization has
led to improved electroanalytical properties of the liquid–liquid
interface based sensor as compared with the macroscopic analogue.
The reported method holds great potential to replace colorimetric
tests with poor selectivity for on-site street sample analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Poltorak
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Chemical Engineering , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | | | - Marnix Hoitink
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Chemical Engineering , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J R Sudhölter
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Chemical Engineering , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Marcel de Puit
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Chemical Engineering , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands.,Netherlands Forensic Institute, Forensic Biometric Traces , Laan van Ypenburg 6 , 2497 GB The Hague , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rudnicki K, Poltorak L, Skrzypek S, Sudhölter EJR. Fused Silica Microcapillaries Used for a Simple Miniaturization of the Electrified Liquid-Liquid Interface. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7112-7116. [PMID: 29781599 PMCID: PMC6011180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Short
pieces of fused silica capillary tubing were used to support
an electrified liquid–liquid interface. A methyl deactivated
silica capillary having a diameter of 25 μm was filled with
1,2-dichloroethane solution and served as the organic part of the
liquid–liquid interface. A nondeactivated fused silica capillary
having a diameter of 5, 10, or 25 μm was filled with an aqueous
HCl solution and served as the aqueous part of the electrochemical
cell. For the latter, silanization of the capillary interior with
chlorotrimethylsilane allowed for a successful phase reversal. All
capillaries were characterized by ion transfer voltammetry using tetramethylammonium
cation as a model ion. This simple, fast, and low-cost miniaturization
technique was successfully applied for detection of the antibiotic
ofloxacin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rudnicki
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Lodz , Tamka 12 , 91-403 Lodz , Poland
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Chemical Engineering , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Sławomira Skrzypek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Lodz , Tamka 12 , 91-403 Lodz , Poland
| | - Ernst J R Sudhölter
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Chemical Engineering , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|