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Ramos-Gonzalez N, Paul B, Majumdar S. IUPHAR themed review: Opioid efficacy, bias, and selectivity. Pharmacol Res 2023; 197:106961. [PMID: 37844653 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Drugs acting at the opioid receptor family are clinically used to treat chronic and acute pain, though they represent the second line of treatment behind GABA analogs, antidepressants and SSRI's. Within the opioid family mu and kappa opioid receptor are commonly targeted. However, activation of the mu opioid receptor has side effects of constipation, tolerance, dependence, euphoria, and respiratory depression; activation of the kappa opioid receptor leads to dysphoria and sedation. The side effects of mu opioid receptor activation have led to mu receptor drugs being widely abused with great overdose risk. For these reasons, newer safer opioid analgesics are in high demand. For many years a focus within the opioid field was finding drugs that activated the G protein pathway at mu opioid receptor, without activating the β-arrestin pathway, known as biased agonism. Recent advances have shown that this may not be the way forward to develop safer analgesics at mu opioid receptor, though there is still some promise at the kappa opioid receptor. Here we discuss recent novel approaches to develop safer opioid drugs including efficacy vs bias and fine-tuning receptor activation by targeting sub-pockets in the orthosteric site, we explore recent works on the structural basis of bias, and we put forward the suggestion that Gα subtype selectivity may be an exciting new area of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nokomis Ramos-Gonzalez
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Barnali Paul
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Barrett JE, Shekarabi A, Inan S. Oxycodone: A Current Perspective on Its Pharmacology, Abuse, and Pharmacotherapeutic Developments. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1062-1118. [PMID: 37321860 PMCID: PMC10595024 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxycodone, a semisynthetic derivative of naturally occurring thebaine, an opioid alkaloid, has been available for more than 100 years. Although thebaine cannot be used therapeutically due to the occurrence of convulsions at higher doses, it has been converted to a number of other widely used compounds that include naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, and oxycodone. Despite the early identification of oxycodone, it was not until the 1990s that clinical studies began to explore its analgesic efficacy. These studies were followed by the pursuit of several preclinical studies to examine the analgesic effects and abuse liability of oxycodone in laboratory animals and the subjective effects in human volunteers. For a number of years oxycodone was at the forefront of the opioid crisis, playing a significant role in contributing to opioid misuse and abuse, with suggestions that it led to transitioning to other opioids. Several concerns were expressed as early as the 1940s that oxycodone had significant abuse potential similar to heroin and morphine. Both animal and human abuse liability studies have confirmed, and in some cases amplified, these early warnings. Despite sharing a similar structure with morphine and pharmacological actions also mediated by the μ-opioid receptor, there are several differences in the pharmacology and neurobiology of oxycodone. The data that have emerged from the many efforts to analyze the pharmacological and molecular mechanism of oxycodone have generated considerable insight into its many actions, reviewed here, which, in turn, have provided new information on opioid receptor pharmacology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Oxycodone, a μ-opioid receptor agonist, was synthesized in 1916 and introduced into clinical use in Germany in 1917. It has been studied extensively as a therapeutic analgesic for acute and chronic neuropathic pain as an alternative to morphine. Oxycodone emerged as a drug with widespread abuse. This article brings together an integrated, detailed review of the pharmacology of oxycodone, preclinical and clinical studies of pain and abuse, and recent advances to identify potential opioid analgesics without abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Barrett
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aryan Shekarabi
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saadet Inan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Turnaturi R, Piana S, Spoto S, Costanzo G, Reina L, Pasquinucci L, Parenti C. From Plant to Chemistry: Sources of Active Opioid Antinociceptive Principles for Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. Molecules 2023; 28:7089. [PMID: 37894567 PMCID: PMC10609244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain continues to be an enormous global health challenge, with millions of new untreated or inadequately treated patients reported annually. With respect to current clinical applications, opioids remain the mainstay for the treatment of pain, although they are often associated with serious side effects. To optimize their tolerability profiles, medicinal chemistry continues to study novel ligands and innovative approaches. Among them, natural products are known to be a rich source of lead compounds for drug discovery, and they hold potential for pain management. Traditional medicine has had a long history in clinical practice due to the fact that nature provides a rich source of active principles. For instance, opium had been used for pain management until the 19th century when its individual components, such as morphine, were purified and identified. In this review article, we conducted a literature survey aimed at identifying natural products interacting either directly with opioid receptors or indirectly through other mechanisms controlling opioid receptor signaling, whose structures could be interesting from a drug design perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Turnaturi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Silvia Piana
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Spoto
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Giuliana Costanzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Lorena Reina
- Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n. 97, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Lorella Pasquinucci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.)
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Angyal P, Hegedüs K, Mészáros BB, Daru J, Dudás Á, Galambos AR, Essmat N, Al-Khrasani M, Varga S, Soós T. Total Synthesis and Structural Plasticity of Kratom Pseudoindoxyl Metabolites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303700. [PMID: 37332089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, a kratom metabolite, has attracted increasing attention due to its favorable side effect profile as compared to conventional opioids. Herein, we describe the first enantioselective and scalable total synthesis of this natural product and its epimeric congener, speciogynine pseudoindoxyl. The characteristic spiro-5-5-6-tricyclic system of these alkaloids was formed through a protecting-group-free cascade relay process in which oxidized tryptamine and secologanin analogues were used. Furthermore, we discovered that mitragynine pseudoindoxyl acts not as a single molecular entity but as a dynamic ensemble of stereoisomers in protic environments; thus, it exhibits structural plasticity in biological systems. Accordingly, these synthetic, structural, and biological studies provide a basis for the planned design of mitragynine pseudoindoxyl analogues, which can guide the development of next-generation analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Angyal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Hegedüs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Balázs Mészáros
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Daru
- Department of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dudás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Rita Galambos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nariman Essmat
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Varga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Soós
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
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Varga B, Streicher JM, Majumdar S. Strategies towards safer opioid analgesics-A review of old and upcoming targets. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:975-993. [PMID: 34826881 PMCID: PMC9133275 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids continue to be of use for the treatment of pain. Most clinically used analgesics target the μ opioid receptor whose activation results in adverse effects like respiratory depression, addiction and abuse liability. Various approaches have been used by the field to separate receptor-mediated analgesic actions from adverse effects. These include biased agonism, opioids targeting multiple receptors, allosteric modulators, heteromers and splice variants of the μ receptor. This review will focus on the current status of the field and some upcoming targets of interest that may lead to a safer next generation of analgesics. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Varga
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M. Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Hennessy MR, Gutridge AM, French AR, Rhoda ES, Meqbil YJ, Gill M, Kashyap Y, Appourchaux K, Paul B, Wang ZJ, van Rijn RM, Riley AP. Modified Akuamma Alkaloids with Increased Potency at the Mu-opioid Receptor. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3312-3326. [PMID: 36827198 PMCID: PMC10037270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Akuammine (1) and pseudoakuammigine (2) are indole alkaloids found in the seeds of the akuamma tree (Picralima nitida). Both alkaloids are weak agonists of the mu opioid receptor (μOR); however, they produce minimal effects in animal models of antinociception. To probe the interactions of 1 and 2 at the opioid receptors, we have prepared a collection of 22 semisynthetic derivatives. Evaluation of this collection at the μOR and kappa opioid receptor (κOR) revealed structural-activity relationship trends and derivatives with improved potency at the μOR. Most notably, the introduction of a phenethyl moiety to the N1 of 2 produces a 70-fold increase in potency and a 7-fold increase in selectivity for the μOR. The in vitro potency of this compound resulted in increased efficacy in the tail-flick and hot-plate assays of antinociception. The improved potency of these derivatives highlights the promise of exploring natural product scaffolds to probe the opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R Hennessy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Anna M Gutridge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Alexander R French
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Departments of Neurology and Bioengineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Elizabeth S Rhoda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Yazan J. Meqbil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Meghna Gill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Yavnika Kashyap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Kevin Appourchaux
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Barnali Paul
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Zaijie Jim Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
- Departments of Neurology and Bioengineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Richard M. van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Andrew P. Riley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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Exploring the possible mechanism involved in the anti-nociceptive effect of β-sitosterol: modulation of oxidative stress, nitric oxide and IL-6. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:517-527. [PMID: 36574096 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Β-sitosterol is a phytosterol, documented to possess various activities including protection against inflammation, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. The current investigation was designed to explore the analgesic potential of β-sitosterol and the possible molecular mechanism involved in the observed effect. β-sitosterol was administered at varying doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg before subjecting the mice to acetic acid and formalin challenges. The number of writhings in acetic acid and the number of flinchings and foot tappings were quantified in the formalin test. For mechanistic studies, substance P (cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) stimulator) and L-Nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (nitric oxide synthetases (NOS) inhibitor) and L-arginine (nitric oxide precursor) were administered before β-sitosterol treatment. β-sitosterol (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced acetic acid-induced writhings and ameliorated the formalin-induced inflammatory phase dose-dependently. Whereas, 40 mg/kg dose of β-sitosterol abrogated the formalin-induced neurogenic phase. Substance-P abrogated the effect of β-sitosterol in both neurogenic and inflammatory phases. Whereas, L-arginine only abrogated the inflammatory phase. In biochemical analysis, β-sitosterol treatment reduced the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased the level of reduced glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, L-arginine and substance-P abrogated the GSH increasing and TBARS lowering effect of β-sitosterol (40 mg/kg). Overall, the current study delineated that β-sitosterol may induce an anti-nociceptive effect via inhibiting the IL-6, oxidative stress, cyclo-oxygenase and nitric oxide.
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Akhilesh, Baidya ATK, Uniyal A, Das B, Kumar R, Tiwari V. Structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation for the identification of sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitors as potential analgesics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12472-12490. [PMID: 34519252 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1971559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is due to an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system, which accounts for a significant economical and health burden to society. Due to poor understanding of their underlying mechanisms, the available treatments merely provide symptomatic relief and precipitates a variety of adverse effects. This suggests that there is an unmet medical need that must be addressed with effective strategies for the development of novel therapeutics. Sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) is an oncogenic lipid kinase that has emerged as a promising target for chronic pain and other diseases. In the present study, we have explored the structure-based virtual high-throughput screening of the Nuclei of Bioassays, Ecophysiology, and Biosynthesis of Natural Products Database (NuBBE) to identify potent natural products as inhibitors of SphK2. A molecular docking study was performed to calculate binding affinities and specificity to identify potential leads against SphK2. Initially, hits were selected by the implementation of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties, Lipinski rule, and PAINS filters. The top-scoring hits also exhibiting an optimal ADMET profile were subjected to MM/GBSA free binding free energy calculation and molecular dynamics simulation. The results from molecular dynamics simulation revealed a stable ligand -SphK2 complex with protein and ligand RMSD within reasonable limits. Overall, we identified compounds, NuBBE_972 and NuBBE_1107 as potential inhibitors of SphK2 with optimal pharmacokinetic properties which have the potential to be developed as novel therapeutics for the management of chronic pain.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anurag T K Baidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankit Uniyal
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhanuranjan Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Neuroscience Care and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Nazeer HY, Iqbal MO, Mumtaz A, Ahmed MM, Riaz R, Rasool MF. In vivo antioxidants, chemical characterization and biochemical and MedicinalPotential of Murraya koenigii inCisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:566-574. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2140352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Omer Iqbal
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong-266003, China
- Royal Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asma Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
- Multan Medical and Dental College, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Masood Ahmed
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Times Institute Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Romana Riaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, 60800, Multan, Pakistan
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Iqbal MO, Naeem M, Mumtaz A, Ahmed MM, Ahmad A, Riaz R, Mesbah Z, Munawar N. Biochemical evaluation and medicinal ability of Jatropha mollissima in hepatic disorders. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:7178-7188. [PMID: 36398251 PMCID: PMC9641442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Jatropha mollissima is one of the most valuable medicinal plants used for the treatment of hepatic disorders. It is evident that 500 mg/kg of sodium valproate causes the hepatotoxicity, ototoxicity, gastrotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, and inflammation. This study was designed to explore the medicinal uses of Jatropha mollissima in hepatic disorders. METHODS Hepatotoxicity was induced in Wister albino rats by injecting sodium valproate at the rate of 500 mg/kg once daily for fourteen days. Six male rats, each weighing 220-270 g, were placed into four separate groups for the study. The first group was treated with normal saline. Treatment of the second group was carried out by SVP for four days consecutively together with saline for three weeks. Group three and four were treated with sodium valproate and Jm hydroalcoholic extract applied in the concentrations of the 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for the period of the three weeks. Phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis were conducted to identify the phytochemical nature and polyphenols in extract, respectively. DPPH, SOD, and NO tests were performed to measure the antioxidant activity. RESULTS With the initial dose of treatments to rats, anatomic, physiological, or histopathologic abnormalities were detected. After three weeks, extract of Jatropha mollissima was used to treat the valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It was concluded that sodium valproate (SVP) and Jm extract were administered together. The hepatoprotective effects were extraordinarily high, with high concentrations of 400 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Omer Iqbal
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003, Shandong, China
- Fatima Tu Zahara Department of Life Sciences, Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied SciencesMultan 60000, Pakistan
- Royal Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS)Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Asma Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan, Pakistan
- Multan Medical and Dental CollegeMultan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Masood Ahmed
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Times Institute MultanPakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Biochemistry/Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of AgricultureFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Romana Riaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Zarin Mesbah
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaJohor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl-Ain 15551, UAE
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Paul B, Sribhashyam S, Majumdar S. Opioid signaling and design of analgesics. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 195:153-176. [PMID: 36707153 PMCID: PMC10325139 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical treatment of acute to severe pain relies on the use of opioids. While their potency is significant, there are considerable side effects that can negatively affect patients. Their rise in usage has correlated with the current opioid epidemic in the United States, which has led to more than 70,000 deaths per year (Volkow and Blanco, 2021). Opioid-related drug development aims to make target compounds that show strong potency but with diminished side effects. Research into pharmaceuticals that could act as potential alternatives to current pains medications has relied on mechanistic insights of opioid receptors, a class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and biased agonism, a common phenomenon among pharmaceutical compounds where downstream effects can be altered at the same receptor via different agonists. Opioids function typically by binding to an active site on the extracellular portion of opioid receptors. Once activated, the opioid receptor initiates a G-protein signaling pathway and/or the β-arrestin2 pathway. The proposed concept for the development of safe analgesics around mu and kappa opioid receptor subtypes has focused on not recruiting β-arrestin2 (biased agonism) and/or having low efficacy at the receptor (partial agonism). By altering chemical motifs on a common scaffold, chemists can take advantage of biased agonism as well as create compounds with low intrinsic efficacy for the desired treatments. This review will focus on ligands with bias profile, signaling aspects of the receptor and probe into the structural basis of receptor that leads to bias and/or partial agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Paul
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sashrik Sribhashyam
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States.
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12
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Shevick S, Freeman SM, Tong G, Russo RJ, Bohn LM, Shenvi RA. Asymmetric Syntheses of (+)- and (-)-Collybolide Enable Reevaluation of kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonism. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:948-954. [PMID: 35912357 PMCID: PMC9335922 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The fungal metabolite collybolide has attracted attention as a non-nitrogenous, potent, and biased agonist of the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR). Here, we report a 10-step asymmetric synthesis of this complex sesquiterpene that enables facile access to either enantiomer. The synthesis relies on a diastereoselective α-benzoyloxylation to install the buried C6 benzoate and avoid irreversible translactonization of the congested, functionally dense core. Neither enantiomer, however, exhibited KOR agonism, indicating that collybolide has been mischaracterized as a KOR agonist. Given the pharmaceutical, medical, and societal interest in collybolide as a next-generation antipruritic and analgesic, this refutation of KOR activity has important ramifications for ongoing studies. Classification of collybolide as a new non-nitrogenous, KOR-selective, potent agonist with the same clinical potential as salvinorin A seems to have been premature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia
L. Shevick
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Skaggs
Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stephan M. Freeman
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Skaggs
Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Guanghu Tong
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Robin J. Russo
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Skaggs
Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 130
Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Laura M. Bohn
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Zhang JS, Xu DF, Wang YY, Ma RF, Zhang H. Clerodane furanoditerpenoids from the stems of Tinospora sinensis. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:328-339. [PMID: 35478401 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
One new clerodane-type furanoditerpenoid tinosinoid A (1) and nine new nor-clerodane analogs tinosinoids B-J (2-10) have been isolated from the stems of Tinospora sinensis. The structures of the new compounds with absolute configurations have been elucidated by spectroscopic means, including MS, NMR and ECD techniques, as well as chemical correlation. Compound 1 is a rare sulfur-containing clerodane diterpenoid incorporating a 2-mercaptoethanol unit via a thioether bond, while compounds 4/5 and 9 represent two pairs of unusual equilibrium regioisomers through an interesting intramolecular transesterification. Our bioassays established that 1 and 8 displayed moderate antiproliferative effects against two human tumor cell lines, and 9 and 10 showed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. A kinetics study revealed that compound 10 was a noncompetitive α-glucosidase inhibitor, and its possible binding mode to the enzyme was further probed by molecular docking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sheng Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - De-Feng Xu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yin-Yin Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Ren-Fen Ma
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
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14
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Physiological dependence to mitragynine indicated by a rapid cross-dependence procedure with heroin-dependent mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:897-908. [PMID: 35107609 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of mitragynine to produce physiological dependence (withdrawal) was assessed using a rapid assessment procedure with male ICR mice exposed to heroin-admixed food followed by naloxone (subcutaneously, s.c.) precipitation of withdrawal. Initial studies indicated that 3 days of exposure to 3.0 mg/g of heroin-admixed food followed by naloxone (0.6 mg/kg) reliably precipitated withdrawal jumping and weight loss. Lower concentrations of heroin-admixed food and lower doses of naloxone produced fewer withdrawal signs. A longer exposure to heroin-admixed food did not produce significantly greater amounts of jumping or weight loss. Further, these withdrawal signs were dose-dependently reversed by s.c. administration of heroin immediately following naloxone administration. Mitragynine (s.c.) also dose-dependently suppressed naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs. Additionally, both jumping and weight loss were suppressed over a comparable range of mitragynine doses when administered by gavage with a noticeably, but not significantly, higher potency than with s.c. administration. The ED50 values for mitragynine for the suppression of withdrawal by any route (354-911 μmol/kg) were greater than the minimally effective dose that decreased locomotor activity (251 μmol/kg) and from 40- to 104-fold greater than those for heroin. The results suggest inherent opioid dependence liability of mitragynine. The in vivo potency relations between mitragynine and heroin are consistent with a conclusion of dependence-producing effects, indicated by the suppression of withdrawal, comparable to standard opioid μ-receptor agonists, differing primarily in terms of potency. The present paper provides a method for the rapid assessment of physiological dependence liability applicable to other kratom plant constituents or any potential opioid dependence-producing agents.
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15
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Halang M, Maier ME. Formal Total Synthesis of Salvinorin A. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200015. [PMID: 35218166 PMCID: PMC9535499 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The generation of the quaternary stereocenter at the C9 position of salvinorin A precursors by the Claisen rearrangement was investigated. The required allyl alcohol was prepared from a Wieland‐Miescher ketone using a known γ‐hydroxylation, reduction of the enone double bond, cyanohydrin formation, and elimination, yielding an unsaturated nitrile. A two‐step reduction led to the required allyl alcohol. The subsequent Johnson‐Claisen rearrangement provided a mixture of two diastereomeric 1,4‐unsaturated esters in a ratio of around 2.6 : 1. The major isomer could be converted to a key intermediate of the Hagiwara synthesis of salvinorin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Halang
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin E Maier
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Karunakaran T, Ngew KZ, Zailan AAD, Mian Jong VY, Abu Bakar MH. The Chemical and Pharmacological Properties of Mitragynine and Its Diastereomers: An Insight Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:805986. [PMID: 35281925 PMCID: PMC8907881 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.805986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitragynine, is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid that can be isolated from the leaves of a psychoactive medicinal plant. Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, is found to possess promising analgesic effects on mediating the opioid receptors such as µ (MOR), δ (DOR), and κ (KOR). This alkaloid has therapeutic potential for pain management as it has limited adverse effect compared to a classical opioid, morphine. Mitragynine is frequently regarded to behave like an opioid but possesses milder withdrawal symptoms. The use of this alkaloid as the source of an analgesic candidate has been proven through comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies. The present data have shown that mitragynine is able to bind to opioid receptors, particularly MOR, to exhibit the analgesic effect. Moreover, the chemical and pharmacological aspects of mitragynine and its diastereomers, speciogynine, speciociliatine, and mitraciliatine, are discussed. It is interesting to know how the difference in stereochemical configuration could lead to the difference in the bioactivity of the respective compounds. Hence, in this review, the updated pharmacological and toxicological properties of mitragynine and its diastereomers are discussed to render a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological properties of mitragynine and its diastereomers based on their structure–activity relationship study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruventhan Karunakaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Thiruventhan Karunakaran, ; Vivien Yi Mian Jong,
| | - Kok Zhuo Ngew
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Vivien Yi Mian Jong
- Centre of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuching, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Thiruventhan Karunakaran, ; Vivien Yi Mian Jong,
| | - Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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17
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Iqbal MO, Ahmed MM, Arshad S, Javaid U, Khan IA, Manzoor M, Andleeb S, Riaz R, Munawar SH, Manzoor Z, Mumtaz A. Nephroprotective Effects of Alhagi camelorum against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Wistar Rats. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030941. [PMID: 35164206 PMCID: PMC8838076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alhagi camelorum (AC) is an old plant with a significant therapeutic value throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The overuse of cisplatin (Cis > 50 mg/m2) is associated with observed nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, gastrotoxicity, myelosuppression, and allergic reactions. Remedial measures are needed for the protection of nephrotoxicity against cisplatin. Thus, we investigated the nephroprotective effects of AC plant extract to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. The presence of polyphenols, phenolic compounds, tannins, and saponins was revealed during phytochemical investigation, and a significantly intense antioxidant activity was recorded. There were no toxicological symptoms in the treated rats, and no anatomical, physiological, or histological abnormalities were found compared to the control rats. The results of correcting cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity revealed that the extract has a significant ability to treat kidney damage, with most parameters returning to normal after only three weeks of therapy. It is concluded that co-administration of cisplatin with AC extract showed exceptional nephroprotective effects at a dose of 600 mg/kg for Cis-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Omer Iqbal
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Fatima Tu Zahara Department of Life Sciences, Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences, Multan 60000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.O.I.); (I.A.K.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Muhammad Masood Ahmed
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.M.A.); (M.M.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Times Institute Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Shafia Arshad
- Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 93100, Pakistan;
| | - Usman Javaid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Imran Ahmad Khan
- Fatima Tu Zahara Department of Life Sciences, Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences, Multan 60000, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.O.I.); (I.A.K.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Majid Manzoor
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.M.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Shumaila Andleeb
- Southern Punjab Institute of Health Sciences, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Romana Riaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (R.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Shaukat Hussain Munawar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (M.O.I.); (I.A.K.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Zahid Manzoor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Asma Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (R.R.); (A.M.)
- Multan Medical and Dental College, Multan 60000, Pakistan
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18
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Smith MT, Kong D, Kuo A, Imam MZ, Williams CM. Analgesic Opioid Ligand Discovery Based on Nonmorphinan Scaffolds Derived from Natural Sources. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1612-1661. [PMID: 34995453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Strong opioid analgesics, including morphine, are the mainstays for treating moderate to severe acute pain and alleviating chronic cancer pain. However, opioid-related adverse effects, including nausea or vomiting, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, pruritus (itch), analgesic tolerance, and addiction and abuse liability, are problematic. In addition, the use of opioids to relieve chronic noncancer pain is controversial due to the "opioid crisis" characterized by opioid misuse or abuse and escalating unintentional death rates due to respiratory depression. Hence, considerable research internationally has been aimed at the "Holy Grail" of the opioid analgesic field, namely the discovery of novel and safer opioid analgesics with improved opioid-related adverse effects. In this Perspective, medicinal chemistry strategies are addressed, where structurally diverse nonmorphinan-based opioid ligands derived from natural sources were deployed as lead molecules. The current state of play, clinical or experimental status, and novel opioid ligand discovery approaches are elaborated in the context of retaining analgesia with improved safety and reduced adverse effects, especially addiction liability.
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19
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Cichon J, Liu R, Le HV. Therapeutic Potential of Salvinorin A and Its Analogues in Various Neurological Disorders. TRANSLATIONAL PERIOPERATIVE AND PAIN MEDICINE 2022; 9:452-457. [PMID: 35959414 PMCID: PMC9364973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cichon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Corresponding Authors: Renyu Liu, MD, PhD, Professor, Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 336 John Morgan building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , Hoang V. Le, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 419 Faser Hall, University, MS 38677, USA,
| | - Hoang V. Le
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA,Corresponding Authors: Renyu Liu, MD, PhD, Professor, Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 336 John Morgan building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , Hoang V. Le, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 419 Faser Hall, University, MS 38677, USA,
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20
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Chakraborty S, Uprety R, Slocum ST, Irie T, Le Rouzic V, Li X, Wilson LL, Scouller B, Alder AF, Kruegel AC, Ansonoff M, Varadi A, Eans SO, Hunkele A, Allaoa A, Kalra S, Xu J, Pan YX, Pintar J, Kivell BM, Pasternak GW, Cameron MD, McLaughlin JP, Sames D, Majumdar S. Oxidative Metabolism as a Modulator of Kratom's Biological Actions. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16553-16572. [PMID: 34783240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a plant native to Southeast Asia, are increasingly used as a pain reliever and for attenuation of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Using the tools of natural products chemistry, chemical synthesis, and pharmacology, we provide a detailed in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of the alkaloids in kratom. We report that metabolism of kratom's major alkaloid, mitragynine, in mice leads to formation of (a) a potent mu opioid receptor agonist antinociceptive agent, 7-hydroxymitragynine, through a CYP3A-mediated pathway, which exhibits reinforcing properties, inhibition of gastrointestinal (GI) transit and reduced hyperlocomotion, (b) a multifunctional mu agonist/delta-kappa antagonist, mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, through a CYP3A-mediated skeletal rearrangement, displaying reduced hyperlocomotion, inhibition of GI transit and reinforcing properties, and (c) a potentially toxic metabolite, 3-dehydromitragynine, through a non-CYP oxidation pathway. Our results indicate that the oxidative metabolism of the mitragynine template beyond 7-hydroxymitragynine may have implications in its overall pharmacology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Chakraborty
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Rajendra Uprety
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, United States
| | - Samuel T Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Takeshi Irie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, United States
| | - Valerie Le Rouzic
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, United States
| | - Xiaohai Li
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Lisa L Wilson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Brittany Scouller
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Amy F Alder
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Kruegel
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael Ansonoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8021, United States
| | - Andras Varadi
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, United States
| | - Shainnel O Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Amanda Hunkele
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, United States
| | - Abdullah Allaoa
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ying Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, United States
| | - John Pintar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8021, United States
| | - Bronwyn M Kivell
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Gavril W Pasternak
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, United States
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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21
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Gutridge AM, Chakraborty S, Varga BR, Rhoda ES, French AR, Blaine AT, Royer QH, Cui H, Yuan J, Cassell RJ, Szabó M, Majumdar S, van Rijn RM. Evaluation of Kratom Opioid Derivatives as Potential Treatment Option for Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:764885. [PMID: 34803709 PMCID: PMC8596301 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.764885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose:Mitragyna speciosa extract and kratom alkaloids decrease alcohol consumption in mice at least in part through actions at the δ-opioid receptor (δOR). However, the most potent opioidergic kratom alkaloid, 7-hydroxymitragynine, exhibits rewarding properties and hyperlocomotion presumably due to preferred affinity for the mu opioid receptor (µOR). We hypothesized that opioidergic kratom alkaloids like paynantheine and speciogynine with reduced µOR potency could provide a starting point for developing opioids with an improved therapeutic window to treat alcohol use disorder. Experimental Approach: We characterized paynantheine, speciociliatine, and four novel kratom-derived analogs for their ability to bind and activate δOR, µOR, and κOR. Select opioids were assessed in behavioral assays in male C57BL/6N WT and δOR knockout mice. Key Results: Paynantheine (10 mg∙kg−1, i.p.) produced aversion in a limited conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm but did not produce CPP with additional conditioning sessions. Paynantheine did not produce robust antinociception but did block morphine-induced antinociception and hyperlocomotion. Yet, at 10 and 30 mg∙kg−1 doses (i.p.), paynantheine did not counteract morphine CPP. 7-hydroxypaynantheine and 7-hydroxyspeciogynine displayed potency at δOR but limited µOR potency relative to 7-hydroxymitragynine in vitro, and dose-dependently decreased voluntary alcohol consumption in WT but not δOR in KO mice. 7-hydroxyspeciogynine has a maximally tolerated dose of at least 10 mg∙kg−1 (s.c.) at which it did not produce significant CPP neither alter general locomotion nor induce noticeable seizures. Conclusion and Implications: Derivatizing kratom alkaloids with the goal of enhancing δOR potency and reducing off-target effects could provide a pathway to develop novel lead compounds to treat alcohol use disorder with an improved therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Gutridge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Soumen Chakraborty
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Heath Sciences and Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Balazs R Varga
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Heath Sciences and Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Rhoda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Alexander R French
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Arryn T Blaine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Quinten H Royer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Haoyue Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jinling Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Robert J Cassell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Heath Sciences and Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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22
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Chakraborty S, DiBerto JF, Faouzi A, Bernhard SM, Gutridge AM, Ramsey S, Zhou Y, Provasi D, Nuthikattu N, Jilakara R, Nelson MNF, Asher WB, Eans SO, Wilson LL, Chintala SM, Filizola M, van Rijn RM, Margolis EB, Roth BL, McLaughlin JP, Che T, Sames D, Javitch JA, Majumdar S. A Novel Mitragynine Analog with Low-Efficacy Mu Opioid Receptor Agonism Displays Antinociception with Attenuated Adverse Effects. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13873-13892. [PMID: 34505767 PMCID: PMC8530377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7OH) are the major alkaloids mediating the biological actions of the psychoactive plant kratom. To investigate the structure-activity relationships of mitragynine/7OH templates, we diversified the aromatic ring of the indole at the C9, C10, and C12 positions and investigated their G-protein and arrestin signaling mediated by mu opioid receptors (MOR). Three synthesized lead C9 analogs replacing the 9-OCH3 group with phenyl (4), methyl (5), or 3'-furanyl [6 (SC13)] substituents demonstrated partial agonism with a lower efficacy than DAMGO or morphine in heterologous G-protein assays and synaptic physiology. In assays limiting MOR reserve, the G-protein efficacy of all three was comparable to buprenorphine. 6 (SC13) showed MOR-dependent analgesia with potency similar to morphine without respiratory depression, hyperlocomotion, constipation, or place conditioning in mice. These results suggest the possibility of activating MOR minimally (G-protein Emax ≈ 10%) in cell lines while yet attaining maximal antinociception in vivo with reduced opioid liabilities.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Molecular Structure
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/adverse effects
- Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/chemical synthesis
- Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/metabolism
- Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/pharmacology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Chakraborty
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences
& Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States
| | - Jeffrey F. DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United
States
| | - Abdelfattah Faouzi
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences
& Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States
| | - Sarah M. Bernhard
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences
& Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States
| | - Anna M. Gutridge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology,
College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,
United States
| | - Steven Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at
Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at
Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Davide Provasi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at
Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Nitin Nuthikattu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences
& Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States
| | - Rahul Jilakara
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences
& Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States
| | - Melissa N. F. Nelson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric
Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Wesley B. Asher
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric
Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 032610, United States
| | - Lisa L. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 032610, United States
| | - Satyanarayana M. Chintala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Marta Filizola
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine
at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Richard M. van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology,
College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,
United States
| | - Elyssa B. Margolis
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158,
United States
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United
States
| | - Jay P. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 032610, United States
| | - Tao Che
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences
& Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United
States
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027,
United States
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric
Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences
& Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States; Department of Anesthesiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States
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23
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Chakraborty S, Uprety R, Daibani AE, Rouzic VL, Hunkele A, Appourchaux K, Eans SO, Nuthikattu N, Jilakara R, Thammavong L, Pasternak GW, Pan YX, McLaughlin JP, Che T, Majumdar S. Kratom Alkaloids as Probes for Opioid Receptor Function: Pharmacological Characterization of Minor Indole and Oxindole Alkaloids from Kratom. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2661-2678. [PMID: 34213886 PMCID: PMC8328003 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry leaves of kratom (mitragyna speciosa) are anecdotally consumed as pain relievers and antidotes against opioid withdrawal and alcohol use disorders. There are at least 54 alkaloids in kratom; however, investigations to date have focused around mitragynine, 7-hydroxy mitragynine (7OH), and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (MP). Herein, we probe a few minor indole and oxindole based alkaloids, reporting the receptor affinity, G-protein activity, and βarrestin-2 signaling of corynantheidine, corynoxine, corynoxine B, mitraciliatine, and isopaynantheine at mouse and human opioid receptors. We identify corynantheidine as a mu opioid receptor (MOR) partial agonist, whereas its oxindole derivative corynoxine was an MOR full agonist. Similarly, another alkaloid mitraciliatine was found to be an MOR partial agonist, while isopaynantheine was a KOR agonist which showed reduced βarrestin-2 recruitment. Corynantheidine, corynoxine, and mitraciliatine showed MOR dependent antinociception in mice, but mitraciliatine and corynoxine displayed attenuated respiratory depression and hyperlocomotion compared to the prototypic MOR agonist morphine in vivo when administered supraspinally. Isopaynantheine on the other hand was identified as the first kratom derived KOR agonist in vivo. While these minor alkaloids are unlikely to play the majority role in the biological actions of kratom, they represent excellent starting points for further diversification as well as distinct efficacy and signaling profiles with which to probe opioid actions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Chakraborty
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Rajendra Uprety
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amal E Daibani
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Valerie L Rouzic
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amanda Hunkele
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kevin Appourchaux
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Shainnel O Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 032610, United States
| | - Nitin Nuthikattu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Rahul Jilakara
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lisa Thammavong
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Gavril W Pasternak
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 032610, United States
| | - Tao Che
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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24
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Wilson LL, Chakraborty S, Eans SO, Cirino TJ, Stacy HM, Simons CA, Uprety R, Majumdar S, McLaughlin JP. Kratom Alkaloids, Natural and Semi-Synthetic, Show Less Physical Dependence and Ameliorate Opioid Withdrawal. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1131-1143. [PMID: 33433723 PMCID: PMC8164968 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic administration of opioids produces physical dependence and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Users claim the Thai traditional tea "kratom" and component alkaloid mitragynine ameliorate opioid withdrawal without increased sensitivity to pain. Testing these claims, we assessed the combined kratom alkaloid extract (KAE) and two individual alkaloids, mitragynine (MG) and the analog mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (MP), evaluating their ability to produce physical dependence and induce hyperalgesia after chronic administration, and as treatments for withdrawal in morphine-dependent subjects. C57BL/6J mice (n = 10/drug) were administered repeated saline, or graded, escalating doses of morphine (intraperitoneal; i.p.), kratom alkaloid extract (orally, p.o.), mitragynine (p.o.), or MP (subcutaneously, s.c.) for 5 days. Mice treated chronically with morphine, KAE, or mitragynine demonstrated significant drug-induced hyperalgesia by day 5 in a 48 °C warm-water tail-withdrawal test. Mice were then administered naloxone (10 mg/kg, s.c.) and tested for opioid withdrawal signs. Kratom alkaloid extract and the two individual alkaloids demonstrated significantly fewer naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs than morphine-treated mice. Additional C57BL/6J mice made physically dependent on morphine were then used to test the therapeutic potential of combined KAE, mitragynine, or MP given twice daily over the next 3 days at either a fixed dose or in graded, tapering descending doses. When administered naloxone, mice treated with KAE, mitragynine, or MP under either regimen demonstrated significantly fewer signs of precipitated withdrawal than control mice that continued to receive morphine. In conclusion, while retaining some liabilities, kratom, mitragynine, and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl produced significantly less physical dependence and ameliorated precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent animals, suggesting some clinical value.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects
- Animals
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitragyna
- Morphine Dependence/metabolism
- Morphine Dependence/prevention & control
- Morphine Dependence/psychology
- Pain Measurement/drug effects
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/administration & dosage
- Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/adverse effects
- Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/chemical synthesis
- Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/isolation & purification
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/metabolism
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/prevention & control
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Wilson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Soumen Chakraborty
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shainnel O Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Thomas J Cirino
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Heather M Stacy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Chloe A Simons
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Rajendra Uprety
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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25
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Bhowmik S, Galeta J, Havel V, Nelson M, Faouzi A, Bechand B, Ansonoff M, Fiala T, Hunkele A, Kruegel AC, Pintar JE, Majumdar S, Javitch JA, Sames D. Site selective C-H functionalization of Mitragyna alkaloids reveals a molecular switch for tuning opioid receptor signaling efficacy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3858. [PMID: 34158473 PMCID: PMC8219695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitragynine (MG) is the most abundant alkaloid component of the psychoactive plant material "kratom", which according to numerous anecdotal reports shows efficacy in self-medication for pain syndromes, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. We have developed a synthetic method for selective functionalization of the unexplored C11 position of the MG scaffold (C6 position in indole numbering) via the use of an indole-ethylene glycol adduct and subsequent iridium-catalyzed borylation. Through this work we discover that C11 represents a key locant for fine-tuning opioid receptor signaling efficacy. 7-Hydroxymitragynine (7OH), the parent compound with low efficacy on par with buprenorphine, is transformed to an even lower efficacy agonist by introducing a fluorine substituent in this position (11-F-7OH), as demonstrated in vitro at both mouse and human mu opioid receptors (mMOR/hMOR) and in vivo in mouse analgesia tests. Low efficacy opioid agonists are of high interest as candidates for generating safer opioid medications with mitigated adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juraj Galeta
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IOCB Prague), 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abdelfattah Faouzi
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA
| | | | - Mike Ansonoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, New Jersey, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Tomas Fiala
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Hunkele
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | | | - John E Pintar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, New Jersey, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- NeuroTechnology Center at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- The Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Abstract
A concise enantioselective total synthesis of the neoclerodane diterpene (-)-salvinorin A is reported. The stereogenic center at C-12 was installed by catalytic asymmetric propargylation with excellent enantioselectivity, and the remaining six stereogenic centers were set up highly diastereoselectively under substrate control. As for our previous synthesis of racemic salvinorin A, two intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions were applied to generate the tricyclic core. A chemoselective Mitsunobu inversion of a syn 1,2-diol allowed for further streamlining of the original reaction sequence by two steps. Overall, (-)-salvinorin A was synthesized in only 16 steps starting from 3-furaldehyde with 1.4 % total yield. Furthermore, an alternative intramolecular Diels-Alder strategy employing a 2-bromo-1,3-diene moiety was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Zimdars
- Fakultät Chemie und LebensmittelchemieOrganische Chemie ITechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- Fakultät Chemie und LebensmittelchemieOrganische Chemie ITechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Peter Metz
- Fakultät Chemie und LebensmittelchemieOrganische Chemie ITechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
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27
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Roth BL. Introduction to the Biochemistry of Pain Special Issue. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1379-1380. [PMID: 33971718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
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28
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Uprety R, Che T, Zaidi SA, Grinnell SG, Varga BR, Faouzi A, Slocum ST, Allaoa A, Varadi A, Nelson M, Bernhard SM, Kulko E, Le Rouzic V, Eans SO, Simons CA, Hunkele A, Subrath J, Pan YX, Javitch JA, McLaughlin JP, Roth BL, Pasternak GW, Katritch V, Majumdar S. Controlling opioid receptor functional selectivity by targeting distinct subpockets of the orthosteric site. eLife 2021; 10:e56519. [PMID: 33555255 PMCID: PMC7909954 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling receptor functional selectivity profiles for opioid receptors is a promising approach for discovering safer analgesics; however, the structural determinants conferring functional selectivity are not well understood. Here, we used crystal structures of opioid receptors, including the recently solved active state kappa opioid complex with MP1104, to rationally design novel mixed mu (MOR) and kappa (KOR) opioid receptor agonists with reduced arrestin signaling. Analysis of structure-activity relationships for new MP1104 analogs points to a region between transmembrane 5 (TM5) and extracellular loop (ECL2) as key for modulation of arrestin recruitment to both MOR and KOR. The lead compounds, MP1207 and MP1208, displayed MOR/KOR Gi-partial agonism with diminished arrestin signaling, showed efficient analgesia with attenuated liabilities, including respiratory depression and conditioned place preference and aversion in mice. The findings validate a novel structure-inspired paradigm for achieving beneficial in vivo profiles for analgesia through different mechanisms that include bias, partial agonism, and dual MOR/KOR agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Uprety
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tao Che
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Saheem A Zaidi
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Steven G Grinnell
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Balázs R Varga
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Abdelfattah Faouzi
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Samuel T Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Abdullah Allaoa
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - András Varadi
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Melissa Nelson
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sarah M Bernhard
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Elizaveta Kulko
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Valerie Le Rouzic
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Shainnel O Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Chloe A Simons
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Amanda Hunkele
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Joan Subrath
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ying Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, New JerseyNewarkUnited States
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Gavril W Pasternak
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
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29
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Zhou Y, Ramsey S, Provasi D, El Daibani A, Appourchaux K, Chakraborty S, Kapoor A, Che T, Majumdar S, Filizola M. Predicted Mode of Binding to and Allosteric Modulation of the μ-Opioid Receptor by Kratom's Alkaloids with Reported Antinociception In Vivo. Biochemistry 2020; 60:1420-1429. [PMID: 33274929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pain management devoid of serious opioid adverse effects is still far from reach despite vigorous research and development efforts. Alternatives to classical opioids have been sought for years, and mounting reports of individuals finding pain relief with kratom have recently intensified research on this natural product. Although the composition of kratom is complex, the pharmacological characterization of its most abundant alkaloids has drawn attention to three molecules in particular, owing to their demonstrated antinociceptive activity and limited side effects in vivo. These three molecules are mitragynine (MG), its oxidized active metabolite, 7-hydroxymitragynine (7OH), and the indole-to-spiropseudoindoxy rearrangement product of MG known as mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (MP). Although these three alkaloids have been shown to preferentially activate the G protein signaling pathway by binding and allosterically modulating the μ-opioid receptor (MOP), a molecular level understanding of this process is lacking and yet important for the design of improved therapeutics. The molecular dynamics study and experimental validation reported here provide an atomic level description of how MG, 7OH, and MP bind and allosterically modulate the MOP, which can eventually guide structure-based drug design of improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, New York 10029-6574, United States
| | - Steven Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, New York 10029-6574, United States
| | - Davide Provasi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, New York 10029-6574, United States
| | - Amal El Daibani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kevin Appourchaux
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Soumen Chakraborty
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Abhijeet Kapoor
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, New York 10029-6574, United States
| | - Tao Che
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy at St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Marta Filizola
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, New York 10029-6574, United States
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30
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Faouzi A, Uprety R, Gomes I, Massaly N, Keresztes AI, Le Rouzic V, Gupta A, Zhang T, Yoon HJ, Ansonoff M, Allaoa A, Pan YX, Pintar J, Morón JA, Streicher JM, Devi LA, Majumdar S. Synthesis and Pharmacology of a Novel μ-δ Opioid Receptor Heteromer-Selective Agonist Based on the Carfentanyl Template. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13618-13637. [PMID: 33170687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we studied a series of carfentanyl amide-based opioid derivatives targeting the mu opioid receptor (μOR) and the delta opioid receptor (δOR) heteromer as a credible novel target in pain management therapy. We identified a lead compound named MP135 that exhibits high G-protein activity at μ-δ heteromers compared to the homomeric δOR or μOR and low β-arrestin2 recruitment activity at all three. Furthermore, MP135 exhibits distinct signaling profile, as compared to the previously identified agonist targeting μ-δ heteromers, CYM51010. Pharmacological characterization of MP135 supports the utility of this compound as a molecule that could be developed as an antinociceptive agent similar to morphine in rodents. In vivo characterization reveals that MP135 maintains untoward side effects such as respiratory depression and reward behavior; together, these results suggest that optimization of MP135 is necessary for the development of therapeutics that suppress the classical side effects associated with conventional clinical opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Faouzi
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Rajendra Uprety
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Nicolas Massaly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Attila I Keresztes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arkansas 85724, United States
| | - Valerie Le Rouzic
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Achla Gupta
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Tiffany Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Hye Jean Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Michael Ansonoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Abdullah Allaoa
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ying Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - John Pintar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jose A Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arkansas 85724, United States
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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