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Trippmacher S, Demeshko S, Prescimone A, Meyer F, Wenger OS, Wang C. Ferromagnetically Coupled Chromium(III) Dimer Shows Luminescence and Sensitizes Photon Upconversion. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400856. [PMID: 38523568 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
There has been much progress on mononuclear chromium(III) complexes featuring luminescence and photoredox activity, but dinuclear chromium(III) complexes have remained underexplored in these contexts until now. We identified a tridentate chelate ligand able to accommodate both meridional and facial coordination of chromium(III), to either access a mono- or a dinuclear chromium(III) complex depending on reaction conditions. This chelate ligand causes tetragonally distorted primary coordination spheres around chromium(III) in both complexes, entailing comparatively short excited-state lifetimes in the range of 400 to 800 ns in solution at room temperature and making photoluminescence essentially oxygen insensitive. The two chromium(III) ions in the dimer experience ferromagnetic exchange interactions that result in a high spin (S=3) ground state with a coupling constant of +9.3 cm-1. Photoinduced energy transfer from the luminescent ferromagnetically coupled dimer to an anthracene derivative results in sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. Based on these proof-of-principle studies, dinuclear chromium(III) complexes seem attractive for the development of fundamentally new types of photophysics and photochemistry enabled by magnetic exchange interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Trippmacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, BPR 1096, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastraße 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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2
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Wang X, Feng Y, Li Z, Liu J, Sun D, Yang W, Xing X, Liu W, Zhang H. A novel multifunctional fluorescent capillary-based sensor for simultaneous monitoring of pH, O 2 and CO 2. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123349. [PMID: 37703794 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent capillary sensor for detecting the bioanalytically and biologically relevant analytes pH, O2, and CO2 has been designed. The sensor is based on single capillary tube with 2 mm inner diameter, which is simultaneous doped with emissive O2-sensitive indicator Ru(dpp)3(PF6)2 (RuDP), pH-sensitive and CO2-sensitive indicator 8-hydroxypyrene-1, 3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS). The multifunctional sensor can be excited at the same wavelength and realize multi-parameter optical monitoring at the different sensing position. Studies in phosphate-buffered solutions display the excellent feasibility of the capillary sensor for fluorescence detection of pH, O2, and CO2. Overall, the multifunctional capillary sensor exhibits great potential in real-time blood gas analysis, and clinical application of multi-parameter biological detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China.
| | - Yuanxiangyi Feng
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410015, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Xiaowei Xing
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
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3
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Jones RW, Auty AJ, Wu G, Persson P, Appleby MV, Chekulaev D, Rice CR, Weinstein JA, Elliott PIP, Scattergood PA. Direct Determination of the Rate of Intersystem Crossing in a Near-IR Luminescent Cr(III) Triazolyl Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37224437 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the dynamics of photoinduced processes occurring in the electronic excited state is essential in informing the rational design of photoactive transition-metal complexes. Here, the rate of intersystem crossing in a Cr(III)-centered spin-flip emitter is directly determined through the use of ultrafast broadband fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy (FLUPS). In this contribution, we combine 1,2,3-triazole-based ligands with a Cr(III) center and report the solution-stable complex [Cr(btmp)2]3+ (btmp = 2,6-bis(4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl-methyl)pyridine) (13+), which displays near-infrared (NIR) luminescence at 760 nm (τ = 13.7 μs, ϕ = 0.1%) in fluid solution. The excited-state properties of 13+ are probed in detail through a combination of ultrafast transient absorption (TA) and femtosecond-to-picosecond FLUPS. Although TA spectroscopy allows us to observe the evolution of phosphorescent excited states within the doublet manifold, more significantly and for the first time for a complex of Cr(III), we utilize FLUPS to capture the short-lived fluorescence from initially populated quartet excited states immediately prior to the intersystem crossing process. The decay of fluorescence from the low-lying 4MC state therefore allows us to assign a value of (823 fs)-1 to the rate of intersystem crossing. Importantly, the sensitivity of FLUPS to only luminescent states allows us to disentangle the rate of intersystem crossing from other closely associated excited-state events, something which has not been possible in the spectroscopic studies previously reported for luminescent Cr(III) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Alexander J Auty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Guanzhi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Petter Persson
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin V Appleby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Dimitri Chekulaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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4
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Dorn M, Hunger D, Förster C, Naumann R, van Slageren J, Heinze K. Towards Luminescent Vanadium(II) Complexes with Slow Magnetic Relaxation and Quantum Coherence. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202898. [PMID: 36345821 PMCID: PMC10107508 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular entities with doublet or triplet ground states find increasing interest as potential molecular quantum bits (qubits). Complexes with higher multiplicity might even function as qudits and serve to encode further quantum bits. Vanadium(II) ions in octahedral ligand fields with quartet ground states and small zero-field splittings qualify as qubits with optical read out thanks to potentially luminescent spin-flip states. We identified two V2+ complexes [V(ddpd)2 ]2+ with the strong field ligand N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dipyridine-2-yl-pyridine-2,6-diamine (ddpd) in two isomeric forms (cis-fac and mer) as suitable candidates. The energy gaps between the two lowest Kramers doublets amount to 0.2 and 0.5 cm-1 allowing pulsed EPR experiments at conventional Q-band frequencies (35 GHz). Both isomers possess spin-lattice relaxation times T1 of around 300 μs and a phase memory time TM of around 1 μs at 5 K. Furthermore, the mer isomer displays slow magnetic relaxation in an applied field of 400 mT. While the vanadium(III) complexes [V(ddpd)2 ]3+ are emissive in the near-IR-II region, the [V(ddpd)2 ]2+ complexes are non-luminescent due to metal-to-ligand charge transfer admixture to the spin-flip states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - David Hunger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for, Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for, Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Wang C, Ebel K, Heinze K, Resch-Genger U, Bald I. Quantum Yield of DNA Strand Breaks under Photoexcitation of a Molecular Ruby. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203719. [PMID: 36734093 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) used for treating cancer relies on the generation of highly reactive oxygen species, for example, singlet oxygen 1 O2 , by light-induced excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of molecular oxygen, inducing DNA damage in close proximity of the PS. Although many precious metal complexes have been explored as PS for PDT and received clinical approval, only recently, the potential of photoactive complexes of non-noble metals as PS has been discovered. Using the DNA origami technology that can absolutely quantify DNA strand break cross sections, we assessed the potential of the luminescent transition metal complex [Cr(ddpd)2 ]3+ (ddpd=N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dipyridine-2-ylpyridine-2,6-diamine) to damage DNA in an air-saturated aqueous environment upon UV/Vis illumination. The quantum yield for strand breakage, that is, the ratio of DNA strand breaks to the number of absorbed photons, was determined to 1-4 %, indicating efficient transformation of photons into DNA strand breaks by [Cr(ddpd)2 ]3+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenny Ebel
- Institute of Chemistry, Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilko Bald
- Institute of Chemistry, Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Wen Y, Zhang S, Yuan W, Feng W, Li F. Afterglow/Fluorescence Dual-Emissive Ratiometric Oxygen Probe for Tumor Hypoxia Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2478-2486. [PMID: 36649320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of many diseases such as solid tumors. The measurement and imaging of oxygen (O2) are extremely important for disease diagnosis and therapy evaluation. In this work, the afterglow/fluorescence dual-emissive ratiometric O2 probe based on a photochemical reaction-based afterglow system is reported. The afterglow is highly sensitive to O2 because the O2 content is directly related to the 1O2 yield and eventually affects the afterglow intensity. The O2-insensitive fluorescence of an emitter can serve as an internal reference. As the O2 concentration changes from 0.08 to 18.5 mg L-1, the ratio value shows a remarkable 53-fold increase. Compared with the intensity of a single peak, the ratiometric signal can eliminate the interference of the probe concentration to achieve higher accuracy. This afterglow/fluorescence dual-emissive ratiometric O2 probe is successfully applied to hypoxia imaging in tumor-bearing mice, which may further promote the development of O2 sensing in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wen
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Sidi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
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7
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Srivastava P, Tavernaro I, Scholtz L, Genger C, Welker P, Schreiber F, Meyer K, Resch-Genger U. Dual color pH probes made from silica and polystyrene nanoparticles and their performance in cell studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1321. [PMID: 36693888 PMCID: PMC9873940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ratiometric green-red fluorescent nanosensors for fluorometrically monitoring pH in the acidic range were designed from 80 nm-sized polystyrene (PS) and silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), red emissive reference dyes, and a green emissive naphthalimide pH probe, analytically and spectroscopically characterized, and compared regarding their sensing performance in aqueous dispersion and in cellular uptake studies. Preparation of these optical probes, which are excitable by 405 nm laser or LED light sources, involved the encapsulation of the pH-inert red-fluorescent dye Nile Red (NR) in the core of self-made carboxylated PSNPs by a simple swelling procedure and the fabrication of rhodamine B (RhB)-stained SiO2-NPs from a silane derivative of pH-insensitive RhB. Subsequently, the custom-made naphthalimide pH probe, that utilizes a protonation-controlled photoinduced electron transfer process, was covalently attached to the carboxylic acid groups at the surface of both types of NPs. Fluorescence microscopy studies with the molecular and nanoscale optical probes and A549 lung cancer cells confirmed the cellular uptake of all probes and their penetration into acidic cell compartments, i.e., the lysosomes, indicated by the switching ON of the green naphthalimide fluorescence. This underlines their suitability for intracellular pH sensing, with the SiO2-based nanosensor revealing the best performance regarding uptake speed and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Srivastava
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabella Tavernaro
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Scholtz
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Genger
- nanoPET Pharma GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Welker
- nanoPET Pharma GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Division Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klas Meyer
- Division Process Analytical Technology, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Feng Y, Tan X, Shi Z, Villamena FA, Zweier JL, Song Y, Liu Y. Trityl Quinodimethane Derivatives as Unimolecular Triple-Function Extracellular EPR Probes for Redox, pH, and Oxygen. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1057-1064. [PMID: 36602544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and imaging coupled with the use of suitable probes is a promising tool for assessment of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Measurement of multiple TME parameters by EPR is very desirable but challenging. Herein, we designed and synthesized a class of negative-charged trityl quinodimethane MTPs as unimolecular triple-function extracellular probes for redox, pH, and oxygen (O2) levels. Using the deuterated analogue, dMTP5, which has an optimal pKa as well as high sensitivity to bioreduction and O2, we reasonably evaluated pH effects on efflux of reducing agents from HepG2 cells and cellular O2 consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Feng
- The province and ministry co-sponsored collaborative innovation center for medical epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Tan
- The province and ministry co-sponsored collaborative innovation center for medical epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300070, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojun Shi
- The province and ministry co-sponsored collaborative innovation center for medical epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300070, P. R. China
| | - Frederick A Villamena
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Yuguang Song
- The province and ministry co-sponsored collaborative innovation center for medical epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300070, P. R. China
| | - Yangping Liu
- The province and ministry co-sponsored collaborative innovation center for medical epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300070, P. R. China
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9
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Wang C, Reichenauer F, Kitzmann WR, Kerzig C, Heinze K, Resch-Genger U. Efficient Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Sensitized by a Chromium(III) Complex via an Underexplored Energy Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202238. [PMID: 35344256 PMCID: PMC9322448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (sTTA-UC) mainly relies on precious metal complexes thanks to their high intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiencies, excited state energies, and lifetimes, while complexes of abundant first-row transition metals are only rarely utilized and with often moderate UC quantum yields. [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ (bpmp=2,6-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)pyridine) containing earth-abundant chromium possesses an absorption band suitable for green light excitation, a doublet excited state energy matching the triplet energy of 9,10-diphenyl anthracene (DPA), a close to millisecond excited state lifetime, and high photostability. Combined ISC and doublet-triplet energy transfer from excited [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ to DPA gives 3 DPA with close-to-unity quantum yield. TTA of 3 DPA furnishes green-to-blue UC with a quantum yield of 12.0 % (close to the theoretical maximum). Sterically less-hindered anthracenes undergo a [4+4] cycloaddition with [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ and green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Winald R Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Srivastava P, Tavernaro I, Genger C, Welker P, Hübner O, Resch-Genger U. Multicolor Polystyrene Nanosensors for the Monitoring of Acidic, Neutral, and Basic pH Values and Cellular Uptake Studies. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9656-9664. [PMID: 35731967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A first tricolor fluorescent pH nanosensor is presented, which was rationally designed from biocompatible carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles and two analyte-responsive molecular fluorophores. Its fabrication involved particle staining with a blue-red-emissive dyad, consisting of a rhodamine moiety responsive to acidic pH values and a pH-inert quinoline fluorophore, followed by the covalent attachment of a fluorescein dye to the particle surface that signals neutral and basic pH values with a green fluorescence. These sensor particles change their fluorescence from blue to red and green, depending on the pH and excitation wavelength, and enable ratiometric pH measurements in the pH range of 3.0-9.0. The localization of the different sensor dyes in the particle core and at the particle surface was confirmed with fluorescence microscopy utilizing analogously prepared polystyrene microparticles. To show the application potential of these polystyrene-based multicolor sensor particles, fluorescence microscopy studies with a human A549 cell line were performed, which revealed the cellular uptake of the pH nanosensor and the differently colored emissions in different cell organelles, that is, compartments of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. Our results demonstrate the underexplored potential of biocompatible polystyrene particles for multicolor and multianalyte sensing and bioimaging utilizing hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic stimuli-responsive luminophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Srivastava
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabella Tavernaro
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Genger
- nanoPET Pharma GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, Luisencarée, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Welker
- nanoPET Pharma GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, Luisencarée, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oskar Hübner
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Kromer C, Schwibbert K, Gadicherla AK, Thiele D, Nirmalananthan-Budau N, Laux P, Resch-Genger U, Luch A, Tschiche HR. Monitoring and imaging pH in biofilms utilizing a fluorescent polymeric nanosensor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9823. [PMID: 35701457 PMCID: PMC9197968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are ubiquitous in nature and in the man-made environment. Given their harmful effects on human health, an in-depth understanding of biofilms and the monitoring of their formation and growth are important. Particularly relevant for many metabolic processes and survival strategies of biofilms is their extracellular pH. However, most conventional techniques are not suited for minimally invasive pH measurements of living biofilms. Here, a fluorescent nanosensor is presented for ratiometric measurements of pH in biofilms in the range of pH 4.5–9.5 using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The nanosensor consists of biocompatible polystyrene nanoparticles loaded with pH-inert dye Nile Red and is surface functionalized with a pH-responsive fluorescein dye. Its performance was validated by fluorometrically monitoring the time-dependent changes in pH in E. coli biofilms after glucose inoculation at 37 °C and 4 °C. This revealed a temperature-dependent decrease in pH over a 4-h period caused by the acidifying glucose metabolism of E. coli. These studies demonstrate the applicability of this nanosensor to characterize the chemical microenvironment in biofilms with fluorescence methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kromer
- Division 75 "Product Materials and Nanotechnology", Department Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Schwibbert
- Department Materials and the Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashish K Gadicherla
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothea Thiele
- Department Materials and the Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nithiya Nirmalananthan-Budau
- Division 1.2 "Biophotonics", Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Division 75 "Product Materials and Nanotechnology", Department Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division 1.2 "Biophotonics", Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Luch
- Division 75 "Product Materials and Nanotechnology", Department Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald R Tschiche
- Division 75 "Product Materials and Nanotechnology", Department Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Wang L, Jensen K, Hatzakis N, Zhang M, Sørensen TJ. Robust Dual Optical Sensor for pH and Dissolved Oxygen. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1506-1513. [PMID: 35535664 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As part of moving our optical pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) optical chemosensors toward industrial applications, we decided to explore a many-sensors-in-one principle. It was tested if physical segregation of the optical sensor components in a single sensor polymer could remove cross-talk and quenching. It was found that a design concept with an oxygen-responsive dye in polymer nanoparticles and a pH-responsive dye in an organically modified siloxane polymer resulted in a robust pH/O2 dual optical sensor. Individually, the O2-sensitive nanoparticles, a known component for optical DO sensing, and the pH sensor are operational. Thus, it was decided to test if nanoparticles enclosed within the pH-sensitive responsive sol-gel (i) could work together if segregated and (ii) could operate with a single intensity signal that is without a reference signal; developments within industrial optical sensor technology indicate that this should be feasible. The prototype optode produced in this work was shown to have a negligible drift over 60 h, bulk diffusion-limited DO response, and independent response to pH and O2. On the individual optode, pH calibration was found to show the expected sigmoidal shape and pKa, while the complexity of the calibration function for the DO signal was significant. While the engineering of the sensor device, optics, and hardware are not robust enough to attempt generic sensor calibration, it was decided to demonstrate the design concept in simple fermentation experiments. We conclude that the dual sensor design with the physical segregation of components is viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kim Jensen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nikos Hatzakis
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Min Zhang
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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13
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Wang C, Reichenauer F, Kitzmann WR, Kerzig C, Heinze K, Resch‐Genger U. Efficient Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Sensitized by a Chromium(III) Complex via an Underexplored Energy Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Free University of Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Winald R. Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division Biophotonics Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
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14
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Abstract
In molecular photochemistry, charge-transfer emission is well understood and widely exploited. In contrast, luminescent metal-centered transitions only came into focus in recent years. This gave rise to strongly phosphorescent CrIII complexes with a d3 electronic configuration featuring luminescent metal-centered excited states which are characterized by the flip of a single spin. These so-called spin-flip emitters possess unique properties and require different design strategies than traditional charge-transfer phosphors. In this review, we give a brief introduction to ligand field theory as a framework to understand this phenomenon and outline prerequisites for efficient spin-flip emission including ligand field strength, symmetry, intersystem crossing and common deactivation pathways using CrIII complexes as instructive examples. The recent progress and associated challenges of tuning the energies of emissive excited states and of emerging applications of the unique photophysical properties of spin-flip emitters are discussed. Finally, we summarize the current state-of-the-art and challenges of spin-flip emitters beyond CrIII with d2, d3, d4 and d8 electronic configuration, where we mainly cover pseudooctahedral molecular complexes of V, Mo, W, Mn, Re and Ni, and highlight possible future research opportunities.
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15
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Xu S, Zheng G, Zhou K. Versatile scaffold applications based on MoS 2 quantum dots for imaging mitochondrial pH in living cells. Anal Biochem 2022; 640:114545. [PMID: 34999088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and accurate detection and imaging of mitochondrial pH have become significant methods in biological and biomedical research to elucidate the biological functions of mitochondria. Herein, a mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe was developed to image mitochondrial pH in living cells. This nanoprobe was prepared by covalently linking a mitochondria-targeted ligand (triphenylphosphonium, TPP) and a pH recognition fluorescent indicator (rhodamine, RhB) onto the surface of MoS2 quantum dots (QDs). In this multifunctional fluorescent nanoprobe, MoS2 QDs serve not only as nanocarrier for the targeting ligand and pH fluorescent indicator, but also as a fluorescent reference for the ratiometric signal. Indeed, the fluorescence intensity of the MoS2 QDs is highly resistant to increasing proton concentrations, while that of RhB is sensitive to pH. Ratiometric detection of pH was carried out by comparing the pH-sensitive fluorescence of the RhB-based group with the pH-resistant fluorescence of MoS2 QDs. After uptake in living cells, the nanoprobe could stain mitochondria specifically, and allowed to image and monitor pH in mitochondria in a satisfactory manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenying Xu
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, PR China
| | - Guocan Zheng
- Analytical and Testing Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, PR China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, PR China; Analytical and Testing Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, PR China.
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16
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Wang C, Kitzmann WR, Weigert F, Förster C, Wang X, Heinze K, Resch-Genger U. Matrix Effects on Photoluminescence and Oxygen Sensitivity of a Molecular Ruby. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing: Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung Division Biophotonics Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin GERMANY
| | - Winald R. Kitzmann
- Johannes Gutenberg University: Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Florian Weigert
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing: Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung Division Biophotonics GERMANY
| | - Christoph Förster
- Johannes Gutenberg University: Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Xifan Wang
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing: Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung Division Biophotonics GERMANY
| | - Katja Heinze
- Johannes Gutenberg University: Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Analytische Chemie und Referenzmaterialien Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin GERMANY
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17
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Wang X, Feng Y, Liu J, Cheng K, Liu Y, Yang W, Zhang H, Peng H. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-doped conjugated polymer nanoparticles for two-photon ratiometric fluorescent imaging of intracellular pH fluctuations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120477. [PMID: 34662780 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a two-photon ratiometric fluorescent pH nanosensor based on conjugated polymer poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO) nanoparticles loaded with pH-sensitive fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for intracellular pH monitoring. The obtained nanosensor (FITC-PFO NPs) possesses high sensitivity, excellent stability, good reversibility, favorable two-photon excitability and low cytotoxicity. The ratiometric fluorescence of FITC and PFO (F517/F417) in FITC-PFO NPs solution shows an efficient pH-sensitive response over the pH range from 3 to 10 (pKa = 6.43) under two-photon excitation. Additionally, the FITC-PFO NPs is successfully applied for ratiometric imaging of intracellular pH and its fluctuation in both one-photon and two-photon excitation modes. Overall, the two-photon pH nanosensor based on FITC-PFO NPs exhibits great potential in crucial physiological and biological processes related to intracellular pH fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China.
| | - Yuanxiangyi Feng
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410015, China
| | - Kun Cheng
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Yuanan Liu
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Beijing Key laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Hongshang Peng
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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18
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Lopez-Muñoz GA, Mughal S, Ramón-Azcón J. Sensors and Biosensors in Organs-on-a-Chip Platforms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:55-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Stein L, Wang C, Förster C, Resch-Genger U, Heinze K. Bulky ligands protect molecular ruby from oxygen quenching. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:17664-17670. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02950b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Steric protection strongly reduces phosphorescence quenching of excited molecular rubies by oxygen. The most bulky ligand enables photoluminescence quantum yields up to 5.1% and lifetimes up to 518 µs in air-saturated acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stein
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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20
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Kitzmann WRR, Ramanan C, Naumann R, Heinze K. Molecular Ruby: Exploring the Excited State Landscape. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6519-6525. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00569g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the highly NIR-luminescent Molecular Ruby [Cr(ddpd)2]3+ 13+ (ddpd = N,N’-dimethyl-N,N’-dipyridine-2-ylpyridine-2,6-diamine) has been a milestone in the development of earth-abundant luminophors and has led to important new impulses...
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21
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Kronfeld K, Ellinger T, Köhler JM. Micro flow photochemical synthesis of Ca-sensitive fluorescent sensor particles. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:518-526. [PMID: 34584516 PMCID: PMC8456324 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence probes have widely been used for detecting and imaging Ca2+-enriched parts of cells but more rarely for quantitative determination of concentrations. In this study we show how this can be achieved by a novel approach using hydrogel particles. In a microfluidic co-flow arrangement spherical droplets were generated from an aqueous solution of acrylamide, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide crosslinker and photoinitiator and subsequently photo-cured in situ yielding gel particles in a sub millimeter range. These particles were separated, dried under reduced pressure and re-swollen in water containing Rhod-5N tri potassium salt as calcium ion selective fluorescence probe. After that the particles were dried again and stored for further investigations. Upon exposure of dried particles to calcium chloride solutions they swell and take up Ca2+-ions forming a strong fluorescing complex with Rhod-5N. Thus, fluorescence intensity increases with calcium ion concentration. Up to ca. 0.50 mM the enhancement effect is strong and then becomes considerably weaker. The intensity-concentration-dependence is well described by an equation derived from the equilibrium of the formation of a 1:1 Ca2+:Rhod-5N complex. The particles allow for a fast optical determination of Ca2+-concentrations up to 0.50 mM in analyte volumes down to below 10 μL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus‐Peter Kronfeld
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Microreaction TechnologyTechnical University IlmenauIlmenauGermany
| | | | - Johann Michael Köhler
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Microreaction TechnologyTechnical University IlmenauIlmenauGermany
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22
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Dorn M, Kalmbach J, Boden P, Kruse A, Dab C, Reber C, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Lochbrunner S, Gerhards M, Seitz M, Heinze K. Ultrafast and long-time excited state kinetics of an NIR-emissive vanadium(iii) complex I: synthesis, spectroscopy and static quantum chemistry. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10780-10790. [PMID: 34476059 PMCID: PMC8372323 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of intense, recent research efforts, luminescent transition metal complexes with Earth-abundant metals are still very rare owing to the small ligand field splitting of 3d transition metal complexes and the resulting non-emissive low-energy metal-centered states. Low-energy excited states decay efficiently non-radiatively, so that near-infrared emissive transition metal complexes with 3d transition metals are even more challenging. We report that the heteroleptic pseudo-octahedral d2-vanadium(iii) complex VCl3(ddpd) (ddpd = N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dipyridine-2-yl-pyridine-2,6-diamine) shows near-infrared singlet → triplet spin-flip phosphorescence maxima at 1102, 1219 and 1256 nm with a lifetime of 0.5 μs at room temperature. Band splitting, ligand deuteration, excitation energy and temperature effects on the excited state dynamics will be discussed on slow and fast timescales using Raman, static and time-resolved photoluminescence, step-scan FTIR and fs-UV pump-vis probe spectroscopy as well as photolysis experiments in combination with static quantum chemical calculations. These results inform future design strategies for molecular materials of Earth-abundant metal ions exhibiting spin-flip luminescence and photoinduced metal-ligand bond homolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jens Kalmbach
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, Technical University Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Ayla Kruse
- Institute for Physics, Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock 18051 Rostock Germany
| | - Chahinez Dab
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Christian Reber
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, Technical University Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics, Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock 18051 Rostock Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, Technical University Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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23
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Reichenauer F, Wang C, Förster C, Boden P, Ugur N, Báez-Cruz R, Kalmbach J, Carrella LM, Rentschler E, Ramanan C, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Gerhards M, Seitz M, Resch-Genger U, Heinze K. Strongly Red-Emissive Molecular Ruby [Cr(bpmp) 2] 3+ Surpasses [Ru(bpy) 3] 2. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11843-11855. [PMID: 34296865 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gaining chemical control over the thermodynamics and kinetics of photoexcited states is paramount to an efficient and sustainable utilization of photoactive transition metal complexes in a plethora of technologies. In contrast to energies of charge transfer states described by spatially separated orbitals, the energies of spin-flip states cannot straightforwardly be predicted as Pauli repulsion and the nephelauxetic effect play key roles. Guided by multireference quantum chemical calculations, we report a novel highly luminescent spin-flip emitter with a quantum chemically predicted blue-shifted luminescence. The spin-flip emission band of the chromium complex [Cr(bpmp)2]3+ (bpmp = 2,6-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)pyridine) shifted to higher energy from ca. 780 nm observed for known highly emissive chromium(III) complexes to 709 nm. The photoluminescence quantum yields climb to 20%, and very long excited state lifetimes in the millisecond range are achieved at room temperature in acidic D2O solution. Partial ligand deuteration increases the quantum yield to 25%. The high excited state energy of [Cr(bpmp)2]3+ and its facile reduction to [Cr(bpmp)2]2+ result in a high excited state redox potential. The ligand's methylene bridge acts as a Brønsted acid quenching the luminescence at high pH. Combined with a pH-insensitive chromium(III) emitter, ratiometric optical pH sensing is achieved with single wavelength excitation. The photophysical and ground state properties (quantum yield, lifetime, redox potential, and acid/base) of this spin-flip complex incorporating an earth-abundant metal surpass those of the classical precious metal [Ru(α-diimine)3]2+ charge transfer complexes, which are commonly employed in optical sensing and photo(redox) catalysis, underlining the bright future of these molecular ruby analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Reichenauer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, University Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Naz Ugur
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ricardo Báez-Cruz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Kalmbach
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luca M Carrella
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Rentschler
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Charusheela Ramanan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, University Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center Optimas, University Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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24
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A Ratiometric Optical Dual Sensor for the Simultaneous Detection of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124057. [PMID: 34204697 PMCID: PMC8231558 DOI: 10.3390/s21124057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) has attracted considerable interest since CO2 and O2 play key roles in various industrial and domestic applications. In this study, a new approach based on a fluorescence ratiometric referencing method was reported to develop an optical dual sensor where platinum (II) meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (PtTFPP) complex used as the O2-sensitive dye, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) combined with phenol red used as the CO2-sensitive dye, and CdSe/ZnS QDs used as the reference dye for the simultaneous detection of O2 and CO2. All the dyes were immobilized in a gas-permeable matrix poly (isobutyl methacrylate) (PolyIBM) and subjected to excitation using a 380 nm LED. The as-obtained distinct fluorescence spectral intensities were alternately exposed to analyte gases to observe changes in the fluorescence intensity. In the presence of O2, the fluorescence intensity of the Pt (II) complex was considerably quenched, while in the presence of CO2, the fluorescence intensity of QDs was increased. The corresponding ratiometric sensitivities of the optical dual sensor for O2 and CO2 were approximately 13 and 144, respectively. In addition, the response and recovery for O2 and CO2 were calculated to be 10 s/35 s and 20 s/60 s, respectively. Thus, a ratiometric optical dual gas sensor for the simultaneous detection of O2 and CO2 was successfully developed. Effects of spurious fluctuations in the intensity of external and excitation sources were suppressed by the ratiometric sensing approach.
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25
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Lian Y, Lin Z, Zhang Z, Wang XD. Active-Targeting Polymeric Dual Nanosensor for Ratiometrically Measuring Proton and Oxygen Concentrations in Mitochondria. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8291-8299. [PMID: 34082526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of mitochondria is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases, heart diseases, cancers, and so on. Because both proton and oxygen participate in vital biochemical reactions occurring in mitochondria such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, measuring proton and oxygen concentrations in mitochondria is therefore crucial for monitoring mitochondria activities and understanding cellular behavior. For this purpose, we developed a ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor for simultaneously sensing and imaging O2 and pH in mitochondria. The steps are as follows: (1) Styrene was copolymerized with 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride to produce amino-functionalized polymer nanoparticles. (2) The reference dye rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC) and oxygen-sensitive dye platinum(II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) were encapsulated into a polymer sphere during polymerization, while the pH indicator fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and mitochondrial-targeting molecule (3-carboxypropyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP) were further modified on the surface of the nanoparticles. The developed nanosensor shows a narrow distribution of particle size, high sensitivity toward O2 and pH, excellent stability, and low cytotoxicity. These remarkable features of the dual nanosensor render them capable of real-time sensing and imaging of O2 and pH in mitochondria with high spatial resolution. Applying the mitochondrial-targeted dual nanosensor in HeLa cells, we quantitatively measured and imaged mitochondrial proton and oxygen concentration variations after carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Dong Wang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
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26
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Zieger SE, Mosshammer M, Kühl M, Koren K. Hyperspectral Luminescence Imaging in Combination with Signal Deconvolution Enables Reliable Multi-Indicator-Based Chemical Sensing. ACS Sens 2021; 6:183-191. [PMID: 33337140 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although real-time monitoring of individual analytes using reversible optical chemical sensors (optodes) is well established, it remains a challenge in optical sensing to monitor multiple analyte concentrations simultaneously. Here, we present a novel sensing approach using hyperspectral imaging in combination with signal deconvolution of overlapping emission spectra of multiple luminescent indicator dyes, which facilitates multi-indicator-based chemical imaging. The deconvolution algorithm uses a linear combination model to describe the superimposed sensor signals and employs a sequential least-squares fit to determine the percent contribution of the individual indicator dyes to the total measured signal. As a proof of concept, we used the algorithm to analyze the measured response of an O2 sensor composed of red-emitting Pd(II)/Pt(II) porphyrins and NIR-emitting Pd(II)/Pt(II) benzoporphyrins with different sensitivities. This facilitated chemical imaging of O2 over a wide dynamic range (0-950 hPa) with a hyperspectral camera system (470-900 nm). The applicability of the novel method was demonstrated by imaging the O2 distribution in the heterogeneous microenvironment around the roots of the aquatic plant Littorella uniflora. The presented approach of combining hyperspectral sensing with signal deconvolution is flexible and can easily be adapted for use of various multi-indicator- or even multianalyte-based optical sensors with different spectral characteristics, enabling high-resolution simultaneous imaging of multiple analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E. Zieger
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Mosshammer
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Michael Kühl
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Klaus Koren
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Maisuls I, Wang C, Gutierrez Suburu ME, Wilde S, Daniliuc CG, Brünink D, Doltsinis NL, Ostendorp S, Wilde G, Kösters J, Resch-Genger U, Strassert CA. Ligand-controlled and nanoconfinement-boosted luminescence employing Pt(ii) and Pd(ii) complexes: from color-tunable aggregation-enhanced dual emitters towards self-referenced oxygen reporters. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3270-3281. [PMID: 34164096 PMCID: PMC8179353 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe the synthesis, structural and photophysical characterization of four novel Pd(ii) and Pt(ii) complexes bearing tetradentate luminophoric ligands with high photoluminescence quantum yields (Φ L) and long excited state lifetimes (τ) at room temperature, where the results were interpreted by means of DFT calculations. Incorporation of fluorine atoms into the tetradentate ligand favors aggregation and thereby, a shortened average distance between the metal centers, which provides accessibility to metal-metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MMLCT) excimers acting as red-shifted energy traps if compared with the monomeric entities. This supramolecular approach provides an elegant way to enable room-temperature phosphorescence from Pd(ii) complexes, which are otherwise quenched by a thermal population of dissociative states due to a lower ligand field splitting. Encapsulation of these complexes in 100 nm-sized aminated polystyrene nanoparticles enables concentration-controlled aggregation-enhanced dual emission. This phenomenon facilitates the tunability of the absorption and emission colors while providing a rigidified environment supporting an enhanced Φ L up to about 80% and extended τ exceeding 100 μs. Additionally, these nanoarrays constitute rare examples for self-referenced oxygen reporters, since the phosphorescence of the aggregates is insensitive to external influences, whereas the monomeric species drop in luminescence lifetime and intensity with increasing triplet molecular dioxygen concentrations (diffusion-controlled quenching).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Maisuls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 D-48149 Münster Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Heisenbergstraße 11 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Matias E Gutierrez Suburu
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 D-48149 Münster Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Heisenbergstraße 11 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Sebastian Wilde
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 D-48149 Münster Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Heisenbergstraße 11 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin-Gabriel Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Dana Brünink
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Stefan Ostendorp
- Institut für Materialphysik, CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerhard Wilde
- Institut für Materialphysik, CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jutta Kösters
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Heisenbergstraße 11 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 D-48149 Münster Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Heisenbergstraße 11 D-48149 Münster Germany
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28
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Srivastava P, Fürstenwerth PC, Witte JF, Resch-Genger U. Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of a fluorescent phenanthrene-rhodamine dyad for ratiometric measurements of acid pH values. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01573g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ratiometric pH sensing by multichannel emission response utilizing excimer/monomer emissions of phenanthrene and rhodamine emission at single excitation wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Srivastava
- Division Biophotonics
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | | | - Jan Felix Witte
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie University Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
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29
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30
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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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31
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Becker PM, Förster C, Carrella LM, Boden P, Hunger D, van Slageren J, Gerhards M, Rentschler E, Heinze K. Spin Crossover and Long-Lived Excited States in a Reduced Molecular Ruby. Chemistry 2020; 26:7199-7204. [PMID: 32167607 PMCID: PMC7318154 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The chromium(III) complex [CrIII (ddpd)2 ]3+ (molecular ruby; ddpd=N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dipyridine-2-yl-pyridine-2,6-diamine) is reduced to the genuine chromium(II) complex [CrII (ddpd)2 ]2+ with d4 electron configuration. This reduced molecular ruby represents one of the very few chromium(II) complexes showing spin crossover (SCO). The reversible SCO is gradual with T1/2 around room temperature. The low-spin and high-spin chromium(II) isomers exhibit distinct spectroscopic and structural properties (UV/Vis/NIR, IR, EPR spectroscopies, single-crystal XRD). Excitation of [CrII (ddpd)2 ]2+ with UV light at 20 and 290 K generates electronically excited states with microsecond lifetimes. This initial study on the unique reduced molecular ruby paves the way for thermally and photochemically switchable magnetic systems based on chromium complexes complementing the well-established iron(II) SCO systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Becker
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10-1455128MainzGermany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10-1455128MainzGermany
| | - Luca M. Carrella
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10-1455128MainzGermany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasUniversity KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - David Hunger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for, Integrated Quantum Science and TechnologyUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for, Integrated Quantum Science and TechnologyUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasUniversity KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Eva Rentschler
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10-1455128MainzGermany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10-1455128MainzGermany
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32
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Encapsulation of Dual Emitting Giant Quantum Dots in Silica Nanoparticles for Optical Ratiometric Temperature Nanosensors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accurate temperature measurements with a high spatial resolution for application in the biomedical fields demand novel nanosized thermometers with new advanced properties. Here, a water dispersible ratiometric temperature sensor is fabricated by encapsulating in silica nanoparticles, organic capped PbS@CdS@CdS “giant” quantum dots (GQDs), characterized by dual emission in the visible and near infrared spectral range, already assessed as efficient fluorescent nanothermometers. The chemical stability, easy surface functionalization, limited toxicity and transparency of the silica coating represent advantageous features for the realization of a nanoscale heterostructure suitable for temperature sensing. However, the strong dependence of the optical properties on the morphology of the final core–shell nanoparticle requires an accurate control of the encapsulation process. We carried out a systematic investigation of the synthetic conditions to achieve, by the microemulsion method, uniform and single core silica coated GQD (GQD@SiO2) nanoparticles and subsequently recorded temperature-dependent fluorescent spectra in the 281-313 K temperature range, suited for biological systems. The ratiometric response—the ratio between the two integrated PbS and CdS emission bands—is found to monotonically decrease with the temperature, showing a sensitivity comparable to bare GQDs, and thus confirming the effectiveness of the functionalization strategy and the potential of GQD@SiO2 in future biomedical applications.
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33
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Kronfeld KP, Ellinger T, Köhler JM. Microfluidically prepared sensor particles for determination of chloride by fluorescence quenching of matrix-embedded lucigenin. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Polyacrylamide sensor particles have been synthesized by using a microfluidic arrangement for generation of microdroplets containing a reaction mixture for forming gel microparticles. The droplets are formed in an inert carrier liquid immiscible with the reaction mixture based on aqueous solutions. Gel particles are formed in situ by photochemical initiation of polymerization inside droplets using an UV-sensitive photoinitiator. In result, water-swellable spheres with submillimetre size are obtained. Those spheres were loaded with N,N′-dimethyl-9,9′-biacridinium dinitrate (lucigenin) as ion selective fluorescence probe for chloride. The particles can be dried, stored and re-swollen. Upon exposure of dried particles to sodium chloride solutions they showed dynamic fluorescence quenching obeying the linear plot of Stern–Volmer-equation between 0 and 130 mM Cl−. Thus, chloride concentrations up to 50 mM could be measured with appropriate accuracy. The particles allow a fast optical determination of chloride in tiny analyte volumes down to below ten microliters.
Graphic abstract
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34
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Fang Y, Wang HM, Gu YX, Yu L, Wang AJ, Yuan PX, Feng JJ. Highly Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Luminophore Generated by Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-8-Linked Porphyrin and Its Application for Thrombin Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3206-3212. [PMID: 31939299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel and distinct enhancement in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signals of advanced organic luminophores are of importance for expanding their applications in early diagnosis. This work reported the construction of an ultrasensitive label-free ECL aptasensor for thrombin (TB) detection by grafting zinc proto-porphyrin IX (ZnP) onto an aminated zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (defined as ZnP-NH-ZIF-8 for clarity) as the luminophore. The structure and optical properties of the resulting ZnP-NH-ZIF-8 were carefully characterized. For that, there appeared to be weak ECL radiation for ZnP in dichloromethane (DCM) containing tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) because of the as-formed singlet-state oxygen via the "reduction-oxidation" route. More notably, the ECL signals display 153-times enhancement for ZnP-NH-ZIF-8, thanks to the excellent catalytic kinetics for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). By virtue of the specific interactions of the TB aptamer (TBA) with the TB protein and the highly efficient catalysis of the ZnP-NH-ZIF-8 for ORR, the as-prepared aptasensor showed a wider linear range (0.1 fM∼1 pM) and a lower detection limit (ca. 58.6 aM). This work provides some useful guidelines for synthesis of an advanced organic luminophore with largely boosted ECL signals in ultrasensitive analysis and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Hui-Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Yi-Xin Gu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Ai-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Pei-Xin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Jiu-Ju Feng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
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35
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Förster C, Heinze K. Photophysics and photochemistry with Earth-abundant metals - fundamentals and concepts. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:1057-1070. [PMID: 32025671 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00573k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent exciting developments in the area of mononuclear photoactive complexes with Earth-abundant metal ions (Cu, Zr, Fe, Cr) for potential eco-friendly applications in (phosphorescent) organic light emitting diodes, in imaging and sensing systems, in dye-sensitized solar cells and as photocatalysts are presented. Challenges, in particular the extension of excited state lifetimes, and recent conceptual breakthroughs in substituting precious and rare-Earth metal ions (e.g. Ru, Ir, Pt, Au, Eu) in these applications by abundant ions are outlined with selected examples. Relevant fundamentals of photophysics and photochemistry are discussed first, followed by conceptual and instructive case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
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36
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Treiling S, Wang C, Förster C, Reichenauer F, Kalmbach J, Boden P, Harris JP, Carrella LM, Rentschler E, Resch‐Genger U, Reber C, Seitz M, Gerhards M, Heinze K. Luminescence and Light-Driven Energy and Electron Transfer from an Exceptionally Long-Lived Excited State of a Non-Innocent Chromium(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18075-18085. [PMID: 31600421 PMCID: PMC6916301 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoactive metal complexes employing Earth-abundant metal ions are a key to sustainable photophysical and photochemical applications. We exploit the effects of an inversion center and ligand non-innocence to tune the luminescence and photochemistry of the excited state of the [CrN6 ] chromophore [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ with close to octahedral symmetry (tpe=1,1,1-tris(pyrid-2-yl)ethane). [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ exhibits the longest luminescence lifetime (τ=4500 μs) reported up to date for a molecular polypyridyl chromium(III) complex together with a very high luminescence quantum yield of Φ=8.2 % at room temperature in fluid solution. Furthermore, the tpe ligands in [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ are redox non-innocent, leading to reversible reductive chemistry. The excited state redox potential and lifetime of [Cr(tpe)2 ]3+ surpass those of the classical photosensitizer [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) enabling energy transfer (to oxygen) and photoredox processes (with azulene and tri(n-butyl)amine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Treiling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustraße 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Jens Kalmbach
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Joe P. Harris
- Département de chimieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecH3C 3J7Canada
| | - Luca M. Carrella
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eva Rentschler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Reber
- Département de chimieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecH3C 3J7Canada
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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37
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Treiling S, Wang C, Förster C, Reichenauer F, Kalmbach J, Boden P, Harris JP, Carrella LM, Rentschler E, Resch‐Genger U, Reber C, Seitz M, Gerhards M, Heinze K. Luminescence and Light‐Driven Energy and Electron Transfer from an Exceptionally Long‐Lived Excited State of a Non‐Innocent Chromium(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Treiling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jens Kalmbach
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Joe P. Harris
- Département de chimieUniversité de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Luca M. Carrella
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Eva Rentschler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Reber
- Département de chimieUniversité de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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