1
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Alyamni N, Abot JL, Zestos AG. Voltammetric detection of Neuropeptide Y using a modified sawhorse waveform. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05373-y. [PMID: 38914733 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The hormone Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays critical roles in feeding, satiety, obesity, and weight control. However, its complex peptide structure has hindered the development of fast and biocompatible detection methods. Previous studies utilizing electrochemical techniques with carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have targeted the oxidation of amino acid residues like tyrosine to measure peptides. Here, we employ the modified sawhorse waveform (MSW) to enable voltammetric identification of NPY through tyrosine oxidation. Use of MSW improves NPY detection sensitivity and selectivity by reducing interference from catecholamines like dopamine, serotonin, and others compared to the traditional triangle waveform. The technique utilizes a holding potential of -0.2 V and a switching potential of 1.2 V that effectively etches and renews the CFME surface to simultaneously detect NPY and other monoamines with a sensitivity of 5.8 ± 0.94 nA/µM (n = 5). Furthermore, we observed adsorption-controlled, subsecond NPY measurements with CFMEs and MSW. The effective identification of exogenously applied NPY in biological fluids demonstrates the feasibility of this methodology for in vivo and ex vivo studies. These results highlight the potential of MSW voltammetry to enable fast, biocompatible NPY quantification to further elucidate its physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Alyamni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., 20064, USA
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C., 20016, USA
| | - Jandro L Abot
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., 20064, USA
| | - Alexander G Zestos
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C., 20016, USA.
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2
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Jang J, Cho HU, Hwang S, Kwak Y, Kwon H, Heien ML, Bennet KE, Oh Y, Shin H, Lee KH, Jang DP. Understanding the different effects of fouling mechanisms on working and reference electrodes in fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for neurotransmitter detection. Analyst 2024; 149:3008-3016. [PMID: 38606455 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02205f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is a widely used technique for detecting neurotransmitters. However, electrode fouling can negatively impact its accuracy and sensitivity. Fouling refers to the accumulation of unwanted materials on the electrode surface, which can alter its electrochemical properties and reduce its sensitivity and selectivity. Fouling mechanisms can be broad and may include biofouling, the accumulation of biomolecules on the electrode surface, and chemical fouling, the deposition of unwanted chemical species. Despite individual studies discussing fouling effects on either the working electrode or the reference electrode, no comprehensive study has been conducted to compare the overall fouling effects on both electrodes in the context of FSCV. Here, we examined the effects of biofouling and chemical fouling on the carbon fiber micro-electrode (CFME) as the working electrode and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode with FSCV. Both fouling mechanisms significantly decreased the sensitivity and caused peak voltage shifts in the FSCV signal with the CFME, but not with the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Interestingly, previous studies have reported peak voltage shifts in FSCV signals due to the fouling of Ag/AgCl electrodes after implantation in the brain. We noticed in a previous study that energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra showed increased sulfide ion concentration after implantation. We hypothesized that sulfide ions may be responsible for the peak voltage shift. To test this hypothesis, we added sulfide ions to the buffer solution, which decreased the open circuit potential of the Ag/AgCl electrode and caused a peak voltage shift in the FSCV voltammograms. Also, EDS analysis showed that sulfide ion concentration increased on the surface of the Ag/AgCl electrodes after 3 weeks of chronic implantation, necessitating consideration of sulfide ions as the fouling agent for the reference electrodes. Overall, our study provides important insights into the mechanisms of electrode fouling and its impact on FSCV measurements. These findings could inform the design of FSCV experiments, with the development of new strategies for improving the accuracy and reliability of FSCV measurements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Jang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-U Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjong Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeun Kwon
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hojin Shin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dong Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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3
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Goyal A, Yuen J, Sinicrope S, Winter B, Randall L, Rusheen AE, Blaha CD, Bennet KE, Lee KH, Shin H, Oh Y. Resolution of tonic concentrations of highly similar neurotransmitters using voltammetry and deep learning. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02537-1. [PMID: 38664492 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
With advances in our understanding regarding the neurochemical underpinnings of neurological and psychiatric diseases, there is an increased demand for advanced computational methods for neurochemical analysis. Despite having a variety of techniques for measuring tonic extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitters, including voltammetry, enzyme-based sensors, amperometry, and in vivo microdialysis, there is currently no means to resolve concentrations of structurally similar neurotransmitters from mixtures in the in vivo environment with high spatiotemporal resolution and limited tissue damage. Since a variety of research and clinical investigations involve brain regions containing electrochemically similar monoamines, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, developing a model to resolve the respective contributions of these neurotransmitters is of vital importance. Here we have developed a deep learning network, DiscrimNet, a convolutional autoencoder capable of accurately predicting individual tonic concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin from both in vitro mixtures and the in vivo environment in anesthetized rats, measured using voltammetry. The architecture of DiscrimNet is described, and its ability to accurately predict in vitro and unseen in vivo concentrations is shown to vastly outperform a variety of shallow learning algorithms previously used for neurotransmitter discrimination. DiscrimNet is shown to generalize well to data captured from electrodes unseen during model training, eliminating the need to retrain the model for each new electrode. DiscrimNet is also shown to accurately predict the expected changes in dopamine and serotonin after cocaine and oxycodone administration in anesthetized rats in vivo. DiscrimNet therefore offers an exciting new method for real-time resolution of in vivo voltammetric signals into component neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Goyal
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jason Yuen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Stephen Sinicrope
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bailey Winter
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lindsey Randall
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aaron E Rusheen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Charles D Blaha
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hojin Shin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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4
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Movassaghi CS, Alcañiz Fillol M, Kishida KT, McCarty G, Sombers LA, Wassum KM, Andrews AM. Maximizing Electrochemical Information: A Perspective on Background-Inclusive Fast Voltammetry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6097-6105. [PMID: 38597398 PMCID: PMC11044109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This perspective encompasses a focused review of the literature leading to a tipping point in electroanalytical chemistry. We tie together the threads of a "revolution" quietly in the making for years through the work of many authors. Long-held misconceptions about the use of background subtraction in fast voltammetry are addressed. We lay out future advantages that accompany background-inclusive voltammetry, particularly when paired with modern machine-learning algorithms for data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S. Movassaghi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miguel Alcañiz Fillol
- Interuniversity
Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development, Universitat Politècnica de València-Universitat
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Kenneth T. Kishida
- Department
of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest
School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Gregory McCarty
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative
Medicine Institute, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kate M. Wassum
- Department
of Psychology, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Brain Research
Institute, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Integrative
Center for Learning and Memory, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Integrative
Center for Addictive Disorders, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anne Milasincic Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Brain Research
Institute, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Hatos Center
for Neuropharmacology, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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5
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Stuber A, Cavaccini A, Manole A, Burdina A, Massoud Y, Patriarchi T, Karayannis T, Nakatsuka N. Interfacing Aptamer-Modified Nanopipettes with Neuronal Media and Ex Vivo Brain Tissue. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:92-103. [PMID: 38404490 PMCID: PMC10885324 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Aptamer-functionalized biosensors exhibit high selectivity for monitoring neurotransmitters in complex environments. We translated nanoscale aptamer-modified nanopipette sensors to detect endogenous dopamine release in vitro and ex vivo. These sensors employ quartz nanopipettes with nanoscale pores (ca. 10 nm diameter) that are functionalized with aptamers that enable the selective capture of dopamine through target-specific conformational changes. The dynamic behavior of aptamer structures upon dopamine binding leads to the rearrangement of surface charge within the nanopore, resulting in measurable changes in ionic current. To assess sensor performance in real time, we designed a fluidic platform to characterize the temporal dynamics of nanopipette sensors. We then conducted differential biosensing by deploying control sensors modified with nonspecific DNA alongside dopamine-specific sensors in biological milieu. Our results confirm the functionality of aptamer-modified nanopipettes for direct measurements in undiluted complex fluids, specifically in the culture media of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, sensor implantation and repeated measurements in acute brain slices was possible, likely owing to the protected sensing area inside nanoscale DNA-filled orifices, minimizing exposure to nonspecific interferents and preventing clogging. Further, differential recordings of endogenous dopamine released through electrical stimulation in the dorsolateral striatum demonstrate the potential of aptamer-modified nanopipettes for ex vivo recordings with unprecedented spatial resolution and reduced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Stuber
- Laboratory
of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Anna Cavaccini
- Laboratory
of Neural Circuit Assembly, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
- Neuroscience
Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Andreea Manole
- iXCells
Biotechnologies, Inc., San Diego, California 92131, United States
| | - Anna Burdina
- Laboratory
of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Yassine Massoud
- Laboratory
of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Neuroscience
Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
- Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Theofanis Karayannis
- Laboratory
of Neural Circuit Assembly, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
- Neuroscience
Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Nako Nakatsuka
- Laboratory
of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
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6
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Chen J, Ding X, Zhang D. Challenges and strategies faced in the electrochemical biosensing analysis of neurochemicals in vivo: A review. Talanta 2024; 266:124933. [PMID: 37506520 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Our brain is an intricate neuromodulatory network, and various neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, gases, ions, and energy metabolites, play important roles in regulating normal brain function. Abnormal release or imbalance of these substances will lead to various diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, therefore, in situ and real-time analysis of neurochemical interactions in pathophysiological conditions is beneficial to facilitate our understanding of brain function. Implantable electrochemical biosensors are capable of monitoring neurochemical signals in real time in extracellular fluid of specific brain regions because they can provide excellent temporal and spatial resolution. However, in vivo electrochemical biosensing analysis mainly faces the following challenges: First, foreign body reactions induced by microelectrode implantation, non-specific adsorption of proteins and redox products, and aggregation of glial cells, which will cause irreversible degradation of performance such as stability and sensitivity of the microsensor and eventually lead to signal loss; Second, various neurochemicals coexist in the complex brain environment, and electroactive substances with similar formal potentials interfere with each other. Therefore, it is a great challenge to design recognition molecules and tailor functional surfaces to develop in vivo electrochemical biosensors with high selectivity. Here, we take the above challenges as a starting point and detail the basic design principles for improving in vivo stability, selectivity and sensitivity of microsensors through some specific functionalized surface strategies as case studies. At the same time, we summarize surface modification strategies for in vivo electrochemical biosensing analysis of some important neurochemicals for researchers' reference. In addition, we also focus on the electrochemical detection of low basal concentrations of neurochemicals in vivo via amperometric waveform techniques, as well as the stability and biocompatibility of reference electrodes during long-term sensing, and provide an outlook on the future direction of in vivo electrochemical neurosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiuting Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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7
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Li L, Jiang C, Li L. A Comparative Study on the Effect of Substrate Structure on Electrochemical Performance and Stability of Electrodeposited Platinum and Iridium Oxide Coatings for Neural Electrodes. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:70. [PMID: 38258189 PMCID: PMC10821385 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Implantable electrodes are crucial for stimulation safety and recording quality of neuronal activity. To enhance their electrochemical performance, electrodeposited nanostructured platinum (nanoPt) and iridium oxide (IrOx) have been proposed due to their advantages of in situ deposition and ease of processing. However, their unstable adhesion has been a challenge in practical applications. This study investigated the electrochemical performance and stability of nanoPt and IrOx coatings on hierarchical platinum-iridium (Pt-Ir) substrates prepared by femtosecond laser, compared with the coatings on smooth Pt-Ir substrates. Ultrasonic testing, agarose gel testing, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) testing were used to evaluate the coatings' stability. Results showed that the hierarchical Pt-Ir substrate significantly enhanced the charge-storage capacity of electrodes with both coatings to more than 330 mC/cm2, which was over 75 times that of the smooth Pt-Ir electrode. The hierarchical substrate could also reduce the cracking of nanoPt coatings after ultrasonic, agarose gel and CV testing. Although some shedding was observed in the IrOx coating on the hierarchical substrate after one hour of sonication, it showed good stability in the agarose gel and CV tests. Stable nanoPt and IrOx coatings may not only improve the electrochemical performance but also benefit the function of neurobiochemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linze Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Changqing Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Neuromodulation, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Luming Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Neuromodulation, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Mughrabi IT, Gerber M, Jayaprakash N, Palandira SP, Al-Abed Y, Datta-Chaudhuri T, Smith C, Pavlov VA, Zanos S. Voltammetry in the spleen assesses real-time immunomodulatory norepinephrine release elicited by autonomic neurostimulation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:236. [PMID: 37848937 PMCID: PMC10583388 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The noradrenergic innervation of the spleen is implicated in the autonomic control of inflammation and has been the target of neurostimulation therapies for inflammatory diseases. However, there is no real-time marker of its successful activation, which hinders the development of anti-inflammatory neurostimulation therapies and mechanistic studies in anti-inflammatory neural circuits. METHODS In mice, we performed fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in the spleen during intravenous injections of norepinephrine (NE), and during stimulation of the vagus, splanchnic, or splenic nerves. We defined the stimulus-elicited charge generated at the oxidation potential for NE (~ 0.88 V) as the "NE voltammetry signal" and quantified the dependence of the signal on NE dose and intensity of neurostimulation. We correlated the NE voltammetry signal with the anti-inflammatory effect of splenic nerve stimulation (SpNS) in a model of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS) induced endotoxemia, quantified as suppression of TNF release. RESULTS The NE voltammetry signal is proportional to the estimated peak NE blood concentration, with 0.1 μg/mL detection threshold. In response to SpNS, the signal increases within seconds, returns to baseline minutes later, and is blocked by interventions that deplete NE or inhibit NE release. The signal is elicited by efferent, but not afferent, electrical or optogenetic vagus nerve stimulation, and by splanchnic nerve stimulation. The magnitude of the signal during SpNS is inversely correlated with subsequent TNF suppression in endotoxemia and explains 40% of the variance in TNF measurements. CONCLUSIONS FSCV in the spleen provides a marker for real-time monitoring of anti-inflammatory activation of the splenic innervation during autonomic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim T Mughrabi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Michael Gerber
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Naveen Jayaprakash
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Santhoshi P Palandira
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Timir Datta-Chaudhuri
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Corey Smith
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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9
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Stuber A, Douaki A, Hengsteler J, Buckingham D, Momotenko D, Garoli D, Nakatsuka N. Aptamer Conformational Dynamics Modulate Neurotransmitter Sensing in Nanopores. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19168-19179. [PMID: 37721359 PMCID: PMC10569099 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers that undergo conformational changes upon small-molecule recognition have been shown to gate the ionic flux through nanopores by rearranging the charge density within the aptamer-occluded orifice. However, mechanistic insight into such systems where biomolecular interactions are confined in nanoscale spaces is limited. To understand the fundamental mechanisms that facilitate the detection of small-molecule analytes inside structure-switching aptamer-modified nanopores, we correlated experimental observations to theoretical models. We developed a dopamine aptamer-functionalized nanopore sensor with femtomolar detection limits and compared the sensing behavior with that of a serotonin sensor fabricated with the same methodology. When these two neurotransmitters with comparable mass and equal charge were detected, the sensors showed an opposite electronic behavior. This distinctive phenomenon was extensively studied using complementary experimental techniques such as quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, in combination with theoretical assessment by the finite element method and molecular dynamic simulations. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that the sensing behavior of aptamer-modified nanopores in detecting specific small-molecule analytes correlates with the structure-switching mechanisms of individual aptamers. We believe that such investigations not only improve our understanding of the complex interactions occurring in confined nanoscale environments but will also drive further innovations in biomimetic nanopore technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Stuber
- Laboratory
of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Ali Douaki
- Instituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Julian Hengsteler
- Laboratory
of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Denis Buckingham
- Laboratory
of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University
of Oldenburg, Oldenburg D-26129, Germany
| | - Denis Garoli
- Instituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Nako Nakatsuka
- Laboratory
of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
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10
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Gupta B, Perillo ML, Siegenthaler JR, Christensen IE, Welch MP, Rechenberg R, Banna GMHU, Galstyan D, Becker MF, Li W, Purcell EK. In Vitro Biofouling Performance of Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes for Serotonin Detection Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:576. [PMID: 37366941 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter release is important to study in order to better understand neurological diseases and treatment approaches. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter known to play key roles in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has enabled the detection of neurochemicals, including serotonin, on a sub-second timescale via the well-established carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME). However, poor chronic stability and biofouling, i.e., the adsorption of interferent proteins to the electrode surface upon implantation, pose challenges in the natural physiological environment. We have recently developed a uniquely designed, freestanding, all-diamond boron-doped diamond microelectrode (BDDME) for electrochemical measurements. Key potential advantages of the device include customizable electrode site layouts, a wider working potential window, improved stability, and resistance to biofouling. Here, we present a first report on the electrochemical behavior of the BDDME in comparison with CFME by investigating in vitro serotonin (5-HT) responses with varying FSCV waveform parameters and biofouling conditions. While the CFME delivered lower limits of detection, we also found that BDDMEs showed more sustained 5-HT responses to increasing or changing FSCV waveform-switching potential and frequency, as well as to higher analyte concentrations. Biofouling-induced current reductions were significantly less pronounced at the BDDME when using a "Jackson" waveform compared to CFMEs. These findings are important steps towards the development and optimization of the BDDME as a chronically implanted biosensor for in vivo neurotransmitter detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Gupta
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mason L Perillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James R Siegenthaler
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, Coatings and Diamond Technologies Division, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Isabelle E Christensen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Matthew P Welch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert Rechenberg
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, Coatings and Diamond Technologies Division, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - G M Hasan Ul Banna
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Davit Galstyan
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, Coatings and Diamond Technologies Division, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Michael F Becker
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, Coatings and Diamond Technologies Division, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, Coatings and Diamond Technologies Division, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Erin K Purcell
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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11
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Harris AR, Grayden DB, John SE. Electrochemistry in a Two- or Three-Electrode Configuration to Understand Monopolar or Bipolar Configurations of Platinum Bionic Implants. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:722. [PMID: 37420955 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrodes are used in vivo for chemical sensing, electrophysiological recording, and stimulation of tissue. The electrode configuration used in vivo is often optimised for a specific anatomy and biological or clinical outcomes, not electrochemical performance. Electrode materials and geometries are constrained by biostability and biocompatibility issues and may be required to function clinically for decades. We performed benchtop electrochemistry, with changes in reference electrode, smaller counter-electrode sizes, and three- or two-electrode configurations. We detail the effects different electrode configurations have on typical electroanalytical techniques used on implanted electrodes. Changes in reference electrode required correction by application of an offset potential. In a two-electrode configuration with similar working and reference/counter-electrode sizes, the electrochemical response was dictated by the rate-limiting charge transfer step at either electrode. This could invalidate calibration curves, standard analytical methods, and equations, and prevent use of commercial simulation software. We provide methods for determining if an electrode configuration is affecting the in vivo electrochemical response. We recommend sufficient details be provided in experimental sections on electronics, electrode configuration, and their calibration to justify results and discussion. In conclusion, the experimental limitations of performing in vivo electrochemistry may dictate what types of measurements and analyses are possible, such as obtaining relative rather than absolute measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Harris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - David B Grayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- Graeme Clark Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Sam E John
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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12
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Yin Y, Zeng H, Zhang S, Gao N, Liu R, Cheng S, Zhang M. Hydrogel-Coated Microelectrode Resists Protein Passivation of In Vivo Amperometric Sensors. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3390-3397. [PMID: 36725686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Passivation of electrodes caused by nonspecific adsorption of protein can dramatically reduce sensing sensitivity and accuracy, which is a great challenge for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. However, most antipassivation strategies are not suitable to carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) for in vivo measurement, and these methods also do not work on electrochemical biosensors that fix biometric elements. In this study, we demonstrate that chitosan hydrogel-coated microelectrodes can avoid the current passivation caused by protein adsorption on the surface of carbon fiber because the chitosan hydrogel prepared by local pH gradient caused by hydrogen evolution reaction has three-dimensional networks containing large amounts of water. The highly hydrophilic three-dimensional structure of hydrogel not only forms a biocompatible interface to confine enzymes but also keeps the fast mass transfer of analytes, such as dopamine, ascorbic acid, and glucose. The consistency of the precalibration and postcalibration of the prepared sensor enables in vivo amperometric detection of both electroactive species based on their redox property and electroinactive species based on the enzyme. This study provides a simple and versatile strategy to constitute an amperometric sensor interface to resist passivation of protein adsorption in a complex biological environment such as the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyue Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rantong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuwen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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13
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Vaneev AN, Timoshenko RV, Gorelkin PV, Klyachko NL, Korchev YE, Erofeev AS. Nano- and Microsensors for In Vivo Real-Time Electrochemical Analysis: Present and Future Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12213736. [PMID: 36364512 PMCID: PMC9656311 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical nano- and microsensors have been a useful tool for measuring different analytes because of their small size, sensitivity, and favorable electrochemical properties. Using such sensors, it is possible to study physiological mechanisms at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels and determine the state of health and diseases. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the application of electrochemical sensors for measuring neurotransmitters, oxygen, ascorbate, drugs, pH values, and other analytes in vivo. The evolution of electrochemical sensors is discussed, with a particular focus on the development of significant fabrication schemes. Finally, we highlight the extensive applications of electrochemical sensors in medicine and biological science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Vaneev
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman V. Timoshenko
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr V. Gorelkin
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L. Klyachko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri E. Korchev
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander S. Erofeev
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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14
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Vatsyayan R, Dayeh SA. A universal model of electrochemical safety limits in vivo for electrophysiological stimulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:972252. [PMID: 36277998 PMCID: PMC9582612 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.972252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological stimulation has been widely adopted for clinical diagnostic and therapeutic treatments for modulation of neuronal activity. Safety is a primary concern in an interventional design leveraging the effects of electrical charge injection into tissue in the proximity of target neurons. While modalities of tissue damage during stimulation have been extensively investigated for specific electrode geometries and stimulation paradigms, a comprehensive model that can predict the electrochemical safety limits in vivo doesn’t yet exist. Here we develop a model that accounts for the electrode geometry, inter-electrode separation, material, and stimulation paradigm in predicting safe current injection limits. We performed a parametric investigation of the stimulation limits in both benchtop and in vivo setups for flexible microelectrode arrays with low impedance, high geometric surface area platinum nanorods and PEDOT:PSS, and higher impedance, planar platinum contacts. We benchmark our findings against standard clinical electrocorticography and depth electrodes. Using four, three and two contact electrochemical impedance measurements and comprehensive circuit models derived from these measurements, we developed a more accurate, clinically relevant and predictive model for the electrochemical interface potential. For each electrode configuration, we experimentally determined the geometric correction factors that dictate geometry-enforced current spreading effects. We also determined the electrolysis window from cyclic-voltammetry measurements which allowed us to calculate stimulation current safety limits from voltage transient measurements. From parametric benchtop electrochemical measurements and analyses for different electrode types, we created a predictive equation for the cathodal excitation measured at the electrode interface as a function of the electrode dimensions, geometric factor, material and stimulation paradigm. We validated the accuracy of our equation in vivo and compared the experimentally determined safety limits to clinically used stimulation protocols. Our new model overcomes the design limitations of Shannon’s equation and applies to macro- and micro-electrodes at different density or separation of contacts, captures the breakdown of charge-density based approaches at long stimulation pulse widths, and invokes appropriate power exponents to current, pulse width, and material/electrode-dependent impedance.
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15
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Robbins EM, Castagnola E, Cui XT. Accurate and stable chronic in vivo voltammetry enabled by a replaceable subcutaneous reference electrode. iScience 2022; 25:104845. [PMID: 35996579 PMCID: PMC9391596 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo sensing of neurotransmitters has provided valuable insight into both healthy and diseased brain. However, chronically implanted Ag/AgCl reference electrodes suffer from degradationgradation, resulting in errors in the potential at the working electrode. Here, we report a simple, effective way to protect in vivo sensing measurements from reference polarization with a replaceable subcutaneously implanted reference. We compared a brain-implanted reference and a subcutaneous reference and observed no difference in impedance or dopamine redox peak separation in an acute preparation. Chronically, peak background potential and dopamine oxidation potential shifts were eliminated for three weeks. Scanning electron microscopy shows changes in surface morphology and composition of chronically implanted Ag/AgCl electrodes, and postmortem histology reveals extensive cell death and gliosis in the surrounding tissue. As accurate reference potentials are critical to in vivo electrochemistry applications, this simple technique can improve a wide and diverse assortment of in vivo preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Marie Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 5057 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 5057 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 5057 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Corresponding author
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16
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Castagnola E, Robbins EM, Wu B, Pwint MY, Garg R, Cohen-Karni T, Cui XT. Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for In Vivo Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:540. [PMID: 35884343 PMCID: PMC9312827 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in the modulation of various physiological brain functions, including learning, motivation, reward, and movement control. The DA dynamic occurs over multiple timescales, including fast phasic release, as a result of neuronal firing and slow tonic release, which regulates the phasic firing. Real-time measurements of tonic and phasic DA concentrations in the living brain can shed light on the mechanism of DA dynamics underlying behavioral and psychiatric disorders and on the action of pharmacological treatments targeting DA. Current state-of-the-art in vivo DA detection technologies are limited in either spatial or temporal resolution, channel count, longitudinal stability, and ability to measure both phasic and tonic dynamics. We present here an implantable glassy carbon (GC) multielectrode array on a SU-8 flexible substrate for integrated multichannel phasic and tonic measurements of DA concentrations. The GC MEA demonstrated in vivo multichannel fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) detection of electrically stimulated phasic DA release simultaneously at different locations of the mouse dorsal striatum. Tonic DA measurement was enabled by coating GC electrodes with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) and using optimized square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Implanted PEDOT/CNT-coated MEAs achieved stable detection of tonic DA concentrations for up to 3 weeks in the mouse dorsal striatum. This is the first demonstration of implantable flexible MEA capable of multisite electrochemical sensing of both tonic and phasic DA dynamics in vivo with chronic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.C.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.); (M.Y.P.)
| | - Elaine M. Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.C.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.); (M.Y.P.)
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.C.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.); (M.Y.P.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - May Yoon Pwint
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.C.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.); (M.Y.P.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Raghav Garg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (R.G.); (T.C.-K.)
| | - Tzahi Cohen-Karni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (R.G.); (T.C.-K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.C.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.); (M.Y.P.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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17
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Tjahjono N, Jin Y, Hsu A, Roukes M, Tian L. Letting the little light of mind shine: Advances and future directions in neurochemical detection. Neurosci Res 2022; 179:65-78. [PMID: 34861294 PMCID: PMC9508992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic transmission via neurochemical release is the fundamental process that integrates and relays encoded information in the brain to regulate physiological function, cognition, and emotion. To unravel the biochemical, biophysical, and computational mechanisms of signal processing, one needs to precisely measure the neurochemical release dynamics with molecular and cell-type specificity and high resolution. Here we reviewed the development of analytical, electrochemical, and fluorescence imaging approaches to detect neurotransmitter and neuromodulator release. We discussed the advantages and practicality in implementation of each technology for ease-of-use, flexibility for multimodal studies, and challenges for future optimization. We hope this review will provide a versatile guide for tool engineering and applications for recording neurochemical release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Tjahjono
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yihan Jin
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Alice Hsu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Michael Roukes
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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18
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Saha R, Wu K, Bloom RP, Liang S, Tonini D, Wang JP. A review on magnetic and spintronic neurostimulation: challenges and prospects. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:182004. [PMID: 35013010 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac49be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of neurodegenerative, sensory and cardiovascular diseases, electrical probes and arrays have shown quite a promising success rate. However, despite the outstanding clinical outcomes, their operation is significantly hindered by non-selective control of electric fields. A promising alternative is micromagnetic stimulation (μMS) due to the high permeability of magnetic field through biological tissues. The induced electric field from the time-varying magnetic field generated by magnetic neurostimulators is used to remotely stimulate neighboring neurons. Due to the spatial asymmetry of the induced electric field, high spatial selectivity of neurostimulation has been realized. Herein, some popular choices of magnetic neurostimulators such as microcoils (μcoils) and spintronic nanodevices are reviewed. The neurostimulator features such as power consumption and resolution (aiming at cellular level) are discussed. In addition, the chronic stability and biocompatibility of these implantable neurostimulator are commented in favor of further translation to clinical settings. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), as another invaluable neurostimulation material, has emerged in recent years. Thus, in this review we have also included MNPs as a remote neurostimulation solution that overcomes physical limitations of invasive implants. Overall, this review provides peers with the recent development of ultra-low power, cellular-level, spatially selective magnetic neurostimulators of dimensions within micro- to nano-range for treating chronic neurological disorders. At the end of this review, some potential applications of next generation neuro-devices have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Robert P Bloom
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Denis Tonini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
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19
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Saha R, Faramarzi S, Bloom R, Benally OJ, Wu K, di Girolamo A, Tonini D, Keirstead SA, Low WC, Netoff T, Wang JP. Strength-frequency curve for micromagnetic neurostimulation through excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) on rat hippocampal neurons and numerical modeling of magnetic microcoil (μcoil). J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35030549 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac4baf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to measure the effect of micromagnetic stimulation (μMS) on hippocampal neurons, by using single microcoil (μcoil) prototype, Magnetic Pen (MagPen). MagPen will be used to stimulate the CA3 magnetically and excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) measurements will be made from the CA1. The threshold for μMS as a function of stimulation frequency of the current driving the µcoil will be demonstrated. Finally, the optimal stimulation frequency of the current driving the μcoil to minimize power will be estimated. APPROACH A biocompatible prototype, MagPen was built, and customized such that it is easy to adjust the orientation of the μcoil over the hippocampal tissue in an in vitro setting. Finite element modeling (FEM) of the μcoil was performed to estimate the spatial profiles of the magnetic flux density (in T) and the induced electric fields (in V/m). The induced electric field profiles generated at different values of current applied to the µcoil whether can elicit a neuron response was validated by numerical modeling. The modeling settings were replicated in experiments on rat hippocampal neurons. MAIN RESULTS The preferred orientation of MagPen over the Schaffer Collateral fibers was demonstrated such that they elicit a neuron response. The recorded EPSPs from CA1 due to μMS at CA3 were validated by applying tetrodotoxin (TTX). Finally, it was interpreted through numerical analysis that increasing frequency of the current driving the μcoil, led to a decrease in the current amplitude threshold for μMS. SIGNIFICANCE This work reports that μMS can be used to evoke population EPSPs in the CA1 of hippocampus. It demonstrates the strength-frequency curve for µMS and its unique features related to orientation dependence of the µcoils, spatial selectivity and distance dependence. Finally, the challenges related to µMS experiments were studied including ways to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Saha
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 200 Union Street SE, Kenneth Keller Hall, Rm 6-147D, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
| | - Sadegh Faramarzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Nils Hasselmo Hall,, 312 Church St SE,, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
| | - Robert Bloom
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
| | - Onri J Benally
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 200 Union Street SE,, Kenneth Keller Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
| | - Kai Wu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 200 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
| | - Arturo di Girolamo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 200 Union Street SE, Kenneth Keller Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
| | - Denis Tonini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 200 Union Street SE,, Kenneth Keller Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
| | - Susan A Keirstead
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Stem Cell Institute, LRB/MTRF 2873B (Campus Delivery Code), 2001 6th St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, LRB/MTRF 2873J (Campus Delivery Code), 2001 6th St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
| | - Theoden Netoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 312 Church Street SE, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 200 Union Street SE, Kenneth Keller Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, UNITED STATES
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20
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Yi J, Lee S, Lee JY. Biomimetic polypyrrole/hyaluronic acid electrodes integrated with hyaluronidase inhibitors offer persistent electroactivity and resistance to cell binding. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1591-1600. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conductive polymers, including polypyrrole (PPy), have garnered much attention as bioelectrodes because of their high conductivity, low interfacial resistance, environmental stability, and biocompatibility. In particular, the introduction of high-molecular weight...
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21
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Lucio Boschen S, Trevathan J, Hara SA, Asp A, Lujan JL. Defining a Path Toward the Use of Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry in Human Studies. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:728092. [PMID: 34867151 PMCID: PMC8633532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.728092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV) has been used for decades as a neurochemical tool for in vivo detection of phasic changes in electroactive neurotransmitters in animal models. Recently, multiple research groups have initiated human neurochemical studies using FSCV or demonstrated interest in bringing FSCV into clinical use. However, there remain technical challenges that limit clinical implementation of FSCV by creating barriers to appropriate scientific rigor and patient safety. In order to progress with clinical FSCV, these limitations must be first addressed through (1) appropriate pre-clinical studies to ensure accurate measurement of neurotransmitters and (2) the application of a risk management framework to assess patient safety. The intent of this work is to bring awareness of the current issues associated with FSCV to the scientific, engineering, and clinical communities and encourage them to seek solutions or alternatives that ensure data accuracy, rigor and reproducibility, and patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Lucio Boschen
- Applied Computational Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - James Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Seth A Hara
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Anders Asp
- Applied Computational Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - J Luis Lujan
- Applied Computational Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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22
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Thakur N, Gupta D, Mandal D, Nagaiah TC. Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for dopamine and cholesterol: recent advances, challenges and strategies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13084-13113. [PMID: 34811563 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and accurate determination of the dopamine (neurotransmitter) and cholesterol level in bio-fluids is significant because they are crucial bioanalytes for several lethal diseases, which require early diagnosis. The level of DA in the brain is modulated by the dopamine active transporter (DAT), and is influenced by cholesterol levels in the lipid membrane environment. Accordingly, electrochemical biosensors offer rapid and accurate detection and exhibit unique features such as low detection limits even with reduced volumes of analyte, affordability, simple handling, portability and versatility, making them appropriate to deal with augmented challenges in current clinical and point-of-care diagnostics for the determination of dopamine (DA) and cholesterol. This feature article focuses on the development of ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for the detection of cholesterol and DA for real-time and onsite applications that can detect targeted analytes with reduced volumes and sub-picomolar concentrations with quick response times. Furthermore, the development of ultrasensitive biosensors via cost-effective, simple fabrication procedures, displaying high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability and good stability is significant in the impending era of electrochemical biosensing. Herein, we emphasize on recent advanced nanomaterials used for the ultrasensitive detection of DA and cholesterol and discuss in depth their electrochemical activities towards ultrasensitive responses. Key points describing future perspectives and the challenges during detection with their probable solutions are discussed, and the current market is also surveyed. Further, a comprehensive review of the literature indicates that there is room for improvement in the miniaturization of cholesterol and dopamine biosensors for lab-on-chip devices and overcoming the current technical limitations to facilitate full utilization by patients at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Divyani Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Tharamani C Nagaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
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23
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Walton LR, Verber M, Lee SH, Chao THH, Wightman RM, Shih YYI. Simultaneous fMRI and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry bridges evoked oxygen and neurotransmitter dynamics across spatiotemporal scales. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118634. [PMID: 34624504 PMCID: PMC8667333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular contributions of neurotransmitters to the hemodynamic response are gaining more attention in neuroimaging studies, as many neurotransmitters are vasomodulatory. To date, well-established electrochemical techniques that detect neurotransmission in high magnetic field environments are limited. Here, we propose an experimental setting enabling simultaneous fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic imaging (BOLD fMRI) to measure both local tissue oxygen and dopamine responses, and global BOLD changes, respectively. By using MR-compatible materials and the proposed data acquisition schemes, FSCV detected physiological analyte concentrations with high temporal resolution and spatial specificity inside of a 9.4 T MRI bore. We found that tissue oxygen and BOLD correlate strongly, and brain regions that encode dopamine amplitude differences can be identified via modeling simultaneously acquired dopamine FSCV and BOLD fMRI time-courses. This technique provides complementary neurochemical and hemodynamic information and expands the scope of studying the influence of local neurotransmitter release over the entire brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Walton
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
| | - Matthew Verber
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Tzu-Hao Harry Chao
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - R Mark Wightman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
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24
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Seaton BT, Heien ML. Biocompatible reference electrodes to enhance chronic electrochemical signal fidelity in vivo. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6689-6701. [PMID: 34595560 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo electrochemistry is a vital tool of neuroscience that allows for the detection, identification, and quantification of neurotransmitters, their metabolites, and other important analytes. One important goal of in vivo electrochemistry is a better understanding of progressive neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease). A complete understanding of such disorders can only be achieved through a combination of acute (i.e., minutes to hours) and chronic (i.e., days or longer) experimentation. Chronic studies are more challenging because they require prolonged implantation of electrodes, which elicits an immune response, leading to glial encapsulation of the electrodes and altered electrode performance (i.e., biofouling). Biofouling leads to increased electrode impedance and reference electrode polarization, both of which diminish the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo electrochemical measurements. The increased impedance factor has been successfully mitigated previously with the use of a counter electrode, but the challenge of reference electrode polarization remains. The commonly used Ag/AgCl reference electrode lacks the long-term potential stability in vivo required for chronic measurements. In addition, the cytotoxicity of Ag/AgCl adversely affects animal experimentation and prohibits implantation in humans, hindering translational research progress. Thus, a move toward biocompatible reference electrodes with superior chronic potential stability is necessary. Two qualifying materials, iridium oxide and boron-doped diamond, are introduced and discussed in terms of their electrochemical properties, biocompatibilities, fabrication methods, and applications. In vivo electrochemistry continues to advance toward more chronic experimentation in both animal models and humans, necessitating the utilization of biocompatible reference electrodes that should provide superior potential stability and allow for unprecedented chronic signal fidelity when used with a counter electrode for impedance mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake T Seaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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25
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Holmes J, Witt CE, Keen D, Buchanan AM, Batey L, Hersey M, Hashemi P. Glutamate Electropolymerization on Carbon Increases Analytical Sensitivity to Dopamine and Serotonin: An Auspicious In Vivo Phenomenon in Mice? Anal Chem 2021; 93:10762-10771. [PMID: 34328714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon is the material of choice for electroanalysis of biological systems, being particularly applicable to neurotransmitter analysis as carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMs). CFMs are most often applied to dopamine detection; however, the scope of CFM analysis has rapidly expanded over the last decade with our laboratory's focus being on improving serotonin detection at CFMs, which we achieved in the past via Nafion modification. We began this present work by seeking to optimize this modification to gain increased analytical sensitivity toward serotonin under the assumption that exposure of bare carbon to the in vivo environment rapidly deteriorates analytical performance. However, we were unable to experimentally verify this assumption and found that electrodes that had been exposed to the in vivo environment were more sensitive to evoked and ambient dopamine. We hypothesized that high in vivo concentrations of ambient extracellular glutamate could polymerize with a negative charge onto CFMs and facilitate response to dopamine. We verified this polymerization electrochemically and characterized the mechanisms of deposition with micro- and nano-imaging. Importantly, we identified that the application of 1.3 V as a positive upper waveform limit is a crucial factor for facilitating glutamate polymerization, thus improving analytical performance. Critically, information gained from these dopamine studies were extended to an in vivo environment where a 2-fold increase in sensitivity to evoked serotonin was achieved. Thus, we present here the novel finding that innate aspects of the in vivo environment are auspicious for detection of dopamine and serotonin at carbon fibers, offering a solution to our goal of an improved fast-scan cyclic voltammetry serotonin detection paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Holmes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States
| | - Colby E Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States
| | - Deanna Keen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States
| | - Anna Marie Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina SOM, Columbia, South Carolina, 29209 United States
| | - Lauren Batey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Melinda Hersey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina SOM, Columbia, South Carolina, 29209 United States
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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26
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Nakatsuka N, Heard KJ, Faillétaz A, Momotenko D, Vörös J, Gage FH, Vadodaria KC. Sensing serotonin secreted from human serotonergic neurons using aptamer-modified nanopipettes. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2753-2763. [PMID: 33767349 PMCID: PMC9997689 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The serotonergic system in the human brain modulates several physiological processes, and altered serotonergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the neuropathology of several psychiatric disorders. The study of serotonergic neurotransmission in psychiatry has long been restricted to animal models, but advances in cell reprogramming technology have enabled the generation of serotonergic neurons from patient-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While iPSC-derived human serotonergic neurons offer the possibility to study serotonin (5-HT) release and uptake, particularly by 5-HT-modulating drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a major limitation is the inability to reliably quantify 5-HT secreted from neurons in vitro. Herein, we address this technical gap via a novel sensing technology that couples 5-HT-specific DNA aptamers into nanopores (glass nanopipettes) with orifices of ~10 nm to detect 5-HT in complex neuronal culture medium with higher selectivity, sensitivity, and stability than existing methods. The 5-HT aptamers undergo conformational rearrangement upon target capture and serve as gatekeepers of ionic flux through the nanopipette opening. We generated human serotonergic neurons in vitro and detected secreted 5-HT using aptamer-coated nanopipettes in a low nanomolar range, with the possibility of detecting significantly lower (picomolar) concentrations. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, we treated human serotonergic neurons in vitro with the SSRI citalopram and detected a significant increase in extracellular 5-HT using the aptamer-modified nanopipettes. We demonstrate the utility of such methods for 5-HT detection, raising the possibility of fast quantification of neurotransmitters secreted from patient-derived live neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nako Nakatsuka
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kelly J Heard
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alix Faillétaz
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Krishna C Vadodaria
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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27
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Vatsyayan R, Cleary D, Martin JR, Halgren E, Dayeh SA. Electrochemical safety limits for clinical stimulation investigated using depth and strip electrodes in the pig brain. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34015769 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac038b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Diagnostic and therapeutic electrical stimulation are increasingly utilized with the rise of neuromodulation devices. However, systematic investigations that depict the practical clinical stimulation paradigms (bipolar, two-electrode configuration) to determine the safety limits are currently lacking. Further, safe charge densities that were classically determined from conical sharp electrodes are generalized for cylindrical (depth) and flat (surface grid) electrodes completely ignoring geometric factors that govern current spreading and trajectories in tissue.Approach. This work reports the first investigations comparing stimulation limits for clinically used electrodes in two mediums: in benchtop experiments in saline andin vivoin a single acute experiment in the pig brain. We experimentally determine the geometric factors, the water electrolysis windows, and the current safety limits from voltage transients, for the sEEG, depth and surface strip electrodes in both mediums. Using four-electrode and three-electrode configuration measurements and comprehensive circuit models that accurately depict our measurements, we delineate the various elements of the stimulation medium, including the tissue-electrode interface impedance spectra, the medium impedance and the bias-dependent change in the interface impedance as a function of stimulation parameters.Main results. The results of our systematics studies suggest that safe currents in clinical bipolar stimulation determinedin vivocan be as much as 24 times smaller than those determined from benchtop experiments (for depth electrodes at a 1 ms pulse duration). Our detailed circuit modeling attributes this drastic difference in safe limits to the greatly dissimilar electrode/tissue and electrode/saline impedances.Significance. We established the electrochemical safety limits for commonly used clinical electrodesin vivoand revealed by detailied electrochemical modeling how they differ from benchtop evaluation. We argue that electrochemical limits and currents are unique for each electrode, should be measuredin vivoaccording to the protocols established in this work, and should be accounted for while setting the stimulation parameters for clinical applications including for chronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Vatsyayan
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Daniel Cleary
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States of America.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92097, United States of America
| | - Joel R Martin
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States of America.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92097, United States of America
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92097, United States of America
| | - Shadi A Dayeh
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States of America
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28
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Dunham KE, Venton BJ. Improving serotonin fast-scan cyclic voltammetry detection: new waveforms to reduce electrode fouling. Analyst 2021; 145:7437-7446. [PMID: 32955048 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a neuromodulator implicated in depression that is often measured in real-time by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). A specialized "Jackson" waveform (JW, 0.2, 1.0 V, -0.1 V, 0.2 V, 1000 V s-1) was developed to reduce serotonin fouling, but the 1.0 V switching potential limits sensitivity and electrodes still foul. The goal of this study was to test the effects of extending the FSCV switching potential to increase serotonin sensitivity and decrease fouling. We compared the Jackson waveform, the dopamine waveform (DA, -0.4 V, 1.3 V, 400 V s-1), and two new waveforms: the extended serotonin waveform (ESW, 0.2, 1.3, -0.1, 0.2, 1000 V s-1) and extended hold serotonin waveform (EHSW, 0.2, 1.3 (hold 1 ms), -0.1, 0.2, 400 V s-1). The EHSW was the most sensitive (LOD = 0.6 nM), and the JW the least sensitive (LOD = 2.4 nM). With the Jackson waveform, electrode fouling was significant with repeated injections of serotonin or exposure to its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Using the extended waveforms, electrodes fouled 50% less than with the Jackson waveform for both analytes. No electrode fouling was observed with the dopamine waveform because of the negative holding potential. The Jackson waveform was the most selective for serotonin over dopamine (800×), and the ESW was also highly selective. All waveforms were useful for measuring serotonin with optogenetic stimulation in Drosophila larvae. These results provide new FSCV waveforms to measure dynamic serotonin changes with different experimental requirements, like high sensitivity (EHSW), high selectivity (ESW, JW), or eliminating electrode fouling (DA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Dunham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA.
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29
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Purcell EK, Becker MF, Guo Y, Hara SA, Ludwig KA, McKinney CJ, Monroe EM, Rechenberg R, Rusinek CA, Saxena A, Siegenthaler JR, Sortwell CE, Thompson CH, Trevathan JK, Witt S, Li W. Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:128. [PMID: 33530395 PMCID: PMC7911340 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) also have limitations in their fabrication, flexibility, and chronic stability. Diamond is a form of carbon with a more rigid bonding structure (sp3-hybridized) which can become conductive when boron-doped. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is characterized by an extremely wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Additionally, methods for processing and patterning diamond allow for high-throughput batch fabrication and customization of electrode arrays with unique architectures. While tradeoffs in sensitivity can undermine the advantages of BDD as a neurochemical sensor, there are numerous untapped opportunities to further improve performance, including anodic pretreatment, or optimization of the FSCV waveform, instrumentation, sp2/sp3 character, doping, surface characteristics, and signal processing. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in diamond electrodes for neurochemical sensing and discuss potential opportunities for future advancements of the technology. We highlight our team's progress with the development of an all-diamond fiber ultramicroelectrode as a novel approach to advance the performance and applications of diamond-based neurochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Purcell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Michael F. Becker
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Seth A. Hara
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Kip A. Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.A.L.); (J.K.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Collin J. McKinney
- Department of Chemistry, Electronics Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA;
| | - Elizabeth M. Monroe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (E.M.M.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Robert Rechenberg
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Cory A. Rusinek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (E.M.M.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Akash Saxena
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James R. Siegenthaler
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Caryl E. Sortwell
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Cort H. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James K. Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.A.L.); (J.K.T.)
- Grainger Institute for Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Suzanne Witt
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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30
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López L, Hernández N, Reyes Morales J, Cruz J, Flores K, González-Amoretti J, Rivera V, Cunci L. Measurement of Neuropeptide Y Using Aptamer-Modified Microelectrodes by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:973-980. [PMID: 33297678 PMCID: PMC7856015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aptamer-modified microelectrodes for Neuropeptide Y measurement by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was described here. The advantages of using carbon fiber or platinum microelectrodes are because they are promising materials with high electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and high surface area that can be easily modified on their surface. The immobilization and biofouling were studied and compared using EIS. Moreover, the adsorption of NPY to the aptamer-modified microelectrodes was also demonstrated by EIS. Changes of -ω*Zimag, an impedance factor that gives information of the capacitance, is directly correlated with concentrations. A widely linear range was obtained from 10 to 1000 ng/mL of NPY. This method was able to detect NPY without performing a redox reaction by adsorption at the surface of the microelectrodes, with the specificity provided by aptamer functionalization of the microelectrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis López
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Nerika Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Joshua Reyes Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - John Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Krystal Flores
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - John González-Amoretti
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Vitmary Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
| | - Lisandro Cunci
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Carr. 189, Km 3.3, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778, United States
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31
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Sabatini BL, Tian L. Imaging Neurotransmitter and Neuromodulator Dynamics In Vivo with Genetically Encoded Indicators. Neuron 2020; 108:17-32. [PMID: 33058762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The actions of neuromodulation are thought to mediate the ability of the mammalian brain to dynamically adjust its functional state in response to changes in the environment. Altered neurotransmitter (NT) and neuromodulator (NM) signaling is central to the pathogenesis or treatment of many human neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. To reveal the precise mechanisms by which these neurochemicals regulate healthy and diseased neural circuitry, one needs to measure their spatiotemporal dynamics in the living brain with great precision. Here, we discuss recent development, optimization, and applications of optical approaches to measure the spatial and temporal profiles of NT and NM release in the brain using genetically encoded sensors for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lin Tian
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Rojas Cabrera JM, Price JB, Rusheen AE, Goyal A, Jondal D, Barath AS, Shin H, Chang SY, Bennet KE, Blaha CD, Lee KH, Oh Y. Advances in neurochemical measurements: A review of biomarkers and devices for the development of closed-loop deep brain stimulation systems. REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:188-199. [PMID: 33883813 PMCID: PMC8057673 DOI: 10.1515/revac-2020-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurochemical recording techniques have expanded our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, as well as the mechanisms of action of treatment modalities like deep brain stimulation (DBS). DBS is used to treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, among others. Although DBS is effective at alleviating symptoms related to these diseases and improving the quality of life of these patients, the mechanism of action of DBS is currently not fully understood. A leading hypothesis is that DBS modulates the electrical field potential by modifying neuronal firing frequencies to non-pathological rates thus providing therapeutic relief. To address this gap in knowledge, recent advances in electrochemical sensing techniques have given insight into the importance of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and adenosine, in disease pathophysiology. These studies have also highlighted their potential use in tandem with electrophysiology to serve as biomarkers in disease diagnosis and progression monitoring, as well as characterize response to treatment. Here, we provide an overview of disease-relevant neurotransmitters and their roles and implications as biomarkers, as well as innovations to the biosensors used to record these biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss currently available neurochemical and electrophysiological recording devices, and discuss their viability to be implemented into the development of a closed-loop DBS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Rojas Cabrera
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - J. Blair Price
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Aaron E. Rusheen
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Abhinav Goyal
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Danielle Jondal
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Abhijeet S. Barath
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Hojin Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Su-Youne Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Kevin E. Bennet
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Charles D. Blaha
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
| | - Kendall H. Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, United States
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, United States
- Corresponding author:
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