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Gong Y, Sun J, Wang X, Barrett H, Peng H. Identification of Hydrocarbon Sulfonates as Previously Overlooked Transthyretin Ligands in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10227-10239. [PMID: 38817092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Incidences of thyroid disease, which has long been hypothesized to be partially caused by exposure to thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals (TDCs), have rapidly increased in recent years. However, known TDCs can only explain a small portion (∼1%) of in vitro human transthyretin (hTTR) binding activities in environmental samples, indicating the existence of unknown hTTR ligands. In this study, we aimed to identify the major environmental hTTR ligands by employing protein Affinity Purification with Nontargeted Analysis (APNA). hTTR binding activities were detected in all 11 indoor dust and 9 out of 10 sewage sludge samples by the FITC-T4 displacement assay. By using APNA, 31 putative hTTR ligands were detected including perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Two of the most abundant ligands were identified as hydrocarbon surfactants (e.g., dodecyl benzenesulfonate). Moreover, another abundant ligand was surprisingly identified as a disulfonate fluorescent brightener, 4,4'-bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl sodium (CBS). CBS was validated as a nM-affinity hTTR ligand with an IC50 of 345 nM. In total, hydrocarbon surfactants and fluorescent brighteners explain 1.92-17.0 and 5.74-54.3% of hTTR binding activities in dust and sludge samples, respectively, whereas PFOS only contributed <0.0001%. Our study revealed for the first time that hydrocarbon sulfonates are previously overlooked hTTR ligands in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Holly Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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2
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Millbern Z, Trettin A, Wu R, Demmler M, Vinueza NR. Synthetic dyes: A mass spectrometry approach and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:327-344. [PMID: 36353972 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are found in a wide variety of applications today, including but not limited to textiles, foods, and medicine. The analysis of these molecules is pertinent to several fields such as forensics, environmental monitoring, and quality control, all of which require the sensitivity and selectivity of analysis provided by mass spectrometry (MS). Recently, there has been an increase in the implementation of MS evaluation of synthetic dyes by various methods, with the majority of research thus far falling under electrospray ionization and moving toward direct ionization methods. This review covers an overview of the chemistry of synthetic dyes needed for the understanding of MS sample preparation and spectral results, current fields of application, ionization methods, and fragmentation trends and works that have been reported in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison Trettin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Wu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Demmler
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Yu J, Gong Y, Nair P, Liggio J, Peng H, Abbatt JPD. Multiphase Ozonolysis of Bisphenol A: Chemical Transformations on Surfaces in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3931-3941. [PMID: 38349611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
High global plastic production volumes have led to the widespread presence of bisphenol compounds in human living and working environments. The most common bisphenol, bisphenol A (BPA), despite being endocrine disruptive and estrogenic, is still not fully banned worldwide, leading to continued human exposure via particles in air, dust, and surfaces in both outdoor and indoor environments. While its abundance is well documented, few studies have addressed the chemical transformations of BPA, the properties of its reactive products, and their toxicity. Here, the first gas-surface multiphase ozonolysis experiment of BPA thin films, at a constant ozone mixing ratio of 100 ppb, was performed in a flow tube for periods up to 24 h. Three transformation products involving the addition of 1, 2, and 3 oxygen atoms to the molecule were identified by LC-ESI-HRMS analyses. Exposure of indoor air to thin BPA surface films and BPA-containing thermal paper over periods of days validated the flow tube experiments, demonstrating the rapid nature of this multiphase ozonolysis reaction at atmospherically relevant ozone levels. Multiple transformation pathways are proposed that are likely applicable to not only BPA but also emerging commercial bisphenol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Pranav Nair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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4
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Kutarna S, Chen W, Xiong Y, Liu R, Gong Y, Peng H. Screening of Indoor Transformation Products of Organophosphates and Organophosphites with an in Silico Spectral Database. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:469-478. [PMID: 38145028 PMCID: PMC10740125 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous transformation products are formed indoors, but they are outside the scope of current chemical databases. In this study, an in silico spectral database was established to screen previously unknown indoor transformation products of organophosphorus compounds (OPCs). An R package was developed that incorporated four indoor reactions to predict the transformation products of 712 seed OPCs. By further predicting MS2 fragments, an in silico spectral database was established consisting of 3509 OPCs and 28,812 MS2 fragments. With this database, 40 OPCs were tentatively detected in 23 indoor dust samples. This is the greatest number of OPCs reported to date indoors, among which two novel phosphonates were validated using standards. Twenty-four of the detected OPCs were predicted transformation products in which oxidation from organophosphites plays a major role. To confirm this, the in silico spectral database was expanded to include organophosphites for suspect screening in five types of preproduction plastics. A broad spectrum of 14 organophosphites was detected, with a particularly high abundance in polyvinyl chloride plastics and indoor end-user goods. This demonstrated the significant contribution of organophosphites to indoor organophosphates via oxidation, highlighting the strength of in silico spectral databases for the screening of unknown indoor transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kutarna
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Wanzhen Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ying Xiong
- School
of the Environment, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yufeng Gong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School
of the Environment, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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5
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Overdahl KE, Tighe RM, Stapleton HM, Ferguson PL. Investigating sensitization activity of azobenzene disperse dyes via the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA). Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114108. [PMID: 37890762 PMCID: PMC10872524 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene disperse dyes are the fastest-growing category of commercial dyestuffs and have been found in indoor house dust and in children's polyester apparel. Azobenzene disperse dyes are implicated as potentially allergenic; however, little experimental data is available on allergenicity of these dyes. Here, we examine the binding of azobenzene disperse dyes to nucleophilic peptide residues as a proxy for their potential reactivity as electrophilic allergenic sensitizers. The Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) was utilized via both a spectrophotometric method and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. We tested dyes purified from commercial dyestuffs as well as several known transformation products. All dyes were found to react with nucleophilic peptides in a dose-dependent manner with pseudo-first order kinetics (rate constants as high as 0.04 h-1). Rates of binding reactivity were also found to correlate to electrophilic properties of dyes as measured by Hammett constants and electrophilicity indices. Reactivities of polyester shirt extracts were also tested for DPRA activity and the shirt extracts with high measured abundances of azobenzene disperse dyes were observed to induce greater peptide reactivity. Results suggest that azobenzene disperse dyes may function as immune sensitizers, and that clothing containing these dyes may pose risks for skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Overdahl
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States.
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6
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Yeung K, Moore N, Sun J, Taylor-Edmonds L, Andrews S, Hofmann R, Peng H. Thiol Reactome: A Nontargeted Strategy to Precisely Identify Thiol Reactive Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18722-18734. [PMID: 37022973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The precise identification of predominant toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from disinfected water is a longstanding challenge. We propose a new acellular analytical strategy, the 'Thiol Reactome', to identify thiol-reactive DBPs by employing a thiol probe and nontargeted mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Disinfected/oxidized water samples had reduced cellular oxidative stress responses of 46 ± 23% in Nrf2 reporter cells when preincubated with glutathione (GSH). This supports thiol-reactive DBPs as the predominant drivers of oxidative stress. This method was benchmarked using seven classes of DBPs including haloacetonitriles, which preferentially reacted with GSH via substitution or addition depending on the number of halogens present. The method was then applied to chemically disinfected/oxidized waters, and 181 tentative DBP-GSH reaction products were detected. The formulas of 24 high abundance DBP-GSH adducts were predicted, among which nitrogenous-DBPs (11) and unsaturated carbonyls (4) were the predominant compound classes. Two major unsaturated carbonyl-GSH adducts, GSH-acrolein and GSH-acrylic acid, were confirmed by their authentic standards. These two adducts were unexpectedly formed from larger native DBPs when reacting with GSH. This study demonstrated the "Thiol Reactome" as an effective acellular assay to precisely identify and broadly capture toxic DBPs from water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nathan Moore
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lizbeth Taylor-Edmonds
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Susan Andrews
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Hofmann
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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7
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Zhang Z, Li L, Peng H, Wania F. Prioritizing molecular formulae identified by non-target analysis through high-throughput modelling: application to identify compounds with high human accumulation potential from house dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1817-1829. [PMID: 37842960 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00317e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Because it is typically not possible to pursue compound identification efforts for all chemical features detected during non-target analysis (NTA), the need for prioritization arises. Here we propose a strategy that ranks chemical features detected in environmental samples based on a model-derived metric that quantifies a feature's attribute that makes it desirable to elucidate its structure, e.g., a high potential for bioaccumulation in humans or wildlife. The procedure involves the identification of isomers that could plausibly represent the molecular formulae assigned to NTA-detected chemical features. For each isomer, the prioritization metric is calculated using properties predicted with high-throughput methods. After the molecular formulae are ranked based on the average values of the prioritization metric calculated for all isomers assigned to a formula, the highest ranked molecular formulae are prioritized for structure elucidation. We applied this workflow to features identified in house dust, using the ratio of chemical intake through dust ingestion to chemical concentration in blood (dose-to-concentration ratio, DCR) as the prioritization metric. Collections of isomers for the molecular formulae were assembled from the PubChem database and DCR was estimated using partitioning and biotransformation properties predicted for each isomer using quantitative structure property relationships. The ten top-ranked molecular formulae with notably lower average DCR-values represented mostly compounds already known to be indoor pollutants of concern, such as two polybrominated diphenyl ethers, bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate, tetrabromobisphenol A, tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate and the azo dye disperse blue 373.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhen Zhang
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4.
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada, USA, 89557
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4.
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada, USA, 89557
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H4
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4.
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8
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Wu G, Zhu F, Zhang X, Ren H, Wang Y, Geng J, Liu H. PBT assessment of chemicals detected in effluent of wastewater treatment plants by suspected screening analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116892. [PMID: 37598848 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the major sources of contaminants discharged into downstream water bodies. Profiling the contaminants in effluent of WWTPs is crucial to assess the potential eco-risks toward downstream organisms. To this end, this study investigated the contaminants in effluent of 10 WWTPs locating in 10 cities of Yangtze River delta region of China by suspected screening analysis. Further, the persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity (PBT) and the characteristics sub-structures of PBT-like chemicals were analyzed. Totally, 704 chemicals including 155 chemical products, 31 food additives, 52 natural substances, 112 personal care products, 123 pesticides, 192 pharmaceuticals, 17 hormones and 22 others were found. The results of PBT analysis suggested that 42 chemicals (5.97% among the detected chemicals in WWTPs) were with PBT property. Among them, 31 contaminants were not reported previously. 9 characteristics sub-structures (N-methyleneisobutylamine, 1-naphthaldehyde, 2,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene, cyclohexanol, N-sec-butyl-n-propylamine, (5E)-2,6-dimethylocta-1,5-diene, 2-ethylphenol, pentadecane and 6-methoxyhexane) were found for PBT-like chemicals. The sub-structures of highly linear alkyl partially explained the significantly higher PBT score for personal care products. Present study provides fundamental information on PBT properties of contaminants in effluent of WWTPs, which will benefit to prioritize contaminants with high concerns in effluent of WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China
| | - Xuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Hualiang Liu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China.
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9
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Overdahl KE, Kassotis CD, Hoffman K, Getzinger GJ, Phillips A, Hammel S, Stapleton HM, Ferguson PL. Characterizing azobenzene disperse dyes and related compounds in house dust and their correlations with other organic contaminant classes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122491. [PMID: 37709124 PMCID: PMC10655148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene disperse dyes are the fastest-growing category of commercial dyestuffs and are implicated in the literature as potentially allergenic. In the indoor environment, these dyes may be shed from various textiles, including clothing and upholstery and accumulate in dust particles potentially leading to exposure in young children who have higher exposure to chemicals associated with dust due to their crawling and mouthing behaviors. Children may be more vulnerable to dye exposure due to their developing immune systems, and therefore, it is critical to characterize azobenzene disperse dyes in children's home environments. Here, we investigate azobenzene disperse dyes and related compounds in house dust samples (n = 124) that were previously analyzed for flame retardants, phthalates, pesticides and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to support both targeted and suspect screening of dyes in dust. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine if dye concentrations were related to demographic information. Detection frequencies for 12 target dyes ranged from 11% to 89%; of the dyes that were detected in at least 50% of the samples, geometric mean levels ranged from 32.4 to 360 ng/g. Suspect screening analysis identified eight additional high-abundance azobenzene compounds in dust. Some dyes were correlated to numerous flame retardants and several antimicrobials, and statistically higher levels of some dyes were observed in homes of non-Hispanic Black mothers than in homes of non-Hispanic white mothers. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study of azobenzene disperse dyes in house dust to date. Future studies are needed to quantify additional dyes in dust and to examine exposure pathways of dyes in indoor environments where children are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Overdahl
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202. United States
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Gordon J Getzinger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Allison Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Stephanie Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States.
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States.
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10
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Fuentes-Ferragud E, Miralles P, López A, Ibáñez M, Coscollà C. Non-target screening and human risk assessment for adult and child populations of semi-volatile organic compounds in residential indoor dust in Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139879. [PMID: 37598947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an analytical strategy based on non-target screening of semi-volatile organic compounds and subsequent risk assessment for adult and child populations has been conducted for the first time in household indoor dust samples in Spain. The methodology was based on a microwave-assisted extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry determination, using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap analyzer. The procedure was applied to 19 residential indoor dust samples, collected in different Spanish regions (namely Galicia, La Rioja, Catalunya, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Region). From the generated data, 4067 features were obtained, of which 474 compounds were tentatively identified with a high level of identification confidence (probable structure by library spectrum match or confirmed by reference standard), using a restrictive set of identification criteria. Most of the identified chemicals were natural products, metabolites, additives, and substances with industrial applications in the field of foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plastics. Finally, risk assessment was carried out by applying the threshold of toxicological concern approach, showing that risk to adult and child populations associated with the presence of the identified substances in the indoor dust was not expected, although the existence of indoor environments with conditions of potential risk cannot be discarded under a worst-case scenario approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Fuentes-Ferragud
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pablo Miralles
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat S/N, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Av. Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Song Z, Shi M, Ren X, Wang L, Wu Y, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Xu Y. An integrated non-targeted and targeted analysis approach for identification of semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor dust. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132202. [PMID: 37562352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Household dust contains a wide variety of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) that may pose health risks. We developed a method integrating non-targeted analysis (NTA) and targeted analysis (TA) to identify SVOCs in indoor dust. Based on a combined use of gas and liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry, an automated, time-efficient NTA workflow was developed, and high accuracy was observed. A total of 128 compounds were identified at confidence level 1 or 2 in NIST standard reference material dust (SRM 2585). Among them, 113 compounds had not been reported previously, and this suggested the value of NTA in characterizing contaminants in dust. Additionally, TA was done to avoid the loss of trace compounds. By integrating data obtained from the NTA and TA approaches, SVOCs in SRM 2585 were prioritized based on exposure and chemical toxicity. Six of the top 20 compounds have never been reported in SRM 2585, including melamine, dinonyl phthalate, oxybenzone, diheptyl phthalate, drometrizole, and 2-phenylphenol. Additionally, significant influences of analytical instruments and sample preparation on NTA results were observed. Overall, the developed method provided a powerful tool for identifying SVOCs in indoor dust, which is necessary to obtain a more complete understanding of chemical exposures and risks in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidong Song
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ren
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Wang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Fan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China; Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA.
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12
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Ruan T, Li P, Wang H, Li T, Jiang G. Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Organic Pollutants: From an Analytical and Toxicological Perspective. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10584-10640. [PMID: 37531601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental organic pollutants has triggered significant ecological impacts and adverse health outcomes, which have been received substantial and increasing attention. The contribution of unidentified chemical components is considered as the most significant knowledge gap in understanding the combined effects of pollutant mixtures. To address this issue, remarkable analytical breakthroughs have recently been made. In this review, the basic principles on recognition of environmental organic pollutants are overviewed. Complementary analytical methodologies (i.e., quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction, mass spectrometric nontarget screening, and effect-directed analysis) and experimental platforms are briefly described. The stages of technique development and/or essential parts of the analytical workflow for each of the methodologies are then reviewed. Finally, plausible technique paths and applications of the future nontarget screening methods, interdisciplinary techniques for achieving toxicant identification, and burgeoning strategies on risk assessment of chemical cocktails are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Gong Y, Yang D, Liu J, Barrett H, Sun J, Peng H. Disclosing Environmental Ligands of L-FABP and PPARγ: Should We Re-evaluate the Chemical Safety of Hydrocarbon Surfactants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11913-11925. [PMID: 37527448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contaminants can cause adverse effects by binding to the liver-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor γ (PPARγ), which are vital in lipid metabolism. However, the presence of numerous compounds in the environment has hindered the identification of their ligands, and thus only a small portion have been discovered to date. In this study, protein Affinity Purification with Nontargeted Analysis (APNA) was employed to identify the ligands of L-FABP and PPARγ in indoor dust and sewage sludge. A total of 83 nonredundant features were pulled-out by His-tagged L-FABP as putative ligands, among which 13 were assigned as fatty acids and hydrocarbon surfactants. In contrast, only six features were isolated when His-tagged PPARγ LBD was used as the protein bait. The binding of hydrocarbon surfactants to L-FABP and PPARγ was confirmed using both recombinant proteins and reporter cells. These hydrocarbon surfactants, along with >50 homologues and isomers, were detected in dust and sludge at high concentrations. Fatty acids and hydrocarbon surfactants explained the majority of L-FABP (57.7 ± 32.9%) and PPARγ (66.0 ± 27.1%) activities in the sludge. This study revealed hydrocarbon surfactants as the predominant synthetic ligands of L-FABP and PPARγ, highlighting the importance of re-evaluating their chemical safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiabao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Holly Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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14
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Kutarna S, Du X, Diamond ML, Blum A, Peng H. Widespread presence of chlorinated paraffins in consumer products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:893-900. [PMID: 37039315 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00494a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were listed for elimination under the Stockholm Convention in 2017 due to their persistence and toxicity. Although Canada and other Stockholm signatories have prohibited the manufacture, usage and import of SCCPs since 2013, they can still be detected at high concentrations in indoor dust. To identify the sources of the SCCPs in the Canadian indoor environment, short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, LCCPs, respectively) were measured using a sensitive LC-ESI-orbitrap method. SCCPs were detected in 84 of the 96 products purchased in Canada after 2013 (87.5%) including electronic devices, clothing, plastics (toys), and paintings. Concentrations of SCCPs were up to 0.93% (9.34 mg g-1). SCCPs were also detected in newly purchased toys at 0.005-2.02 mg g-1, indicating the potential for children's exposure. Profiles of chlorinated paraffins differed among categories of products. For example, C13-SCCPs were most common in toys, while electronic devices like headphones showed comparable concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs. Additionally, four new carboxylate derivatives of CPs were detected in an electronic device sample. These are the first data to show the ubiquitous occurrences of SCCPs in a wide range of products currently marketed in Canada, suggesting continuing indoor exposure to SCCPs despite their prohibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kutarna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Xuan Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Gong Y, Yang D, Barrett H, Sun J, Peng H. Building the Environmental Chemical-Protein Interaction Network (eCPIN): An Exposome-Wide Strategy for Bioactive Chemical Contaminant Identification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3486-3495. [PMID: 36827403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although advancements in nontargeted analysis have made it possible to detect hundreds of chemical contaminants in a single run, the current environmental toxicology approaches lag behind, precluding the transition from analytical chemistry efforts to health risk assessment. We herein highlighted a recently developed "top-down" bioanalytical method, protein Affinity Purification with Nontargeted Analysis (APNA), to screen for bioactive chemical contaminants at the "exposome-wide" level. To achieve this, a tagged functional protein is employed as a "bait" to directly isolate bioactive chemical contaminants from environmental mixtures, which are further identified by nontargeted analysis. Advantages of this protein-guided approach, including the discovery of new bioactive ligands as well as new protein targets for known chemical contaminants, were highlighted by several case studies. Encouraged by these successful applications, we further proposed a framework, i.e., the environmental Chemical-Protein Interaction Network (eCPIN), to construct a complete map of the 7 billion binary interactions between all chemical contaminants (>350,000) and human proteins (∼20,000) via APNA. The eCPIN could be established in three stages through strategically prioritizing the ∼20,000 human proteins, such as focusing on the 48 nuclear receptors (e.g., thyroid hormone receptors) in the first stage. The eCPIN will provide an unprecedented throughput for screening bioactive chemical contaminants at the exposome-wide level and facilitate the identification of molecular initiating events at the proteome-wide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Holly Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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16
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Yang T, Liu X, Zeng Z, Wang X, Zhang P, Feng B, Tian K, Qing T. Efficient and recyclable degradation of organic dye pollutants by CeO 2@ZIF-8 nanozyme-based non-photocatalytic system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120643. [PMID: 36372366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes-based catalysis system as the most typical pollutant degradation technology always suffer from poor durability and photo-dependent. Inspired by the fact that some nanomaterials exhibit catalytic properties closer to natural enzymes, a high peroxidase-like activity and stability CeO2@ZIF-8 nanozyme was synthesized in this study for non-photodegradation of dyes pollution. Multiple characterization techniques were applied to prove the successful synthesis of the nanozyme. The influence of different parameters on the catalytic degradation of organic dye by nanozyme was investigated. This nanozyme achieved a maximum degradation efficiency of 99.81% for methyl orange and maintained its catalytic performance in repeated experiments. Possible degradation intermediates and pathways for methyl orange were then proposed. In addition, the CeO2@ZIF-8 loaded starch/agarose films were prepared for the portable and recyclable remediation of real dye wastewater, which maintained more than 80% degradation efficiency after 5 successive cycles. These results suggested that nanozyme based non-photocatalytic system is a potential catalyst for dye degradation and it opens a new avenue to develop high-performance and recyclable catalysts for pollutant remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Yang
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Zihang Zeng
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Xujun Wang
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Feng
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Tian
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Taiping Qing
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, China.
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17
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Yang D, Liu Q, Wang S, Bozorg M, Liu J, Nair P, Balaguer P, Song D, Krause H, Ouazia B, Abbatt JPD, Peng H. Widespread formation of toxic nitrated bisphenols indoors by heterogeneous reactions with HONO. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7023. [PMID: 36459560 PMCID: PMC10936053 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With numerous structurally diverse indoor contaminants, indoor transformation chemistry has been largely unexplored. Here, by integrating protein affinity purification and nontargeted mass spectrometry analysis (PUCA), we identified a substantial class of previously unrecognized indoor transformation products formed through gas-surface reactions with nitrous acid (HONO). Through the PUCA, we identified a noncommercial compound, nitrated bisphenol A (BPA), from house dust extracts strongly binding to estrogen-related receptor γ. The compound was detected in 28 of 31 house dust samples with comparable concentrations (ND to 0.30 μg/g) to BPA. Via exposing gaseous HONO to surface-bound BPA, we demonstrated it likely forms via a heterogeneous indoor chemical transformation that is highly selective toward bisphenols with electron-rich aromatic rings. We used 15N-nitrite for in situ labeling and found 110 nitration products formed from indoor contaminants with distinct aromatic moieties. This study demonstrates a previously unidentified class of chemical reactions involving indoor HONO, which should be incorporated into the risk evaluation of indoor contaminants, particularly bisphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qifan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sizhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matin Bozorg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiabao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pranav Nair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Datong Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Henry Krause
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Wu X, Nguyen H, Kim D, Peng H. Chronic toxicity of PFAS-free AFFF alternatives in terrestrial plant Brassica rapa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158100. [PMID: 35987222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine (F)-free firefighting foams will be replacing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) at U.S. military installations imminently, yet the environmental impacts of F-free foams are largely unknown. Ecotoxicity assessment of F-free foams is urgently needed to avoid replacement regret. In this study, we comparatively assessed phytotoxicity of six F-free formulations and one current short-chain fluorinated AFFF in terrestrial plant Brassica rapa. Five of six F-free formulations exerted higher toxicity than the short-chain AFFF to the growth and reproduction of B. rapa, with 8-51 times and > 10 times lower EC50 values, respectively. Nontargeted analysis indicated the occurrence of transformation products of the test formulations in the above-ground plant tissues. In agreement with their phytotoxicity, the five highly toxic F-free formulations generated more transformation products with higher peak intensities in plant tissues than the two weakly toxic formulations. The most abundant transformation products detected in plant extracts were suspect transformation products derived from diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, a common ingredient of the five toxic formulations. This study provides ecotoxicological data that, combined with data from all related ongoing research, should be used in decision making regarding recommendations for manufacturing and use of candidate F-free foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wu
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Helen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Damian Kim
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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19
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Nie E, Chen Y, Lu Y, Xu L, Zhang S, Yu Z, Ye Q, Wang H. Reduced graphene oxide accelerates the dissipation of 14C-Triclosan in paddy soil via adsorption interactions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136125. [PMID: 35995201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is one of common carbon nanomaterials, which is widely used in various fields. Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent added in pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Extensive release of RGO and triclosan has posed potential risks to humans and the environment. The impact of RGO on the fate of triclosan in paddy soil is poorly known. 14C-Triclosan was employed in the present study to determine its distribution, degradation and mineralization in paddy soil mixed with RGO. Compared with the control, RGO (500 mg kg-1) significantly inhibited the mineralization of 14C-triclosan, and reduced its extractability by 6.5%. The bound residues of triclosan in RGO-contaminated soil (100 and 500 mg kg-1) were 2.9-13.3% greater than that of the control at 112 d. RGO also accelerated the dissipation of triclosan, and its degradation products in both treatments and controls were tentatively identified via 14C-labeling method and LC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. The concentrations of the major metabolites (methyl-triclosan and dechlorinated dimer) were inversely related with the concentrations of RGO. RGO at 50 mg kg-1 or lower had a negligible effect on the degradation of triclosan in paddy soil. Triclosan was strongly adsorbed onto RGO-contaminated soil, which may play a vital role in the fate of triclosan in RGO-contaminated paddy soil. Interestingly, RGO had little effect on triclosan-degrading bacteria via soil microbial community analysis. This study helps understand the effects of RGO on the transformation of triclosan in paddy soil, which is of significance to evaluate the environmental risk of triclosan in RGO-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguang Nie
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yandao Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuhui Lu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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20
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Barrett H, Sun J, Gong Y, Yang P, Hao C, Verreault J, Zhang Y, Peng H. Triclosan is the Predominant Antibacterial Compound in Ontario Sewage Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14923-14936. [PMID: 35594374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sewage treatment plants (STPs) accumulate both antibiotic and nonantibiotic antimicrobial compounds that can select for antibiotic resistant bacteria. Herein, we aimed to identify the predominant antibacterial compounds impacting E. coli from Ontario sewage sludge consisting of thousands of unknown compounds. Among the 10 extracted sludge samples, 6 extracts exerted significant growth inhibition effects in E. coli. A total of 103 compounds were tentatively detected across the 10 sludge samples by suspect screening, among which the bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) inhibitor triclocarban was detected at the highest abundance. A hypomorphic FabI knockdown E. coli strain was highly susceptible to the sludge extracts, confirming FabI inhibitors as the primary antibacterial compounds in the sludge. Protein affinity pulldown identified triclosan as the major ligand binding to a His-tagged FabI protein from the sludge, despite the higher abundance of triclocarban in the same samples. Effect-directed analysis was used to determine the contributions of triclosan to the observed antibacterial potencies. Antibacterial effects were only detected in F17 and F18 across 20 fractions, which was consistent with the elution of triclosan and triclocarban in the same two fractions. Further, potency mass balance analysis confirmed that triclosan explained the majority (58-113%) of inhibition effects from sludge extracts. This study highlighted triclosan as the predominant antibacterial compound in sewage sludge impacting E. coli despite the co-occurrence of numerous other antibiotics and nonantibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Paul Yang
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP), Toronto, ON M7A 1N3, Canada
| | - Chunyan Hao
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP), Toronto, ON M7A 1N3, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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21
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Chen W, Gong Y, McKie M, Almuhtaram H, Sun J, Barrett H, Yang D, Wu M, Andrews RC, Peng H. Defining the Chemical Additives Driving In Vitro Toxicities of Plastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14627-14639. [PMID: 36173153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increases in the global use of plastics have caused concerns regarding potential adverse effects on human health. Plastic products contain hundreds of potentially toxic chemical additives, yet the exact chemicals which drive toxicity currently remain unknown. In this study, we employed nontargeted analysis and in vitro bioassays to identify the toxicity drivers in plastics. A total of 56 chemical additives were tentatively identified in five commonly used plastic polymer pellets (i.e., PP, LDPE, HDPE, PET, and PVC) by employing suspect screening and nontargeted analysis. Phthalates and organophosphates were found to be dominant in PVC pellets. Triphenyl phosphate and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate accounted for a high amount (53.6%) of the inhibition effect of PVC pellet extract on human carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1) activity. Inspired by the high abundances of chemical additives in PVC pellets, six different end-user PVC-based products including three widely used PVC water pipes were further examined. Among them, extracts of PVC pipe exerted the strongest PPARγ activity and cell viability suppression. Organotins were identified as the primary drivers to these in vitro toxicities induced by the PVC pipe extracts. This study clearly delineates specific chemical additives responsible for hCES1 inhibition, PPARγ activity, and cell viability suppression associated with plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Michael McKie
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Husein Almuhtaram
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Holly Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Menghong Wu
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Robert C Andrews
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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22
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Ding L, Wang L, Nian L, Tang M, Yuan R, Shi A, Shi M, Han Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Xu Y. Non-targeted screening of volatile organic compounds in a museum in China Using GC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155277. [PMID: 35447177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) was used in identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a museum in China with the gas chromatograph (GC)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometer (MS). Approximately 230 VOCs were detected, of which 117 were observed at 100% frequency across all sampling sites. Although some were common in indoor environments, most of the detected VOCs were rarely reported in previous studies on museum environments. Some of the detected VOCs were found to be associated with the materials used in furnishings and the chemicals applied in conservation treatment. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that several classes of VOCs were well correlated, suggesting their common sources. Compared with compounds in outdoor air, indoor VOCs had a lower level of unsaturation and more portions of chemically reduced compounds. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed. The results suggested that the sampling adsorbents chosen may have a large impact and that a single type of adsorbent may not be sufficient to cover a wide range of compounds in NTA studies. The MonoTrap adsorbent containing octadecylsilane (ODS) and activated carbon (AC) is suitable for aliphatic polar compounds that contain low levels of oxygen, whereas the MonoTrap ODS and silica gel are good at sampling aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with limited polarity. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that the indoor VOCs changed significantly at different times in the museum; this may have been caused by the removal of artifacts and refurbishment of the gallery between sampling events. A comparison with compounds identified by chamber emission tests showed that decorative materials may have been one of the main sources of indoor VOCs in the museum. The VOCs identified in the present study are likely to be present in other similar museums; therefore, further examination may be warranted of their potential impacts on cultural heritage artifacts, museum personnel, and visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- National Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Wang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Luying Nian
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Tang
- National Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Anmei Shi
- National Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- National Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China; Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA.
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Wang YQ, Hu LX, Zhao JH, Han Y, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Yang B, Ying GG. Suspect, non-target and target screening of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in a drinking water system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151866. [PMID: 34822902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water quality and safety are very important in protecting human health. Chemical contaminants in drinking water system have become an increasing concern. Our knowledge about what chemicals are present in drinking water is still limited. Here we screened chemicals of emerging concern in a conventional drinking water system based on suspect, non-target screening and target analysis, and assessed their variations in different seasons and different treatment units. Overall, 720 chemicals were identified with HRMS databases from the suspect and non-target screening and 48 chemicals in five categories were further confirmed with the high confidence level, with predominance of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and pesticides. Four compounds are newly found in aquatic environment with no literature or chemical occurrence data record. Temporal variations and variable removals were observed for these chemicals in the system. Target analysis of 110 PPCPs showed detection of 21, 19 and 22 compounds in the drinking water treatment plant with a concentration range of 0.11-844 ng/L in the three seasons, but only 8, 9 and 15 compounds detected in tap water (0.16-32.5 ng/L). The variations of the detected chemicals were less obvious in tap water, with most having concentrations below 2 ng/L. The results indicated efficient removal for most PPCPs in the drinking water system. The findings from this study demonstrated the strong capability of combined non-target screening and target analysis in identifying and assessing various organic chemicals in drinking water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Wang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Han
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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