1
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Peng Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, Liu B, Zhang Z, Gong Z, Zhang X, Xia Y, You X, Wu J. Potential role of remimazolam in alleviating bone cancer pain in mice via modulation of translocator protein in spinal astrocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176861. [PMID: 39068975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Bone cancer pain (BCP) is a complex clinical challenge, with current treatments often falling short of providing adequate relief. Remimazolam, a benzodiazepine receptor agonist recognized for its anxiolytic effects, has emerged as a potential agent in managing BCP. This study explores the analgesic properties of remimazolam and its interaction with the translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, in spinal astrocytes. In the context of BCP, previous research has indicated that TSPO expression in spinal astrocytes may serve a protective regulatory function in neuropathic pain models. Building on this, the BCP mice received various doses of remimazolam on the 15th day post-inoculation, and pain behavior was assessed over time. The results showed that BCP induced an upregulation of TSPO and astrocyte activation in the spinal dorsal horn, alongside increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling and inflammatory cytokine expression. Remimazolam administration resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of pain behaviors, which corresponded with a decrease in both ERK pathway activation and inflammatory factor expression. This suggests that remimazolam's analgesic effects are mediated through its action as a TSPO agonist, leading to the attenuation of neuroinflammation and pain signaling pathways. Importantly, the analgesic effects of remimazolam were reversed by the TSPO antagonist PK11195, underscoring the pivotal role of TSPO in the drug's mechanism of action. This reversal also reinstated the heightened levels of ERK activity and inflammatory mediators, further confirming the involvement of TSPO in the modulation of these pain-related processes. These findings open new avenues for the therapeutic management of bone cancer pain, positioning remimazolam as a promising candidate for further investigation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Biying Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zuojing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhihao Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuefeng Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xingji You
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Jingxiang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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2
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Issop L, Duma L, Finet S, Lequin O, Lacapère JJ. Among the recombinant TSPOs, the BcTSPO. Biochimie 2024; 224:16-28. [PMID: 38280504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Overexpression of recombinant Bacillus cereus TSPO (BcTSPO) in E. coli bacteria leads to its recovery with a bound hemin both in bacterial membrane (MB) and inclusion bodies (IB). Unlike mouse TSPO, BcTSPO purified in SDS detergent from IB is well structured and can bind various ligands such as high-affinity PK 11195, protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). For each of the three ligands, 1H-15N HSQC titration NMR experiments suggest that different amino acids of BcTSPO binding cavity are involved in the interaction. PPIX, an intermediate of heme biosynthesis, binds to the cavity of BcTSPO and its fluorescence can be significantly reduced in the presence of light and oxygen. The light irradiation leads to two products that have been isolated and characterized as photoporphyrins. They result from the addition of singlet oxygen to the two vinyl groups hence leading to the formation of hydroxyaldehydes. The involvement of water molecules, recently observed along with the binding of heme in Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsTSPO) is highly probable. Altogether, these results raise the question of the role of TSPO in heme biosynthesis regulation as a possible scavenger of reactive intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeyah Issop
- Inserm U955-IMRB, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Luminita Duma
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Stephanie Finet
- IMPMC, UMR 7590 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, MNHN, IRD, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS (UMR 7203), Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapère
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS (UMR 7203), Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005, Paris, France.
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Duport C, Armengaud J, Schmitt C, Morin D, Lacapère JJ. Elucidating the pivotal role of TSPO in porphyrin-related cellular processes, in Bacillus cereus. Biochimie 2024; 224:51-61. [PMID: 38423451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A structural homolog of the mammalian TSPO has been identified in the human pathogen Bacillus cereus. BcTSPO, in its recombinant form, has previously been shown to bind and degrade porphyrins. In this study, we generated a ΔtspO mutant strain in B. cereus ATCC 14579 and assessed the impact of the absence of BcTSPO on cellular proteomics and physiological characteristics. The proteomic analysis revealed correlations between the lack of BcTSPO and the observed growth defects, increased oxygen consumption, ATP deficiency, heightened tryptophan catabolism, reduced motility, and impaired biofilm formation in the ΔtspO mutant strain. Our results also suggested that BcTSPO plays a crucial role in regulating intracellular levels of metabolites from the coproporphyrin-dependent branch of the heme biosynthetic pathway. This regulation potentially underlies alterations in the metabolic landscape, emphasizing the pivotal role of BcTSPO in B. cereus aerobic metabolism. Notably, our study unveils, for the first time, the involvement of TSPO in tryptophan metabolism. These findings underscore the multifaceted role of TSPO, not only in metabolic pathways but also potentially in the microorganism's virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, 30200, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700, Colombes, France; INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Didier Morin
- INSERM, U955, équipe 3, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, 94010, Creteil, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapère
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
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4
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Li Y, Chen L, Papadopoulos V. The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa): A key multifunctional molecule in liver diseases. Biochimie 2024; 224:91-103. [PMID: 38065288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), previously known as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is an evolutionarily conserved and tryptophan-rich 169-amino-acid protein located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. TSPO plays a crucial role in various fundamental physiological functions and cellular processes. Its expression is altered in pathological conditions, thus rendering TSPO a potential tool for diagnostic imaging and an appealing therapeutic target. The investigation of synthetic TSPO ligands as both agonists and antagonists has provided valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms and functional properties of TSPO. Recently, accumulating evidence has highlighted the significance of TSPO in liver diseases. However, a comprehensive summary of TSPO function in the normal liver and diverse liver diseases is lacking. This review aims to provide an overview of recent advances in understanding TSPO function in both normal liver cells and various liver diseases, with a particular emphasis on its involvement in liver fibrosis and inflammation and addresses the existing knowledge gaps in the field that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Liting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Saade C, Pozza A, Bonneté F, Finet S, Lutz-Bueno V, Tully MD, Varela PF, Lacapère JJ, Combet S. Enhanced structure/function of mTSPO translocator in lipid:surfactant mixed micelles. Biochimie 2024; 224:3-15. [PMID: 38663457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
TSPO is a ubiquitous transmembrane protein used as a pharmacological marker in neuroimaging. The only known atomic structure of mammalian TSPOs comes from the solution NMR of mouse TSPO (mTSPO) bound to the PK11195 ligand and in a DPC surfactant environment. No structure is available in a biomimetic environment and without PK11195 which strongly stiffens the protein. We measured the effect of different amphiphilic environments on ligand-free mTSPO to study its structure/function and find optimal solubilization conditions. By replacing the SDS surfactant, where the recombinant protein is purified, with mixed lipid:surfactant (DMPC:DPC) micelles at different ratios (0:1, 1:2, and 2:1, w:w), the α-helix content and interactions and the intrinsic tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence of mTSPO are gradually increased. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) shows a more extended mTSPO/belt complex with the addition of lipids: Dmax ∼95 Å in DPC alone versus ∼142 Å in DMPC:DPC (1:2). SEC-MALLS shows that the molecular composition of the mTSPO belt is ∼98 molecules for DPC alone and ∼58 DMPC and ∼175 DPC for DMPC:DPC (1:2). Additionally, DMPC:DPC micelles stabilize mTSPO compared to DPC alone, where the protein has a greater propensity to aggregate. These structural changes are consistent with the increased affinity of mTSPO for the PK11195 ligand in presence of lipids (Kd ∼70 μM in DPC alone versus ∼0.91 μM in DMPC:DPC, 1:2), as measured by microscale thermophoresis (MST). In conclusion, mixed lipid:surfactant micelles open new possibilities for the stabilization of membrane proteins and for their study in solution in a more biomimetic amphiphilic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Saade
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA-CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Alexandre Pozza
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR7099, Biochimie des Protéines Membranaires, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Bonneté
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR7099, Biochimie des Protéines Membranaires, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Finet
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), UMR 7590 CNRS-Sorbonne Université Université, MNHN, IRD, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Viviane Lutz-Bueno
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA-CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France; Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Mark D Tully
- The European Synchrotron (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Paloma F Varela
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapère
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Combet
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA-CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
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Bäckström T, Doverskog M, Blackburn TP, Scharschmidt BF, Felipo V. Allopregnanolone and its antagonist modulate neuroinflammation and neurological impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105668. [PMID: 38608826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation accompanies several brain disorders, either as a secondary consequence or as a primary cause and may contribute importantly to disease pathogenesis. Neurosteroids which act as Positive Steroid Allosteric GABA-A receptor Modulators (Steroid-PAM) appear to modulate neuroinflammation and their levels in the brain may vary because of increased or decreased local production or import from the systemic circulation. The increased synthesis of steroid-PAMs is possibly due to increased expression of the mitochondrial cholesterol transporting protein (TSPO) in neuroinflammatory tissue, and reduced production may be due to changes in the enzymatic activity. Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in neuroinflammation, and their production of inflammatory mediators can be both activated and inhibited by steroid-PAMs and GABA. What is surprising is the finding that both allopregnanolone, a steroid-PAM, and golexanolone, a novel GABA-A receptor modulating steroid antagonist (GAMSA), can inhibit microglia and astrocyte activation and normalize their function. This review focuses on the role of steroid-PAMs in neuroinflammation and their importance in new therapeutic approaches to CNS and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Moromizato R, Fukuda K, Suzuki S, Motomura T, Nagasato C, Hirakawa Y. Pyrenoid proteomics reveals independent evolution of the CO 2-concentrating organelle in chlorarachniophytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318542121. [PMID: 38408230 PMCID: PMC10927497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318542121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrenoids are microcompartments that are universally found in the photosynthetic plastids of various eukaryotic algae. They contain ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and play a pivotal role in facilitating CO2 assimilation via CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Recent investigations involving model algae have revealed that pyrenoid-associated proteins participate in pyrenoid biogenesis and CCMs. However, these organisms represent only a small part of algal lineages, which limits our comprehensive understanding of the diversity and evolution of pyrenoid-based CCMs. Here we report a pyrenoid proteome of the chlorarachniophyte alga Amorphochlora amoebiformis, which possesses complex plastids acquired through secondary endosymbiosis with green algae. Proteomic analysis using mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of 154 potential pyrenoid components. Subsequent localization experiments demonstrated the specific targeting of eight proteins to pyrenoids. These included a putative Rubisco-binding linker, carbonic anhydrase, membrane transporter, and uncharacterized GTPase proteins. Notably, most of these proteins were unique to this algal lineage. We suggest a plausible scenario in which pyrenoids in chlorarachniophytes have evolved independently, as their components are not inherited from green algal pyrenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Moromizato
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8572, Japan
| | - Kodai Fukuda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8572, Japan
| | - Shigekatsu Suzuki
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba305-8506, Japan
| | - Taizo Motomura
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran051-0013, Japan
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran051-0013, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirakawa
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8572, Japan
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Pan N, Xu H, Chen W, Liu Z, Liu Y, Huang T, Du S, Xu S, Zheng T, Zuo Z. Cyanobacterial VOCs β-ionone and β-cyclocitral poisoning Lemna turionifera by triggering programmed cell death. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123059. [PMID: 38042469 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
β-Ionone and β-cyclocitral are two typical components in cyanobacterial volatiles, which can poison aquatic plants and even cause death. To reveal the toxic mechanisms of the two compounds on aquatic plants through programmed cell death (PCD), the photosynthetic capacities, caspase-3-like activity, DNA fragmentation and ladders, as well as expression of the genes associated with PCD in Lemna turionifera were investigated in exposure to β-ionone (0.2 mM) and β-cyclocitral (0.4 mM) at lethal concentration. With prolonging the treatment time, L. turionifera fronds gradually died, and photosynthetic capacities gradually reduced and even disappeared at the 96th h. This demonstrated that the death process might be a PCD rather than a necrosis, due to the gradual loss of physiological activities. When L. turionifera underwent the death, caspase-3-like was activated after 3 h, and reached to the strongest activity at the 24th h. TUNEL-positive nuclei were detected after 12 h, and appeared in large numbers at the 48th h. The DNA was cleaved by Ca2+-dependent endonucleases and showed obviously ladders. In addition, the expression of 5 genes (TSPO, ERN1, CTSB, CYC, and ATR) positively related with PCD initiation was up-regulated, while the expression of 2 genes (RRM2 and TUBA) negatively related with PCD initiation was down-regulated. Therefore, β-ionone and β-cyclocitral can poison L. turionifera by adjusting related gene expression to trigger PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Haozhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wangbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yichi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Siyi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Sun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tiefeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhaojiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Yeh PS, Li CC, Lu YS, Chiang YW. Structural Insights into the Binding and Degradation Mechanisms of Protoporphyrin IX by the Translocator Protein TSPO. JACS AU 2023; 3:2918-2929. [PMID: 37885593 PMCID: PMC10598825 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) has gained considerable attention as a clinical biomarker for neuroinflammation and a potential therapeutic target. However, the mechanisms by which TSPO associates with ligands, particularly the endogenous porphyrin ligand protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed mutagenesis- and spectroscopy-based functional assays to investigate TSPO-mediated photo-oxidative degradation of PpIX and identify key residues involved in the reaction. We provide structural evidence using electron spin resonance, which sheds light on the highly conserved intracellular loop (LP1) connecting transmembrane 1 (TM1) and TM2. Our findings show that LP1 does not act as a lid to regulate ligand binding; instead, it interacts strongly with the TM3-TM4 linker (LP3) to stabilize the local structure of LP3. This LP1-LP3 interaction is crucial for maintaining the binding pocket structure, which is essential for proper ligand binding. Our results also demonstrate that PpIX accesses the pocket through the lipid bilayer without requiring conformational changes in TSPO. This study provides an improved understanding of TSPO-mediated PpIX degradation, highlighting potential therapeutic strategies to regulate the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300-044, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chin Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300-044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300-044, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wei Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300-044, Taiwan
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Goicoechea L, Conde de la Rosa L, Torres S, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Mitochondrial cholesterol: Metabolism and impact on redox biology and disease. Redox Biol 2023; 61:102643. [PMID: 36857930 PMCID: PMC9989693 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a crucial component of membrane bilayers by regulating their structural and functional properties. Cholesterol traffics to different cellular compartments including mitochondria, whose cholesterol content is low compared to other cell membranes. Despite the limited availability of cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), the metabolism of cholesterol in the IMM plays important physiological roles, acting as the precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones and neurosteroids in steroidogenic tissues and specific neurons, respectively, or the synthesis of bile acids through an alternative pathway in the liver. Accumulation of cholesterol in mitochondria above physiological levels has a negative impact on mitochondrial function through several mechanisms, including the limitation of crucial antioxidant defenses, such as the glutathione redox cycle, increased generation of reactive oxygen species and consequent oxidative modification of cardiolipin, and defective assembly of respiratory supercomplexes. These adverse consequences of increased mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking trigger the onset of oxidative stress and cell death, and, ultimately, contribute to the development of diverse diseases, including metabolic liver diseases (i.e. fatty liver disease and liver cancer), as well as lysosomal disorders (i.e. Niemann-Pick type C disease) and neurodegenerative diseases (i.e. Alzheimer's disease). In this review, we summarize the metabolism and regulation of mitochondrial cholesterol and its potential impact on liver and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Goicoechea
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Conde de la Rosa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Torres
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain; Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - José C Fernández-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain; Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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11
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Combet S, Bonneté F, Finet S, Pozza A, Saade C, Martel A, Koutsioubas A, Lacapère JJ. Effect of amphiphilic environment on the solution structure of mouse TSPO translocator protein. Biochimie 2023; 205:61-72. [PMID: 36460205 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is a ubiquitous transmembrane protein of great pharmacological interest thanks to its high affinity to many drug ligands. The only high-resolution 3D-structure known for mammalian TSPO was obtained by NMR for the mouse mTSPO in DPC detergent only in presence of the high-affinity PK 11195 ligand. An atomic structure of free-ligand mTSPO is still missing to better understand the interaction of ligands with mTSPO and their effects on the protein conformation. Here, we decipher the solution structures of the recombinant mTSPO without ligand both in (i) SDS, the detergent used to extract and purify the protein from E. coli inclusion bodies, and (ii) DPC, the detergent used to solve the PK 11195-binding mTSPO NMR structure. We report partially refolded and less flexible mTSPO helices in DPC compared to SDS. Besides, DPC stabilizes the tertiary structure of mTSPO, as shown by a higher intrinsic Trp fluorescence and changes in indole environment. We evaluate by SEC-MALLS that ∼135 SDS and ∼100 DPC molecules are bound to mTSPO. SEC-small-angle X-ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering confirm a larger mTSPO-detergent complex in SDS than in DPC. Using the contrast-matching technique in SEC-SANS, we demonstrate that mTSPO conformation is more compact and less flexible in DPC than in SDS. Combining ab initio modeling with SANS, we confirm that mTSPO conformation is less elongated in DPC than in SDS. However, the free-ligand mTSPO envelope in DPC is not as compact as the PK 11195-binding protein NMR structure, the ligand stiffening the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Combet
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
| | - Françoise Bonneté
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires (IBPC), F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Stéphanie Finet
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), UMR 7590 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, MNHN, IRD, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Pozza
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires (IBPC), F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Saade
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), F-38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandros Koutsioubas
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapère
- Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM), UMR 7203, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Université, CNRS, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
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12
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Garza S, Chen L, Galano M, Cheung G, Sottas C, Li L, Li Y, Zirkin BR, Papadopoulos V. Mitochondrial dynamics, Leydig cell function, and age-related testosterone deficiency. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22637. [PMID: 36349989 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201026r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (18 kDa; TSPO) is a high-affinity cholesterol-binding protein that is an integral component of the cholesterol trafficking scaffold responsible for determining the rate of cholesterol import into the mitochondria for steroid biosynthesis. Previous studies have shown that TSPO declines in aging Leydig cells (LCs) and that its decline is associated with depressed circulating testosterone levels in aging rats. However, TSPO's role in the mechanistic decline in LC function is not fully understood. To address the role of TSPO depletion in LC function, we first examined mitochondrial quality in Tspo knockout mouse tumor MA-10 nG1 LCs compared to wild-type MA-10 cells. Tspo deletion caused a disruption in mitochondrial function and membrane dynamics. Increasing mitochondrial fusion via treatment with the mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 or by optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) overexpression resulted in the restoration of mitochondrial function and mitochondrial morphology as well as in steroid formation in TSPO-depleted nG1 LCs. LCs isolated from aged rats form less testosterone than LCs isolated from young rats. Treatment of aging LCs with M1 improved mitochondrial function and increased androgen formation, suggesting that aging LC dysfunction may stem from compromised mitochondrial dynamics caused by the age-dependent LC TSPO decline. These results, taken together, suggest that maintaining or enhancing mitochondrial fusion may provide therapeutic strategies to maintain or restore testosterone levels with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Garza
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Melanie Galano
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Garett Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chantal Sottas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuchang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Barry R Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Adhikari A, Zhang MR, Tiwari AK. Acetamidobenzoxazolone scaffold as a promising translocator protein (18 kDa, TSPO) marker for neuroinflammation imaging: Advancement in last decennial period. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1519-1533. [PMID: 36074736 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been linked to the onset and progression of a wide range of neuropathological disorders. The well-conserved outer mitochondrial membrane 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is perceived as an in vivo neuroinflammation marker. A dearth of a reference region, genetic disparity influencing the ligand's affinity for TSPO, and a substantial signal in the endothelium of the brain veins contributes toward complications in quantifying TSPO positron emission tomography (PET) image. Up to the present time several radiotracers based on different pharmacophore such as (R)[11 C]PK11195, [18 F]DPA714, [11 C]PBR28, [11 C]ER176, and many more have been recognized for envisaging the prominent TSPO level observed in neurological conditions. Recently acetamidobenzoxazolone (ABO) scaffold, a bicyclic ring system composed of a phenyl ring fused to a carbamate and its substituted radiolabelled analogues especially at C-5 position has evidenced encouraging outcomes as next generation of TSPO PET ligands. Diverse ABO framework-based TSPO ligands have been designed embracing imperative aspects such as lipophilicity, metabolic profile, and capability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier apart from least effect of polymorphism (rs6971). Over the years numerous systematic literature reviews compiling different structural class of TSPO ligands characterized on the grounds of their binding affinity and metabolite profile have been reported but none is especially focused toward a fascinating benzoxazolone scaffold. This review exclusively bestows an overview of the recent advancements on ABO derivatives with neuroinflammation imaging potential and emphases on the structural features accountable for visualizing TSPO in-vivo with collation of published reports during last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Anjani Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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14
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Chen H, Jiang Z, Cheng X, Zheng W, Sun Y, Yu Z, Yang T, Zhang L, Yan J, Liu Y, Ji X, Wu Z. [ 18F]BIBD-239: 18F-Labeled ER176, a Positron Emission Tomography Tracer Specific for the Translocator Protein. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2351-2366. [PMID: 35671264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
[11C]ER176 has adequate sensitivity to image the human brain translocator protein (TSPO) in all three genotypes by positron emission tomography (PET). However, its clinical application is limited by the short half-life of 11C (20.38 min). To overcome the deficiency of [11C]ER176 and keep the pharmacophore features of ER176 to the maximum extent, we designed four fluorine-labeled ER176 derivatives using the deuterium method. In vitro competition binding confirmed that the designed compounds had high affinity for TSPO. Biodistribution experiments showed that tissues with high expression of TSPO had high uptake of these compounds, as well as that the compound showed high brain penetration and mild defluorination in vivo. Therefore, [18F]BIBD-239 with simple synthesis conditions was selected for further biological evaluation. Theoretical simulations showed that BIBD-239 and ER176 have similar binding modes and sites to Ala147-TSPO and Thr147-TSPO, which indicated that the tracers may have consistent sensitivity to the three affinity genotypes. In vitro autoradiography and in vivo PET studies of the ischemic rat brain showed dramatically higher uptake of [18F]BIBD-239 on the lesion site compared to the contralateral side with good brain kinetics. Additionally, [18F]BIBD-239 provided clear tumor PET images in a GL261 glioma model. Importantly, PET imaging and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) results showed that in vivo defluorination and other metabolites of [18F]BIBD-239 did not interfere with brain imaging. Conclusively, [18F]BIBD-239, similar to ER176 with low polymorphism sensitivity, has simple labeling conditions, high labeling yield, high affinity, and high specificity for TSPO, and it is planned for further evaluation in higher species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Chen
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zeng Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuebo Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuli Sun
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ziyue Yu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tingyu Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zehui Wu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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15
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Adhikari A, Pandey A, Kumar D, Tiwari AK. Determination of Hybrid TSPO Ligands with Minimal Impact of SNP
(rs6971) through Molecular Docking and MD Simulation Study. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180818666210413130326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In an endeavor to ascertain high-affinity TSPO ligands with minimal single
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), six hybrid molecules have been identified as new leads for future
inflammation PET imaging.
Objective:
Genesis for chemical design was encouraged from structural families of well-known ligands
FEBMP and PBR28/ DAA1106 that have demonstrated remarkable TSPO binding characteristics.
Methods:
All proposed hybrid ligands 1-6 are subjected to molecular docking and simulation studies
with wild and mutant protein to study their interactions, binding, consistency of active conformations
and are correlated with well-established TSPO ligands.
Results:
Each hybrid ligand demonstrate better docking score > -11.00 kcal/mol with TSPO with
respect to gold standard PK11195, i.e., -11.00 kcal/mol for 4UC3 and -12.94 kcal/mol for 4UC1. On
comparison with FEBMP and GE-180 (-12.57, -7.24 kcal/mol for 4UC3 and -14.10, -11.32
kcal/mol for 4UC1), ligand 3 demonstrates maximum docking energy (> -15.50 kcal/mol) with
minimum SNP (0.26 kcal/mol).
Discussion:
Presence of strong hydrogen bond Arg148-3.27Å (4UC1) and Trp50-2.43Å, Asp28-
2.57Å (4UC3) apart from short-range interactions, including π–π interactions with the aromatic residues,
such as (Trp39, Phe46, Trp135) and (Trp39, Trp108), attributes towards its strong binding.
Conclusion:
Utilizing the results of binding energy, we concluded stable complex formation of these
hybrid ligands that could bind to TSPO with the least effect of SNP with similar interactions to
known ligands. Overall, ligand 3 stands out as the best ligand having insignificant deviations per
residue of protein that can be further explored and assessed in detail for future inflammation PET
application after subsequent detailed biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anwesh Pandey
- Department of
Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devesh Kumar
- Department of
Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjani K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Genome-Wide Study of Conidiation-Related Genes in the Aphid-Obligate Fungal Pathogen Conidiobolus obscurus (Entomophthoromycotina). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040389. [PMID: 35448620 PMCID: PMC9026835 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi in the Entomophthorales order can cause insect disease and epizootics in nature, contributing to biological pest control in agriculture and forestry. Most Entomophthorales have narrow host ranges, limited to the arthropod family level; however, rare genomic information about host-specific fungi has been reported. Conidiation is crucial for entomopathogenic fungi to explore insect resources owing to the important roles of conidia in the infection cycle, such as dispersal, adhesion, germination, and penetration into the host hemocoel. In this study, we analyzed the whole genome sequence of the aphid-obligate pathogen Conidiobolus obscurus strain ARSEF 7217 (Entomophthoromycotina), using Nanopore technology from Biomarker Technologies (Beijing, China). The genome size was 37.6 Mb, and encoded 10,262 predicted genes, wherein 21.3% genes were putatively associated to the pathogen–host interaction. In particular, the serine protease repertoire in C. obscurus exhibited expansions in the trypsin and subtilisin classes, which play vital roles in the fungus’ pathogenicity. Differentially expressed transcriptomic patterns were analyzed in three conidiation stages (pre-conidiation, emerging conidiation, and post-conidiation), and 2915 differentially expressed genes were found to be associated with the conidiation process. Furthermore, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that 772 hub genes in conidiation are mainly involved in insect cuticular component degradation, cell wall/membrane biosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathway, and transcription regulation. Our findings of the genomic and transcriptomic features of C. obscurus help reveal the molecular mechanism of the Entomophthorales pathogenicity, which will contribute to improving fungal applications in pest control.
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17
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Bloms-Funke P, Bankstahl M, Bankstahl J, Kneip C, Schröder W, Löscher W. The novel dual-mechanism Kv7 potassium channel/TSPO receptor activator GRT-X is more effective than the Kv7 channel opener retigabine in the 6-Hz refractory seizure mouse model. Neuropharmacology 2022; 203:108884. [PMID: 34785163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy, one of the most common and most disabling neurological disorders, is characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures, often associated with structural brain alterations and cognitive and psychiatric comorbidities. In about 30% of patients, the seizures are resistant to current treatments; so more effective treatments are urgently needed. Among the ∼30 clinically approved antiseizure drugs, retigabine (ezogabine) is the only drug that acts as a positive allosteric modulator (or opener) of voltage-gated Kv7 potassium channels, which is particularly interesting for some genetic forms of epilepsy. Here we describe a novel dual-mode-of-action compound, GRT-X (N-[(3-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-methyl-2-oxo-(7-trifluoromethyl)-1H-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid amide) that activates both Kv7 potassium channels and the mitochondrial translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), leading to increased synthesis of brain neurosteroids. TSPO activators are known to exert anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, and antidepressive effects, which, together with an antiseizure effect (mediated by Kv7 channels), would be highly relevant for the treatment of epilepsy. This prompted us to compare the antiseizure efficacy of retigabine and GRT-X in six mouse and rat models of epileptic seizures, including the 6-Hz model of difficult-to-treat focal seizures. Furthermore, the tolerability of the two compounds was compared in mice and rats. Potency comparisons were based on both doses and peak plasma concentrations. Overall, GRT-X was more effective than retigabine in three of the six seizure models used here, the most important difference being the high efficacy in the 6-Hz (32 mA) seizure model in mice. Based on drug plasma levels, GRT-X was at least 30 times more potent than retigabine in the latter model. These data indicate that GRT-X is a highly interesting novel anti-seizure drug with a unique (first-in-class) dual-mode mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Seo JA, Sayyed ND, Lee YJ, Jeon HY, Kim EB, Hong SH, Cho S, Kim M, Ha KS. Midazolam Ameliorates Hyperglycemia-Induced Glomerular Endothelial Dysfunction by Inhibiting Transglutaminase 2 in Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020753. [PMID: 35054938 PMCID: PMC8775471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Midazolam is an anesthetic widely used for anxiolysis and sedation; however, to date, a possible role for midazolam in diabetic kidney disease remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of midazolam on hyperglycemia-induced glomerular endothelial dysfunction and elucidated its mechanism of action in kidneys of diabetic mice and human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (HGECs). We found that, in diabetic mice, subcutaneous midazolam treatment for 6 weeks attenuated hyperglycemia-induced elevation in urine albumin/creatinine ratios. It also ameliorated hyperglycemia-induced adherens junction disruption and subsequent microvascular leakage in glomeruli of diabetic mice. In HGECs, midazolam suppressed high glucose-induced vascular endothelial-cadherin disruption and endothelial cell permeability via inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ elevation and subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) activation. Notably, midazolam also suppressed hyperglycemia-induced ROS generation and TGase2 activation in glomeruli of diabetic mice and markedly improved pathological alterations in glomerular ultrastructure in these animals. Analysis of kidneys from diabetic Tgm2−/− mice further revealed that TGase2 played a critical role in microvascular leakage. Overall, our findings indicate that midazolam ameliorates hyperglycemia-induced glomerular endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting ROS-mediated activation of TGase2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ah Seo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon-do, Korea; (J.-A.S.); (N.D.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-Y.J.); (E.-B.K.)
| | - Nilofar Danishmalik Sayyed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon-do, Korea; (J.-A.S.); (N.D.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-Y.J.); (E.-B.K.)
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon-do, Korea; (J.-A.S.); (N.D.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-Y.J.); (E.-B.K.)
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon-do, Korea; (J.-A.S.); (N.D.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-Y.J.); (E.-B.K.)
| | - Eun-Bin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon-do, Korea; (J.-A.S.); (N.D.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-Y.J.); (E.-B.K.)
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Soyeon Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon-do, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (K.-S.H.); Tel.: +82-33-258-9423 (M.K.); +82-33-250-8833 (K.-S.H.)
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon-do, Korea; (J.-A.S.); (N.D.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-Y.J.); (E.-B.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (K.-S.H.); Tel.: +82-33-258-9423 (M.K.); +82-33-250-8833 (K.-S.H.)
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19
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Tang J, Bassham DC. Autophagy during drought: function, regulation, and potential application. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:390-401. [PMID: 34469611 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major challenge for agricultural production since it causes substantial yield reduction and economic loss. Autophagy is a subcellular degradation and recycling pathway that functions in plant development and responses to many stresses, including drought. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the function of autophagy and how autophagy is upregulated during drought stress. Autophagy helps plants to survive drought stress, and the mechanistic basis for this is beginning to be elucidated. Autophagy can selectively degrade aquaporins to adjust water permeability, and also degrades excess heme and damaged proteins to reduce their toxicity. In addition, autophagy can degrade regulators or components of hormone signaling pathways to promote stress responses. During drought recovery, autophagy degrades drought-induced proteins to reset the cell status. Autophagy is activated by multiple mechanisms during drought stress. Several transcription factors are induced by drought to upregulate autophagy-related gene expression, and autophagy is also regulated post-translationally through protein modification and stability. Based on these observations, manipulation of autophagy activity may be a promising approach for conferring drought tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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20
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Sutherland GA, Qian P, Hunter CN, Swainsbury DJ, Hitchcock A. Engineering purple bacterial carotenoid biosynthesis to study the roles of carotenoids in light-harvesting complexes. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:137-184. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Lin CH, Lin HY, Ho EP, Ke YC, Cheng MF, Shiue CY, Wu CH, Liao PH, Hsu AYH, Chu LA, Liu YD, Lin YH, Tai YC, Shun CT, Chiu HM, Wu MS. Mild Chronic Colitis Triggers Parkinsonism in LRRK2 Mutant Mice Through Activating TNF-α Pathway. Mov Disord 2021; 37:745-757. [PMID: 34918781 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a common risk gene for Parkinson's disease (PD) and inflammatory bowel disorders. However, the penetrance of the most prevalent LRRK2 mutation, G2019S, is <50%. Factors other than genetic mutations are needed in PD process. OBJECTIVES To examine whether and how gut inflammation may act as an environmental trigger to neurodegeneration in PD. METHODS A mild and chronic dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice model harboring LRRK2 G2019S mutation was established. The colitis severity, immune responses, locomotor function, dopaminergic neuron, and microglia integrity were compared between littermate controls, transgenic LRRK2 wild type (WT), and LRRK2 G2019S mice. RESULTS The LRRK2 G2019S mice are more vulnerable to DSS-induced colitis than littermate controls or LRRK2 WT animals with increased intestinal expressions of pattern-recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, especially tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Notably, the colonic expression of α-synuclein was significantly increased in LRRK2 G2019S colitis mice. We subsequently observed more aggravated locomotor defect, microglia activation, and dopaminergic neuron loss in LRRK2 G2019S colitis mice than control animals. Treatment with anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody, adalimumab, abrogated both gut and neuroinflammation, mitigated neurodegeneration, and improved locomotor function in LRRK2 G2019S colitis mice. Finally, we validated increased colonic expressions of LRRK2, TLRs, and NF-κB pathway proteins and elevated plasma TNF-α level in PD patients compared to controls, especially in those with LRRK2 risk variants. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that chronic colitis promotes parkinsonism in genetically susceptible mice and TNF-α plays a detrimental role in the gut-brain axis of PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - En-Pong Ho
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ci Ke
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyng-Yann Shiue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Han Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Li-An Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ding Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Tai
- Department of Neurology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Mo Chiu
- Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Liu X, Lin S, Zhong Y, Shen J, Zhang X, Luo S, Huang L, Zhang L, Zhou S, Tang J. Remimazolam Protects Against LPS-Induced Endotoxicity Improving Survival of Endotoxemia Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:739603. [PMID: 34867346 PMCID: PMC8641375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.739603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Remimazolam is a new benzodiazepine of sedative drugs with an ultra-short-acting anesthetic effect, commonly used for critically ill patients (especially septic patients) in intensive care units (ICUs). Although some anesthetics have been reported to show certain anti-inflammatory effects, the role of remimazolam in inflammation is still remained unknown. Here, we studied the effects of remimazolam on macrophage in response to LPS both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, compared with LPS treatment group, remimazolam remarkably improved survival rate of endotoxemia mice and decreased the release of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators (such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β). We further found that remimazolam not only inhibited the activation of MAPK signal pathway at 15 min after LPS treatment but also disturbed Rab5a related TLR4 expression at cell surface in response to LPS at a later time. Such evidence suggests that remimazolam might be beneficial to septic patients who are suffering from uncontrolled inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shaoping Lin
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yiyue Zhong
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiaojiao Shen
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xuedi Zhang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuhua Luo
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Li Huang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liangqing Zhang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuangnan Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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23
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Nutma E, Ceyzériat K, Amor S, Tsartsalis S, Millet P, Owen DR, Papadopoulos V, Tournier BB. Cellular sources of TSPO expression in healthy and diseased brain. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:146-163. [PMID: 33433698 PMCID: PMC8712293 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a highly conserved protein located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. TSPO binding, as measured with positron emission tomography (PET), is considered an in vivo marker of neuroinflammation. Indeed, TSPO expression is altered in neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases. In PET studies, the TSPO signal is often viewed as a marker of microglial cell activity. However, there is little evidence in support of a microglia-specific TSPO expression. This review describes the cellular sources and functions of TSPO in animal models of disease and human studies, in health, and in central nervous system diseases. A discussion of methods of analysis and of quantification of TSPO is also presented. Overall, it appears that the alterations of TSPO binding, their cellular underpinnings, and the functional significance of such alterations depend on many factors, notably the pathology or the animal model under study, the disease stage, and the involved brain regions. Thus, further studies are needed to fully determine how changes in TSPO binding occur at the cellular level with the ultimate goal of revealing potential therapeutic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nutma
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Avenue de la Roseraie, 64, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Nuclear medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stergios Tsartsalis
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Avenue de la Roseraie, 64, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Philippe Millet
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Avenue de la Roseraie, 64, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David R Owen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Avenue de la Roseraie, 64, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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24
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Guilarte TR, Rodichkin AN, McGlothan JL, Acanda De La Rocha AM, Azzam DJ. Imaging neuroinflammation with TSPO: A new perspective on the cellular sources and subcellular localization. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108048. [PMID: 34848203 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO), previously named Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor, is a well-validated and widely used biomarker of neuroinflammation to assess diverse central nervous system (CNS) pathologies in preclinical and clinical studies. Many studies have shown that in animal models of human neurological and neurodegenerative disease and in the human condition, TSPO levels increase in the brain neuropil, and this increase is driven by infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells and activation of glial cells. Therefore, a clear understanding of the dynamics of the cellular sources of the TSPO response is critically important in the interpretation of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies and for understanding the pathophysiology of CNS diseases. Within the normal brain compartment, there are tissues and cells such as the choroid plexus, ependymal cells of the lining of the ventricles, and vascular endothelial cells that also express TSPO at even higher levels than in glial cells. However, there is a paucity of knowledge if these cell types respond and increase TSPO in the diseased brain. These cells do provide a background signal that needs to be accounted for in TSPO-PET imaging studies. More recently, there are reports that TSPO may be expressed in neurons of the adult brain and TSPO expression may be increased by neuronal activity. Therefore, it is essential to study this topic with a great deal of detail, methodological rigor, and rule out alternative interpretations and imaging artifacts. High levels of TSPO are present in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Recent studies have provided evidence of its localization in other cellular compartments including the plasma membrane and perinuclear regions which may define functions that are different from that in mitochondria. A greater understanding of the TSPO subcellular localization in glial cells and infiltrating peripheral immune cells and associated function(s) may provide an additional layer of information to the understanding of TSPO neurobiology. This review is an effort to outline recent advances in understanding the cellular sources and subcellular localization of TSPO in brain cells and to examine remaining questions that require rigorous investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás R Guilarte
- Brain, Behavior, & the Environment Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States of America.
| | - Alexander N Rodichkin
- Brain, Behavior, & the Environment Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L McGlothan
- Brain, Behavior, & the Environment Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States of America
| | - Arlet Maria Acanda De La Rocha
- Brain, Behavior, & the Environment Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States of America
| | - Diana J Azzam
- Brain, Behavior, & the Environment Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States of America
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25
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Crombie GK, Palliser HK, Shaw JC, Hodgson DM, Walker DW, Hirst JJ. Neurosteroid-based intervention using Ganaxolone and Emapunil for improving stress-induced myelination deficits and neurobehavioural disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 133:105423. [PMID: 34601389 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal stress is associated with long-term disturbances in white matter development and behaviour in children, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety. Oligodendrocyte maturation and myelin formation is a tightly orchestrated process beginning during gestation, and therefore is very vulnerable to the effects of maternal prenatal stresses in mid-late pregnancy. The current study aimed to examine the effects of prenatal stress on components of the oligodendrocyte lineage to identify the key processes that are disrupted and to determine if postnatal therapies directed at ameliorating white matter deficits also improve behavioural outcomes. METHODS Pregnant guinea pig dams were exposed to control-handling or prenatal stress with strobe light exposure for 2hrs/day on gestational age (GA) 50, 55, 60 and 65, and allowed to spontaneously deliver ~GA70. Pups were administered oral ganaxolone (5 mg/kg/day in 45% cyclodextrin) or the TSPO agonist, emapunil (XBD173; 0.3 mg/kg/day in 1% tragacanth gum) or vehicle, on postnatal days (PND) 1-7. Behavioural outcomes were assessed using open field and elevated plus maze testing on PND7 and PND27. Hippocampal samples were collected at PND30 to assess markers of oligodendrocyte development through assessment of total oligodendrocytes (OLIG2) and mature cells (myelin basic protein; MBP), and total neurons (NeuN) by immunostaining. Real-time PCR was conducted on hippocampal regions to assess markers of the oligodendrocyte lineage, markers of neurogenesis and components of the neurosteroidogenesis pathway. Plasma samples were collected for steroid quantification of cortisol, allopregnanolone, progesterone and testosterone by ELISA. RESULTS Prenatal stress resulted in hyperactivity in male offspring, and anxiety-like behaviour in female offspring in the guinea pig at an age equivalent to late childhood. Postnatal ganaxolone and emapunil treatment after prenatal stress restored the behavioural phenotype to that of control in females only. The oligodendrocyte maturation lineage, translation of MBP mRNA-to-protein, and neurogenesis were disrupted in prenatally-stressed offspring, resulting in a decreased amount of mature myelin. Emapunil treatment restored mature myelin levels in both sexes, and reversed disruptions to the oligodendrocyte lineage in female offspring, an effect not seen with ganaxolone treatment. CONCLUSION The marked and persisting behavioural and white matter perturbations observed in a clinically relevant guinea pig model of prenatal stress highlights the need for postnatal interventions that increase myelin repair and improve long-term outcomes. The effectiveness of emapunil treatment in restoring female offspring behaviour, and promoting maturation of myelin indicates that early therapeutic interventions can reverse the damaging effects of major stressful events in pregnancy. Further studies optimising target mechanisms and dosing are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle K Crombie
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - Hannah K Palliser
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia C Shaw
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | - David W Walker
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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26
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Li J, Shao D, Jiang D, Huang Q, Guan Y, Lai B, Zhao J, Hua F, Xie F. Alteration of neuroinflammation detected by 18F-GE180 PET imaging in place-conditioned rats with morphine withdrawal. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:103. [PMID: 34637020 PMCID: PMC8511235 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that neuroinflammation (NI) significantly contributes to drug addiction, but the conversion of NI after drug withdrawal is not clear. Here, we conducted 18F-flutriciclamide (GE180) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to investigate the conversion of NI during drug withdrawal and conditioning-induced aversion by measuring the change in microglial activation with 18F-GE180. METHODS Twelve male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to morphine withdrawal by the administration of naloxone, and six of them were used to model conditioned place aversion (CPA). 18F-GE180 PET imaging was performed for 11 rats on the last day of the morphine treatment phase and for 10 rats on the response assessment phase of the behavior conditioning procedure. A 18F-GE180 template was established for spatial normalization of each individual image, and the differential 18F-GE180 uptakes between the drug withdrawal (DW) group and the drug addiction (DA) group, the CPA group and the DA group, and the CPA group and the DW group were compared by a voxel-wise two-sample t test using SPM8. RESULTS Both the DW group and the CPA group spent less time in the conditioning cage during the post-test phase compared with the pretest phase, but only the difference in the CPA group was significant (63.2 ± 34.6 vs. - 159.53 ± 22.02, P < 0.005). Compared with the DA group, the uptake of 18F-GE180 increased mainly in the hippocampus, visual cortex, thalamus and midbrain regions and decreased mainly in the sensory-related cortices after the administration of naloxone in both the DW and CPA groups. Increased 18F-GE180 uptake was only observed in the mesolimbic regions after conditioned aversion compared with the DW group. CONCLUSION In morphine-dependent rats, Neuroinflammation (NI) became more severe in the addiction-involved brain regions but remitted in the sensory-related brain regions after the administration of naloxone, and this NI induced by withdrawal was further aggravated after conditioned aversion formation thus may help to consolidate the withdrawal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Li
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Da Shao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Research Center of Translation Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donglang Jiang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qi Huang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Bin Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dongfang Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Fengchun Hua
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Fang Xie
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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27
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Li X, He Z, Shu X. Therapeutic potential of translocator protein ligands for age-related macular degeneration. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:793-794. [PMID: 34472474 PMCID: PMC8530137 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.322460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhiming He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xinhua Shu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan Province, China; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Vision Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
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28
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Yan R, Zhang H, Wang J, Zheng Y, Luo Z, Zhang X, Xu Z. Application value of molecular imaging technology in epilepsy. IBRAIN 2021; 7:200-210. [PMID: 37786793 PMCID: PMC10528966 DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2021.tb00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease with various seizure types, complicated etiologies, and unclear mechanisms. Its diagnosis mainly relies on clinical history, but an electroencephalogram is also a crucial auxiliary examination. Recently, brain imaging technology has gained increasing attention in the diagnosis of epilepsy, and conventional magnetic resonance imaging can detect epileptic foci in some patients with epilepsy. However, the results of brain magnetic resonance imaging are normal in some patients. New molecular imaging has gradually developed in recent years and has been applied in the diagnosis of epilepsy, leading to enhanced lesion detection rates. However, the application of these technologies in epilepsy patients with negative brain magnetic resonance must be clarified. Thus, we reviewed the relevant literature and summarized the information to improve the understanding of the molecular imaging application value of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yan
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Hai‐Qing Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Jing Wang
- Prevention and Health Care, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Yong‐Su Zheng
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Zhong Luo
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Zu‐Cai Xu
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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29
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Giordani A, Menziani MC, Moresco RM, Matarrese M, Paolino M, Saletti M, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Cappelli A. Exploring Translocator Protein (TSPO) Medicinal Chemistry: An Approach for Targeting Radionuclides and Boron Atoms to Mitochondria. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9649-9676. [PMID: 34254805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa [TSPO or peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR)] was identified in the search of binding sites for benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs in peripheral regions. In these areas, binding sites for TSPO ligands were recognized in steroid-producing tissues. TSPO plays an important role in many cellular functions, and its coding sequence is highly conserved across species. TSPO is located predominantly on the membrane of mitochondria and is overexpressed in several solid cancers. TSPO basal expression in the CNS is low, but it becomes high in neurodegenerative conditions. Thus, TSPO constitutes not only as an outstanding drug target but also as a valuable marker for the diagnosis of a number of diseases. The aim of the present article is to show the lesson we have learned from our activity in TSPO medicinal chemistry and in approaching the targeted delivery to mitochondria by means of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordani
- Rottapharm Biotech S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 9, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Menziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IBFM-CNR, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Matarrese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IBFM-CNR, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Saletti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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30
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Hiser C, Montgomery BL, Ferguson-Miller S. TSPO protein binding partners in bacteria, animals, and plants. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:463-487. [PMID: 34191248 PMCID: PMC8243069 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ancient membrane protein TSPO is phylogenetically widespread from archaea and bacteria to insects, vertebrates, plants, and fungi. TSPO’s primary amino acid sequence is only modestly conserved between diverse species, although its five transmembrane helical structure appears mainly conserved. Its cellular location and orientation in membranes have been reported to vary between species and tissues, with implications for potential diverse binding partners and function. Most TSPO functions relate to stress-induced changes in metabolism, but in many cases it is unclear how TSPO itself functions—whether as a receptor, a sensor, a transporter, or a translocator. Much evidence suggests that TSPO acts indirectly by association with various protein binding partners or with endogenous or exogenous ligands. In this review, we focus on proteins that have most commonly been invoked as TSPO binding partners. We suggest that TSPO was originally a bacterial receptor/stress sensor associated with porphyrin binding as its most ancestral function and that it later developed additional stress-related roles in eukaryotes as its ability to bind new partners evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Hiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Mollinedo F, Gajate C. Mitochondrial Targeting Involving Cholesterol-Rich Lipid Rafts in the Mechanism of Action of the Antitumor Ether Lipid and Alkylphospholipid Analog Edelfosine. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:763. [PMID: 34065546 PMCID: PMC8161315 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ether lipid edelfosine induces apoptosis selectively in tumor cells and is the prototypic molecule of a family of synthetic antitumor compounds collectively known as alkylphospholipid analogs. Cumulative evidence shows that edelfosine interacts with cholesterol-rich lipid rafts, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. Edelfosine induces apoptosis in a number of hematological cancer cells by recruiting death receptors and downstream apoptotic signaling into lipid rafts, whereas it promotes apoptosis in solid tumor cells through an ER stress response. Edelfosine-induced apoptosis, mediated by lipid rafts and/or ER, requires the involvement of a mitochondrial-dependent step to eventually elicit cell death, leading to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release and the triggering of cell death. The overexpression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL blocks edelfosine-induced apoptosis. Edelfosine induces the redistribution of lipid rafts from the plasma membrane to the mitochondria. The pro-apoptotic action of edelfosine on cancer cells is associated with the recruitment of F1FO-ATP synthase into cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. Specific inhibition of the FO sector of the F1FO-ATP synthase, which contains the membrane-embedded c-subunit ring that constitutes the mitochondrial permeability transcription pore, hinders edelfosine-induced cell death. Taking together, the evidence shown here suggests that the ether lipid edelfosine could modulate cell death in cancer cells by direct interaction with mitochondria, and the reorganization of raft-located mitochondrial proteins that critically modulate cell death or survival. Here, we summarize and discuss the involvement of mitochondria in the antitumor action of the ether lipid edelfosine, pointing out the mitochondrial targeting of this drug as a major therapeutic approach, which can be extrapolated to other alkylphospholipid analogs. We also discuss the involvement of cholesterol transport and cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in the interactions between the organelles as well as in the role of mitochondria in the regulation of apoptosis in cancer cells and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustino Mollinedo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Mokrov GV, Deeva OA, Gudasheva TA. The Ligands of Translocator Protein: Design and Biological Properties. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:217-237. [PMID: 32881658 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200903122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, it is already 43 years since Braestrup and Squires discovered 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), known until 2006 as "peripheral benzodiazepine receptor". During this time, the functions of this receptor, which is located on the outer membrane of mitochondria, were studied in detail. One of the key functions of TSPO is the transfer of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is the limiting stage in the synthesis of neurosteroids. TSPO is also involved in the transport of porphyrins, mitochondrial respiration, the opening of mitochondrial pores, apoptosis and cell proliferation. This review presents current information on the structure of TSPO, the mechanism of its participation in neurosteroidogenesis, as well as endogenous and synthetic TSPO ligands. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of approaches to the design of synthetic ligands and their neuropsychotropic activity in vitro and in vivo. The presented review demonstrates the promise of constructing new neuropsychotropic drugs in the series of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory V Mokrov
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Deeva
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Gudasheva
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Vishnivetskaya TA, Almatari AL, Spirina EV, Wu X, Williams DE, Pfiffner SM, Rivkina EM. Insights into community of photosynthetic microorganisms from permafrost. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5979775. [PMID: 33181853 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This work integrates cultivation studies of Siberian permafrost and analyses of metagenomes from different locations in the Arctic with the aim of obtaining insights into the community of photosynthetic microorganisms in perennially frozen deposits. Cyanobacteria and microalgae have been described in Arctic aquatic and surface soil environments, but their diversity and ability to withstand harsh conditions within the permafrost are still largely unknown. Community structure of photosynthetic organisms in permafrost sediments was explored using Arctic metagenomes available through the MG-RAST. Sequences affiliated with cyanobacteria represented from 0.25 to 3.03% of total sequences, followed by sequences affiliated with Streptophyta (algae and vascular plants) 0.01-0.45% and Chlorophyta (green algae) 0.01-0.1%. Enrichment and cultivation approaches revealed that cyanobacteria and green algae survive in permafrost and they could be revived during prolonged incubation at low light intensity. Among photosynthetic microorganisms isolated from permafrost, the filamentous Oscillatoria-like cyanobacteria and unicellular green algae of the genus Chlorella were dominant. Our findings suggest that permafrost cyanobacteria and green algae are expected to be effective members of the re-assembled community after permafrost thawing and soil collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Vishnivetskaya
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-1605, USA.,Soil Cryology Laboratory, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Institutskaya Street, Bldg. 2, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Abraham L Almatari
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-1605, USA
| | - Elena V Spirina
- Soil Cryology Laboratory, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Institutskaya Street, Bldg. 2, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Xiaofen Wu
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-1605, USA
| | - Daniel E Williams
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-1605, USA
| | - Susan M Pfiffner
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-1605, USA
| | - Elizaveta M Rivkina
- Soil Cryology Laboratory, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Institutskaya Street, Bldg. 2, Pushchino, Russia
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The Interplay of Cholesterol and Ligand Binding in hTSPO from Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051250. [PMID: 33652554 PMCID: PMC7956637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is a 18kDa transmembrane protein, ubiquitously present in human mitochondria. It is overexpressed in tumor cells and at the sites of neuroinflammation, thus representing an important biomarker, as well as a promising drug target. In mammalian TSPO, there are cholesterol–binding motifs, as well as a binding cavity able to accommodate different chemical compounds. Given the lack of structural information for the human protein, we built a model of human (h) TSPO in the apo state and in complex with PK11195, a molecule routinely used in positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging of neuroinflammatory sites. To better understand the interactions of PK11195 and cholesterol with this pharmacologically relevant protein, we ran molecular dynamics simulations of the apo and holo proteins embedded in a model membrane. We found that: (i) PK11195 stabilizes hTSPO structural fold; (ii) PK11195 might enter in the binding site through transmembrane helices I and II of hTSPO; (iii) PK11195 reduces the frequency of cholesterol binding to the lower, N–terminal part of hTSPO in the inner membrane leaflet, while this impact is less pronounced for the upper, C–terminal part in the outer membrane leaflet, where the ligand binding site is located; (iv) very interestingly, cholesterol most frequently binds simultaneously to the so-called CRAC and CARC regions in TM V in the free form (residues L150–X–Y152–X(3)–R156 and R135–X(2)–Y138–X(2)–L141, respectively). However, when the protein is in complex with PK11195, cholesterol binds equally frequently to the CRAC–resembling motif that we observed in TM I (residues L17–X(2)–F20–X(3)–R24) and to CRAC in TM V. We expect that the CRAC–like motif in TM I will be of interest in future experimental investigations. Thus, our MD simulations provide insight into the structural features of hTSPO and the previously unknown interplay between PK11195 and cholesterol interactions with this pharmacologically relevant protein.
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35
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Calori IR, Bi H, Tedesco AC. Expanding the Limits of Photodynamic Therapy: The Design of Organelles and Hypoxia-Targeting Nanomaterials for Enhanced Photokilling of Cancer. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:195-228. [PMID: 35014281 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive clinical protocol that combines a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS), appropriate visible light, and molecular oxygen for cancer treatment. This triad generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ, leading to different cell death pathways and limiting the arrival of nutrients by irreversible destruction of the tumor vascular system. Despite the number of formulations and applications available, the advancement of therapy is hindered by some characteristics such as the hypoxic condition of solid tumors and the limited energy density (light fluence) that reaches the target. As a result, the use of PDT as a definitive monotherapy for cancer is generally restricted to pretumor lesions or neoplastic tissue of approximately 1 cm in size. To expand this limitation, researchers have synthesized functional nanoparticles (NPs) capable of carrying classical photosensitizers with self-supplying oxygen as well as targeting specific organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes. This has improved outcomes in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights the basis of PDT, many of the most commonly used strategies of functionalization of smart NPs, and their potential to break the current limits of the classical protocol of PDT against cancer. The application and future perspectives of the multifunctional nanoparticles in PDT are also discussed in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Rodrigo Calori
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
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Dixon T, Uyar A, Ferguson-Miller S, Dickson A. Membrane-Mediated Ligand Unbinding of the PK-11195 Ligand from TSPO. Biophys J 2021; 120:158-167. [PMID: 33221248 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.21.914127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is of longstanding medical interest as both a biomarker for neuroinjury and a potential drug target for neuroinflammation and other disorders. Recently, it was shown that ligand residence time is a key factor determining steroidogenic efficacy of TSPO-binding compounds. This spurs interest in simulations of (un)binding pathways of TSPO ligands, which could reveal the molecular interactions governing ligand residence time. In this study, we use a weighted ensemble algorithm to determine the unbinding pathway for different poses of PK-11195, a TSPO ligand used in neuroimaging. In contrast with previous studies, our results show that PK-11195 does not dissociate directly into the solvent but instead dissociates via the lipid membrane by going between the transmembrane helices. We analyze this path ensemble in detail, constructing descriptors that can facilitate a general understanding of membrane-mediated ligand binding. We construct a set of Markov state models augmented with additional straightforward simulations to determine pose-specific ligand residence times. Together, we combine over 40 μs of trajectory data to form a coherent picture of the ligand binding landscape. We find that multiple starting poses yield residence times that roughly agree with the experimental quantity. The ligand binding transition states predicted by these Markov state models occur when PK-11195 is already in the membrane and involves only minimal ligand-protein interactions. This has implications for the design of new long-residence-time TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Dixon
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Arzu Uyar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Alex Dickson
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
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37
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Fan J, Papadopoulos V. Mitochondrial TSPO Deficiency Triggers Retrograde Signaling in MA-10 Mouse Tumor Leydig Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010252. [PMID: 33383772 PMCID: PMC7795497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) has been shown to bind cholesterol with high affinity and is involved in mediating its availability for steroidogenesis. We recently reported that targeted Tspo gene deletion in MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cells resulted in reduced cAMP-stimulated steroid formation and significant reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) compared to control cells. We hypothesized that ΔΨm reduction in the absence of TSPO probably reflects the dysregulation and/or maintenance failure of some basic mitochondrial function(s). To explore the consequences of TSPO depletion via CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion (indel) mutation in MA-10 cells, we assessed the transcriptome changes in TSPO-mutant versus wild-type (Wt) cells using RNA-seq. Gene expression profiles were validated using real-time PCR. We report herein that there are significant changes in nuclear gene expression in Tspo mutant versus Wt cells. The identified transcriptome changes were mapped to several signaling pathways including the regulation of membrane potential, calcium signaling, extracellular matrix, and phagocytosis. This is a retrograde signaling pathway from the mitochondria to the nucleus and is probably the result of changes in expression of several transcription factors, including key members of the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, TSPO regulates nuclear gene expression through intracellular signaling. This is the first evidence of a compensatory response to the loss of TSPO with transcriptome changes at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Fan
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +1-323-442-1681
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38
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Dixon T, Uyar A, Ferguson-Miller S, Dickson A. Membrane-Mediated Ligand Unbinding of the PK-11195 Ligand from TSPO. Biophys J 2020; 120:158-167. [PMID: 33221248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is of longstanding medical interest as both a biomarker for neuroinjury and a potential drug target for neuroinflammation and other disorders. Recently, it was shown that ligand residence time is a key factor determining steroidogenic efficacy of TSPO-binding compounds. This spurs interest in simulations of (un)binding pathways of TSPO ligands, which could reveal the molecular interactions governing ligand residence time. In this study, we use a weighted ensemble algorithm to determine the unbinding pathway for different poses of PK-11195, a TSPO ligand used in neuroimaging. In contrast with previous studies, our results show that PK-11195 does not dissociate directly into the solvent but instead dissociates via the lipid membrane by going between the transmembrane helices. We analyze this path ensemble in detail, constructing descriptors that can facilitate a general understanding of membrane-mediated ligand binding. We construct a set of Markov state models augmented with additional straightforward simulations to determine pose-specific ligand residence times. Together, we combine over 40 μs of trajectory data to form a coherent picture of the ligand binding landscape. We find that multiple starting poses yield residence times that roughly agree with the experimental quantity. The ligand binding transition states predicted by these Markov state models occur when PK-11195 is already in the membrane and involves only minimal ligand-protein interactions. This has implications for the design of new long-residence-time TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Dixon
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Arzu Uyar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Alex Dickson
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
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39
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Si Chaib Z, Marchetto A, Dishnica K, Carloni P, Giorgetti A, Rossetti G. Impact of Cholesterol on the Stability of Monomeric and Dimeric Forms of the Translocator Protein TSPO: A Molecular Simulation Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184299. [PMID: 32961709 PMCID: PMC7570527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is a transmembrane protein present across the three domains of life. Its functional quaternary structure consists of one or more subunits. In mice, the dimer-to-monomer equilibrium is shifted in vitro towards the monomer by adding cholesterol, a natural component of mammalian membranes. Here, we present a coarse-grained molecular dynamics study on the mouse protein in the presence of a physiological content and of an excess of cholesterol. The latter turns out to weaken the interfaces of the dimer by clusterizing mostly at the inter-monomeric space and pushing the contact residues apart. It also increases the compactness and the rigidity of the monomer. These two factors might play a role for the experimentally observed incremented stability of the monomeric form with increased content of cholesterol. Comparison with simulations on bacterial proteins suggests that the effect of cholesterol is much less pronounced for the latter than for the mouse protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Si Chaib
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9) and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5) “Computational biomedicine”, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (Z.S.C.); (A.M.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Marchetto
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9) and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5) “Computational biomedicine”, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (Z.S.C.); (A.M.); (P.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Klevia Dishnica
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9) and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5) “Computational biomedicine”, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (Z.S.C.); (A.M.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-11) “Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging”, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alejandro Giorgetti
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9) and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5) “Computational biomedicine”, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (Z.S.C.); (A.M.); (P.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9) and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5) “Computational biomedicine”, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (Z.S.C.); (A.M.); (P.C.)
- Jülich Supercomputing Center (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (G.R.)
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40
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Loth MK, Guariglia SR, Re DB, Perez J, de Paiva VN, Dziedzic JL, Chambers JW, Azzam DJ, Guilarte TR. A Novel Interaction of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) with NADPH Oxidase in Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4467-4487. [PMID: 32743737 PMCID: PMC7515859 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the brain neuropil, translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a stress response protein that is upregulated in microglia and astrocytes in diverse central nervous system pathologies. TSPO is widely used as a biomarker of neuroinflammation in preclinical and clinical neuroimaging studies. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on the function(s) of TSPO in glial cells. In this study, we explored a putative interaction between TSPO and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) in microglia. We found that TSPO associates with gp91phox and p22phox, the principal subunits of NOX2 in primary murine microglia. The association of TSPO with gp91phox and p22phox was observed using co-immunoprecipitation, confocal immunofluorescence imaging, and proximity ligation assay. We found that besides gp91phox and p22phox, voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) also co-immunoprecipitated with TSPO consistent with previous reports. When we compared lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated microglia to vehicle control, we found that a lower amount of gp91phox and p22phox protein co-immunoprecipitated with TSPO suggesting a disruption of the TSPO-NOX2 subunits association. TSPO immuno-gold electron microscopy confirmed that TSPO is present in the outer mitochondrial membrane but it is also found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM), and in the plasma membrane. TSPO localization at the MAM may represent a subcellular site where TSPO interacts with gp91phox and p22phox since the MAM is a point of communication between outer mitochondria membrane proteins (TSPO) and ER proteins (gp91phox and p22phox) where they mature and form the cytochrome b558 (Cytb558) heterodimer. We also found that an acute burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased TSPO levels on the surface of microglia and this effect was abrogated by a ROS scavenger. These results suggest that ROS production may alter the subcellular distribution of TSPO. Collectively, our findings suggest that in microglia, TSPO is associated with the major NOX2 subunits gp91phox and p22phox. We hypothesize that this interaction may regulate Cytb558 formation and modulate NOX2 levels, ROS production, and redox homeostasis in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith K Loth
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara R Guariglia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diane B Re
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Perez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Vanessa Nunes de Paiva
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dziedzic
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jeremy W Chambers
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Diana J Azzam
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Tomás R Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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41
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Qiu ZK, Liu X, Chen Y, Wu RJ, Guan SF, Pan YY, Wang QB, Tang D, Zhu T, Chen JS. Translocator protein 18 kDa: a potential therapeutic biomarker for post traumatic stress disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:695-707. [PMID: 32172519 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is widely regarded as a stress-related and trauma disorder. The symptoms of PTSD are characterized as a spectrum of vulnerabilities after the exposure to an extremely traumatic stressor. Considering as one of complex mental disorders, little progress has been made toward its diagnostic biomarkers, despite the involvement of PTSD has been studied. Many studies into the underlying neurobiology of PTSD implicated the dysfunction of neurosteroids biosynthesis and neuorinflammatory processes. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been considered as one of the promising therapeutic biomarkers for neurological stress disorders (like PTSD, depression, anxiety, et al) without the benzodiazepine-like side effects. This protein participates in the formation of neurosteroids and modulation of neuroinflammation. The review outlines current knowledge involving the role of TSPO in the neuropathology of PTSD and the anti-PTSD-like effects of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Pharmacy Department of Medical Supplies Center of General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Jia Wu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Feng Guan
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Yun Pan
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Bo Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Berdyyeva T, Xia C, Taylor N, He Y, Chen G, Huang C, Zhang W, Kolb H, Letavic M, Bhattacharya A, Szardenings AK. PET Imaging of the P2X7 Ion Channel with a Novel Tracer [ 18F]JNJ-64413739 in a Rat Model of Neuroinflammation. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:871-878. [PMID: 30632003 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-01313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The P2X7 receptor, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated purinoreceptor, has emerged as one of the key players in neuroinflammatory processes. Therefore, developing a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for imaging of P2X7 receptors in vivo presents a promising approach to diagnose, monitor, and study neuroinflammation in a variety of brain disorders. To fulfill the goal of developing a P2X7 PET ligand as a biomarker of neuroinflammation, [18F]JNJ-64413739 has been recently disclosed. PROCEDURES We evaluated [18F]JNJ-64413739 in a rat model of neuroinflammation induced by an intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vivo brain uptake was determined by PET imaging. Upregulation of neuroinflammatory biomarkers was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Distribution of the tracer in the brain was determined by ex vivo autoradiography (ARG). The specificity of [18F]JNJ-64413739 was confirmed by performing blocking experiments with the P2X7 antagonist JNJ-54175446. RESULTS Brain regions of rats injected with LPS had a significantly increased uptake (34 % ± 3 % s.e.m., p = 0.036, t test, standardized uptake value measured over the entire scanning period) of [18F]JNJ-64413739 relative to the corresponding brain regions of control animals injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The uptake in the contralateral regions and cerebellum was not significantly different between the groups of animals. The increase in uptake of [18F]JNJ-64413739 at the LPS-injected site observed by PET imaging was concordant with ex vivo ARG, upregulation of neuroinflammatory biomarkers, and elevated P2X7 expression levels. CONCLUSIONS While further work is needed to study [18F]JNJ-64413739 in other types of neuroinflammation, the current results favorably characterize [18F]JNJ-64413739 as a potential PET tracer of central neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Berdyyeva
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Chunfang Xia
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Natalie Taylor
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yingbo He
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Chaofeng Huang
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Hartmuth Kolb
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Michael Letavic
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
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Seo JA, Jeon HY, Kim M, Lee YJ, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Anti-metastatic effect of midazolam on melanoma B16F10 cells in the lungs of diabetic mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114052. [PMID: 32446885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Midazolam is an anesthetic agent commonly used for anesthesia and sedation in surgery. However, there is no information on the role of midazolam in hyperglycemia-induced cancer metastasis to date. In this study, we investigated the effects of midazolam on inhibiting metastases in the lungs of diabetic mice and on human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs). Subcutaneous injection of midazolam inhibited hyperglycemia-induced cancer metastasis in the lungs of diabetic mice. Midazolam also prevented the generation of ROS, activation of TGase, and subsequent vascular leakage in the lungs of diabetic mice. Furthermore, in vitro studies with HPMVECs confirmed that midazolam inhibited VEGF-induced intracellular events including ROS generation, TGase activation, and disruption of vascular endothelial-cadherins, thus preventing the permeability of endothelial cells. Notably, midazolam had no direct effect on the migration or proliferation of melanoma cells, instead acting upon endothelial cells. The midazolam-mediated inhibition of VEGF-induced intracellular events was reversed by treatment with the GABAA receptor antagonist flumazenil. These findings suggest that midazolam prevents hyperglycemia-induced cancer metastasis by inhibiting VEGF-induced intracellular events and subsequent vascular leakage via the GABAA receptors in the lungs of diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ah Seo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea; Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea.
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44
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18-kDa translocator protein association complexes in the brain: From structure to function. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114015. [PMID: 32387458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is highly conserved in organisms of different species and ubiquitously expressed throughout tissues, including the nervous system. In the healthy adult brain, TSPO expression levels are low and promptly modulated under different pathological conditions, such as cancer, inflammatory states, and neurological and psychiatric disorders. Not surprisingly, several endogenous and synthetic molecules capable of binding TSPO have been proposed as drugs or diagnostic tools for brain diseases. The most studied biochemical function of TSPO is cholesterol translocation into mitochondria, which in turn affects the synthesis of steroids in the periphery and neurosteroids in the brain. In the last 30 years, roles for TSPO have also been suggested in other cellular processes, such as heme synthesis, apoptosis, autophagy, calcium signalling and reactive oxygen species production. Herein, we provide an overview of TSPO associations with different proteins, focusing particular attention on their related functions. Furthermore, recent TSPO-targeted therapeutic interventions are explored and discussed as prospect for innovative treatments in mental and brain diseases.
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45
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Gault J, Liko I, Landreh M, Shutin D, Bolla JR, Jefferies D, Agasid M, Yen HY, Ladds MJGW, Lane DP, Khalid S, Mullen C, Remes PM, Huguet R, McAlister G, Goodwin M, Viner R, Syka JEP, Robinson CV. Combining native and 'omics' mass spectrometry to identify endogenous ligands bound to membrane proteins. Nat Methods 2020; 17:505-508. [PMID: 32371966 PMCID: PMC7332344 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ligands bound to protein assemblies provide critical information for function, yet are often difficult to capture and define. Here we develop a top-down method, 'nativeomics', unifying 'omics' (lipidomics, proteomics, metabolomics) analysis with native mass spectrometry to identify ligands bound to membrane protein assemblies. By maintaining the link between proteins and ligands, we define the lipidome/metabolome in contact with membrane porins and a mitochondrial translocator to discover potential regulators of protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Idlir Liko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- OMass Therapeutics, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Landreh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Denis Shutin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Agasid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Marcus J G W Ladds
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David P Lane
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Syma Khalid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA
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Tonon MC, Vaudry H, Chuquet J, Guillebaud F, Fan J, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Vaudry D, Lanfray D, Morin F, Prevot V, Papadopoulos V, Troadec JD, Leprince J. Endozepines and their receptors: Structure, functions and pathophysiological significance. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Srivastava P, Kumar P, Tiwari AK. Design, Synthesis, and In Silico Evaluation of Methyl 2-(2-(5-Bromo/chloro-2-oxobenzoxazol-3(2H)-yl)-acetamido)-3-phenylpropanoate for TSPO Targeting. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362220010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Elevated serum chemokine CCL22 levels in first-episode psychosis: associations with symptoms, peripheral immune state and in vivo brain glial cell function. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:94. [PMID: 32179746 PMCID: PMC7075957 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of research support immune system dysregulation in psychotic disorders. However, it remains unclear whether the immunological marker alterations are stable and how they associate with brain glial cell function. This longitudinal study aimed at investigating whether peripheral immune functions are altered in the early phases of psychotic disorders, whether the changes are associated with core symptoms, remission, brain glial cell function, and whether they persist in a one-year follow-up. Two independent cohorts comprising in total of 129 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 130 controls were assessed at baseline and at the one-year follow-up. Serum cyto-/chemokines were measured using a 38-plex Luminex assay. The FEP patients showed a marked increase in chemokine CCL22 levels both at baseline (p < 0.0001; Cohen's d = 0.70) and at the 12-month follow-up (p = 0.0007) compared to controls. The group difference remained significant (p = 0.0019) after accounting for relevant covariates including BMI, smoking, and antipsychotic medication. Elevated serum CCL22 levels were significantly associated with hallucinations (ρ = 0.20) and disorganization (ρ = 0.23), and with worse verbal performance (ρ = -0.23). Brain glial cell activity was indexed with positron emission tomography and the translocator protein radiotracer [11C]PBR28 in subgroups of 15 healthy controls and 14 FEP patients with serum CCL22/CCL17 measurements. The distribution volume (VT) of [11C]PBR28 was lower in patients compared to controls (p = 0.026; Cohen's d = 0.94) without regionally specific effects, and was inversely associated with serum CCL22 and CCL17 levels (p = 0.036). Our results do not support the over-active microglia hypothesis of psychosis, but indicate altered CCR4 immune signaling in early psychosis with behavioral correlates possibly mediated through cross-talk between chemokine networks and dysfunctional or a decreased number of glial cells.
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Jurkiewicz P, Senicourt L, Ayeb H, Lequin O, Lacapere JJ, Batoko H. A Plant-Specific N-terminal Extension Reveals Evolutionary Functional Divergence within Translocator Proteins. iScience 2020; 23:100889. [PMID: 32087576 PMCID: PMC7033594 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved translocator proteins (TSPOs) mediate cell stress responses possibly in a cell-type-specific manner. This work reports on the molecular function of plant TSPO and their possible evolutionary divergence. Arabidopsis thaliana TSPO (AtTSPO) is stress induced and has a conserved polybasic, plant-specific N-terminal extension. AtTSPO reduces water loss by depleting aquaporin PIP2;7 in the plasma membrane. Herein, AtTSPO was found to bind phosphoinositides in vitro, but only full-length AtTSPO or chimeric mouse TSPO with an AtTSPO N-terminus bound PI(4,5)P2in vitro and modified PIP2;7 levels in vivo. Expression of AtTSPO but not its N-terminally truncated variant enhanced phospholipase C activity and depleted PI(4,5)P2 from the plasma membrane and its enrichment in Golgi membranes. Deletion or point mutations within the AtTSPO N-terminus affected PI(4,5)P2 binding and almost prevented AtTSPO-PIP2;7 interaction in vivo. The findings imply functional divergence of plant TSPOs from bacterial and animal counterparts via evolutionary acquisition of the phospholipid-interacting N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Jurkiewicz
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud 4-5, L7.07.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Lucile Senicourt
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Haitham Ayeb
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud 4-5, L7.07.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapere
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Henri Batoko
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud 4-5, L7.07.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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50
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Lacapere JJ, Duma L, Finet S, Kassiou M, Papadopoulos V. Insight into the Structural Features of TSPO: Implications for Drug Development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:110-122. [PMID: 31864680 PMCID: PMC7021566 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), an 18-kDa transmembrane protein primarily found in the outer mitochondrial membrane, is evolutionarily conserved and widely distributed across species. In mammals, TSPO has been described as a key member of a multiprotein complex involved in many putative functions and, over the years, several classes of ligand have been developed to modulate these functions. In this review, we consider the currently available atomic structures of mouse and bacterial TSPO and propose a rationale for the development of new ligands for the protein. We provide a review of TSPO monomeric and oligomeric states and their conformational flexibility, together with ligand-binding site and interaction mechanisms. These data are expected to help considerably the development of high-affinity ligands for TSPO-based therapies or diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Lacapere
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Luminita Duma
- CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Stephanie Finet
- IMPMC, UMR 7590 CNRS Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, F11, Eastern Ave, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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