1
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Zhou J, Li H, Li X, Liang X, Feng Z, He Q, Zhang M, Chen X, Chen H, Zhang H, Guo W. Automatic characterization of capillary flow profile of liquid samples on μTADs based on capacitance measurement. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1735:465328. [PMID: 39232420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Capillary flow profile of liquid samples in porous media is closely related to the important properties of liquid samples, including the viscosity and the surface energy. Therefore, capillary flow profile can be used as an index to differentiate liquid samples with different properties. Fast and automatic characterization of capillary flow profile of liquid samples is necessary. In this work, we develop a portable and economical capacitance acquisition system (CASY) to easily obtain the capillary flow profile of liquid samples on microfluidic thread-based analytical devices (μTADs) by measuring the capacitance during the capillary flow. At first, we validate the accuracy of this method by comparing with the traditional method by video analysis in obtaining the capillary flow profiles in μTADs of cotton threads or glass fiber threads. Then we use it to differentiate liquid samples with different viscosity (mixture of water and glycerol). In addition, capillary flow profile on μTADs with chemical valves (chitosan or sucrose) can also be obtained on this device. Lastly, we show the potential of this device in measurement of hematocrit (HCT) of whole blood samples. This device can be used to catalog liquid biological samples with different properties in point-of-care diagnostics in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xionghui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuanying Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Zitao Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghao He
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Muyang Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Guangdong University Research Findings Commercialization Center, Foshan, 528253, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijin Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Tokihiro JC, Robertson IH, Shin A, Gregucci D, Michelini E, Nicholson TM, Olanrewaju A, Theberge AB, Berthier J, Berthier E. The dynamics of capillary flow in an open-channel system featuring trigger valves. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.17.613325. [PMID: 39345588 PMCID: PMC11429806 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.17.613325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Trigger valves are fundamental features in capillary-driven microfluidic systems that stop fluid at an abrupt geometric expansion and release fluid when there is flow in an orthogonal channel connected to the valve. The concept was originally demonstrated in closed-channel capillary circuits. We show here that trigger valves can be successfully implemented in open channels. We also show that a series of open-channel trigger valves can be placed alongside or opposite a main channel resulting in a layered capillary flow. We developed a closed form model for the dynamics of the flow at trigger valves based on the concept of average friction length and successfully validated the model against experiments. For the main channel, we discuss layered flow behavior in the light of the Taylor-Aris dispersion theory and in the channel turns by considering Dean theory of mixing. This work has potential applications in autonomous microfluidics systems for biosensing, at-home or point-of-care sample preparation devices, hydrogel patterning for 3D cell culture and organ-on-a-chip models.
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3
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Gong L, Lin Y. Microfluidics in smart food safety. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 111:305-354. [PMID: 39103216 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of food safety practices is crucial in addressing the challenges posed by a growing global population and increasingly complex food supply chains. Traditional methods are often labor-intensive, time-consuming, and susceptible to human error. This chapter explores the transformative potential of integrating microfluidics into smart food safety protocols. Microfluidics, involving the manipulation of small fluid volumes within microscale channels, offers a sophisticated platform for developing miniaturized devices capable of complex tasks. Combined with sensors, actuators, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, smart microfluidic systems enable real-time data acquisition, analysis, and decision-making. These systems enhance control, automation, and adaptability, making them ideal for detecting contaminants, pathogens, and chemical residues in food products. The chapter covers the fundamentals of microfluidics, its integration with smart technologies, and its applications in food safety, addressing the challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Gong
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States.
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4
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Orme B, Torun H, Unthank M, Fu YQ, Ford B, Agrawal P. Capillary wave tweezer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12448. [PMID: 38816398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise control of microparticle movement is crucial in high throughput processing for various applications in scalable manufacturing, such as particle monolayer assembly and 3D bio-printing. Current techniques using acoustic, electrical and optical methods offer precise manipulation advantages, but their scalability is restricted due to issues such as, high input powers and complex fabrication and operation processes. In this work, we introduce the concept of capillary wave tweezers, where mm-scale capillary wave fields are dynamically manipulated to control the position of microparticles in a liquid volume. Capillary waves are generated in an open liquid volume using low frequency vibrations (in the range of 10-100 Hz) to trap particles underneath the nodes of the capillary waves. By shifting the displacement nodes of the waves, the trapped particles are precisely displaced. Using analytical and numerical models, we identify conditions under which a stable control over particle motion is achieved. By showcasing the ability to dynamically control the movement of microparticles, our concept offers a simple and high throughput method to manipulate particles in open systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Orme
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Matthew Unthank
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Bethan Ford
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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5
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Wang P, Gao J, Xiao B, Long G, Zheng Q, Shou D. The Fastest Capillary Flow in Root-like Networks under Gravity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9741-9750. [PMID: 38652825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Capillary flow has garnered significant attention due to its unique dynamic characteristics that require no external force. Creating a quantitative analytical model to evaluate capillary flow behaviors in root-like networks is essential for enhancing fluid control properties in functional textiles. In this study, we explore the capillary dynamics within root-like networks under the influence of gravity and derive the most rapid capillary flow via structural optimization. The flow time in a capillary is dominated by the capillary pressure, viscous pressure loss, and gravity, each of which exhibits diverse sensitivities to the structures of root-like networks. We scrutinize various structural parameters to understand their impact on capillary flow in root-like networks. Subsequently, optimal structural parameters (namely, the mother tube diameter and diameter ratio) are identified to minimize capillary flow time. Moreover, we discovered that the correlation between flow time and distance for capillary flow in root-like networks does not obey the classical Lucas-Washburn equation. These results affirm that root-like networks can enhance capillary flow, providing critical insights for numerous capillary-flow-dependent engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilong Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jun Gao
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Boqi Xiao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Gongbo Long
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Dahua Shou
- Future Intelligent Wear Centre, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Tokihiro JC, McManamen AM, Phan DN, Thongpang S, Blake TD, Theberge AB, Berthier J. On the Dynamic Contact Angle of Capillary-Driven Microflows in Open Channels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7215-7224. [PMID: 38511962 PMCID: PMC11104537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The true value of the contact angle between a liquid and a solid is a thorny problem in capillary microfluidics. The Lucas-Washburn-Rideal (LWR) law assumes a constant contact angle during fluid penetration. However, recent experimental studies have shown lower liquid velocities than those predicted by the LWR equation, which are attributed to a velocity-dependent dynamic contact angle that is larger than its static value. Inspection of fluid penetration in closed channels has confirmed that a dynamic angle is needed in the LWR equation. In this work, the dynamic contact angle in an open-channel configuration is investigated using experimental data obtained with a range of liquids, aqueous and organic, and a PMMA substrate. We demonstrate that a dynamic contact angle must be used to explain the early stages of fluid penetration, i.e., at the start of the viscous regime, when flow velocities are sufficiently high. Moreover, the open-channel configuration, with its free surface, enhances the effect of the dynamic contact angle, making its inclusion even more important. We found that for the liquids in our study, the molecular-kinetic theory is the most accurate in predicting the effect of the dynamic contact angle on liquid penetration in open channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie C. Tokihiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anika M. McManamen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David N. Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sanitta Thongpang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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7
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Raju C, Elpa DP, Urban PL. Automation and Computerization of (Bio)sensing Systems. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1033-1048. [PMID: 38363106 PMCID: PMC10964247 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Sensing systems necessitate automation to reduce human effort, increase reproducibility, and enable remote sensing. In this perspective, we highlight different types of sensing systems with elements of automation, which are based on flow injection and sequential injection analysis, microfluidics, robotics, and other prototypes addressing specific real-world problems. Finally, we discuss the role of computer technology in sensing systems. Automated flow injection and sequential injection techniques offer precise and efficient sample handling and dependable outcomes. They enable continuous analysis of numerous samples, boosting throughput, and saving time and resources. They enhance safety by minimizing contact with hazardous chemicals. Microfluidic systems are enhanced by automation to enable precise control of parameters and increase of analysis speed. Robotic sampling and sample preparation platforms excel in precise execution of intricate, repetitive tasks such as sample handling, dilution, and transfer. These platforms enhance efficiency by multitasking, use minimal sample volumes, and they seamlessly integrate with analytical instruments. Other sensor prototypes utilize mechanical devices and computer technology to address real-world issues, offering efficient, accurate, and economical real-time solutions for analyte identification and quantification in remote areas. Computer technology is crucial in modern sensing systems, enabling data acquisition, signal processing, real-time analysis, and data storage. Machine learning and artificial intelligence enhance predictions from the sensor data, supporting the Internet of Things with efficient data management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamarthi
Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National
Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Decibel P. Elpa
- Department of Chemistry, National
Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National
Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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8
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Tokihiro JC, McManamen AM, Phana DN, Thongpang S, Blake TD, Theberge AB, Berthier J. On the dynamic contact angle of capillary-driven microflows in open channels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.24.537941. [PMID: 37163094 PMCID: PMC10168213 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.537941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The true value of the contact angle between a liquid and a solid is a thorny problem in capillary microfluidics. The Lucas-Washburn-Rideal (LWR) law assumes a constant contact angle during fluid penetration. However, recent experimental studies have shown lower liquid velocities than predicted by the LWR equation, which are attributed to a velocity-dependent dynamic contact angle that is larger than its static value. Inspection of fluid penetration in closed channels has confirmed that a dynamic angle is needed in the LWR equation. In this work, the dynamic contact angle in an open channel configuration is investigated using experimental data obtained with a range of liquids, aqueous and organic, and a PMMA substrate. We demonstrate that a dynamic contact angle must be used to explain the early stages of fluid penetration, i.e., at the start of the viscous regime, when flow velocities are sufficiently high. Moreover, the open channel configuration, with its free surface, enhances the effect of the dynamic contact angle, making its inclusion even more important. We found that for the liquids in our study, the molecular-kinetic theory (MKT) is the most accurate in predicting the effect of the dynamic contact angle on liquid penetration in open channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie C. Tokihiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anika M. McManamen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David N. Phana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sanitta Thongpang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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9
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Ko J, Song J, Choi N, Kim HN. Patient-Derived Microphysiological Systems for Precision Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303161. [PMID: 38010253 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived microphysiological systems (P-MPS) have emerged as powerful tools in precision medicine that provide valuable insight into individual patient characteristics. This review discusses the development of P-MPS as an integration of patient-derived samples, including patient-derived cells, organoids, and induced pluripotent stem cells, into well-defined MPSs. Emphasizing the necessity of P-MPS development, its significance as a nonclinical assessment approach that bridges the gap between traditional in vitro models and clinical outcomes is highlighted. Additionally, guidance is provided for engineering approaches to develop microfluidic devices and high-content analysis for P-MPSs, enabling high biological relevance and high-throughput experimentation. The practical implications of the P-MPS are further examined by exploring the clinically relevant outcomes obtained from various types of patient-derived samples. The construction and analysis of these diverse samples within the P-MPS have resulted in physiologically relevant data, paving the way for the development of personalized treatment strategies. This study describes the significance of the P-MPS in precision medicine, as well as its unique capacity to offer valuable insights into individual patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Ko
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Song
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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10
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Hong JK, Gresham IJ, Daniel D, Waterhouse A, Neto C. Visualizing a Nanoscale Lubricant Layer under Blood Flow. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56433-56441. [PMID: 37975828 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Tethered-liquid perfluorocarbons (TLPs) are a class of liquid-infused surfaces with the ability to reduce blood clot formation (thrombosis) on blood-contacting medical devices. TLP comprises a tethered perfluorocarbon (TP) infused with a liquid perfluorocarbon (LP); this LP must be retained to maintain the antithrombotic properties of the layer. However, the stability of the LP layer remains in question, particularly for medical devices under blood flow. In this study, the lubricant thickness is spatially mapped and quantified in situ through confocal dual-wavelength reflection interference contrast microscopy. TLP coatings prepared on glass substrates are exposed to the flow of 37% glycerol/water mixtures (v/v) or whole blood at a shear strain rate of around 2900 s-1 to mimic physiological conditions (similar to flow conditions found in coronary arteries). Excess lubricant (>2 μm film thickness) is removed upon commencement of flow. For untreated glass, the lubricant is completely depleted after 1 min of shear flow. However, on optimized TLP surfaces, nanoscale films of lubricants (thickness between 100 nm and 2 μm) are retained over many tens of minutes of flow. The nanoscale films conform to the underlying structure of the TP layer and are sufficient to prevent the adhesion of red blood cells and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ki Hong
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Isaac J Gresham
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dan Daniel
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chiara Neto
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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11
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Shen J, Guo C, Ma Y, Dong A. Capillary efficiency study in leaf vein morphology inspired channels. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 19:016006. [PMID: 37976540 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad0dae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the capillary transport function of plant leaf veins, this study proposes three typical leaf vein features by observing a large number of leaves, including wedge shape, branch asymmetry, as well as hierarchical arrangement, and investigates their capillary transport mechanism. Not only a preliminary theoretical analysis of capillary flow in the bio-inspired channels was carried out, but the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software was also used to simulate gas-liquid two-phase flow in biomimetic channels. The results reveal the efficient transport mechanism of the leaf vein inspired structure and provide insight into the design of capillary transmission channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Shen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaopeng Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Dong
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
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12
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Murakami T, Teratani H, Aoki D, Noguchi M, Tsugane M, Suzuki H. Single-cell trapping and retrieval in open microfluidics. iScience 2023; 26:108323. [PMID: 38026163 PMCID: PMC10656270 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among various single-cell analysis platforms, hydrodynamic cell trapping systems remain relevant because of their versatility. Among those, deterministic hydrodynamic cell-trapping systems have received significant interest; however, their applications are limited because trapped cells are kept within the closed microchannel, thus prohibiting access to external cell-picking devices. In this study, we develop a hydrodynamic cell-trapping system in an open microfluidics architecture to allow external access to trapped cells. A technique to render only the inside of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel hydrophilic is developed, which allows the precise confinement of spontaneous capillary flow in the open-type microchannel with a width on the order of several tens of micrometers. Efficient trapping of single beads and single cells is achieved, in which trapped cells can be retrieved via automated robotic pipetting. The present system can facilitate the development of new single-cell analytical systems by bridging between microfluidic devices and macro-scale apparatus used in conventional biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Murakami
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroto Teratani
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Dai’ichiro Aoki
- Aeternus Co., Ltd, Minamidai 2-1-14, Fujimino, Saitama 356-0036, Japan
| | - Masao Noguchi
- Caravell Co., Ltd, Surugadai 1-29-39, Funabashi, Chiba 273-0862, Japan
| | - Mamiko Tsugane
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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13
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Escobar J, Molina J, Gil-Santos E, Ruz JJ, Malvar Ó, Kosaka PM, Tamayo J, San Paulo Á, Calleja M. Nanomechanical Sensing for Mass Flow Control in Nanowire-Based Open Nanofluidic Systems. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21044-21055. [PMID: 37903505 PMCID: PMC10655260 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Open nanofluidic systems, where liquids flow along the outer surface of nanoscale structures, provide otherwise unfeasible capabilities for extremely miniaturized liquid handling applications. A critical step toward fully functional applications is to obtain quantitative mass flow control. We demonstrate the application of nanomechanical sensing for this purpose by integrating voltage-driven liquid flow along nanowire open channels with mass detection based on flexural resonators. This approach is validated by assembling the nanowires with microcantilever resonators, enabling high-precision control of larger flows, and by using the nanowires as resonators themselves, allowing extremely small liquid volume handling. Both implementations are demonstrated by characterizing voltage-driven flow of ionic liquids along the surface of the nanowires. We find a voltage range where mass flow rate follows a nonlinear monotonic increase, establishing a steady flow regime for which we show mass flow control at rates from below 1 ag/s to above 100 fg/s and precise liquid handling down to the zeptoliter scale. The observed behavior of mass flow rate is consistent with a voltage-induced transition from static wetting to dynamic spreading as the mechanism underlying liquid transport along the nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier
E. Escobar
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Molina
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José J. Ruz
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Malvar
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila M. Kosaka
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro San Paulo
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Bowman CE. Looking for future biological control agents: the comparative function of the deutosternal groove in mesostigmatid mites. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:139-235. [PMID: 37676375 PMCID: PMC10562343 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The physics of fluid laminar flow through an idealised deutosternum assembly is used for the first time to review predatory feeding designs over 72 different-sized example species from 16 mesostigmatid families in order to inform the finding of new biological control agents. Gnathosomal data are digitised from published sources. Relevant gnathosomal macro- and micro-features are compared and contrasted in detail which may subtly impact the control of channel- or 'pipe'-based transport of prey liquids around various gnathosomal locations. Relative deutosternal groove width on the mesostigmatid subcapitulum is important but appears unrelated to the closing velocity ratio of the moveable digit. Big mites are adapted for handling large and watery prey. The repeated regular distance between deutosternal transverse ridges ('Querleisten') supports the idea of them enabling a regular fluctuating bulging or pulsing droplet-based fluid wave 'sticking' and 'slipping' along the groove. Phytoseiids are an outlier functional group with a low deutosternal pipe flow per body size designed for slot-like microchannel transport in low volume fluid threads arising from daintily nibbling nearby prey klinorhynchidly. Deutosternal groove denticles are orientated topographically in order to synergise flow and possible mixing of coxal gland-derived droplets and circumcapitular reservoir fluids across the venter of the gnathosomal base back via the hypostome to the prey being masticated by the chelicerae. As well as working with the tritosternum to mechanically clean the deutosternum, denticles may suppress fluid drag. Shallow grooves may support edge-crawling viscous flow. Lateral features may facilitate handling unusual amounts of fluid arising from opportunistic feeding on atypical prey. Various conjectures for confirmatory follow-up are highlighted. Suggestions as to how to triage non-uropodoid species as candidate plant pest control agents are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive E Bowman
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
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15
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Tokihiro JC, Tu WC, Berthier J, Lee JJ, Dostie AM, Khor JW, Eakman M, Theberge AB, Berthier E. Enhanced capillary pumping using open-channel capillary trees with integrated paper pads. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2023; 35:082120. [PMID: 37675268 PMCID: PMC10479884 DOI: 10.1063/5.0157801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for efficient capillary pumping has led to two main directions for investigation: first, assembly of capillary channels to provide high capillary pressures, and second, imbibition in absorbing fibers or paper pads. In the case of open microfluidics (i.e., channels where the top boundary of the fluid is in contact with air instead of a solid wall), the coupling between capillary channels and paper pads unites the two approaches and provides enhanced capillary pumping. In this work, we investigate the coupling of capillary trees-networks of channels mimicking the branches of a tree-with paper pads placed at the extremities of the channels, mimicking the small capillary networks of leaves. It is shown that high velocities and flow rates (7 mm/s or 13.1 μl/s) for more than 30 s using 50% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol, which has a 3-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water; 6.5 mm/s or 12.1 μl/s for more than 55 s with pentanol, which has a 3.75-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water; and >3.5 mm/s or 6.5 μl/s for more than 150 s with nonanol, which has a 11-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water, can be reached in the root channel, enabling higher sustained flow rates than that of capillary trees alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie C. Tokihiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Wan-chen Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jing J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ashley M. Dostie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jian Wei Khor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Madeleine Eakman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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16
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Courson R, Bratash O, Maziz A, Desmet C, Meza RA, Leroy L, Engel E, Buhot A, Malaquin L, Leïchlé T. Rapid prototyping of a polymer MEMS droplet dispenser by laser-assisted 3D printing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:85. [PMID: 37408536 PMCID: PMC10318032 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a polymer version of a previously developed silicon MEMS drop deposition tool for surface functionalization that consists of a microcantilever integrating an open fluidic channel and a reservoir. The device is fabricated by laser stereolithography, which offers the advantages of low-cost and fast prototyping. Additionally, thanks to the ability to process multiple materials, a magnetic base is incorporated into the cantilever for convenient handling and attachment to the holder of a robotized stage used for spotting. Droplets with diameters ranging from ∼50 µm to ∼300 µm are printed upon direct contact of the cantilever tip with the surface to pattern. Liquid loading is achieved by fully immersing the cantilever into a reservoir drop, where a single load results in the deposition of more than 200 droplets. The influences of the size and shape of the cantilever tip and the reservoir on the printing outcome are studied. As a proof-of-concept of the biofunctionalization capability of this 3D printed droplet dispenser, microarrays of oligonucleotides and antibodies displaying high specificity and no cross-contamination are fabricated, and droplets are deposited at the tip of an optical fiber bundle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Courson
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Oleksii Bratash
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ali Maziz
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Cloé Desmet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Loïc Leroy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Elodie Engel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Arnaud Buhot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Thierry Leïchlé
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Georgia Tech−CNRS International Research Laboratory, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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17
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Yasuga H. Methods to spontaneously generate three dimensionally arrayed microdroplets triggered by capillarity for bioassays and bioengineering. Biophys Physicobiol 2023; 20:e200029. [PMID: 38496237 PMCID: PMC10941964 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v20.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, I review our recent work toward developing methods for generating three-dimensional (3D) droplet arrays driven by capillarity. Microdroplet array-based systems are useful for bioassays and bioengineering because they require only small amounts of samples and reagents and provide the high throughput. Various methods have been developed for preparing droplet arrays, among which methods based on capillarity have attracted considerable attention owing to their simplicity. I and collaborators have developed such methods based on capillary flow, including a method for preparing droplet arrays via oil-water replacement. We recently proposed our own concept of "fluid-fluid interfacial energy driven 3D structure emergence in a micropillar scaffold (FLUID3EAMS)" and its application. FLUID3EAMS allows a 3D droplet (or hydrogel bead) array to be generated in a micropillar scaffold by passing a fluid-fluid interface through the scaffold. This approach is useful for applications requiring ordered or arrayed microdroplets in biosensors, biophysics, biology, and tissue engineering. This review is an extended version of the article "FLUID3EAMS: Fluid-Fluid Interfacial Energy Driven 3D Structure Emergence in a Micropillar Scaffold and Development in Bioengineering" published in Seibutsu Butsuri (vol. 62, p. 110-113, 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yasuga
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
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18
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Zeng Y, Khor JW, van Neel TL, Tu WC, Berthier J, Thongpang S, Berthier E, Theberge AB. Miniaturizing chemistry and biology using droplets in open systems. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:439-455. [PMID: 37117816 PMCID: PMC10107581 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Open droplet microfluidic systems manipulate droplets on the picolitre-to-microlitre scale in an open environment. They combine the compartmentalization and control offered by traditional droplet-based microfluidics with the accessibility and ease-of-use of open microfluidics, bringing unique advantages to applications such as combinatorial reactions, droplet analysis and cell culture. Open systems provide direct access to droplets and allow on-demand droplet manipulation within the system without needing pumps or tubes, which makes the systems accessible to biologists without sophisticated setups. Furthermore, these systems can be produced with simple manufacturing and assembly steps that allow for manufacturing at scale and the translation of the method into clinical research. This Review introduces the different types of open droplet microfluidic system, presents the physical concepts leveraged by these systems and highlights key applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jian Wei Khor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tammi L van Neel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wan-Chen Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sanitta Thongpang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Ashleigh B Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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19
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Ye WQ, Liu XP, Ma RF, Yang CG, Xu ZR. Open-channel microfluidic chip based on shape memory polymer for controllable liquid transport. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2068-2074. [PMID: 36928455 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Open microfluidics has attracted increasing attention over the last decade because of its flexibility and simplicity with respect to cell culture and clinical diagnosis. However, traditional valves and pumps are difficult to integrate on open-channel microfluidic chips, in which a liquid is usually driven by capillary forces. Poor fluid control performance is a common drawback of open microfluidics. Herein, we proposed a method for controlling the liquid flow in open channels by controlling the continuous Laplace pressure induced by the deformation of the shape memory microstructures. The uniformly arranged cuboidal microcolumns in the open channels have magnetic/light dual responses, and the bending angle of the microcolumns can be controlled by adjusting Laplace pressure using near-infrared laser irradiation in a magnetic field. Laplace pressure and capillary force drove the liquid flow together, and the controllable fluid transport was realized by adjusting the hydrophilicity of the channel surface and the bending angle of the microcolumns. We demonstrated the controllability of the flow rate and the directional transport of water along a preset path. In addition, the start and stop of water transport were realized via local hydrophobic modification. The proposed strategy improves poor fluid control in traditional open systems and makes fluid flow highly controllable. We tried to extract and detect rhodamine B in tiny droplets on the open microfluidic chip, demonstrating the advantages of the proposed strategy in the separation and analysis of tiny samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Ye
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Xiao-Peng Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Ruo-Fei Ma
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Chun-Guang Yang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Zhang-Run Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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20
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Manchanda A, Gupta V, Wu L, Paull B. A thread-based electrofluidic platform for direct transfer, separation, and pre-concentration of materials from sample swabs. Analyst 2023; 148:1543-1551. [PMID: 36880438 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01856j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A new method and platform has been developed for direct transfer, electrophoretic separation, and pre-concentration of swabbed samples using the principles of thread-based electrofluidics. A direct electrokinetic injection has been observed for a variety of analytes ranging from small molecules to proteins. The effect of physicochemical interactions of the analyte with the swab and the thread on the transfer efficiency has been studied by exploring different swab and thread combinations. For fluorescein, using a polyurethane swab, 98% and 94% transfer efficiencies were observed on mercerised cotton and nylon thread, while only 80% transfer efficiency was observed on polyester thread, respectively. A 97% transfer of fluorescein was observed on the nylon thread when a flocked nylon swab was used, while only 47% transfer was observed when a cotton swab was used. A successful transfer has been observed for both liquid and dry samples from either pre-wetted or dry swabs in both the presence and absence of any surrounding electrolytes. The platform has been further adapted for multiplexed analysis, where a sample from a single swab was transferred onto two parallel thread systems with ca. 50% distribution between them. The method has been validated for transfer, separation, and pre-concentration of DNA from blood. It has also been successfully used to directly analyse dried blood samples using a commercial sampling device, Neoteryx Mitra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Manchanda
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Sciences (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Vipul Gupta
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Sciences (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Liang Wu
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Sciences (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Sciences (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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21
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Thaweeskulchai T, Schulte A. Basic Guide to Multilayer Microfluidic Fabrication with Polyimide Tape and Diode Laser. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14020324. [PMID: 36838024 PMCID: PMC9959566 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
For normal operations, microfluidic devices typically require an external source of pressure to deliver fluid flow through the microchannel. This requirement limits their use for benchtop research activities in a controlled static environment. To exploit the full potential of the miniaturization and portability of microfluidic platforms, passively driven capillary microfluidic devices have been developed to completely remove the need for an external pressure source. Capillary microfluidics can be designed to perform complex tasks by designing individual components of the device. These components, such as the stop valve and trigger valve, operate through changes in microchannel dimensions and aspect ratios. A direct, maskless fabrication protocol that allows the precise fabrication of microchannels and other microfluidic components is introduced here. A diode laser and polyimide tape on a PMMA substrate are the only components needed to start fabrication. By varying the laser power used and the number of laser repetitions, various depths and widths of the microchannel can be quickly created to meet specific needs. As an example of a functional unit, a trigger valve was fabricated and tested, as proof of the validity of the fabrication protocol.
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22
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Hamilton BW, Tutunea-Fatan RO, Bordatchev EV. Preliminary Assessment of Asymmetric Triangular Riblet Microstructures for Drag Deduction and Fouling Resistance: Numerical Modeling, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2208. [PMID: 36557508 PMCID: PMC9782629 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Several species of plants and animals demonstrate an ability to resist the accumulation of contaminants natural to their environments. To explain this phenomenon, mechanisms that facilitate fouling resistance have to be deciphered. Along these lines, this study is focused on the correlation between drag reduction and fouling resistance for underwater surfaces. This was accomplished by means of a novel microtopography inspired by fish-scales and conceived as a series of asymmetric triangular microgrooves oriented in the spanwise direction. A parametric study involving Large Eddy simulations was carried out to determine the most effective dimensions of the riblets and the results obtained have indicated a 9.1% drag reduction with respect to a flat reference surface. Following this, functional samples were fabricated in acrylic by means of a multi-axis micromachining center and diamond tooling. Surface quality and form accuracy of the fabricated samples were assessed with an optical microscope and optical profilometer. Finally, the fouling resistance of the samples was assessed by subjecting them to a flow of contaminated water. The results demonstrate that a relationship exists between the relative size of the particle and the fouling resistance of the microstructured surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Hamilton
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 6B9, Canada
- Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Remus O. Tutunea-Fatan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 6B9, Canada
- Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Evgueni V. Bordatchev
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 6B9, Canada
- Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada
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23
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Philpott DN, Chen K, Atwal RS, Li D, Christie J, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Ultrathroughput immunomagnetic cell sorting platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4822-4830. [PMID: 36382608 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00798c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput phenotypic cell sorting is critical to the development of cell-based therapies and cell screening discovery platforms. However, current cytometry platforms are limited by throughput, number of fractionated populations that can be isolated, cell viability, and cost. We present an ultrathroughput microfluidic cell sorter capable of processing hundreds of millions of live cells per hour per device based on protein expression. This device, a next-generation microfluidic cell sorter (NG-MICS), combines multiple technologies, including 3D printing, reversible clamp sealing, and superhydrophobic treatments to create a reusable and user-friendly platform ready for deployment. The utility of such a platform is demonstrated through the rapid isolation of mature natural killer cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, for use in CAR-NK therapies at clinically-relevant scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Philpott
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kangfu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Randy S Atwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Derek Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie Christie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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24
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Kameya Y, Yamada T. Titanium oxide nanoparticle coating of PMMA open flow channels for spontaneous water transport. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Annese VF, Hu C. Integrating Microfluidics and Electronics in Point-of-Care Diagnostics: Current and Future Challenges. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1923. [PMID: 36363944 PMCID: PMC9699090 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-Care (POC) diagnostics have gained increasing attention in recent years due to its numerous advantages over conventional diagnostic approaches. As proven during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the rapidity and portability of POC testing improves the efficiency of healthcare services and reduces the burden on healthcare providers. There are hundreds of thousands of different applications for POC diagnostics, however, the ultimate requirement for the test is the same: sample-in and result-out. Many technologies have been implemented, such as microfluidics, semiconductors, and nanostructure, to achieve this end. The development of even more powerful POC systems was also enabled by merging multiple technologies into the same system. One successful example is the integration of microfluidics and electronics in POC diagnostics, which has simplified the sample handling process, reduced sample usage, and reduced the cost of the test. This review will analyze the current development of the POC diagnostic systems with the integration of microfluidics and electronics and discuss the future challenges and perspectives that researchers might have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Francesco Annese
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Chunxiao Hu
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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26
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Zeng Y, Su X, Takezawa MG, Fichtinger PS, Lee UN, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ, Lim FY, Denlinger LC, Jarjour NN, Mathur SK, Sandbo N, Berthier E, Esnault S, Bernau K, Theberge AB. An open microfluidic coculture model of fibroblasts and eosinophils to investigate mechanisms of airway inflammation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:993872. [PMID: 36246374 PMCID: PMC9558094 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.993872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between fibroblasts and immune cells play an important role in tissue inflammation. Previous studies have found that eosinophils activated with interleukin-3 (IL-3) degranulate on aggregated immunoglobulin G (IgG) and release mediators that activate fibroblasts in the lung. However, these studies were done with eosinophil-conditioned media that have the capacity to investigate only one-way signaling from eosinophils to fibroblasts. Here, we demonstrate a coculture model of primary normal human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) and human blood eosinophils from patients with allergy and asthma using an open microfluidic coculture device. In our device, the two types of cells can communicate via two-way soluble factor signaling in the shared media while being physically separated by a half wall. Initially, we assessed the level of eosinophil degranulation by their release of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). Next, we analyzed the inflammation-associated genes and soluble factors using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and multiplex immunoassays, respectively. Our results suggest an induction of a proinflammatory fibroblast phenotype of HLFs following the coculture with degranulating eosinophils, validating our previous findings. Additionally, we present a new result that indicate potential impacts of activated HLFs back on eosinophils. This open microfluidic coculture platform provides unique opportunities to investigate the intercellular signaling between the two cell types and their roles in airway inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xiaojing Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meg G. Takezawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul S. Fichtinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ulri N. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Loren C. Denlinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nizar N. Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sameer K. Mathur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nathan Sandbo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephane Esnault
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ksenija Bernau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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27
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Yu J, Lee S, Song J, Lee SR, Kim S, Choi H, Kang H, Hwang Y, Hong YK, Jeon NL. Perfusable micro-vascularized 3D tissue array for high-throughput vascular phenotypic screening. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:16. [PMID: 35394224 PMCID: PMC8994007 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technologies have enabled construction of biomimetic physiologically and pathologically relevant models. This paper describes an injection molded microfluidic platform that utilizes a novel sequential edge-guided patterning method based on spontaneous capillary flow to realize three-dimensional co-culture models and form an array of micro-vascularized tissues (28 per 1 × 2-inch slide format). The MicroVascular Injection-Molded Plastic Array 3D Culture (MV-IMPACT) platform is fabricated by injection molding, resulting in devices that are reliable and easy to use. By patterning hydrogels containing human umbilical endothelial cells and fibroblasts in close proximity and allowing them to form vasculogenic networks, an array of perfusable vascularized micro-tissues can be formed in a highly efficient manner. The high-throughput generation of angiogenic sprouts was quantified and their uniformity was characterized. Due to its compact design (half the size of a 96-well microtiter plate), it requires small amount of reagents and cells per device. In addition, the device design is compatible with a high content imaging machine such as Yokogawa CQ-1. Furthermore, we demonstrated the potential of our platform for high-throughput phenotypic screening by testing the effect of DAPT, a chemical known to affect angiogenesis. The MV-IMPACT represent a significant improvement over our previous PDMS-based devices in terms of molding 3D co-culture conditions at much higher throughput with added reliability and robustness in obtaining vascular micro-tissues and will provide a platform for developing applications in drug screening and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yu
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Somin Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suryong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Habin Kang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunchan Hwang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Open-channel microfluidics via resonant wireless power transfer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1869. [PMID: 35387995 PMCID: PMC8987052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Open-channel microfluidics enables precise positioning and confinement of liquid volume to interface with tightly integrated optics, sensors, and circuit elements. Active actuation via electric fields can offer a reduced footprint compared to passive microfluidic ensembles and removes the burden of intricate mechanical assembly of enclosed systems. Typical systems actuate via manipulating surface wettability (i.e., electrowetting), which can render low-voltage but forfeits open-microchannel confinement. The dielectric polarization force is an alternative which can generate open liquid microchannels (sub-100 µm) but requires large operating voltages (50–200 VRMS) and low conductivity solutions. Here we show actuation of microchannels as narrow as 1 µm using voltages as low as 0.5 VRMS for both deionized water and physiological buffer. This was achieved using resonant, nanoscale focusing of radio frequency power and an electrode geometry designed to abate surface tension. We demonstrate practical fluidic applications including open mixing, lateral-flow protein labeling, filtration, and viral transport for infrared biosensing—known to suffer strong absorption losses from enclosed channel material and water. This tube-free system is coupled with resonant wireless power transfer to remove all obstructing hardware — ideal for high-numerical-aperture microscopy. Wireless, smartphone-driven fluidics is presented to fully showcase the practical application of this technology. Open microfluidics enables precise positioning of liquid sample with direct channel access. Here, authors demonstrate a geometrical solution for actively manipulating open microchannels using a wireless radio frequency signal.
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Pundir M, Papagerakis S, De Rosa MC, Chronis N, Kurabayashi K, Abdulmawjood S, Prince MEP, Lobanova L, Chen X, Papagerakis P. Emerging biotechnologies for evaluating disruption of stress, sleep, and circadian rhythm mechanism using aptamer-based detection of salivary biomarkers. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Futai N, Fukazawa Y, Kashiwagi T, Tamaki S, Sakai R, Hogan CA, Murugesan K, Ramachandran A, Banaei N, Santiago JG. A modular and reconfigurable open-channel gated device for the electrokinetic extraction of cell-free DNA assays. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1200:339435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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31
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Huge BJ, Young K, Kerr C, Champion MM, Dovichi NJ. 3-D printed injection system for capillary electrophoresis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1163-1168. [PMID: 35254370 PMCID: PMC8934206 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00075j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Commercial systems for capillary electrophoresis are designed for the unattended analysis of several samples, and are usually large, complex, and expensive. We report a compact system for manual injection of a single sample in capillary electrophoresis, which is ideal for method development and for student training. The injector consists of two parts that are manufactured by three-dimensional printing (STL and STEP files are included as ESI). One part is immobile and holds an electrode for powering electrophoresis and a gas line for pressurized injection and pumping fluids through the capillary. The second part is removable and is used to hold washing solutions, separation electrolyte, or sample. Conventional machining is used to tap holes to hold the electrode, separation capillary, gas line, and safety interlock. The system is used for either pressure or electrokinetic sample injection, and can be used to pump fluids through the capillary for changing background electrolytes and reconditioning the capillary between runs. We coupled the injection system to our high-dynamic range laser-induced fluorescence detector and evaluated the system by performing capillary zone electrophoresis on solutions of fluorescein. Electrokinetic injection produced a linear response across five orders of magnitude dynamic range (slope of the log-log calibration curve was 1.02), concentration detection limits of 5 pM, and mass detection limits of 1 zmol. Pressure injection produced a linear response across at least four orders of magnitude (slope of the log-log calibration curve was 0.92), concentration detection limits of 2 pM, and mass detection limits of 10 zmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Jaskowski Huge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Kevin Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Caitlin Kerr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Matthew M Champion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
- Berthiaume Institute for Precision Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
- Berthiaume Institute for Precision Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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32
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Nitsche KS, Müller I, Malcomber S, Carmichael PL, Bouwmeester H. Implementing organ-on-chip in a next-generation risk assessment of chemicals: a review. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:711-741. [PMID: 35103818 PMCID: PMC8850248 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip (OoC) technology is full of engineering and biological challenges, but it has the potential to revolutionize the Next-Generation Risk Assessment of novel ingredients for consumer products and chemicals. A successful incorporation of OoC technology into the Next-Generation Risk Assessment toolbox depends on the robustness of the microfluidic devices and the organ tissue models used. Recent advances in standardized device manufacturing, organ tissue cultivation and growth protocols offer the ability to bridge the gaps towards the implementation of organ-on-chip technology. Next-Generation Risk Assessment is an exposure-led and hypothesis-driven tiered approach to risk assessment using detailed human exposure information and the application of appropriate new (non-animal) toxicological testing approaches. Organ-on-chip presents a promising in vitro approach by combining human cell culturing with dynamic microfluidics to improve physiological emulation. Here, we critically review commercial organ-on-chip devices, as well as recent tissue culture model studies of the skin, intestinal barrier and liver as the main metabolic organ to be used on-chip for Next-Generation Risk Assessment. Finally, microfluidically linked tissue combinations such as skin-liver and intestine-liver in organ-on-chip devices are reviewed as they form a relevant aspect for advancing toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic studies. We point to recent achievements and challenges to overcome, to advance non-animal, human-relevant safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina S Nitsche
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Iris Müller
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Sophie Malcomber
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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34
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Kubochkin N, Gambaryan-Roisman T. Capillary-Driven Flow in Corner Geometries. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Chen B, Johnson ZT, Sanborn D, Hjort RG, Garland NT, Soares RRA, Van Belle B, Jared N, Li J, Jing D, Smith EA, Gomes CL, Claussen JC. Tuning the Structure, Conductivity, and Wettability of Laser-Induced Graphene for Multiplexed Open Microfluidic Environmental Biosensing and Energy Storage Devices. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15-28. [PMID: 34812606 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The integration of microfluidics and electrochemical cells is at the forefront of emerging sensors and energy systems; however, a fabrication scheme that can create both the microfluidics and electrochemical cells in a scalable fashion is still lacking. We present a one-step, mask-free process to create, pattern, and tune laser-induced graphene (LIG) with a ubiquitous CO2 laser. The laser parameters are adjusted to create LIG with different electrical conductivity, surface morphology, and surface wettability without the need for postchemical modification. Such definitive control over material properties enables the creation of LIG-based integrated open microfluidics and electrochemical sensors that are capable of dividing a single water sample along four multifurcating paths to three ion selective electrodes (ISEs) for potassium (K+), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) monitoring and to an enzymatic pesticide sensor for organophosphate pesticide (parathion) monitoring. The ISEs displayed near-Nernstian sensitivities and low limits of detection (LODs) (10-5.01 M, 10-5.07 M, and 10-4.89 M for the K+, NO3-, and NH4+ ISEs, respectively) while the pesticide sensor exhibited the lowest LOD (15.4 pM) for an electrochemical parathion sensor to date. LIG was also specifically patterned and tuned to create a high-performance electrochemical micro supercapacitor (MSC) capable of improving the power density by 2 orders of magnitude compared to a Li-based thin-film battery and the energy density by 3 orders of magnitude compared to a commercial electrolytic capacitor. Hence, this tunable fabrication approach to LIG is expected to enable a wide range of real-time, point-of-use health and environmental sensors as well as energy storage/harvesting modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Zachary T Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Delaney Sanborn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Robert G Hjort
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nate T Garland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Raquel R A Soares
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Bryan Van Belle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nathan Jared
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jingzhe Li
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S. Department of Energy, The Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Dapeng Jing
- U.S. Department of Energy, The Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Emily A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S. Department of Energy, The Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Carmen L Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jonathan C Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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36
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Zhang Y, Zhou A, Chen S, Lum GZ, Zhang X. A perspective on magnetic microfluidics: Towards an intelligent future. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:011301. [PMID: 35069962 PMCID: PMC8769766 DOI: 10.1063/5.0079464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic microfluidics has been gradually recognized as an area of its own. Both conventional microfluidic platforms have incorporated magnetic actuation for microfluidic operation and microscale object manipulation. Nonetheless, there is still much room for improvement after decades of development. In this Perspective, we first provide a quick review of existing magnetic microfluidic platforms with a focus on the magnetic tools and actuation mechanisms. Next, we discuss several emerging technologies, including magnetic microrobots, additive manufacture, and artificial intelligence, and their potential application in the future development of magnetic microfluidics. We believe that these technologies can eventually inspire highly functional magnetic tools for microfluidic manipulation and coordinated microfluidic control at the system level, which eventually drives magnetic microfluidics into an intelligent system for automated experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ;
and
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Songlin Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Guo Zhan Lum
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ;
and
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ;
and
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37
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Deroy C, Nebuloni F, Cook PR, Walsh EJ. Microfluidics on Standard Petri Dishes for Bioscientists. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100724. [PMID: 34927960 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Few microfluidic devices are used in biomedical labs, despite the obvious potential; reasons given include the devices are rarely made with cell-friendly materials, and liquids are inaccessibly buried behind solid confining walls. An open microfluidic approach is reviewed in which aqueous circuits with almost any imaginable 2D shape are fabricated in minutes on standard polystyrene Petri dishes by reshaping two liquids (cell-culture media plus an immiscible and bioinert fluorocarbon, FC40). Then, the aqueous phase becomes confined by fluid FC40 walls firmly pinned to the dish by interfacial forces. Such walls can be pierced at any point with pipets and liquids added or removed through them, while flows can be driven actively using external pumps or passively by exploiting local differences in Laplace pressure. As walls are robust, permeable to O2 plus CO2 , and transparent, cells are grown in incubators and monitored microscopically as usual. It is hoped that this simple, accessible, and affordable fluid-shaping technology provides bioscientists with an easy entrée into microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Deroy
- Osney Thermofluids Institute, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UK
| | - Federico Nebuloni
- Osney Thermofluids Institute, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UK
| | - Peter R Cook
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- iotaSciences Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Edmond J Walsh
- Osney Thermofluids Institute, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UK
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38
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Park D, Lee J, Lee Y, Son K, Choi JW, Jeang WJ, Choi H, Hwang Y, Kim HY, Jeon NL. Aspiration-mediated hydrogel micropatterning using rail-based open microfluidic devices for high-throughput 3D cell culture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19986. [PMID: 34620916 PMCID: PMC8497476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics offers promising methods for aligning cells in physiologically relevant configurations to recapitulate human organ functionality. Specifically, microstructures within microfluidic devices facilitate 3D cell culture by guiding hydrogel precursors containing cells. Conventional approaches utilize capillary forces of hydrogel precursors to guide fluid flow into desired areas of high wettability. These methods, however, require complicated fabrication processes and subtle loading protocols, thus limiting device throughput and experimental yield. Here, we present a swift and robust hydrogel patterning technique for 3D cell culture, where preloaded hydrogel solution in a microfluidic device is aspirated while only leaving a portion of the solution in desired channels. The device is designed such that differing critical capillary pressure conditions are established over the interfaces of the loaded hydrogel solution, which leads to controlled removal of the solution during aspiration. A proposed theoretical model of capillary pressure conditions provides physical insights to inform generalized design rules for device structures. We demonstrate formation of multiple, discontinuous hollow channels with a single aspiration. Then we test vasculogenic capacity of various cell types using a microfluidic device obtained by our technique to illustrate its capabilities as a viable micro-manufacturing scheme for high-throughput cellular co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohyun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungseub Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Son
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - William J Jeang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hyeri Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunchan Hwang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Lee UN, van Neel TL, Lim FY, Khor JW, He J, Vaddi RS, Ong AQW, Tang A, Berthier J, Meschke JS, Novosselov IV, Theberge AB, Berthier E. Miniaturizing Wet Scrubbers for Aerosolized Droplet Capture. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11433-11441. [PMID: 34379402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols dispersed and transmitted through the air (e.g., particulate matter pollution and bioaerosols) are ubiquitous and one of the leading causes of adverse health effects and disease transmission. A variety of sampling methods (e.g., filters, cyclones, and impactors) have been developed to assess personal exposures. However, a gap still remains in the accessibility and ease-of-use of these technologies for people without experience or training in collecting airborne samples. Additionally, wet scrubbers (large non-portable industrial systems) utilize liquid sprays to remove aerosols from the air; the goal is to "scrub" (i.e., clean) the exhaust of industrial smokestacks, not collect the aerosols for analysis. Inspired by wet scrubbers, we developed a device fundamentally different from existing portable air samplers by using aerosolized microdroplets to capture aerosols in personal spaces (e.g., homes, offices, and schools). Our aerosol-sampling device is the size of a small teapot, can be operated without specialized training, and features a winding flow path in a supersaturated relative humidity environment, enabling droplet growth. The integrated open mesofluidic channels shuttle coalesced droplets to a collection chamber for subsequent sample analysis. Here, we present the experimental demonstration of aerosol capture in water droplets. An iterative study optimized the non-linear flow manipulating baffles and enabled an 83% retention of the aerosolized microdroplets in the confined volume of our device. As a proof-of-concept for aerosol capture into a liquid medium, 0.5-3 μm model particles were used to evaluate aerosol capture efficiency. Finally, we demonstrate that the device can capture and keep a bioaerosol (bacteriophage MS2) viable for downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulri N Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Tammi L van Neel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jian Wei Khor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiayang He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ravi S Vaddi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Angelo Q W Ong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Anthony Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John S Meschke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Igor V Novosselov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States.,Institute of Nano-Engineering Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351654, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ashleigh B Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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40
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Delamarche E, Temiz Y, Lovchik RD, Christiansen MG, Schuerle S. Capillary Microfluidics for Monitoring Medication Adherence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuksel Temiz
- IBM Research Europe Saeumerstrasse 4 Rueschlikon Switzerland
| | | | - Michael G. Christiansen
- Institute for Translational Medicine Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/10 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuerle
- Institute for Translational Medicine Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/10 8092 Zurich Switzerland
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41
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42
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Salva ML, Rocca M, Niemeyer CM, Delamarche E. Methods for immobilizing receptors in microfluidic devices: A review. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2021.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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43
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Delamarche E, Temiz Y, Lovchik RD, Christiansen MG, Schuerle S. Capillary Microfluidics for Monitoring Medication Adherence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17784-17796. [PMID: 33710725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medication adherence is a medical and societal issue worldwide, with approximately half of patients failing to adhere to prescribed treatments. The goal of this Minireview is to examine how recent work on microfluidics for point-of-care diagnostics may be used to enhance adherence to medication. It specifically focuses on capillary microfluidics since these devices are self-powered, easy to use, and well established for diagnostics and drug monitoring. Considering that an improvement in medication adherence can have a much larger effect than the development of new medical treatments, it is long overdue for the research communities working in chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and material sciences to consider developing technologies to enhance medication adherence. For these reasons, this Minireview is not meant to be exhaustive but rather to provide a quick starting point for researchers interested in joining this complex but intriguing and exciting field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuksel Temiz
- IBM Research Europe, Saeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael G Christiansen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuerle
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Dai B, Yin C, Wu J, Li W, Zheng L, Lin F, Han X, Fu Y, Zhang D, Zhuang S. A flux-adaptable pump-free microfluidics-based self-contained platform for multiplex cancer biomarker detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:143-153. [PMID: 33185235 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00944j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics drives technological advancement in point-of-care (POC) bioanalytical diagnostics towards portability, fast response and low cost. In most microfluidic bioanalytical applications, flowing antigen/antibody reacts with immobilized antibody/antigen at a constant flux; it is difficult to reach a compromise to simultaneously realize sufficient time for the antigen-antibody interaction and short time for the entire assay. Here, we present a pump-free microfluidic chip, in which flow is self-initialized by capillary pumping and continued by imbibition of a filter paper. Microfluidic units in teardrop shape ensure that flow passes through the reaction areas at a reduced flux to facilitate the association between antigen and antibody and speeds up after the reaction areas. By spotting different antibodies into the reaction area, four types of biomarkers can be measured simultaneously in one microfluidic chip. Moreover, a small-sized instrument was developed for chemiluminescence detection and signal analysis. The system was validated by testing four biomarkers of colorectal cancer using plasma samples from patients. The assay took about 20 minutes. The limit of detection is 0.89 ng mL-1, 1.72 ng mL-1, 3.62 U mL-1 and 1.05 U mL-1 for the assays of carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, carbohydrate antigen 125 and carbohydrate antigen 19-9, respectively. This flux-adaptable and self-contained microfluidic platform is expected to be useful in various POC disease-monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
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45
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Soitu C, Stovall‐Kurtz N, Deroy C, Castrejón‐Pita AA, Cook PR, Walsh EJ. Jet-Printing Microfluidic Devices on Demand. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001854. [PMID: 33304750 PMCID: PMC7709972 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet demand for microfluidics in biomedicine. This paper describes contactless fabrication of microfluidic circuits on standard Petri dishes using just a dispensing needle, syringe pump, three-way traverse, cell-culture media, and an immiscible fluorocarbon (FC40). A submerged microjet of FC40 is projected through FC40 and media onto the bottom of a dish, where it washes media away to leave liquid fluorocarbon walls pinned to the substrate by interfacial forces. Such fluid walls can be built into almost any imaginable 2D circuit in minutes, which is exploited to clone cells in a way that beats the Poisson limit, subculture adherent cells, and feed arrays of cells continuously for a week. This general method should have wide application in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Soitu
- Osney Thermofluids InstituteDepartment of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOsney MeadOxfordOX2 0ESUK
| | - Nicholas Stovall‐Kurtz
- Osney Thermofluids InstituteDepartment of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOsney MeadOxfordOX2 0ESUK
| | - Cyril Deroy
- Osney Thermofluids InstituteDepartment of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOsney MeadOxfordOX2 0ESUK
| | | | - Peter R. Cook
- The Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3REUK
- Iota Sciences Ltd.Begbroke Science Park, BegbrokeOxfordshireOX5 1PFUK
| | - Edmond J. Walsh
- Osney Thermofluids InstituteDepartment of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOsney MeadOxfordOX2 0ESUK
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46
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Lee JJ, Berthier J, Kearney KE, Berthier E, Theberge AB. Open-Channel Capillary Trees and Capillary Pumping. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12795-12803. [PMID: 32936651 PMCID: PMC8259885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Velocity of capillary flow in closed or open channels decreases as the flow proceeds down the length of the channel, varying as the inverse of the square root of time or as the inverse of travel distance. In order to increase the flow rate-and extend the duration of the flow-capillary pumps have been designed by mimicking the pumping principle of paper or cotton fibers. These designs provide a larger volume available for the wicking of the liquids. In microsystems for biotechnology, different designs have been developed based on experimental observation. In the present paper, the mechanisms at the basis of capillary pumping are investigated using a theoretical model for the flow in an open-channel "capillary tree" (i.e., an ensemble of channels with bifurcations mimicking the shape of a tree). The model is checked against experiments. Rules for obtaining better designs of capillary pumps are proposed; specifically, we find (1) when using a capillary tree with identical channel cross-sectional areas throughout, it is possible to maintain nearly constant flow rates throughout the channel network, (2) flow rate can be increased at each branch point of a capillary tree by slightly decreasing the areas of the channel cross section and decreasing the channel lengths at each level of ramification within the tree, and (3) higher order branching (trifurcations vs bifurcations) amplify the flow rate effect. This work lays the foundation for increasing the flow rate in open microfluidic channels driven by capillary flow; we expect this to have broad impact across open microfluidics for biological and chemical applications such as cell culture, sample preparation, separations, and on-chip reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kathleen E. Kearney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
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47
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Developments in the integration and application of terahertz spectroscopy with microfluidics. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Berry SB, Gower MS, Su X, Seshadri C, Theberge AB. A Modular Microscale Granuloma Model for Immune-Microenvironment Signaling Studies in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:931. [PMID: 32974300 PMCID: PMC7461927 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most potent infectious diseases in the world, causing more deaths than any other single infectious agent. TB infection is caused by inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and subsequent phagocytosis and migration into the lung tissue by innate immune cells (e.g., alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), resulting in the formation of a fused mass of immune cells known as the granuloma. Considered the pathological hallmark of TB, the granuloma is a complex microenvironment that is crucial for pathogen containment as well as pathogen survival. Disruption of the delicate granuloma microenvironment via numerous stimuli, such as variations in cytokine secretions, nutrient availability, and the makeup of immune cell population, can lead to an active infection. Herein, we present a novel in vitro model to examine the soluble factor signaling between a mycobacterial infection and its surrounding environment. Adapting a newly developed suspended microfluidic platform, known as Stacks, we established a modular microscale infection model containing human immune cells and a model mycobacterial strain that can easily integrate with different microenvironmental cues through simple spatial and temporal "stacking" of each module of the platform. We validate the establishment of suspended microscale (4 μL) infection cultures that secrete increased levels of proinflammatory factors IL-6, VEGF, and TNFα upon infection and form 3D aggregates (granuloma model) encapsulating the mycobacteria. As a proof of concept to demonstrate the capability of our platform to examine soluble factor signaling, we cocultured an in vitro angiogenesis model with the granuloma model and quantified morphology changes in endothelial structures as a result of culture conditions (P < 0.05 when comparing infected vs. uninfected coculture systems). We envision our modular in vitro granuloma model can be further expanded and adapted for studies focusing on the complex interplay between granulomatous structures and their surrounding microenvironment, as well as a complementary tool to augment in vivo signaling and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maia S. Gower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xiaojing Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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49
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Zhang T, Lih D, Nagao RJ, Xue J, Berthier E, Himmelfarb J, Zheng Y, Theberge AB. Open microfluidic coculture reveals paracrine signaling from human kidney epithelial cells promotes kidney specificity of endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F41-F51. [PMID: 32390509 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00069.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) from different human organs possess organ-specific characteristics that support specific tissue regeneration and organ development. EC specificity is identified by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues, among which the parenchyma and organ-specific microenvironment are critical contributors. These extrinsic cues are, however, largely lost during ex vivo cultures. Outstanding challenges remain to understand and reestablish EC organ specificity for in vitro studies to recapitulate human organ-specific physiology. Here, we designed an open microfluidic platform to study the role of human kidney tubular epithelial cells in supporting EC specificity. The platform consists of two independent cell culture regions segregated with a half wall; culture media are added to connect the two culture regions at a desired time point, and signaling molecules can travel across the half wall (paracrine signaling). Specifically, we report that in the microscale coculture device, primary human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells (HPTECs) rescued primary human kidney peritubular microvascular EC (HKMEC) monolayer integrity and fenestra formation and that HPTECs upregulated key HKMEC kidney-specific genes (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox B, adherens junctions-associated protein 1, and potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 16) and endothelial activation genes (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, matrix metalloproteinase-7, and matrix metalloproteinase-10) in coculture. Coculturing with HPTECs also promoted kidney-specific genotype expression in human umbilical vein ECs and human pluripotent stem cell-derived ECs. Compared with culture in HPTEC conditioned media, coculture of ECs with HPTECs showed increased upregulation of kidney-specific genes, suggesting potential bidirectional paracrine signaling. Importantly, our device is compatible with standard pipettes, incubators, and imaging readouts and could also be easily adapted to study cell signaling between other rare or sensitive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel Lih
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ryan J Nagao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jun Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ashleigh B Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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50
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Nelson AZ, Kundukad B, Wong WK, Khan SA, Doyle PS. Embedded droplet printing in yield-stress fluids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5671-5679. [PMID: 32127482 PMCID: PMC7084155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919363117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic tools and techniques for manipulating fluid droplets have become core to many scientific and technological fields. Despite the plethora of existing approaches to fluidic manipulation, non-Newtonian fluid phenomena are rarely taken advantage of. Here we introduce embedded droplet printing-a system and methods for the generation, trapping, and processing of fluid droplets within yield-stress fluids, materials that exhibit extreme shear thinning. This technique allows for the manipulation of droplets under conditions that are simply unattainable with conventional microfluidic methods, namely the elimination of exterior influences including convection and solid boundaries. Because of this, we believe embedded droplet printing approaches an ideal for the experimentation, processing, or observation of many samples in an "absolutely quiescent" state, while also removing some troublesome aspects of microfluidics including the use of surfactants and the complexity of device manufacturing. We characterize a model material system to understand the process of droplet generation inside yield-stress fluids and develop a nascent set of archetypal operations that can be performed with embedded droplet printing. With these principles and tools, we demonstrate the benefits and versatility of our method, applying it toward the diverse applications of pharmaceutical crystallization, microbatch chemical reactions, and biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Z Nelson
- Biological Systems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore, Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, 138602 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Binu Kundukad
- Biological Systems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore, Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, 138602 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Kuan Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saif A Khan
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, 138602 Singapore, Singapore;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Biological Systems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore, Singapore;
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, 138602 Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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