1
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Aarsen C, Liguori A, Mattsson R, Sipponen MH, Hakkarainen M. Designed to Degrade: Tailoring Polyesters for Circularity. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8473-8515. [PMID: 38936815 PMCID: PMC11240263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A powerful toolbox is needed to turn the linear plastic economy into circular. Development of materials designed for mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and/or biodegradation in targeted end-of-life environment are all necessary puzzle pieces in this process. Polyesters, with reversible ester bonds, are already forerunners in plastic circularity: poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is the most recycled plastic material suitable for mechanical and chemical recycling, while common aliphatic polyesters are biodegradable under favorable conditions, such as industrial compost. However, this circular design needs to be further tailored for different end-of-life options to enable chemical recycling under greener conditions and/or rapid enough biodegradation even under less favorable environmental conditions. Here, we discuss molecular design of the polyester chain targeting enhancement of circularity by incorporation of more easily hydrolyzable ester bonds, additional dynamic bonds, or degradation catalyzing functional groups as part of the polyester chain. The utilization of polyester circularity to design replacement materials for current volume plastics is also reviewed as well as embedment of green catalysts, such as enzymes in biodegradable polyester matrices to facilitate the degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine
V. Aarsen
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Liguori
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rebecca Mattsson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika H. Sipponen
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Lei Z, Chen H, Huang S, Wayment LJ, Xu Q, Zhang W. New Advances in Covalent Network Polymers via Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7829-7906. [PMID: 38829268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Covalent network polymers, as materials composed of atoms interconnected by covalent bonds in a continuous network, are known for their thermal and chemical stability. Over the past two decades, these materials have undergone significant transformations, gaining properties such as malleability, environmental responsiveness, recyclability, crystallinity, and customizable porosity, enabled by the development and integration of dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC). In this review, we explore the innovative realm of covalent network polymers by focusing on the recent advances achieved through the application of DCvC. We start by examining the history and fundamental principles of DCvC, detailing its inception and core concepts and noting its key role in reversible covalent bond formation. Then the reprocessability of covalent network polymers enabled by DCvC is thoroughly discussed, starting from the significant milestones that marked the evolution of these polymers and progressing to their current trends and applications. The influence of DCvC on the crystallinity of covalent network polymers is then reviewed, covering their bond diversity, synthesis techniques, and functionalities. In the concluding section, we address the current challenges faced in the field of covalent network polymers and speculates on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Qiucheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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3
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Jašek V, Fučík J, Melčová V, Přikryl R, Figalla S. Improvements in the Production of Isosorbide Monomethacrylate Using a Biobased Catalyst and Liquid-Liquid Extraction Isolation for Modifications of Oil-Based Resins. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24728-24738. [PMID: 38882143 PMCID: PMC11171093 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The improved production of a polar curable monomer, isosorbide monomethacrylate (MISD), with methacrylic anhydride (MAAH) as an acyl donor, was performed. A sustainable and cheap catalyst, potassium acetate (CH3COOK), was used for a solvent-free synthesis, requiring only the equimolar amount of reagents (no excess). The production included the quantitative separation of the secondary product, methacrylic acid (MAA), preventing the reaction batch from the purification process (neutralization of MAA), and gaining a usable reagent. The synthesis resulted in a sufficient yield of MISD (61.8%) obtained by the liquid-liquid extraction process (LLE), which is a significant improvement in the process, avoiding the flash chromatography step in the isolation of MISD. The purity of synthesized and isolated MISD via the LLE was confirmed by 1H NMR, MS, and FTIR analyses. The thermal analyses, namely, DSC and TGA, were used to characterize the curability and thermal stability of MISD. The activation energy of MISD's curing was calculated (E a = 94.6 kJ/mol) along with the heat-resistant index (T s = 136.8). The polar character of isosorbide monomethacrylate was investigated in a mixture with epoxidized acrylated soybean oil (EASO). It was found that MISD is entirely soluble in EASO and can modify the rheological behavior and surface energy of EASO-based resins. The apparent viscosity of EASO at 30 °C (ηapp = 3413 mPa·s) decreased with the 50% content of MISD significantly (ηapp = 500 mPa·s), and the free surface energy value of EASO (γS = 42.2 mJ/m2) also increased with the 50% content of MISD (γS = 48.7 mJ/m2). The produced MISD can be successfully used as a diluent and the polarity modifier of curable oil-based resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Jašek
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fučík
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Melčová
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Silvestr Figalla
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
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4
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Tran HTT, Nisha SS, Radjef R, Nikzad M, Bjekovic R, Fox B. Recyclable and Biobased Vitrimers for Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Composites-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1025. [PMID: 38674946 PMCID: PMC11054932 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Economic and environmental concerns over the accumulation of end-of-life carbon fibre composite waste have led to increased attention to sustainable materials with low environmental impact. Over decades of research, vitrimers, a modern class of covalent adaptable networks, have bridged the gap between thermoplastics and thermosets. With the distinguishing feature of dynamic covalent bonds, vitrimers can be rearranged and reprocessed within their existing network structures in response to external stimuli such as heat or light. This poses a unique solution to repairing damaged composites, extending their service life, and reducing post-consumer waste. However, the synthesis of vitrimers often requires petrochemical consumption, which increases their carbon footprint. Using bio-based materials could be a promising solution to reduce the reliance on petrochemicals and their related pollution. This review compiles the contemporary requirements for bio-based vitrimers regarding their properties, scalability, and recycling features. This article also presents a comprehensive overview of the pathways to produce sustainable bio-based vitrimers and an overview of promising studies showing the potential uses of bio-derived vitrimers on carbon fibre composite productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang T. T. Tran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Shammi Sultana Nisha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Racim Radjef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Mostafa Nikzad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Robert Bjekovic
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Ravensburg-Weingarten, 88250 Weingarten, Germany;
| | - Bronwyn Fox
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia; (S.S.N.); (R.R.); (M.N.)
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5
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Petrauskas R, Grauzeliene S, Ostrauskaite J. Thermo-Responsive Shape-Memory Dual-Cured Polymers Based on Vegetable Oils. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:24. [PMID: 38203878 PMCID: PMC10780134 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of thermo-responsive shape-memory polymers has attracted attention due to their ability to undergo reversible deformations based on temperature changes. Vegetable oils are confirmed to be an excellent biorenewable source of starting materials for the synthesis of polymers. Therefore, the objective of this research was to synthesize thermo-responsive shape-memory polymers based on vegetable oils by using the dual-curing technique and obtaining polymers with tailorable properties. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil and two epoxidized vegetable oils, linseed oil and camelina oil, were chosen for dual curing with m-xylylenediamine. Rheological tests were used to analyze the curing kinetics of systems undergoing radical photopolymerization, thermal cationic polymerization, and dual-curing processes. The rheological, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of the polymers were enhanced by the second curing stage. Dual-cured vegetable oil-based polymers had shape-memory properties with a recovery ratio of 100%, making them suitable for a variety of applications, including electronics, biomedical devices, and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.P.); (S.G.)
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6
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Veloso-Fernández A, Ruiz-Rubio L, Yugueros I, Moreno-Benítez MI, Laza JM, Vilas-Vilela JL. Improving the Recyclability of an Epoxy Resin through the Addition of New Biobased Vitrimer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3737. [PMID: 37765591 PMCID: PMC10537514 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of thermoset epoxy resins (ER) has spread to countless applications due to their mechanical properties, heat resistance and stability. However, these ERs are neither biodegradable nor recyclable due to their permanent crosslinked networks and usually, they are synthesized from fossil and toxic precursors. Therefore, reducing its consumption is of vital importance to the environment. On the one hand, the solution to the recyclability problems of epoxy resins can be achieved through the use of vitrimers, which have thermoset properties and can be recycled as thermoplastic materials. On the other hand, vitrimers can be made from natural sources, reducing their toxicity. In this work, a sustainable epoxy vitrimer has been efficiently synthesized, VESOV, by curing epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with a new vanillin-derived Schiff base (VSB) dynamic hardener, aliphatic diamine (1,4-butanediamine, BDA) and using 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI) as an accelerator. Likewise, using the same synthesized VSB agent, a commercial epoxy resin has also been cured and characterized as ESO. Finally, different percentages (30, 50 and 70 wt%) of the same ER have been included in the formulation of VESOV, demonstrating that only including 30 wt% of ER in the formulation is able to improve the thermo-mechanical properties, maintaining the VESOV's inherent reprocessability or recyclability. In short, this is the first approach to achieve a new material that can be postulated in the future as a replacement for current commercial epoxy resins, although it still requires a minimum percentage of RE in the formulation, it makes it possible to recycle the material while maintaining good mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Veloso-Fernández
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Imanol Yugueros
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - M. Isabel Moreno-Benítez
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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7
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Gaina C, Ursache O, Gaina V, Serban AM, Asandulesa M. Novel Bio-Based Materials: From Castor Oil to Epoxy Resins for Engineering Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5649. [PMID: 37629941 PMCID: PMC10456403 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the synthesis and thermal behavior of novel epoxy resins prepared from epoxidized castor oil in the presence of or without trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMP) crosslinked with 3-hexahydro-4-methylphtalic anhydride (MHHPA) and their comparison with a petroleum-based epoxy resin (MHHPA and TMP). Epoxidized castor oil (ECO) was obtained via in situ epoxidation of castor oil with peroxyacetic acid. The chemical structures of castor oil (CO), ECO, and epoxy matrix were confirmed using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The morphological and thermal behavior of the resulting products have been investigated. Compared to petroleum-based resins, castor oil-based ones have a lower Tg. Anyway, the introduction of TMP increases the Tg of the resins containing ECO. The morphological behavior is not significantly influenced by using ECO or by adding TMP in the synthesis of resins. The dielectric properties of epoxy resins have been analyzed as a function of frequency (1 kHz-1 MHz) and temperature (-50 to 200 °C). The water absorption test showed that as Tg increased, the percent mass of water ingress decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viorica Gaina
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (C.G.); (O.U.); (A.-M.S.); (M.A.)
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8
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Yan T, Balzer AH, Herbert KM, Epps TH, Korley LTJ. Circularity in polymers: addressing performance and sustainability challenges using dynamic covalent chemistries. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5243-5265. [PMID: 37234906 PMCID: PMC10208058 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00551h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The circularity of current and future polymeric materials is a major focus of fundamental and applied research, as undesirable end-of-life outcomes and waste accumulation are global problems that impact our society. The recycling or repurposing of thermoplastics and thermosets is an attractive solution to these issues, yet both options are encumbered by poor property retention upon reuse, along with heterogeneities in common waste streams that limit property optimization. Dynamic covalent chemistry, when applied to polymeric materials, enables the targeted design of reversible bonds that can be tailored to specific reprocessing conditions to help address conventional recycling challenges. In this review, we highlight the key features of several dynamic covalent chemistries that can promote closed-loop recyclability and we discuss recent synthetic progress towards incorporating these chemistries into new polymers and existing commodity plastics. Next, we outline how dynamic covalent bonds and polymer network structure influence thermomechanical properties related to application and recyclability, with a focus on predictive physical models that describe network rearrangement. Finally, we examine the potential economic and environmental impacts of dynamic covalent polymeric materials in closed-loop processing using elements derived from techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment, including minimum selling prices and greenhouse gas emissions. Throughout each section, we discuss interdisciplinary obstacles that hinder the widespread adoption of dynamic polymers and present opportunities and new directions toward the realization of circularity in polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Yan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Alex H Balzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Katie M Herbert
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - LaShanda T J Korley
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
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9
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Song H, Liu C, Gui D, Sha Y, Song Q, Jia P, Gao J, Lin Y. Sustainable and mechanically robust epoxy resins derived from chitosan and tung oil with proton conductivity. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Song
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofan Liu
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu People's Republic of China
| | - Daxiang Gui
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Qingping Song
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu People's Republic of China
| | - Puyou Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Material, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF) Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Lin
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Material, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF) Nanjing People's Republic of China
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10
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Thomas J, Patil R. Enabling Green Manufacture of Polymer Products via Vegetable Oil Epoxides. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jomin Thomas
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Renuka Patil
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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11
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Nurchi C, Buonvino S, Arciero I, Melino S. Sustainable Vegetable Oil-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032153. [PMID: 36768485 PMCID: PMC9916503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main criteria for ecological sustainability is that the materials produced for common use are green. This can include the use of biomaterials and materials that are environmentally friendly, biodegradable and produced at low cost. The exploration of natural resources as sustainable precursors leads to the production of biopolymers that are useful for 3D printing technology. Recently, waste vegetable oils have been found to be a good alternative source for the production of biopolymers in various applications from the engineering to the biomedicine. In this review, the processes for the synthesis of vegetable oil-based biomaterials are described in detail. Moreover, the functionalization strategies to improve the mechanical properties of these materials and the cell-material interaction for their potential use as micro-structured scaffolds in regenerative medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sonia Melino
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-7259-4449; Fax: +39-06-7259-4328
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12
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Investigating the Synthesis and Characteristics of UV-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy Vegetable Oil-Lignin Composites Mediated by Structure-Directing Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020439. [PMID: 36679319 PMCID: PMC9864384 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based composites were developed from the epoxy derivatives of Lallemantia iberica oil and kraft lignin (ELALO and EpLnK), using UV radiation as a low energy consumption tool for the oxiranes reaction. To avoid the filler sedimentation or its inhomogeneous distribution in the oil matrix, different structure-directing agents (SDA) were employed: 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS), 12-hydroxystearic acid (HSA) and sorbitan monostearate (Span 60). The SDA and EpLnK effect upon the ELALO-based formulations, their curing reaction and the performance of the resulting materials were investigated. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) indicates different modes of molecular arrangement through H bonds for the initial ELALO-SDA or ELALO-SDA-EpLnK systems, also confirming the epoxy group's reaction through the cationic mechanism for the final composites. Gel fraction measurements validate the significant conversion of the epoxides for those materials containing SDAs or 1% EpLnK; an increased EpLnK amount (5%), with or without SDA addition, conduced to an inefficient polymerization process, with the UV radiation being partially absorbed by the filler. Thermo-gravimetric and dynamic-mechanical analyses (TGA and DMA) revealed good properties for the ELALO-based materials. By loading 1% EpLnK, the thermal stability was improved to with 10 °C (for Td3%) and the addition of each SDA differently influenced the Tg values but also gave differences in the glassy and rubbery states when the storage moduli were interrogated, depending on their chemical structures. Water affinity and morphological studies were also carried out.
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13
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Lee J, Nanthananon P, Kim A, Kwon YK. Malleable and recyclable thermoset network with reversible
β‐hydroxyl
esters and disulfide bonds. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juho Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Phornwalan Nanthananon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Arin Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Yong Ku Kwon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon South Korea
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14
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Rashid MA, Liu W, Wei Y, Jiang Q. Review of intrinsically recyclable biobased epoxy thermosets enabled by dynamic chemical bonds. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2080559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdur Rashid
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Wanshuang Liu
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Schwaiger M, Resch‐Fauster K. Mechanical flexible epoxy resins with 100% bio‐based carbon content based on epoxidized vegetable oils. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwaiger
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers Montanuniversitaet Leoben Leoben Austria
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16
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Styrene-Free Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins with Tunable Properties Starting from Vegetable Oils and Terpenes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194185. [PMID: 36236131 PMCID: PMC9572440 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of fossil-based monomers in the thermosetting formulations is a fundamental issue to face the environmental concerns related to the use of traditional resins. In this paper, styrene-free thermosetting resins were prepared to start from vegetable oils with different compositions and unsaturation degrees, namely soybean, hempseed, and linseed oils. Using terpenic comonomers such as limonene and β-myrcene allows one to prepare thermosets avoiding the traditional fossil-based diluents such as styrene, thus obtaining an outstanding gain in terms of both environmental and safety concerns. Furthermore, the materials obtained reveal tunable physical properties upon the proper choice of the monomers, with glass transition temperature ranging from 40 to 80 °C and Young's modulus ranging from 200 to 1800 MPa. The possibility of preparing composite materials starting from the resins prepared in this way and natural fibres has also been explored due to the potential applications of bio-based composites in several industrial sectors.
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17
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Gaglieri C, Alarcon RT, Magri R, North M, Bannach G. Development of renewable thermosetting polymers based on grape seed oil derivatives. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gaglieri
- School of Sciences, Chemistry Department UNESP ‐ São Paulo State University Bauru Brazil
| | - Rafael Turra Alarcon
- School of Sciences, Chemistry Department UNESP ‐ São Paulo State University Bauru Brazil
| | - Raquel Magri
- School of Sciences, Chemistry Department UNESP ‐ São Paulo State University Bauru Brazil
| | - Michael North
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry The University of York York UK
| | - Gilbert Bannach
- School of Sciences, Chemistry Department UNESP ‐ São Paulo State University Bauru Brazil
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18
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Barkane A, Platnieks O, Grase L, Gaidukovs S. Simultaneous wettability and stiffness control of UV-curing vegetable oil resin composites by lignocellulosic components. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Thermal-induced self-healing bio-based vitrimers: Shape memory, recyclability, degradation, and intrinsic flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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The Feasibility of Producing Particleboards with Waste Wood from Civil Construction and Epoxidized Waste Cooking Oils. FIBERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fib10080062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of using epoxidized waste cooking oils as a partial replacement for synthetic resins in the manufacture of lignocellulosic composites where the reinforcement is comprised of mechanically ground wood from civil construction waste wood (CCWW) was investigated. For this study, the wood-epoxy composite was prepared using the thermo-curing technique, and wood particle contents of 20 and 30% (m/m) were studied with a matrix comprised of 50% epoxidized vegetable oil and 50% petroleum-based epoxy resin. The specific mass of the composites was in the range of 1130 to 1380 kg/m3, with the lowest value for the highest content of wood particles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was successfully used to monitor the epoxidation of the vegetable oils and the subsequent curing of the epoxy resins and particleboards. Thermal stability of the composite was dictated by its lignocellulosic content, and significant mass losses occurred at temperatures higher than 300 °C, regardless of the wood particles content. The introduction of CCWW particles into the polymeric matrices did not promote the desired effect of improving the mechanical properties in regard to those of the cured blend of epoxy resins. However, the produced particleboards still met the standards of the American National Standards for general purpose boards in regard to their physical and mechanical properties (e.g., density, tensile strength). Hence, the use of wood waste and waste cooking oil to produce particleboards was deemed justified within the framework of a cascading lifecycle-extended service for both wastes.
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21
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Moser BR, Cermak SC, Doll KM, Kenar JA, Sharma BK. A review of fatty epoxide ring opening reactions: Chemistry, recent advances, and applications. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. Moser
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bio‐Oils Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - Steven C. Cermak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bio‐Oils Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - Kenneth M. Doll
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bio‐Oils Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - James A. Kenar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Functional Foods Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - Brajendra K. Sharma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sustainable Biofuels and Co‐Products Research Unit Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor Pennsylvania USA
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22
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Cangul K, Cakmakci E, Daglar O, Gunay US, Hizal G, Tunca U, Durmaz H. Metal-Free Click Modification of Triple Bond-Containing Polyester with Azide-Functionalized Vegetable Oil: Plasticization and Tunable Solvent Adsorption. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23332-23341. [PMID: 35847292 PMCID: PMC9281323 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pressure from environmental nongovernmental organizations and the public has accelerated research on the development of innovative and renewable polymers and additives. Recently, biobased "green" plasticizers that can be covalently attached to replace toxic and migratory phthalate-based plasticizers have gained a lot of attention from researchers. In this work, we prepared an azide-functionalized soybean oil derivative (AzSBO) and investigated whether it can be used as a plasticizer. We covalently attached AzSBO to an electron-deficient triple-bond-containing polyester via a metal-free azide-alkyne click reaction. The thermal, mechanical, and solvent absorption behaviors of different amounts of azidated oil-containing polyesters were determined. Moreover, the plasticization efficiency of AzSBO was compared with the commercial plasticizers bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and epoxidized soybean oil. At relatively lower AzSBO ratios, the degree of cross-linking was higher and thus the plasticization was less pronounced but the solvent resistance was significantly improved. As the ratio of AzSBO was increased, the glass transition temperature of the pristine polymer decreased up to 31 °C from 57 °C. Furthermore, the incorporation of AzSBO also improved the thermal properties and 20% AzSBO addition led to a 60 °C increase in the maximum weight loss temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cangul
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Emrah Cakmakci
- Department
of Chemistry, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Daglar
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Saim Gunay
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Hizal
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Umit Tunca
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Hakan Durmaz
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
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23
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Polese R, Pintus E, Nuvoli L, Tiana M, Pintus S, Satta G, Beccu A, Gaspa S, Carraro M, De Luca L, Azzena U, Pisano L. Aquivion perfluorosulfonic superacid as an effective catalyst for selective epoxidation of vegetable oils. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211554. [PMID: 35601448 PMCID: PMC9043701 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The acid-promoted epoxidation of vegetable oils was studied using a variety of acidic ion exchange resins as heterogeneous acid catalysts. Quantitative and selective epoxidation of a series of vegetable oils with different composition of saturated, mono-, di- and tri-unsaturated fatty acids was obtained upon identification of the more efficient catalyst and experimental conditions. Furthermore, optimized reaction conditions were successfully applied to the epoxidation of a waste cooking oil, thus extending our procedure to the valorization of a biowaste, an area of increasing importance within a more sustainable society. The use of quantitative 1HNMR besides making accurate evaluation of the amounts of reagents to be employed and of the selectivity, allowed facile and rapid quantification of mono-, di- and tri-epoxides, thus providing an indirect indication on the fatty acid composition of the vegetable oils, even in the presence of very low quantities of linolenic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Polese
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisa Pintus
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Monica Tiana
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pintus
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Satta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Beccu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Gaspa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Carraro
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ugo Azzena
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luisa Pisano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2 07100, Sassari, Italy
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24
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Shang Q, Hu Y, Song F, Jia P, Zhu G, Huang J, Liu C, Hu L, Zhou Y. Mechanically robust, healable, shape memory, and reprocessable biobased polymers based on dynamic pyrazole-urea bonds. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Li C, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Wu Y, Liu W, Qiu R. Strong and recyclable soybean oil-based epoxy adhesives based on dynamic borate. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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He E, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Ji Y. Reprocessing of Vitrimer. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Gandini A, M. Lacerda T. Monomers and Macromolecular Materials from Renewable Resources: State of the Art and Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 27:159. [PMID: 35011391 PMCID: PMC8746301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A progressively increasing concern about the environmental impacts of the whole polymer industry has boosted the design of less aggressive technologies that allow for the maximum use of carbon atoms, and reduced dependence on the fossil platform. Progresses related to the former approach are mostly based on the concept of the circular economy, which aims at a thorough use of raw materials, from production to disposal. The latter, however, has been considered a priority nowadays, as short-term biological processes can efficiently provide a myriad of chemicals for the polymer industry. Polymers from renewable resources are widely established in research and technology facilities from all over the world, and a broader consolidation of such materials is expected in a near future. Herein, an up-to-date overview of the most recent and relevant contributions dedicated to the production of monomers and polymers from biomass is presented. We provide some basic issues related to the preparation of polymers from renewable resources to discuss ongoing strategies that can be used to achieve original polymers and systems thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gandini
- Graduate School of Engineering in Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Grenoble INP-Pagora), University Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, CEDEX 9, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Talita M. Lacerda
- Biotechnology Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena CEP 12602-810, SP, Brazil;
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28
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Vegetable Oil-Based Resins Reinforced with Spruce Bark Powder and with Its Hydrochar Lignocellulosic Biomass. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A bio-based polymeric matrix was developed by the copolymerization of a vegetable oil-based epoxy, epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), with dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA). To obtain eco-friendly bio-composites, this matrix was combined with a natural filler: spruce bark powder (SB) with its hydrochar (HC) in various proportions ranged from 1 to 30 wt.%. The reactivities of these formulations were studied by DSC analysis that highlighted that both fillers have a high catalytic effect on the ELO–DDSA crosslinking reaction. The complementary studies by TGA, DMA, tensile tests, water absorption and Shore tests had shown that both HC and SB bring improvements to the mechanical properties of the composites, fulfilling multiple roles: (i) Both act as co-reactants in the copolymerization mechanism; (ii) HC acts as reinforcement, consolidating the network and providing stiffness and rigidity; and (iii) SB acts as plasticizer for reducing the brittle character of the epoxy resins.
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29
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Liu G, Jin C, Huo S, Kong Z, Chu F. Preparation and properties of novel bio-based epoxy resin thermosets from lignin oligomers and cardanol. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1400-1408. [PMID: 34740690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of lignin-based epoxy resins (LEPs) were prepared by the reaction of epichlorohydrin with lignin oligomers derived from partial reductive depolymerization of lignin. To overcome the high viscosity and brittleness defects in practical applications, the LEPs were blended with renewable epoxied cardanol glycidyl ether (ECGE) and then cured with methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) to form high-performance epoxy thermosets. The effects of degree of lignin depolymerization, chemical composition of lignin oligomers and dosage of ECGE on thermal and mechanical properties of the cured products were investigated. The LEP/MeTHPA thermosets exhibited good thermal and mechanical properties. Especially, by separating monomer-rich fractions from lignin oligomers, the thermal and mechanical properties of the cured product were improved obviously. Notably, the incorporation of ECGE also possessed a positive effect on reinforcing and toughening the cured products. With 20 wt% ECGE loadings, the tensile, flexural and impact strength of the cured product reached the maximum value of 77 MPa, 115 MPa and 14 kJ/m2, respectively, which were equivalent to the commercial bisphenol A epoxy resins thermosets. These findings indicated that the novel bio-based epoxy resins from lignin oligomers and cardanol could be utilized as renewable alternatives for BPA epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifeng Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Can Jin
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuping Huo
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhenwu Kong
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China.
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30
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Magri R, Gaglieri C, Alarcon RT, Bannach G. Epoxidation reaction in promising Brazilian biomass: decreased time and catalyst loading to produce renewable monomers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Di Mauro C, Genua A, Mija A. Kinetical Study, Thermo-Mechanical Characteristics and Recyclability of Epoxidized Camelina Oil Cured with Antagonist Structure (Aliphatic/Aromatic) or Functionality (Acid/Amine) Hardeners. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2503. [PMID: 34372107 PMCID: PMC8347613 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to prepare sustainable epoxy thermosets, this study introduces for the first time the idea to use antagonist structures (aromatic/aliphatic) or functionalities (acid/amine) as hardeners to produce reprocessable resins based on epoxidized camelina oil (ECMO). Two kinds of mixtures were tested: one combines aromatic/aliphatic dicarboxylic acids: 2,2'-dithiodibenzoic acid (DTBA) and 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDA); another is the combination of two aromatic structures with acid/amine functionality: DTBA and 4-aminophenyl disulfide (4-AFD). DSC and FT-IR analyses were used as methods to analyze the curing reaction of ECMO with the hardeners. It was found that the thermosets obtained with the dual crosslinked mechanism needed reduced curing temperatures and reprocessing protocols compared to the individual crosslinked thermosets. Thanks to the contribution of disulfide bonds in the network topology, the obtained thermosets showed recycling ability. The final thermomechanical properties of the virgin and mechanical reprocessed materials were analyzed by DMA and TGA. The obtained thermosets range from elastomeric to rigid materials. As an example, the ECMO/DTBA704-AFD30 virgin or reprocessed thermosets have tan δ values reaching 82-83 °C. The study also investigates the chemical recycling and the solvent resistance of these vitrimer-like materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Mauro
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, 06108 Nice, France;
| | - Aratz Genua
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramon 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Alice Mija
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, 06108 Nice, France;
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32
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Nicolas S, Richard T, Dourdan J, Lemiègre L, Audic J. Shape memory epoxy vitrimers based on waste frying sunflower oil. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nicolas
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226, F‐35000 Rennes France
| | - Tiphaine Richard
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226, F‐35000 Rennes France
| | - Juliette Dourdan
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226, F‐35000 Rennes France
| | - Loïc Lemiègre
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226, F‐35000 Rennes France
| | - Jean‐Luc Audic
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226, F‐35000 Rennes France
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33
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The Use of Thermal Techniques in the Characterization of Bio-Sourced Polymers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071686. [PMID: 33808127 PMCID: PMC8037720 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The public pressure about the problems derived from the environmental issues increasingly pushes the research areas, of both industrial and academic sectors, to design material architectures with more and more foundations and reinforcements derived from renewable sources. In these efforts, researchers make extensive and profound use of thermal analysis. Among the different techniques available, thermal analysis offers, in addition to high accuracy in the measurement, smartness of execution, allowing to obtain with a very limited quantity of material precious information regarding the property–structure correlation, essential not only in the production process, but overall, in the design one. Thus, techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were, are, and will be used in this transition from fossil feedstock to renewable ones, and in the development on new manufacturing processes such as those of additive manufacturing (AM). In this review, we report the state of the art of the last two years, as regards the use of thermal techniques in biopolymer design, polymer recycling, and the preparation of recyclable polymers as well as potential tools for biopolymer design in AM. For each study, we highlight how the most known thermal parameters, namely glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tf), crystallization temperature (Tc) and percentage (%c), initial decomposition temperature (Ti), temperature at maximum mass loss rate (Tm), and tan δ, helped the researchers in understanding the characteristics of the investigated materials and the right way to the best design and preparation.
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34
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Di Mauro C, Mija A. Influence of the Presence of Disulphide Bonds in Aromatic or Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acid Hardeners Used to Produce Reprocessable Epoxidized Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:534. [PMID: 33670357 PMCID: PMC7918345 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of polymers from renewable resources with recycling potential comes from economic and environmental problems. This work focused on the impact of disulphide bonds in the dicarboxylic acids reactions with three epoxidized vegetable oils (EVOs). For the first time, the comparison between aromatic vs. aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, containing or not S-S bonds with EVOs was discussed and evaluated by dynamic scanning calorimetry. The obtained thermosets showed reprocessability, by the dual dynamic exchange mechanism. The virgin and reprocessed materials were characterized and the thermomechanical properties were compared. The thermosets derived from EVOs with high epoxy content combined with aromatic diacids containing disulphide bridges showed high glass transition values (~111 °C), high crosslink densities and good solvent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Mija
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, UMR CNRS 7272, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France;
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Zhao W, An L, Wang S. Recyclable High-Performance Epoxy-Anhydride Resins with DMP-30 as the Catalyst of Transesterification Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:296. [PMID: 33477708 PMCID: PMC7831910 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy-anhydride resins are widely used in engineering fields due to their excellent performance. However, the insolubility and infusibility make the recycling of epoxy resins challenging. The development of degradable epoxy resins with stable covalent networks provides an efficient solution to the recycling of thermosets. In this paper, 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (DMP-30) is incorporated into the epoxy-glutaric anhydride (GA) system to prepare high-performance epoxy resins that can be recycled below 200 °C at ordinary pressure via ethylene glycol (EG) participated transesterification. The tertiary amine groups in DMP-30 can catalyze the curing reaction of epoxy and anhydride, as well as the transesterification between ester bonds and alcoholic hydroxyl groups. Compared with early recyclable anhydride-cured epoxy resins, the preparation and recycling of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/GA/DMP-30 systems do not need any special catalysts such as TBD, Zn(Ac)2, etc., which are usually expensive, toxic, and have poor compatibility with other compounds. The resulting resins have glass transition temperatures and strengths similar to those of conventional epoxy resins. The influences of GA content, DMP-30 content, and temperature on the dissolution rate were studied. The decomposed epoxy oligomer (DEO) is further used as a reaction ingredient to prepare new resins. It is found that the DEO can improve the toughness of epoxy resins significantly. This work provides a simple method to prepare readily recyclable epoxy resins, which is of low-cost and easy to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Le An
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Shujuan Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
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Tran TN, Di Mauro C, Malburet S, Graillot A, Mija A. Dual Cross-linking of Epoxidized Linseed Oil with Combined Aliphatic/Aromatic Diacids Containing Dynamic S-S Bonds Generating Recyclable Thermosets. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7550-7561. [PMID: 35019496 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The end-of-life of thermoset materials is a real issue that confronts our society, and the strategy of introducing dynamic reversible bonds can be a sustainable solution to overcome this problem. This study shows an efficient way to produce biobased and recyclable thermosets, for a circular use. To reduce the production costs linked to energy and duration, an improved curing process is proposed by combining aromatic and aliphatic diacid hardeners containing dynamic S-S bonds. The work demonstrates the increased reactivity of epoxidized vegetable oil reacted with the two diacids. The structural evolutions during the exchange reactions that allow the recyclability were followed by Fourier transformed-infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectroscopy. The curing process was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and kinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Nguyet Tran
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272-CNRS, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Chiara Di Mauro
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272-CNRS, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Samuel Malburet
- Specific Polymers, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, Zac Via Domitia, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Alain Graillot
- Specific Polymers, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, Zac Via Domitia, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Alice Mija
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272-CNRS, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Di Mauro C, Malburet S, Graillot A, Mija A. Recyclable, Repairable, and Reshapable (3R) Thermoset Materials with Shape Memory Properties from Bio-Based Epoxidized Vegetable Oils. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8094-8104. [PMID: 35019549 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of thermosets based on epoxidized vegetable oils (EVOs) involved a peculiar attention in recent years; however, most of them cannot be recycled once cross-linked. In the present work, epoxy thermosetting resins like-vitrimers with dynamic disulfide covalent bonds were prepared by copolymerizing twelve EVOs with 2,2'-dithiodibenzoic acid, as hardener. Here, we show for the first time the reprocessability, repairability, and recyclability properties of EVOs thermosets. The 3R abilities were evaluated in correlation with the EVO epoxy contents, which influence the final thermo-mechanical properties of the recycled material. The virgin versus recycled materials' comparison was studied by FT-IR, DSC, TGA, and DMA, also comparing their swelling ability and high gel content. The study investigates, in addition, the excellent shape memory properties of the reprocessed EVOs/disulfide materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Mauro
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 28 Avenue Valrose, Nice Cedex 2 06108, France
| | - Samuel Malburet
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, Zac Via Domitia, Castries 34160, France
| | - Alain Graillot
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, Zac Via Domitia, Castries 34160, France
| | - Alice Mija
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 28 Avenue Valrose, Nice Cedex 2 06108, France
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