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Liu W, Li M, Zhang P, Jiang H, Liu W, Guan J, Sun Y, Liu X, Zeng Q. One-step growth of Cu-doped carbon dots in amino-modified carbon nanotube-modified electrodes for sensitive electrochemical detection of BPA. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:309. [PMID: 38714599 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Copper-doped carbon dots and aminated carbon nanotubes (Cu-CDs/NH2-CNTs) nanocomposites were synthesized by a one-step growth method, and the composites were characterized for their performance. An electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of bisphenol A (BPA) was developed for using Cu-CDs/NH2-CNTs nanocomposites modified with glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). The sensor exhibited an excellent electrochemical response to BPA in 0.2 M PBS (pH 7.0) under optimally selected conditions. The linear range of the sensor for BPA detection was 0.5-160 μM, and the detection limit (S/N = 3) was 0.13 μM. Moreover, the sensor has good interference immunity, stability and reproducibility. In addition, the feasibility of the practical application of the sensor was demonstrated by the detection of BPA in bottled drinking water and Liu Yang River water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Environment and Life Health, Anhui Vocational and Technical College, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230011, People's Republic of China
| | - Muyi Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengli Zhang
- Yunnan First People's Hospital, Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650034, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Sun
- School of Environment and Life Health, Anhui Vocational and Technical College, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiongyao Zeng
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Colin C, Levallois P, Botsos-Margerit U, Clément F, Zigah D, Arbault S. Easy cleaning plus stable activation of glassy carbon electrode surface by oxygen plasma. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 154:108551. [PMID: 37677984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Glassy carbon (GC) electrodes are widely used in electroanalytical applications especially in bioelectrochemistry. Their use starts with an efficient surface cleaning and activation protocol, mostly based on surface polishing steps. We studied the use of an oxygen plasma exposure of GC electrodes to replace common polishing procedures. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) responses of ferrocyanide and ferrocene-dimethanol were used to compare brand new, surface-polished and plasma-treated GC electrodes. Plasma treatment induces CV responses with improved features, close to theoretical values, as compared to other methods. The plasma effects were quasi-stable over a week when electrodes were stored in water, this being explained by increased surface energy and hydrophilicity. Furthermore, when electroreduction of diazonium was performed on GC electrodes, the surface blockade could be removed by the plasma. Thus, a short oxygen plasma treatment is prone to replace polishing protocols, that display person-dependent efficiency, in most of the experiments with GC electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Colin
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Pierre Levallois
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Franck Clément
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 64600 Anglet, France
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France; Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers, CNRS, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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3
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Liu YH, Liu C, Wang XH, Li T, Zhang X. Electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of bisphenol A based on molecularly imprinted TiO 2 with oxygen vacancy. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115520. [PMID: 37429148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical and broadly used in plastics. The leakage of BPA in food and water cycles poses a significant risk to the environment and human health. Thus, monitoring the concentration of BPA to avoid its potential risk is highly important. In this work, a simple and efficient oxygen deficient molecularly imprinted TiO2 electrochemical sensor was proposed for the detection of BPA. The introduction both oxygen vacancies and molecular imprinting evidently enhanced the electrochemical oxidation signal of BPA. The sensor had a good linear response ranging from 0.01 μM to 20 μM with a limit of detection of 3.6 nM. Additionally, the sensor showed remarkable stability, reproducibility and interference resistant ability. It also exhibits excellent recovery during the detection of real water. These findings suggested that the sensor has the potential to be developed as a simple, efficient and low-cost monitoring system for the monitoring of BPA in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huan Liu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Xin-Hui Wang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Tong Li
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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4
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Holman JB, Shi Z, Fadahunsi AA, Li C, Ding W. Advances on microfluidic paper-based electroanalytical devices. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108093. [PMID: 36603801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of the first electrochemical devices on paper substrates, many different reports of microfluidic paper-based electroanalytical devices (μPEDs), innovative hydrophobic barriers and electrode fabrication processes have allowed the incorporation of diverse materials, resulting in different applications and a boost in performance. These advancements have led to the creation of paper-based devices with comparable performance to many standard conventional devices, with the added benefits of pumpless fluidic transport, component separation and reagent storage that can be exploited to automate and handle sample preprocessing. Herein, we review μPEDs, summarize the characteristics and functionalities of μPEDs, such as separation, fluid flow control and storage, and outline the conventional and emerging fabrication and modification approaches for μPEDs. We also examine the recent application of μPEDs in biomedicine, the environment, and food and water safety, as well as some limitations and challenges that must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Benjamin Holman
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhengdi Shi
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Adeola A Fadahunsi
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Chengpan Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Weiping Ding
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China.
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5
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Yin Y, Zeng H, Zhang S, Gao N, Liu R, Cheng S, Zhang M. Hydrogel-Coated Microelectrode Resists Protein Passivation of In Vivo Amperometric Sensors. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3390-3397. [PMID: 36725686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Passivation of electrodes caused by nonspecific adsorption of protein can dramatically reduce sensing sensitivity and accuracy, which is a great challenge for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. However, most antipassivation strategies are not suitable to carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) for in vivo measurement, and these methods also do not work on electrochemical biosensors that fix biometric elements. In this study, we demonstrate that chitosan hydrogel-coated microelectrodes can avoid the current passivation caused by protein adsorption on the surface of carbon fiber because the chitosan hydrogel prepared by local pH gradient caused by hydrogen evolution reaction has three-dimensional networks containing large amounts of water. The highly hydrophilic three-dimensional structure of hydrogel not only forms a biocompatible interface to confine enzymes but also keeps the fast mass transfer of analytes, such as dopamine, ascorbic acid, and glucose. The consistency of the precalibration and postcalibration of the prepared sensor enables in vivo amperometric detection of both electroactive species based on their redox property and electroinactive species based on the enzyme. This study provides a simple and versatile strategy to constitute an amperometric sensor interface to resist passivation of protein adsorption in a complex biological environment such as the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyue Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rantong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuwen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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6
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Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost of an Innovative Carbon Paper Sensor for 17α-Ethinylestradiol and Comparison with the Classical Chromatographic Method. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays there is a growing concern with the environment and sustainability, which means that better methods, including pollutants analysis, with less consumption of materials, organic solvents, and energy, need to be developed. Considering the almost inexistent information about the topic, the main goal of this work was to compare the environmental impacts of two analytical methods, a traditional one based on liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and a newly developed carbon paper sensor. The selected analyte was 17α-ethinylestradiol, which is a contaminant of emergent concern in aquatic ecosystems due to its endocrine disruptor behavior. The life cycle assessment data showed that the sensor detection presents an almost negligible environmental impact when compared with the extraction step (the same for both methods) and the liquid chromatographic determination (roughly 80 times higher than with the sensor). The sensor values for all categories of damage are below 3% of the total method impacts, i.e., 1.6, 1.9, 2.4, and 2.9% for resources, climate change, human health, and ecosystem quality. The extraction represents 98.1% of the sensor environmental impacts (and 99.6% of its life cycle costing) and 38.8% of the chromatographic method. This study evidences the need of developing and applying greener analytical (detection and extraction) strategies.
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7
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Ostertag BJ, Cryan MT, Serrano JM, Liu G, Ross AE. Porous Carbon Nanofiber-Modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes for Dopamine Detection. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2241-2249. [PMID: 36203493 PMCID: PMC9531868 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c03933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to modify carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFME) with porous carbon nanofibers (PCFs) to improve detection and to investigate the impact of porous geometry for dopamine detection with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). PCFs were fabricated by electrospinning, carbonizing, and pyrolyzing poly(acrylonitrile)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PAN-b-PMMA) block copolymer nanofiber frameworks. Commonly, porous nanofibers are used for energy storage applications, but we present an application of these materials for biosensing which has not been previously studied. This modification impacted the topology and enhanced redox cycling at the surface. PCF modifications increased the oxidative current for dopamine 2.0 ± 0.1-fold (n = 33) with significant increases in detection sensitivity. PCF are known to have more edge plane sites which we speculate lead to the two-fold increase in electroactive surface area. Capacitive current changes were negligible providing evidence that improvements in detection are due to faradaic processes at the electrode. The ΔEp for dopamine decreased significantly at modified CFMEs. Only a 2.2 ± 2.2 % change in dopamine current was observed after repeated measurements and only 10.5 ± 2.8% after 4 hours demonstrating the stability of the modification over time. We show significant improvements in norepinephrine, ascorbic acid, adenosine, serotonin, and hydrogen peroxide detection. Lastly, we demonstrate that the modified electrodes can detect endogenous, unstimulated release of dopamine in living slices of rat striatum. Overall, we provide evidence that porous nanostructures significantly improve neurochemical detection with FSCV and echo the necessity for investigating the extent to which geometry impacts electrochemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise J. Ostertag
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Michael T. Cryan
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Joel M. Serrano
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Division of Nanoscience, Academy of Integrated Science, 800 West Campus Dr., Blacksburg, VA, 2406, USA
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Division of Nanoscience, Academy of Integrated Science, 800 West Campus Dr., Blacksburg, VA, 2406, USA
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
- Corresponding author: Office Phone#: 513-556-9314,
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8
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Hu J, Li Z, Zhai C, Zeng L, Zhu M. Photo-assisted simultaneous electrochemical detection of multiple heavy metal ions with a metal-free carbon black anchored graphitic carbon nitride sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1183:338951. [PMID: 34627527 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous detection of multiple heavy metal ions in solution is an important yet highly challenging problem. In this work, a metal-free g-C3N4/carbon black (CB) composite electrode was synthesized by a one-step thermal polycondensation method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet visible light spectroscopy. In addition, the photoelectrochemical response of the g-C3N4/CB nanocomposite to Cd2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+ both separately and as a mixture of the three analytes was investigated by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The g-C3N4/CB electrode demonstrated an excellent sensing performance to Cd2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+ in the range of 0-700 nM, 0-300 nM and 0-500 nM, respectively, with limits of detection (LOD) of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ of 2.1, 0.26 and 0.22 nM, respectively. The LOD of the combined solution of the three analytes was slightly higher at 3.3 nM. Additionally, the metal-free g-C3N4/CB photoelectrochemical sensor exhibited excellent electrochemical stability and electrode reproducibility. Finally, g-C3N4/CB sensor also showed satisfactory results in the detection of trace analyte ions in real environmental systems. This work provides a novel and promising approach in the simultaneous detection of multiple heavy metal ions in solution for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Chuanyang Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Mingshan Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
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9
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Torrinha Á, Morais S. Electrochemical (bio)sensors based on carbon cloth and carbon paper: An overview. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Holmes J, Witt CE, Keen D, Buchanan AM, Batey L, Hersey M, Hashemi P. Glutamate Electropolymerization on Carbon Increases Analytical Sensitivity to Dopamine and Serotonin: An Auspicious In Vivo Phenomenon in Mice? Anal Chem 2021; 93:10762-10771. [PMID: 34328714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon is the material of choice for electroanalysis of biological systems, being particularly applicable to neurotransmitter analysis as carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMs). CFMs are most often applied to dopamine detection; however, the scope of CFM analysis has rapidly expanded over the last decade with our laboratory's focus being on improving serotonin detection at CFMs, which we achieved in the past via Nafion modification. We began this present work by seeking to optimize this modification to gain increased analytical sensitivity toward serotonin under the assumption that exposure of bare carbon to the in vivo environment rapidly deteriorates analytical performance. However, we were unable to experimentally verify this assumption and found that electrodes that had been exposed to the in vivo environment were more sensitive to evoked and ambient dopamine. We hypothesized that high in vivo concentrations of ambient extracellular glutamate could polymerize with a negative charge onto CFMs and facilitate response to dopamine. We verified this polymerization electrochemically and characterized the mechanisms of deposition with micro- and nano-imaging. Importantly, we identified that the application of 1.3 V as a positive upper waveform limit is a crucial factor for facilitating glutamate polymerization, thus improving analytical performance. Critically, information gained from these dopamine studies were extended to an in vivo environment where a 2-fold increase in sensitivity to evoked serotonin was achieved. Thus, we present here the novel finding that innate aspects of the in vivo environment are auspicious for detection of dopamine and serotonin at carbon fibers, offering a solution to our goal of an improved fast-scan cyclic voltammetry serotonin detection paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Holmes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States
| | - Colby E Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States
| | - Deanna Keen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States
| | - Anna Marie Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina SOM, Columbia, South Carolina, 29209 United States
| | - Lauren Batey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Melinda Hersey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina SOM, Columbia, South Carolina, 29209 United States
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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11
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Kava AA, Henry CS. Exploring carbon particle type and plasma treatment to improve electrochemical properties of stencil-printed carbon electrodes. Talanta 2021; 221:121553. [PMID: 33076109 PMCID: PMC7575823 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stencil-printing conductive carbon inks has revolutionized the development of inexpensive, disposable and portable electrochemical sensors. However, stencil-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) typically suffer from poor electrochemical properties. While many surface pretreatments and modifications have been tested to improve the electrochemical activity of SPCEs, the bulk composition of the inks used for printing has been largely ignored. Recent studies of other carbon composite electrode materials show significant evidence that the conductive carbon particle component is strongly related to electrochemical performance. However, such a study has not been carried out with SPCEs. In this work, we perform a systematic characterization of SPCEs made with different carbon particle types including graphite particles, glassy carbon microparticles and carbon black. The relationship between carbon particle characteristics including particle size, particle purity, and particle morphology as well as particle mass loading on the fabrication and electrochemical properties of SPCEs is studied. SPCEs were plasma treated for surface activation and the electrochemical properties of both untreated and plasma treated SPCEs are also compared. SPCEs displayed distinct analytical utilities characterized through solvent window and double layer capacitance. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of several standard redox probes, FcTMA+, ferri/ferrocyanide, and pAP was used to establish the effects of carbon particle type and plasma treatment on electron transfer kinetics of SPCEs. CV of the biologically relevant molecules uric acid, NADH and dopamine was employed to further illustrate the differences in sensing and fouling characteristics of SPCEs fabricated with different carbon particle types. SEM imaging revealed significant differences in the SPCE surface microstructures. This systematic study demonstrates that the electrochemical properties of SPCEs can be tuned and significantly improved through careful selection of carbon particle type and plasma cleaning with a goal toward the development of better performing electrochemical point-of-need sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Kava
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States.
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12
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Venton BJ, Cao Q. Fundamentals of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for dopamine detection. Analyst 2020; 145:1158-1168. [PMID: 31922176 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01586h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is used with carbon-fiber microelectrodes for the real-time detection of neurotransmitters on the subsecond time scale. With FSCV, the potential is ramped up from a holding potential to a switching potential and back, usually at a 400 V s-1 scan rate and a frequency of 10 Hz. The plot of current vs. applied potential, the cyclic voltammogram (CV), has a very different shape for FSCV than for traditional cyclic voltammetry collected at scan rates which are 1000-fold slower. Here, we explore the theory of FSCV, with a focus on dopamine detection. First, we examine the shape of the CVs. Background currents, which are 100-fold higher than faradaic currents, are subtracted out. Peak separation is primarily due to slow electron transfer kinetics, while the symmetrical peak shape is due to exhaustive electrolysis of all the adsorbed neurotransmitters. Second, we explain the origins of the dopamine waveform, and the factors that limit the holding potential (oxygen reduction), switching potential (water oxidation), scan rate (electrode instability), and repetition rate (adsorption). Third, we discuss data analysis, from data visualization with color plots, to the automated algorithms like principal components regression that distinguish dopamine from pH changes. Finally, newer applications are discussed, including optimization of waveforms for analyte selectivity, carbon nanomaterial electrodes that trap dopamine, and basal level measurements that facilitate neurotransmitter measurements on a longer time scale. FSCV theory is complex, but understanding it enables better development of new techniques to monitor neurotransmitters in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jill Venton
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.
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13
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Forderhase AG, Styers HC, Lee CA, Sombers LA. Simultaneous voltammetric detection of glucose and lactate fluctuations in rat striatum evoked by electrical stimulation of the midbrain. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6611-6624. [PMID: 32666141 PMCID: PMC7484411 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and lactate provide energy for cellular function in the brain and serve as an important carbon source in the synthesis of a variety of biomolecules. Thus, there is a critical need to quantitatively monitor these molecules in situ on a time scale commensurate with neuronal function. In this work, carbon-fiber microbiosensors were coupled with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to monitor glucose and lactate fluctuations at a discrete site within rat striatum upon electrical stimulation of the midbrain projection to the region. Systematic variation of stimulation parameters revealed the distinct dynamics by which glucose and lactate responded to the metabolic demand of synaptic function. Immediately upon stimulation, extracellular glucose and lactate availability rapidly increased. If stimulation was sufficiently intense, concentrations then immediately fell below baseline in response to incurred metabolic demand. The dynamics were dependent on stimulation frequency, such that more robust fluctuations were observed when the same number of pulses was delivered at a higher frequency. The rates at which glucose was supplied to, and depleted from, the local recording region were dependent on stimulation intensity, and glucose dynamics led those of lactate in response to the most substantial stimulations. Glucose fluctuated over a larger concentration range than lactate as stimulation duration increased, and glucose fell further from baseline concentrations. These real-time measurements provide an unprecedented direct comparison of glucose and lactate dynamics in response to metabolic demand elicited by neuronal activation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Forderhase
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Hannah C Styers
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Christie A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Leslie A Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA.
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14
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Siegenthaler JR, Gushiken BC, Hill DF, Cowen SL, Heien ML. Moving Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry toward FDA Compliance with Capacitive Decoupling Patient Protection. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1890-1899. [PMID: 32580544 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes allow for high spatial and temporal measurements of electroactive neurotransmitter measurements in vivo using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). However, common instrumentation for such measurements systems lack patient safety precautions. To add safety precautions as well as to overcome chemical and electrical noise, a two-electrode FSCV headstage was modified to introduce an active bandpass filter on the electrode side of the measurement amplifier. This modification reduced the measured noise and ac-coupled the voltammetric measurement and moved it from a classical direct current response measurement. ac-coupling not only reduces the measured noise, but also moves FSCV toward compliance with IEC-60601-1, enabling future human trials. Here, we develop a novel ac-coupled voltammetric measurement method of electroactive neurotransmitters. Our method allows for the modeling of a system to then calculate a waveform to compensate for added impedance and capacitance for the system. We describe how first by measuring the frequency response of the system and modeling the analogue response as a digital filter we can then calculate a predicted waveform. The predicted waveform, when applied to the bandpass filter, is modulated to create a desired voltage sweep at the electrode interface. Further, we describe how this modified FSCV waveform is stable, allowing for the measurement of electroactive neurotransmitters. We later describe a 32.7% sensitivity enhancement for dopamine with this new measurement as well as maintaining a calibration curve for dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, ascorbic acid, and serotonin in vitro. We then validate dopamine in vivo with stimulated release. Our developed measurement method overcame the added capacitance that would traditionally make a voltammetric measurement impossible, and it has wider applications in electrode sensor development, allowing for measurement with capacitive systems, which previously would not have been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Siegenthaler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Breanna C. Gushiken
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Daniel F. Hill
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Stephen L. Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Michael L. Heien
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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15
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Puthongkham P, Rocha J, Borgus JR, Ganesana M, Wang Y, Chang Y, Gahlmann A, Venton BJ. Structural Similarity Image Analysis for Detection of Adenosine and Dopamine in Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Color Plots. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10485-10494. [PMID: 32628450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is widely used for in vivo detection of neurotransmitters, but identifying analytes, particularly mixtures, is difficult. Data analysis has focused on identifying dopamine from cyclic voltammograms, but it would be better to analyze all the data in the three-dimensional FSCV color plot. Here, the goal was to use image analysis-based analysis of FSCV color plots for the first time, specifically the structural similarity index (SSIM), to identify rapid neurochemical events. Initially, we focused on identifying spontaneous adenosine events, as adenosine cyclic voltammograms have a primary oxidation at 1.3 V and a secondary oxidation peak that grows in over time. Using SSIM, sample FSCV color plots were compared with reference color plots, and the SSIM cutoff score was optimized to distinguish adenosine. High-pass digital filtering was also applied to remove the background drift and lower the noise, which produced a better LOD. The SSIM algorithm detected more adenosine events than a previous algorithm based on current versus time traces, with 99.5 ± 0.6% precision, 95 ± 3% recall, and 97 ± 2% F1 score (n = 15 experiments from three researchers). For selectivity, it successfully rejected signals from pH changes, histamine, and H2O2. To prove it is a broad strategy useful beyond adenosine, SSIM analysis was optimized for dopamine detection and is able to detect simultaneous events with dopamine and adenosine. Thus, SSIM is a general strategy for FSCV data analysis that uses three-dimensional data to detect multiple analytes in an efficient, automated analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pumidech Puthongkham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Julian Rocha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jason R Borgus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Yuanyu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andreas Gahlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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16
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Alam AU, Deen MJ. Bisphenol A Electrochemical Sensor Using Graphene Oxide and β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5532-5539. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arif U. Alam
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - M. Jamal Deen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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17
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Kava AA, Beardsley C, Hofstetter J, Henry CS. Disposable glassy carbon stencil printed electrodes for trace detection of cadmium and lead. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1103:58-66. [PMID: 32081189 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) pollution is a significant environmental and human health concern, and methods to detect Cd and Pb on site are valuable. Stencil-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) are an attractive electrode material for point-of-care (POC) applications due to their low cost, ease of fabrication, disposability and portability. At present, SPCEs are exclusively formulated from graphitic carbon powder and conductive carbon ink. However, graphitic carbon SPCEs are not ideal for heavy metal sensing due to the heterogeneity of graphitic SPCE surfaces. Moreover, SPCEs typically require extensive modification to provide desirable detection limits and sensitivity at the POC, significantly increasing cost and complexity of analysis. While there are many examples of chemically modified SPCEs, the bulk SPCE composition has not been studied for heavy metal detection. Here, a glassy carbon microparticle stencil printed electrode (GC-SPE) was developed. The GC-SPEs were first characterized with SEM and cyclic voltammetry and then optimized for Cd and Pb detection with an in situ Bi-film plated. The GC-SPEs require no chemical modification or pretreatment significantly decreasing the cost and complexity of fabrication. The detection limits for Cd and Pb were estimated to be 0.46 μg L-1 and 0.55 μg L-1, respectively, which are below EPA limits for drinking water (5 μg L-1 Cd and 10 μg L-1 Pb) [1]. The reported GC-SPEs are advantageous with their low cost, ease of fabrication and use, and attractive performance. The GC-SPEs can be used for low-level metal detection at the POC as shown in the report herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Kava
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Chloe Beardsley
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States; Access Sensor Technologies, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, United States
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States.
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18
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Ford R, Devereux SJ, Quinn SJ, O'Neill RD. Carbon nanohorn modified platinum electrodes for improved immobilisation of enzyme in the design of glutamate biosensors. Analyst 2019; 144:5299-5307. [PMID: 31373591 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical enzymatic biosensors are the subject of research due to their potential for in vivo monitoring of glutamate, which is a key neurotransmitter whose concentration is related to healthy brain function. This study reports the use of biocompatible oxidised carbon nanohorns (o-CNH) with a high surface area, to enhance the immobilization of glutamate oxidase (GluOx) for improved biosensor performance. Two families of biosensors were designed to interact with the anionic GluOx. Family-1 consists of covalently functionalised o-CNH possessing hydrazide (HYZ) and amine (PEG-NH2) terminated surfaces and Family-2 comprised non-covalently functionalised o-CNH with different loadings of polyethyleneimine (PEI) to form a cationic hybrid. Amperometric detection of H2O2 formed by enzymatic oxidation of glutamate revealed a good performance from all designs with the most improved performance by the PEI hybrid systems. The best response was from a o-CNH : PEI ratio of 1 : 10 mg mL-1, which yielded a glutamate calibration plateau, JMAX, of 55 ± 9 μA cm-2 and sensitivity of 111 ± 34 μA mM-1 cm-2. The low KM of 0.31 ± 0.05 mM indicated the retention of the enzyme function, and a limit of detection of 0.02 ± 0.004 μM and a response time of 0.88 ± 0.13 s was determined. The results demonstrate the high sensitivity of these biosensors and their potential for future use for the detection of glutamate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Ford
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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19
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Cao Q, Hensley DK, Lavrik NV, Venton BJ. Carbon nanospikes have better electrochemical properties than carbon nanotubes due to greater surface roughness and defect sites. CARBON 2019; 155:250-257. [PMID: 31588146 PMCID: PMC6777722 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials are used to improve electrodes for neurotransmitter detection, but what properties are important for maximizing those effects? In this work, we compare a newer form of graphene, carbon nanospikes (CNSs), with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on wires and carbon fibers (CFs). CNS electrodes have a short, dense, defect-filled surface that produces remarkable electrochemical properties, much better than CNTs or CFs. The CNS surface roughness is 5.5 times greater than glassy carbon, while CNTs enhance roughness only 1.8-fold. D/G ratios are higher for CNS electrodes than CNT electrodes, an indication of more defect sites. For cyclic voltammetry of dopamine and ferricyanide, CNSs have both higher currents and smaller ΔEp values than CNTs and CFs. CNS electrodes also have a very low resistance to charge transfer. With fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), CNS electrodes have enhanced current density for dopamine and cationic neurotransmitters due to increased adsorption to edge plane sites. This study establishes that not all carbon nanomaterials are equally advantageous for dopamine electrochemistry, but that short, dense nanomaterials that add defect sites provide improved current and electron transfer. CNSs are simple to mass fabricate on a variety of substrates and thus could be a favorable material for neurotransmitter sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901
| | - Dale K. Hensley
- Center for Nanophase Material Science, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Nickolay V. Lavrik
- Center for Nanophase Material Science, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901
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20
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Puthongkham P, Venton BJ. Nanodiamond Coating Improves the Sensitivity and Antifouling Properties of Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2403-2411. [PMID: 31387349 PMCID: PMC6776076 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are carbon nanomaterials with a core diamond crystalline structure and crystal defects, such as graphitic carbon and heteroatoms, on their surface. For electrochemistry, NDs are promising to increase active sites and decrease fouling, but NDs have not been studied for neurotransmitter electrochemistry. Here, we optimized ND coatings on microelectrodes and found that ND increases the sensitivity for neurotransmitters with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry detection and decreases electrochemical and biofouling. Different sizes and functionalizations of NDs were tested, and ND suspensions were drop-casted onto carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs). The 5 nm ND-H and 5 nm ND-COOH formed thick coatings, while the 15 and 60 nm ND-COOH formed more sparse coatings. With electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, 5 nm ND-H and 5 nm ND-COOH had high charge-transfer resistance, while 15 and 60 nm ND-COOH had low charge-transfer resistance. ND-COOH (15 nm) was optimal, with the best electrocatalytic properties and current for dopamine. Sensitivity was enhanced 2.1 ± 0.2 times and the limit of detection for dopamine improved to 3 ± 1 nM. ND coating increased current for other cations such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, but not for the anion ascorbic acid. Moreover, NDs decreased electrochemical fouling from serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and they also decreased biofouling in brain slice tissue by 50%. The current at biofouled ND-coated electrodes is similar to the signal of pristine, unfouled CFMEs. The carboxylated ND-modified CFMEs are beneficial for neurotransmitter detection because of easy fabrication, improved limit of detection, and antifouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pumidech Puthongkham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
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21
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Borrill AJ, Reily NE, Macpherson JV. Addressing the practicalities of anodic stripping voltammetry for heavy metal detection: a tutorial review. Analyst 2019; 144:6834-6849. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01437c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We highlight the fundamentals and challenges involved with anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) using solid electrodes providing a practical guide to anyone wishing to undertake analytical ASV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. Borrill
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
- Diamond Science and Technology Centre for Doctoral Training
| | - Nicole E. Reily
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
- Natural Environment Research Council
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