1
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Schauenburg D, Weil T. Chemical Reactions in Living Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303396. [PMID: 37679060 PMCID: PMC10885656 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The term "in vivo ("in the living") chemistry" refers to chemical reactions that take place in a complex living system such as cells, tissue, body liquids, or even in an entire organism. In contrast, reactions that occur generally outside living organisms in an artificial environment (e.g., in a test tube) are referred to as in vitro. Over the past decades, significant contributions have been made in this rapidly growing field of in vivo chemistry, but it is still not fully understood, which transformations proceed efficiently without the formation of by-products or how product formation in such complex environments can be characterized. Potential applications can be imagined that synthesize drug molecules directly within the cell or confer new cellular functions through controlled chemical transformations that will improve the understanding of living systems and develop new therapeutic strategies. The guiding principles of this contribution are twofold: 1) Which chemical reactions can be translated from the laboratory to the living system? 2) Which characterization methods are suitable for studying reactions and structure formation in complex living environments?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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2
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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3
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Zielke FM, Rutjes FPJT. Recent Advances in Bioorthogonal Ligation and Bioconjugation. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:35. [PMID: 37991570 PMCID: PMC10665463 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The desire to create biomolecules modified with functionalities that go beyond nature's toolbox has resulted in the development of biocompatible and selective methodologies and reagents, each with different scope and limitations. In this overview, we highlight recent advances in the field of bioconjugation from 2016 to 2023. First, (metal-mediated) protein functionalization by exploiting the specific reactivity of amino acids will be discussed, followed by novel bioorthogonal reagents for bioconjugation of modified biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Zielke
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Richard M, Martin Aubert S, Denis C, Dubois S, Nozach H, Truillet C, Kuhnast B. Fluorine-18 and Radiometal Labeling of Biomolecules via Disulfide Rebridging. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2123-2132. [PMID: 37881943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecules labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides like fluorine-18 or radiometals like copper-64 and zirconium-89 are increasingly employed in nuclear medicine for diagnosis purposes. Given the fragility and complexity of these compounds, their labeling requires mild conditions. Besides, it is essential to develop methods inducing minimal modification of the tertiary structure, as it is fundamental for the biological activity of such complex entities. Given these requirements, disulfide rebridging represents a promising possibility since it allows protein modification as well as conservation of the tertiary structure. In this context, we have developed an original radiofluorinated dibromopyridazine dione prosthetic group for labeling of disulfide-containing biomolecules via rebridging. We employed it to radiolabel octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, and to radiolabel fragment antigen binding (Fab) targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), whose properties were then evaluated in vitro and in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We next extended our strategy to the radiolabeling of cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody, with various radiometals commonly used in PET imaging (zirconium-89, copper-64) by developing various rebridging molecules bearing the appropriate chelators. The stabilities of the radiolabeled antibody conjugates were assessed in biological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Richard
- CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, SHFJ, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay 91401, France
| | | | - Caroline Denis
- CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, SHFJ, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay 91401, France
| | - Steven Dubois
- CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department, SIMoS, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Hervé Nozach
- CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department, SIMoS, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Charles Truillet
- CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, SHFJ, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay 91401, France
| | - Bertrand Kuhnast
- CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, SHFJ, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay 91401, France
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5
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Gavriel K, van Doeselaar DCA, Geers DWT, Neumann K. Click'n lock: rapid exchange between unsymmetric tetrazines and thiols for reversible, chemoselective functionalisation of biomolecules with on-demand bioorthogonal locking. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:685-691. [PMID: 37654505 PMCID: PMC10467616 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The late-stage functionalisation and diversification of complex structures including biomolecules is often achieved with the help of click chemistry. Besides employing irreversible click-like reactions, many synthetic applications benefit from reversible click reaction strategies, so called de-/trans-click approaches. Yet, the combination of both, reversible and irreversible click chemistry - while still respecting the stringent criteria of click transformations - remains so far elusive for modifications of biomolecular structures. Here, we report click'n lock as a concept that enables reversible click reactions and on-demand locking of chemical entities, thus switching from reversible to irreversible modifications of complex biomolecules. For this purpose, we employ the tetrazine-thiol exchange (TeTEx) reaction as a fully traceless click reaction with second order rate constants k2 higher than 2 M-1 s-1 within aqueous environments. Employing TeTEx as a reversible click reaction for the chemoselective modification of biomolecules is made possible by the use of 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4,5-tetrazines bearing a single sulfide residue. The inherent reactivity of tetrazines towards inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reactions allows to stabilize the clicked structure, switching from reversible to irreversible systems (click'n lock).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Gavriel
- Systems Chemistry Department, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Dustin C A van Doeselaar
- Systems Chemistry Department, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle W T Geers
- Systems Chemistry Department, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Neumann
- Systems Chemistry Department, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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6
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Somsen BA, Schellekens RJC, Verhoef CJA, Arkin MR, Ottmann C, Cossar PJ, Brunsveld L. Reversible Dual-Covalent Molecular Locking of the 14-3-3/ERRγ Protein-Protein Interaction as a Molecular Glue Drug Discovery Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6741-6752. [PMID: 36926879 PMCID: PMC10064330 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecules that stabilize protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are invaluable as tool compounds for biophysics and (structural) biology, and as starting points for molecular glue drug discovery. However, identifying initial starting points for PPI stabilizing matter is highly challenging, and chemical optimization is labor-intensive. Inspired by chemical crosslinking and reversible covalent fragment-based drug discovery, we developed an approach that we term "molecular locks" to rapidly access molecular glue-like tool compounds. These dual-covalent small molecules reversibly react with a nucleophilic amino acid on each of the partner proteins to dynamically crosslink the protein complex. The PPI between the hub protein 14-3-3 and estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) was used as a pharmacologically relevant case study. Based on a focused library of dual-reactive small molecules, a molecular glue tool compound was rapidly developed. Biochemical assays and X-ray crystallographic studies validated the ternary covalent complex formation and overall PPI stabilization via dynamic covalent crosslinking. The molecular lock approach is highly selective for the specific 14-3-3/ERRγ complex, over other 14-3-3 complexes. This selectivity is driven by the interplay of molecular reactivity and molecular recognition of the composite PPI binding interface. The long lifetime of the dual-covalent locks enabled the selective stabilization of the 14-3-3/ERRγ complex even in the presence of several other competing 14-3-3 clients with higher intrinsic binding affinities. The molecular lock approach enables systematic, selective, and potent stabilization of protein complexes to support molecular glue drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente A Somsen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rick J C Schellekens
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo J A Verhoef
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Centre (SMDC), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Cossar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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7
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Swierczynski MJ, Ding Y, Ball ZT. Dual-Boronic Acid Reagents That Combine Dynamic and Covalent Bioconjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2307-2313. [PMID: 36445785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Boronic acids and boronate esters find appreciable use in chemical biology. Molecules containing orthogonal boronic acid pairs can be utilized for sequential metal-catalyzed cross-couplings for facile preparation of complex bioconjugates including protein-protein conjugates. In this paper, we expand bis-boronic acid reagents for tandem covalent and dynamic bioconjugation. Sequential cross-coupling of 2-nitroarylboronic acid with cysteine residues and condensation of phenylboronic acid with salicylhydroxamic acids (SHA) readily afforded bioconjugates under physiological conditions with dual covalent and dynamic linkages. Both small molecule- and macromolecule-protein conjugates were amenable with this approach and reversible upon addition of excess unfunctionalized SHA or reactive oxygen species. These investigations provide new insights into the kinetic stability of SHA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Swierczynski
- Bioscience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yuxuan Ding
- Bioscience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Bioscience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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8
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Melodia D, Di Pietro Z, Cao C, Stenzel MH, Chapman R. Traceless pH-Sensitive Antibody Conjugation Inspired by Citraconic Anhydride. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:5322-5329. [PMID: 36395470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a pH-sensitive amide bond, inspired by citraconic anhydride, for the reversible conjugation of polymers to the lysine residues of proteins and antibodies. The pH sensitivity arises from a conformation lock at the end of the polymer, which we introduce by means of a Diels-Alder reaction, that positions a carboxylic acid close to the amide after conjugation occurs. The amide is stable over weeks at pH 7.4 but sensitive to hydrolysis at pH 5.5 and below, returning the amine to its original state. The pH sensitivity can be tuned by positioning secondary amide groups nearby. We use this approach to PEGylate an antibody to human serum albumin at high dilution and demonstrate successful recovery of the activity after hydrolysis at pH 5.5. These results offer a convenient and traceless approach to protein and antibody functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Melodia
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zachary Di Pietro
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cheng Cao
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Robert Chapman
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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9
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Scinto SL, Reagle TR, Fox JM. Affinity Bioorthogonal Chemistry (ABC) Tags for Site-Selective Conjugation, On-Resin Protein-Protein Coupling, and Purification of Protein Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207661. [PMID: 36058881 PMCID: PMC10029600 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective functionalization of proteins has broad application in chemical biology, but can be limited when mixtures result from incomplete conversion or the formation of protein containing side products. It is shown here that when proteins are covalently tagged with pyridyl-tetrazines, the nickel-iminodiacetate (Ni-IDA) resins commonly used for His-tags can be directly used for protein affinity purification. These Affinity Bioorthogonal Chemistry (ABC) tags serve a dual role by enabling affinity-based protein purification while maintaining rapid kinetics in bioorthogonal reactions. ABC-tagging works with a range of site-selective bioconjugation methods with proteins tagged at the C-terminus, N-terminus or at internal positions. ABC-tagged proteins can also be purified from complex mixtures including cell lysate. The combination of site-selective conjugation and clean-up with ABC-tagged proteins also allows for facile on-resin reactions to provide protein-protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Scinto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Ammon Pinizzotto Biopharmaceutical Innovation Center, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Tyler R Reagle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Ammon Pinizzotto Biopharmaceutical Innovation Center, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Ammon Pinizzotto Biopharmaceutical Innovation Center, Newark, DE 19713, USA
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10
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Raabe M, Heck AJ, Führer S, Schauenburg D, Pieszka M, Wang T, Zegota MM, Nuhn L, Ng DYW, Kuan SL, Weil T. Assembly of pH-Responsive Antibody-Drug-Inspired Conjugates. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100299. [PMID: 34791790 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of chemical strategies that allow the design of smart bioconjugates, peptide- and protein-drug conjugates are emerging as highly efficient therapeutics to overcome limitations of conventional treatment, as exemplified by antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). While targeting peptides serve similar roles as antibodies to recognize overexpressed receptors on diseased cell surfaces, peptide-drug conjugates suffer from poor stability and bioavailability due to their low molecular weights. Through a combination of a supramolecular protein-based assembly platform and a pH-responsive linker, the authors devise herein the convenient assembly of a trivalent protein-drug conjugate. The conjugate should ideally possess distinct features of ADCs such as 1) recognition sites that recognize cell receptor and are arranged on 2) distinct locations on a high molecular weight protein scaffold, 3) a stimuli-responsive linker, as well as 4) an attached payload such as a drug molecule. These AD-like conjugates target cancer cells that overexpress somatostatin receptors, can enable controlled release in the microenvironment of cancer cells through a new pH-responsive biotin linker, and exhibit stability in biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Raabe
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany.,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Astrid Johanna Heck
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Siska Führer
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Dominik Schauenburg
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Michaela Pieszka
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany.,Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 600213, P. R. China
| | - Maksymilian Marek Zegota
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - David Y W Ng
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
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11
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Xu L, Silva MJSA, Gois PMP, Kuan SL, Weil T. Chemoselective cysteine or disulfide modification via single atom substitution in chloromethyl acryl reagents. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13321-13330. [PMID: 34777751 PMCID: PMC8528048 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03250j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of bioconjugation chemistry has enabled the combination of various synthetic functionalities to proteins, giving rise to new classes of protein conjugates with functions well beyond what Nature can provide. Despite the progress in bioconjugation chemistry, there are no reagents developed to date where the reactivity can be tuned in a user-defined fashion to address different amino acid residues in proteins. Here, we report that 2-chloromethyl acryl reagents can serve as a simple yet versatile platform for selective protein modification at cysteine or disulfide sites by tuning their inherent electronic properties through the amide or ester linkage. Specifically, the 2-chloromethyl derivatives (acrylamide or acrylate) can be obtained via a simple and easily implemented one-pot reaction based on the coupling reaction between commercially available starting materials with different end-group functionalities (amino group or hydroxyl group). 2-Chloromethyl acrylamide reagents with an amide linkage favor selective modification at the cysteine site with fast reaction kinetics and near quantitative conversations. In contrast, 2-chloromethyl acrylate reagents bearing an ester linkage can undergo two successive Michael reactions, allowing the selective modification of disulfides bonds with high labeling efficiency and good conjugate stability. 2-Chloromethyl acryl derivatives (acrylamides and acrylates) can serve as simple and versatile bioconjugation reagents to achieve site-selective cysteine and disulfide modification on demand and with high efficiency.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Maria J S A Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa 1649-003 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa 1649-003 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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12
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Zegota MM, Müller MA, Lantzberg B, Kizilsavas G, Coelho JAS, Moscariello P, Martínez-Negro M, Morsbach S, Gois PMP, Wagner M, Ng DYW, Kuan SL, Weil T. Dual Stimuli-Responsive Dynamic Covalent Peptide Tags: Toward Sequence-Controlled Release in Tumor-like Microenvironments. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17047-17058. [PMID: 34632780 PMCID: PMC8532147 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Dynamic covalent
chemistry (DCvC) has emerged as a versatile synthetic
tool for devising stable, stimuli-responsive linkers or conjugates.
The interplay of binding affinity, association and dissociation constants
exhibits a strong influence on the selectivity of the reaction, the
conversion rate, as well as the stability in aqueous solutions. Nevertheless,
dynamic covalent interactions often exhibit fast binding and fast
dissociation events or vice versa, affecting their conversion rates
or stabilities. To overcome the limitation in linker design, we reported
herein dual responsive dynamic covalent peptide tags combining a pH
responsive boronate ester with fast association and dissociation rates,
and a redox-active disulfide with slow formation and dissociation
rate. Precoordination by boronic acid–catechol interaction
improves self-sorting and selectivity in disulfide formation into
heterodimers. The resulting bis-peptide conjugate exhibited improved
complex stability in aqueous solution and acidic tumor-like extracellular
microenvironment. Furthermore, the conjugate responds to pH changes
within the physiological range as well as to redox conditions found
inside cancer cells. Such tags hold great promise, through cooperative
effects, for controlling the stability of bioconjugates under dilution
in aqueous media, as well as designing intelligent pharmaceutics that
react to distinct biological stimuli in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Marek Zegota
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Bellinda Lantzberg
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gönül Kizilsavas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jaime A S Coelho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - María Martínez-Negro
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja Morsbach
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Y W Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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13
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Song S, Gao P, Sun L, Kang D, Kongsted J, Poongavanam V, Zhan P, Liu X. Recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of single boron atom-containing compounds. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3035-3059. [PMID: 34729302 PMCID: PMC8546671 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various boron-containing drugs have been approved for clinical use over the past two decades, and more are currently in clinical trials. The increasing interest in boron-containing compounds is due to their unique binding properties to biological targets; for example, boron substitution can be used to modulate biological activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and drug resistance. In this perspective, we aim to comprehensively review the current status of boron compounds in drug discovery, focusing especially on progress from 2015 to December 2020. We classify these compounds into groups showing anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic and other activities, and discuss the biological targets associated with each activity, as well as potential future developments.
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Key Words
- ACTs, artemisinin combination therapies
- ADCs, Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinases
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- AMT, aminopterin
- BLs, β-lactamases
- BNCT, boron neutron capture therapy
- BNNPs, boron nitride nanoparticles
- BNNTs, boron nitride nanotubes
- Boron-containing compounds
- CEs, carboxylesterases
- CIA, collagen-induced arthritis
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ClpP, casein protease P
- Covalent inhibitors
- GSH, glutathione
- HADC1, class I histone deacetylase
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- LeuRS, leucyl-tRNA synthetase
- Linker components
- MBLs, metal β-lactamases
- MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- MIDA, N-methyliminodiacetic acid
- MM, multiple myeloma
- MTX, methotrexate
- Mcl-1, myeloid cell leukemia 1
- Mtb, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- NA, neuraminidase
- NS5B, non-nucleoside polymerase
- OBORT, oxaborole tRNA capture
- OPs, organophosphate
- PBA, phenylboronic acid
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PPI, protein–protein interaction
- Prodrug
- QM, quinone methide
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARS-CoV-2, syndrome coronavirus 2
- SBLs, serine β-lactamases
- SERD, selective estrogen receptor downregulator
- SHA, salicyl hydroxamic acid
- SaClpP, Staphylococcus aureus caseinolytic protease P
- TB, tuberculosis
- TTR, transthyretin
- U4CR, Ugi 4-component reaction
- cUTI, complex urinary tract infection
- dCTPase, dCTPase pyrophosphatase
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M. DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Vasanthanathan Poongavanam
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M. DK-5230, Denmark
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88380270.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88380270.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88380270.
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14
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Stevens CA, Kaur K, Klok HA. Self-assembly of protein-polymer conjugates for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:447-460. [PMID: 33984408 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates are a class of molecules that combine the stability of polymers with the diversity, specificity, and functionality of biomolecules. These bioconjugates can result in hybrid materials that display properties not found in their individual components and can be particularly relevant for drug delivery applications. Engineering amphiphilicity into these bioconjugate materials can lead to phase separation and the assembly of high-order structures. The assembly, termed self-assembly, of these hierarchical structures entails multiple levels of organization: at each level, new properties emerge, which are, in turn, influenced by lower levels. Here, we provide a critical review of protein-polymer conjugate self-assembly and how these materials can be used for therapeutic applications and drug delivery. In addition, we discuss central bioconjugate design questions and propose future perspectives for the field of protein-polymer conjugate self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Stevens
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kuljeet Kaur
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Herr K, Fleckenstein M, Brodrecht M, Höfler MV, Heise H, Aussenac F, Gutmann T, Reggelin M, Buntkowsky G. A novel strategy for site selective spin-labeling to investigate bioactive entities by DNP and EPR spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13714. [PMID: 34211027 PMCID: PMC8249612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel specific spin-labeling strategy for bioactive molecules is presented for eptifibatide (integrilin) an antiplatelet aggregation inhibitor, which derives from the venom of certain rattlesnakes. By specifically labeling the disulfide bridge this molecule becomes accessible for analytical techniques such as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and solid state Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP). The necessary spin-label was synthesized and inserted into the disulfide bridge of eptifibatide via reductive followed by insertion by a double Michael addition under physiological conditions. This procedure is universally applicable for disulfide containing biomolecules and is expected to preserve their tertiary structure with minimal change due to the small size of the label and restoring of the previous disulfide connection. HPLC and MS analysis show the successful introduction of the spin label and EPR spectroscopy confirms its activity. DNP-enhanced solid state NMR experiments show signal enhancement factors of up to 19 in 13C CP MAS experiments which corresponds to time saving factors of up to 361. This clearly shows the high potential of our new spin labeling strategy for the introduction of site selective radical spin labels into biomolecules and biosolids without compromising its conformational integrity for structural investigations employing solid-state DNP or advanced EPR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Herr
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Max Fleckenstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Brodrecht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mark V Höfler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henrike Heise
- Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabien Aussenac
- Bruker France SAS, 34 rue de l'industrie, 67160, Wissembourg, France
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Reggelin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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16
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de Vries RH, Viel JH, Kuipers OP, Roelfes G. Rapid and Selective Chemical Editing of Ribosomally Synthesized and Post-Translationally Modified Peptides (RiPPs) via Cu II -Catalyzed β-Borylation of Dehydroamino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3946-3950. [PMID: 33185967 PMCID: PMC7898795 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the fast and selective chemical editing of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) by β-borylation of dehydroalanine (Dha) residues. The thiopeptide thiostrepton was modified efficiently using CuII -catalysis under mild conditions and 1D/2D NMR of the purified product showed site-selective borylation of the terminal Dha residues. Using similar conditions, the thiopeptide nosiheptide, lanthipeptide nisin Z, and protein SUMO_G98Dha were also modified efficiently. Borylated thiostrepton showed an up to 84-fold increase in water solubility, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays showed that antimicrobial activity was maintained in thiostrepton and nosiheptide. The introduced boronic-acid functionalities were shown to be valuable handles for chemical mutagenesis and in a reversible click reaction with triols for the pH-controlled labeling of RiPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinder H. de Vries
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jakob H. Viel
- Department of Molecular GeneticsGroningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- Department of Molecular GeneticsGroningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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17
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Kuan SL, Raabe M. Solid-Phase Protein Modifications: Towards Precision Protein Hybrids for Biological Applications. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:94-104. [PMID: 32667697 PMCID: PMC7818443 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins have attracted increasing attention as biopharmaceutics and diagnostics due to their high specificity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The biopharmaceutical sector in particular is experiencing rapid growth, which has led to an increase in the production and sale of protein drugs and diagnostics over the last two decades. Since the first-generation biopharmaceutics dominated by native proteins, both recombinant and chemical technologies have evolved and transformed the outlook of this rapidly developing field. This review article presents updates on the fabrication of covalent and supramolecular fusion hybrids, as well as protein-polymer hybrids using solid-phase approaches that hold great promise for preparing protein hybrids with precise control at the macromolecular level to incorporate additional features. In addition, the applications of the resultant protein hybrids in medicine and diagnostics are highlighted where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Marco Raabe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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18
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Yin G, Wei J, Shao Y, Wu WH, Xu L, Zhang WB. Native conjugation between proteins and [60]fullerene derivatives using SpyTag as a reactive handle. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Vries RH, Viel JH, Kuipers OP, Roelfes G. Rapid and Selective Chemical Editing of Ribosomally Synthesized and Post‐Translationally Modified Peptides (RiPPs) via Cu
II
‐Catalyzed β‐Borylation of Dehydroamino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinder H. Vries
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jakob H. Viel
- Department of Molecular Genetics Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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20
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Chatterjee S, Anslyn EV, Bandyopadhyay A. Boronic acid based dynamic click chemistry: recent advances and emergent applications. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1585-1599. [PMID: 34163920 PMCID: PMC8179052 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, reversible click reactions have found numerous applications in chemical biology, supramolecular chemistry, and biomedical applications. Boronic acid (BA)-mediated cis-diol conjugation is one of the best-studied reactions among them. An excellent understanding of the chemical properties and biocompatibility of BA-based compounds has inspired the exploration of novel chemistries using boron to fuel emergent sciences. This topical review focuses on the recent progress of iminoboronate and salicylhydroxamic-boronate constituted reversible click chemistries in the past decade. We highlight the mechanism of reversible kinetics and its applications in chemical biology, medicinal chemistry, biomedical devices, and material chemistry. This article also emphasizes the fundamental reactivity of these two conjugate chemistries with assorted nucleophiles at variable pHs, which is of utmost importance to any stimuli-responsive biological and material chemistry explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Chatterjee
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Punjab-781039 India
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas 1 University Station A1590 Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Anupam Bandyopadhyay
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Punjab-781039 India
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21
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Purushottam L, V B U, Rawale DG, Gujrati M, Mishra SD, T K S, Reddy NC, Adusumalli SR, Mishra RK, Rai V. A single amino acid Gly-tag enables metal-free protein purification. Chem Sci 2020; 11:13137-13142. [PMID: 34094495 PMCID: PMC8163197 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytically pure proteins are indispensable for diverse applications, including therapeutics. Here, we report a methodology where a single amino acid, glycine, enables metal-free protein purification. This robust platform is enabled by a Gly-tag resin for site-specific capture, enrichment, and release through chemically triggered C-C bond dissociation by resonance-assisted electron density polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landa Purushottam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Unnikrishnan V B
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Dattatraya Gautam Rawale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Mansi Gujrati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India .,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Sajeev T K
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Neelesh C Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Adusumalli
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Ram Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
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22
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Russo R, Padanha R, Fernandes F, Veiros LF, Corzana F, Gois PMP. Engineering Boron Hot Spots for the Site-Selective Installation of Iminoboronates on Peptide Chains. Chemistry 2020; 26:15226-15231. [PMID: 32627856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Boronic acids (BAs) are a promising bioconjugation function to design dynamic materials as they can establish reversible covalent bonds with oxygen/nitrogen nucleophiles that respond to different pH, ROS, carbohydrates and glutathione levels. However, the dynamic nature of these bonds also limits the control over the stability and site-selectivity of the bioconjugation, which ultimately leads to heterogeneous conjugates with poor stability under physiological conditions. Here we disclose a new strategy to install BAs on peptide chains. In this study, a "boron hot spot" based on the 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one scaffold was developed and upon installation on a peptide N-terminal cysteine, enables the site-selective formation of iminoboronates with 2-formyl-phenyl boronic acids (Ka of 58128±2 m-1 ). The reaction is selective in the presence of competing lysine ϵ-amino groups, and the resulting iminoboronates, displayed improved stability in buffers solutions and a cleavable profile in the presence of glutathione. Once developed, the methodology was used to prepare cleavable fluorescent conjugates with a laminin fragment, which enabled the validation of the 67LR receptor as a target to deliver cargo to cancer HT29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Russo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Padanha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fábio Fernandes
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis F Veiros
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
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23
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Pieszka M, Han S, Volkmann C, Graf R, Lieberwirth I, Landfester K, Ng DYW, Weil T. Controlled Supramolecular Assembly Inside Living Cells by Sequential Multistaged Chemical Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15780-15789. [PMID: 32812422 PMCID: PMC7499420 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic assembly within living cells represents an innovative way to explore purely chemical tools that can direct and control cellular behavior. We use a simple and modular platform that is broadly accessible and yet incorporates highly intricate molecular recognition, immolative, and rearrangement chemistry. Short bimodular peptide sequences undergo a programmed sequence of events that can be tailored within the living intracellular environment. Each sequential stage of the pathways beginning with the cellular uptake, intracellular transport, and localization imposes distinct structural changes that result in the assembly of fibrillar architectures inside cells. The observation of apoptosis, which is characterized by the binding of Annexin V, demonstrates that programmed cell death can be promoted by the peptide assembly. Higher complexity of the assemblies was also achieved by coassembly of two different sequences, resulting in intrinsically fluorescent architectures. As such, we demonstrate that the in situ construction of architectures within cells will broaden the community's perspective toward how structure formation can impact a living system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Pieszka
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Shen Han
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christiane Volkmann
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Y W Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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24
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Caparco AA, Bommarius BR, Bommarius AS, Champion JA. Protein-inorganic calcium-phosphate supraparticles as a robust platform for enzyme co-immobilization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1979-1989. [PMID: 32255509 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of enzymes provides many benefits, including facile separation and recovery of enzymes from reaction mixtures, enhanced stability, and co-localization of multiple enzymes. Calcium-phosphate-protein supraparticles imbued with a leucine zipper binding domain (ZR ) serve as a modular immobilization platform for enzymes fused to the complementary leucine zipper domain (ZE ). The zippers provide high-affinity, specific binding, separating enzymatic activity from the binding event. Using fluorescent model proteins (mCherryZE and eGFPZE ), an amine dehydrogenase (AmDHZE ), and a formate dehydrogenase (FDHZE ), the efficacy of supraparticles as a biocatalytic solid support was assessed. Supraparticles demonstrated several benefits as an immobilization support, including predictable loading of multiple proteins, structural integrity in a panel of solvents, and the ability to elute and reload proteins without damaging the support. The dual-enzyme reaction successfully converted ketone to amine on supraparticles, highlighting the efficacy of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Caparco
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bettina R Bommarius
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andreas S Bommarius
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julie A Champion
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Zhuang J, Zhao B, Meng X, Schiffman JD, Perry SL, Vachet RW, Thayumanavan S. A programmable chemical switch based on triggerable Michael acceptors. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2103-2111. [PMID: 34123298 PMCID: PMC8150097 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05841a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing an engineerable chemical reaction that is triggerable for simultaneous chemical bond formation and cleavage by external cues offers tunability and orthogonality which is highly desired in many biological and materials applications. Here, we present a chemical switch that concurrently captures these features in response to chemically and biologically abundant and important cues, viz., thiols and amines. This thiol/amine-triggerable chemical switch is based on a Triggerable Michael Acceptor (TMAc) which bears good leaving groups at its β-position. The acceptor undergoes a "trigger-to-release" process where thiol/amine addition triggers cascaded release of leaving groups and generates a less activated acceptor. The newly generated TMAc can be further reversed to liberate the original thiol/amine by a second nucleophile trigger through a "trigger-to-reverse" process. Within the small molecular volume of the switch, we have shown five locations that can be engineered to achieve tunable "trigger-to-release" kinetics and tailored reversibility. The potential of the engineerable bonding/debonding capability of the chemical switch is demonstrated by applications in cysteine-selective and reversible protein modification, universal self-immolative linkers, and orthogonally addressable hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Xiangxi Meng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Sarah L Perry
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Richard W Vachet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - S Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
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26
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Samaniego Lopez C, Martínez JH, Acebedo SL, Spagnuolo CC. Benzoxaboroles as dynamic covalent receptors for bioconjugation and transport of nucleosides and related drugs: Proof of action in HeLa cells. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103059. [PMID: 31226470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work we describe not previously explored binding studies on the reversible interaction of benzoxaborole with ligands of medical and pharmaceutical interest such as nucleosidic drugs gemcitabine and capecitabine, as well as the hydrophobic chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. We include functional derivatives of benzoxaborole such as a near infrared fluorescent boronolectine, Cy-Bx, The dynamic covalent interaction in physiological conditions was assessed by spectroscopic techniques yielding moderate to high binding affinities. The cytotoxic activity of the drugs upon conjugation to the boronolectins was evaluated revealing significant influence of the bioconjugation status on the cellular viability. The availability of the conjugate for cellular uptake and localization in the model cancer cell line HeLa was assessed by fluorescence imaging. Benzoxaborole and the fluorescent boronolectin Cy-Bx, proved to be versatile conjugation tools for 1,2 and 1,3-diol containing pharmacophores as well as bioisosteric forms such as 1,2-hydroxyamino, envisioning these small boronolectins as components in systems for drug release with tracking capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Samaniego Lopez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CIHIDECAR-CONICET-UBA, Int. Güiraldes 2160, 3er piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CC1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Jimena H Martínez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Güiraldes 2160, 4to piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CC1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Sofía L Acebedo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CIHIDECAR-CONICET-UBA, Int. Güiraldes 2160, 3er piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CC1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Carla C Spagnuolo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CIHIDECAR-CONICET-UBA, Int. Güiraldes 2160, 3er piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CC1428EHA, Argentina.
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27
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Lucchino M, Billet A, Versini A, Bavireddi H, Dasari BD, Debieu S, Colombeau L, Cañeque T, Wagner A, Masson G, Taran F, Karoyan P, Delepierre M, Gaillet C, Houdusse A, Britton S, Schmidt F, Florent JC, Belmont P, Monchaud D, Cossy J, Thomas C, Gautier A, Johannes L, Rodriguez R. 2nd PSL Chemical Biology Symposium (2019): At the Crossroads of Chemistry and Biology. Chembiochem 2019; 20:968-973. [PMID: 30803119 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chemical Biology is the science of designing chemical tools to dissect and manipulate biology at different scales. It provides the fertile ground from which to address important problems of our society, such as human health and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lucchino
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne Billet
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Versini
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Harikrishna Bavireddi
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bhanu-Das Dasari
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Debieu
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Colombeau
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Cañeque
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Karoyan
- PSL Université Paris, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR7203, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Delepierre
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Christine Gaillet
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne Houdusse
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Schmidt
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Florent
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Belmont
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, CNRS UMR8038, 75006, Paris, France
| | - David Monchaud
- UBFC, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR6302, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- PSL Université Paris, ESPCI Paris, CNRS UMR8271, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Christophe Thomas
- PSL Université Paris, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Gautier
- PSL Université Paris, Sorbonne University, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- PSL Université Paris, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, 75005, Paris, France
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29
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António JPM, Russo R, Carvalho CP, Cal PMSD, Gois PMP. Boronic acids as building blocks for the construction of therapeutically useful bioconjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3513-3536. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00184k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes boronic acid's contribution to the development of bioconjugates with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying its role in the construction and function of the bioconjugate, namely as a bioconjugation warhead, as a payload and as part of a bioconjugate linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P. M. António
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - Roberto Russo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - Cátia Parente Carvalho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - Pedro M. S. D. Cal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular
- Faculty of Medicine
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - Pedro M. P. Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisbon
- Portugal
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30
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Kuan SL, Bergamini FRG, Weil T. Functional protein nanostructures: a chemical toolbox. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:9069-9105. [PMID: 30452046 PMCID: PMC6289173 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00590g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nature has evolved an optimal synthetic factory in the form of translational and posttranslational processes by which millions of proteins with defined primary sequences and 3D structures can be built. Nature's toolkit gives rise to protein building blocks, which dictates their spatial arrangement to form functional protein nanostructures that serve a myriad of functions in cells, ranging from biocatalysis, formation of structural networks, and regulation of biochemical processes, to sensing. With the advent of chemical tools for site-selective protein modifications and recombinant engineering, there is a rapid development to develop and apply synthetic methods for creating structurally defined, functional protein nanostructures for a broad range of applications in the fields of catalysis, materials and biomedical sciences. In this review, design principles and structural features for achieving and characterizing functional protein nanostructures by synthetic approaches are summarized. The synthetic customization of protein building blocks, the design and introduction of recognition units and linkers and subsequent assembly into structurally defined protein architectures are discussed herein. Key examples of these supramolecular protein nanostructures, their unique functions and resultant impact for biomedical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seah Ling Kuan
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research
,
Ackermannweg 10
, 55128 Mainz
, Germany
.
;
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I – Ulm University
,
Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
, 89081 Ulm
, Germany
| | - Fernando R. G. Bergamini
- Institute of Chemistry
, Federal University of Uberlândia – UFU
,
38400-902 Uberlândia
, MG
, Brazil
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research
,
Ackermannweg 10
, 55128 Mainz
, Germany
.
;
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I – Ulm University
,
Albert-Einstein-Allee 11
, 89081 Ulm
, Germany
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