1
|
Dobbelaere MR, Lengyel I, Stevens CV, Van Geem KM. Geometric deep learning for molecular property predictions with chemical accuracy across chemical space. J Cheminform 2024; 16:99. [PMID: 39138560 PMCID: PMC11323398 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-024-00895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical engineers heavily rely on precise knowledge of physicochemical properties to model chemical processes. Despite the growing popularity of deep learning, it is only rarely applied for property prediction due to data scarcity and limited accuracy for compounds in industrially-relevant areas of the chemical space. Herein, we present a geometric deep learning framework for predicting gas- and liquid-phase properties based on novel quantum chemical datasets comprising 124,000 molecules. Our findings reveal that the necessity for quantum-chemical information in deep learning models varies significantly depending on the modeled physicochemical property. Specifically, our top-performing geometric model meets the most stringent criteria for "chemically accurate" thermochemistry predictions. We also show that by carefully selecting the appropriate model featurization and evaluating prediction uncertainties, the reliability of the predictions can be strongly enhanced. These insights represent a crucial step towards establishing deep learning as the standard property prediction workflow in both industry and academia.Scientific contributionWe propose a flexible property prediction tool that can handle two-dimensional and three-dimensional molecular information. A thermochemistry prediction methodology that achieves high-level quantum chemistry accuracy for a broad application range is presented. Trained deep learning models and large novel molecular databases of real-world molecules are provided to offer a directly usable and fast property prediction solution to practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten R Dobbelaere
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - István Lengyel
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- ChemInsights LLC, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
| | - Christian V Stevens
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang PF, Ma WL, Xiao H, Hansen KM, Wang L, Sun JJ, Liu LY, Zhang ZF, Jia HL, Li YF. Temperature dependence of the rain-gas and snow-gas partition coefficients for nearly a thousand chemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142565. [PMID: 38871187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Compared to the particle-gas partition coefficients (KPG), the rain-gas (KRG) and snow-gas (KSG) partition coefficients are also essential in studying the environmental behavior and fate of chemicals in the atmosphere. While the temperature dependence for the KPG have been extensively studied, the study for KRG and KSG are still lacking. Adsorption coefficients between water surface-air (KIA) and snow surface-air (KJA), as well as partition coefficients between water-air (KWA) and octanol-air (KOA) are vital in calculating KRG and KSG. These four basic adsorption and partition coefficients are also temperature-dependent, given by the well-known two-parameters Antoine equation logKXY = AXY + BXY/T, where KXY is the adsorption or partition coefficients, AXY and BXY are Antoine parameters (XY stand for IA, JA, WA, and OA), and T is the temperature in Kelvin. In this study, the parameters AXY and BXY are calculated for 943 chemicals, and logKXY can be estimated at any ambient temperature for these chemicals using these Antoine parameters. The results are evaluated by comparing these data with published experimental and modeled data, and the results show reasonable accuracy. Based on these coefficients, temperature-dependence of logKRG and logKSG is studied. It is found that both logKRG and logKSG are linearly related to 1/T, and Antoine parameters for logKRG and logKSG are also estimated. Distributions of the 943 chemicals in the atmospheric phases (gas, particle, and rain/snow), are illustrated in a Chemical Space Map. The findings reveal that, at environmental temperatures and precipitation days, the dominant state for the majority of chemicals is the gaseous phase. All the AXY and BXY values for logKSG, logKRG, and basic adsorption and partition coefficients, both modeled by this study and collected from published work, are systematically organized into an accessible dataset for public utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Kaj M Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment Early Warning and Monitoring, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jing-Jing Sun
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, ON, M2J 3N8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hermsen A, Hertel F, Wilbert D, Gronau T, Mayer C, Jaeger M. Pesticide Identification Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations: From Structural Insights to On-Site Detection. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:616-626. [PMID: 38529545 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241236501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides play an important role in conventional agriculture. Yet, their harmful effects on the environment are becoming increasingly apparent. The occurrence of pesticides is hence being monitored worldwide. For fast, easy, yet sensitive identification, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful tool. In this study, a method is introduced that may be amended to in-field detection of pesticides. Gold and silver nanoparticles were synthesized, size-tailored, and characterized. The herbicide paraquat and the fungicide thiram served as model compounds. The preparation yielded reproducible SERS spectra. Using quantum chemical computation, Raman and SERS spectra were calculated and analyzed. The interpretation of vibrational modes in combination with SERS enhancement and attenuation allowed us to identify compound-specific bands. The assignment was interpreted in terms of the orientation of paraquat and thiram on the gold and silver nanoparticle surfaces. Paraquat preferred a co-planar arrangement parallel to the gold nanoparticle surface and a head-on orientation on the silver nanoparticle. For thiram, breaking of the disulfide bond was recognized, such that interaction with the surface occurred via the sulfur atoms. Successful detection of the pesticides after recollection from vegetable leaves demonstrated the method's applicability for pesticide identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hermsen
- Department of Chemistry and ILOC, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Hertel
- Department of Chemistry and ILOC, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Dominik Wilbert
- Department of Chemistry and ILOC, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Till Gronau
- Department of Chemistry and ILOC, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Chemistry and ILOC, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou X, Fang W, Dong X, Li W, Liu J, Wang X. QSPR modeling for the prediction of partitioning of VOCs and SVOCs to indoor fabrics: Integrating environmental factors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133945. [PMID: 38447372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Porous fabrics have a significant impact on indoor air quality by adsorbing and emitting chemical substances, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Understanding the partition behavior between organic compound molecules and indoor fabrics is crucial for assessing their environmental fate and associated human exposure. The physicochemical properties of fabrics and compounds are fundamental in determining the free energy of partitioning. Moreover, environmental factors like temperature and humidity critically affect the partition process by modifying the thermal and moisture conditions of the fabric. However, existing methods for determining the fabric-air partition coefficient are limited to specific fabric-chemical combinations and lack a comprehensive consideration of indoor environmental factors. In this study, large amounts of experimental data on fabric-air partition coefficients (Kfa) of (S)VOCs were collected for silk, polyester, and cotton fabrics. Key molecular descriptors were identified, integrating the influences of physicochemical properties, temperature, and humidity. Subsequently, two typical quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models were developed to correlate the Kfa values with the molecular descriptors. The fitting performance, robustness, and predictive ability of the two QSPR models were evaluated through statistical analysis and internal/external validation. This research provides insights for the high-throughput prediction of the environmental behaviors of indoor organic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Weipeng Fang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xuejiao Dong
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salthammer T. The legalization of cannabis may result in increased indoor exposure to Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132949. [PMID: 37976847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is a genus of plants in the Cannabaceae family that contains tetrahydrocannabinolic acid. When heated or burned, the acid decarboxylates to form tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Its (-)-trans-Δ9-THC isomer is a psychoactive substance that has been used as a drug for centuries. In most countries, both the private sale of cannabis products and their use for non-medical purposes are still prohibited by law. However, for some time now there has been societal and political pressure to at least partially legalize cannabis products. It can be expected that such a measure will lead to a significant increase in the consumption of cannabis. However, this also increases the possibility of involuntary passive exposure to THC and contamination of the indoor environment. In indoor sciences, THC is still a largely unknown or underrepresented substance. In this perspective paper, THC will therefore first be presented on the basis of its physical properties. Then, the distribution of THC in different indoor compartments and potential routes of passive exposure are discussed. Finally, an assessment of the future importance of THC for indoor use is made. Previous experience has shown that early monitoring is always advantageous so that preventive and protective measures can be taken quickly if necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Paškan M, Dobšíková K, Kuchař M, Setnička V, Kohout M. Synthesis and absolute configuration of cyclic synthetic cathinones derived from α-tetralone. Chirality 2024; 36:e23646. [PMID: 38353318 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of new synthetic cathinones continues to be a matter of public health concern. In fact, already known products (drugs) are being rapidly replaced by new structurally related alternatives, whereby modifications in the basic cathinone structure are used by manufacturers to circumvent the legislation. On the other hand, some derivatives of synthetic cathinones represent important pharmaceuticals with antidepressant properties. In the search for pharmaceutically relevant analogs, the main goal of the present study was to design and characterize novel cyclic α-tetralone-based derivatives of synthetic cathinones. We synthesized a series of derivatives and verified their chemical structure. Subsequently, chiral separation has been accomplished by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a circular dichroism (CD) detector, which directly provided CD spectra of the enantiomers of the analyzed substances at 252 nm. Using density functional theory calculations, we have obtained stable conformers of selected enantiomers in solution and their relative abundances, which we used to simulate their spectra. The experimental and calculated data have been used to assign the absolute configuration of six as-yet unknown synthetic cathinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Paškan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Dobšíková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Setnička
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Antle JP, LaRock MA, Falls Z, Ng C, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Aga DS, Simpson SM. Building Chemical Intuition about Physicochemical Properties of C8-Per-/Polyfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids through Computational Means. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2023; 4:196-208. [PMID: 38860110 PMCID: PMC11164130 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We have predicted acid dissociation constants (pK a), octanol-water partition coefficients (K OW), and DMPC lipid membrane-water partition coefficients (K lipid-w) of 150 different eight-carbon-containing poly-/perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (C8-PFCAs) utilizing the COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvents (COSMO-RS) theory. Different trends associated with functionalization, degree of fluorination, degree of saturation, degree of chlorination, and branching are discussed on the basis of the predicted values for the partition coefficients. In general, functionalization closest to the carboxylic headgroup had the greatest impact on the value of the predicted physicochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Antle
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Michael A LaRock
- Department of Chemistry, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, New York 14778, United States
| | - Zackary Falls
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Carla Ng
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - G Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Scott M Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, New York 14778, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eichler CMA, Chang NY, Cohen Hubal EA, Amparo DE, Zhou J, Surratt JD, Morrison GC, Turpin BJ. Cloth-Air Partitioning of Neutral Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in North Carolina Homes during the Indoor PFAS Assessment (IPA) Campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15173-15183. [PMID: 37757488 PMCID: PMC11182342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to indoor materials, including clothing, may prolong the residence time of PFAS indoors and contribute to exposure. During the Indoor PFAS Assessment (IPA) Campaign, we measured concentrations of nine neutral PFAS in air and cotton cloth in 11 homes in North Carolina, for up to 9 months. Fluorotelomer alcohols (i.e., 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, and 10:2 FTOH) are the dominant target species in indoor air, with concentrations ranging from 1.8 to 49 ng m-3, 1.2 to 53 ng m-3, and 0.21 to 5.7 ng m-3, respectively. In cloth, perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (i.e., MeFOSE and EtFOSE) accumulated most significantly over time, reaching concentrations of up to 0.26 ng cm-2 and 0.24 ng cm-2, respectively. From paired measurements of neutral PFAS in air and suspended cloth, we derived cloth-air partition coefficients (Kca) for 6:2, 8:2, and 10:2 FTOH; ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA); MeFOSE; and EtFOSE. Mean log(Kca) values range from 4.7 to 6.6 and are positively correlated with the octanol-air partition coefficient. We investigated the effect of the cloth storage method on PFAS accumulation and the influence of home characteristics on air concentrations. Temperature had the overall greatest effect. This study provides valuable insights into PFAS distribution, fate, and exposure indoors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Naomi Y Chang
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- U.S. EPA, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Daniel E Amparo
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hilche T, Krebs T, Weißbarth H, Lang F, Schnakenburg G, Gansäuer A. Enantio- and Diastereomerically Pure Titanocenes by Dynamic Conformational Locking. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301645. [PMID: 37283199 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of enantiomerically pure titanocenes is limited to cases with enantiomerically pure substituents at the cyclopentadienyl ligands and to ansa-titanocenes. For the latter complexes, the use of achiral ligands requires a resolution of enantiomers and frequently also a separation of the diastereoisomers obtained after metalation. Here, we introduce a new synthetic method that relies on the use of enantiomerically pure camphorsulfonate (CSA) ligands as control elements for the absolute and relative configuration of titanocene complexes. Starting from the conformationally flexible (RC5 H4 )2 TiCl2 , the desired conformationally locked and hence enantio- and diastereomerically pure complexes (RC5 H4 )2 Ti(CSA)2 are obtained in just two steps. According to X-ray crystallography the (RC5 H4 )2 Ti fragment is essentially C2 -symmetric and nuclear magnetic resonance displays overall C2 -symmetry. We applied density functional theory methods to unravel the dynamics of the complexes and the mechanisms and selectivities of their formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hilche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Krebs
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hendrik Weißbarth
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Lang
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stahn M, Ehlert S, Grimme S. Extended Conductor-like Polarizable Continuum Solvation Model (CPCM-X) for Semiempirical Methods. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7036-7043. [PMID: 37567769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new method to accurately account for solvation effects in semiempirical quantum mechanics based on a polarizable continuum model (PCM). The extended conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM-X) incorporates a computationally efficient domain decomposition conductor-like screening model (ddCOSMO) for extended tight binding (xTB) methods and uses a post-processing approach based on established solvation models, like the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) and the universal solvent model based on solute electron density (SMD). According to various benchmarks, the approach performs well across a broad range of systems and applications, including hydration free energies, non-aqueous solvation free energies, and large supramolecular association reactions of neutral and charged species. Our method for computing solvation free energies is much more accurate than the current methods in the xtb program package. It improves the accuracy of solvation free energies by up to 40% for larger supramolecular association reactions to match even the accuracy of higher-level DFT-based solvation models like COSMO-RS and SMD while being computationally more than 2 orders of magnitude faster. The proposed method and the underlying ddCOSMO model are readily available for a wide variety of solvents and are accessible in xtb for use in various computational applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Stahn
- Mulliken Center of Theoretical Chemistry, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center of Theoretical Chemistry, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lemay AC, Sontarp EJ, Martinez D, Maruri P, Mohammed R, Neapole R, Wiese M, Willemsen JAR, Bourg IC. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Prediction of the Partitioning Constants ( KH, Kiw, Kia) of 82 Legacy and Emerging Organic Contaminants at the Water-Air Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6296-6308. [PMID: 37014786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The tendency of organic contaminants (OCs) to partition between different phases is a key set of properties that underlie their human and ecological health impacts and the success of remediation efforts. A significant challenge associated with these efforts is the need for accurate partitioning data for an ever-expanding list of OCs and breakdown products. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have the potential to help generate these data, but existing studies have applied these techniques only to a limited variety of OCs. Here, we use established MD simulation approaches to examine the partitioning of 82 OCs, including many compounds of critical concern, at the water-air interface. Our predictions of the Henry's law constant (KH) and interfacial adsorption coefficients (Kiw, Kia) correlate strongly with experimental results, indicating that MD simulations can be used to predict KH, Kiw, and Kia values with mean absolute deviations of 1.1, 0.3, and 0.3 logarithmic units after correcting for systematic bias, respectively. A library of MD simulation input files for the examined OCs is provided to facilitate future investigations of the partitioning of these compounds in the presence of other phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie C Lemay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ethan J Sontarp
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniela Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Philip Maruri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Raneem Mohammed
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ryan Neapole
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Morgan Wiese
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jennifer A R Willemsen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ian C Bourg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dobšíková K, Spálovská D, Kuchař M, Paškanová N, Setnička V. Indazole-derived synthetic cannabinoids: Absolute configuration determination and structure characterization by circular dichroism and DFT calculations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 291:122373. [PMID: 36657287 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of products containing synthetic cannabinoids pose a growing crisis to public health worldwide. Recently, a rising number of cases of serious adverse health effects, intoxications, and death cases associated with synthetic cannabinoids were reported. The current study represents the comprehensive structural analysis of three new synthetic cannabinoids (AB-, ADB- and AMB-FUBINACA) in solution investigated by electronic and vibrational circular dichroism together with the conventional methods of infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, all supported by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The best level of theory to reproduce the experimental wavenumbers and wavelengths was found to be the B3PW91 method with a 6-311++G(d,p) basis set including the implicit solvent effect simulation. Very good agreement between the experimental and simulated spectra allowed us to determine the absolute configuration and a detailed interpretation of the IR absorption, VCD, ECD and UV spectra of AB-, ADB- and AMB-FUBINACA. In addition, the HOMO and LUMO electronic transitions were calculated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Dobšíková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - D Spálovská
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - M Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany 250 67, Czech Republic
| | - N Paškanová
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - V Setnička
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Palm WU, Schmidt N, Stahn M, Grimme S. A kinetic study of the photolysis of sulfamethoxazole with special emphasis on the photoisomer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 22:615-630. [PMID: 36471235 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The previously not studied photochemical degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) to the isomer of SMX (ISO) was measured via a polychromatic (Xe) and a monochromatic (Hg) light source and accompanied by quantum chemical DFT calculations. In addition to the $$\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a} = \;7.0 \pm 0.1$$
p
K
a
=
7.0
±
0.1
of ISO, tautomer-dependent properties such as the $$K_\mathrm{OW}$$
K
OW
were measured and theoretically confirmed by DFT. The kinetics in solutions below and above the $$\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a} = 5.6$$
p
K
a
=
5.6
of SMX were studied for the available and quantifiable products SMX, ISO, 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole (AMI), 2-amino-5-methyloxazole (AMO), and sulfanilic acid (SUA). The quantum yields of the neutral ($$\Phi _\mathrm{N}$$
Φ
N
) and anionic $$\Phi _\mathrm{A}$$
Φ
A
) forms of SMX ($$\Phi _\mathrm{A} = 0.03 \pm 0.001$$
Φ
A
=
0.03
±
0.001
, $$\Phi _\mathrm{N} = 0.15 \pm 0.01$$
Φ
N
=
0.15
±
0.01
) and ISO ($$\Phi _\mathrm{A} = 0.05 \pm 0.01$$
Φ
A
=
0.05
±
0.01
and $$\Phi _\mathrm{N} = 0.06 \pm 0.02$$
Φ
N
=
0.06
±
0.02
) were found to be wavelength-independent. In a competitive reaction to the formation of ISO from SMX, the degradation product TP271 is formed. Various proposed structures for TP271 described in the literature have been studied quantum mechanically and can be excluded for thermodynamic reasons. In real samples in a northern German surface water in summer 2021 mean concentrations of SMX were found in the range of 120 ng/L. In agreement with the pH-dependent yields, concentrations of ISO were low in the range of 8 ng/L.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
14
|
Stahn M, Grimme S, Salthammer T, Hohm U, Palm WU. Quantum chemical calculation of the vapor pressure of volatile and semi volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2153-2166. [PMID: 36222641 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00271j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The vapor pressure is a specific and temperature-dependent parameter that describes the volatility of a substance and thus its driving force for evaporation or sublimation into the gas phase. Depending on the magnitude of the vapor pressure, there are different methods for experimental determination. However, these are usually associated with a corresponding amount of effort and become less accurate as the vapor pressure decreases. For purposes of vapor pressure prediction, algorithms were developed that are usually based on quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). The quantum mechanical (QM) approach followed here applies an alternative, much less empirical strategy, where the change in Gibbs free energy for the transition from the condensed to the gas phase is obtained from conformer ensembles computed for each phase separately. The results of this automatic, so-called CRENSO workflow are compared with experimentally determined vapor pressures for a large set of environmentally relevant compounds. In addition, comparisons are made with the single structure-based COSMO-RS QM approach, linear-free-energy relationships (LFER) as well as results from the SPARC program. We show that our CRENSO workflow is superior to conventional prediction models and provides reliable vapor pressures for liquids and sub-cooled liquids over a wide pressure range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Stahn
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Uwe Hohm
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Braunschweig - Institute of Technology, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolf-Ulrich Palm
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao H, Lyu Y, Hu J, Li M, Sun W. Decipher the molecular descriptors and mechanisms controlling sulfonamide adsorption onto mesoporous carbon: Density functional theory calculation and partial least-squares path modeling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129299. [PMID: 35739800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous carbons (MCs) exhibit excellent removal efficiencies to various organic chemicals. However, how the properties of chemicals influence the adsorption mechanisms and further determine their adsorption onto MCs are poorly understood. We investigated the adsorption of 22 sulfonamides (SAs) onto four MCs, and further uncovered the major molecular descriptors and adsorption mechanisms influencing the adsorption by density functional theory (DFT) and partial least-squares path modeling (PLS-PM). The results revealed that the excess molar refraction (E), McGowan's molar volume (V), energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO), hardness (H), and most positive net charge on carbon atom (Qc+) were identified as the indirect factors affecting the distribution coefficient (logKD), by influencing the BE(π-π), BE(H), and logKow. BE(π-π) and logKow displayed significant direct impacts on logKD (p < 0.05), while BE(H) showed insignificant direct influences on logKD (p > 0.05). The PLS-PM results indicate the main driving forces for SAs adsorption including π-π interactions, hydrophobic effects, and hydrogen bonding. This study provides a new perspective on revealing the adsorption mechanisms, and the identified factors can be used to develop the quantitative model to further predict the adsorption of SAs onto MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yitao Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingrun Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Weiling Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Salthammer T, Zhao J, Schieweck A, Uhde E, Hussein T, Antretter F, Künzel H, Pazold M, Radon J, Birmili W. A holistic modeling framework for estimating the influence of climate change on indoor air quality. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13039. [PMID: 35762234 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The IPCC 2021 report predicts rising global temperatures and more frequent extreme weather events in the future, which will have different effects on the regional climate and concentrations of ambient air pollutants. Consequently, changes in heat and mass transfer between the inside and outside of buildings will also have an increasing impact on indoor air quality. It is therefore surprising that indoor spaces and occupant well-being still play a subordinate role in the studies of climate change. To increase awareness for this topic, the Indoor Air Quality Climate Change (IAQCC) model system was developed, which allows short and long-term predictions of the indoor climate with respect to outdoor conditions. The IAQCC is a holistic model that combines different scenarios in the form of submodels: building physics, indoor emissions, chemical-physical reaction and transformation, mold growth, and indoor exposure. IAQCC allows simulation of indoor gas and particle concentrations with outdoor influences, indoor materials and activity emissions, particle deposition and coagulation, gas reactions, and SVOC partitioning. These key processes are fundamentally linked to temperature and relative humidity. With the aid of the building physics model, the indoor temperature and humidity, and pollutant transport in building zones can be simulated. The exposure model refers to the calculated concentrations and provides evaluations of indoor thermal comfort and exposure to gaseous, particulate, and microbial pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jiangyue Zhao
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schieweck
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Erik Uhde
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Helsinki, Finland
- School of Science, Department of Physics, Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (EARL), University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Florian Antretter
- Department Hygrothermics, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP), Valley, Germany
- C3RROlutions GmbH, Raubling, Germany
| | - Hartwig Künzel
- Department Hygrothermics, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP), Valley, Germany
| | | | - Jan Radon
- C3RROlutions GmbH, Raubling, Germany
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wolfram Birmili
- Department II 1 "Environmental Hygiene", German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gorges J, Grimme S, Hansen A, Pracht P. Towards understanding solvation effects on the conformational entropy of non-rigid molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12249-12259. [PMID: 35543018 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05805c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The absolute molecular entropy is a fundamental quantity for the accurate description of thermodynamic properties. For non-rigid molecules, a substantial part of the entropy can be attributed to a conformational contribution. Systems and properties where this is relevant, e.g., protein-ligand binding affinities or pKa values refer usually to the liquid phase. In this work, the influence of solvation on the conformational entropy is investigated. A recently introduced state-of-the-art and automated computational protocol for the computation of conformational entropies [Pracht et al., Chem. Sci., 2021, 12, 6551-6568.] is applied in combination with fast and accurate semiempirical quantum-chemical methods and implicit solvation models for a set of 25 commercially available drug molecules and five transition metal compounds. Computed gas-phase conformational entropies are compared with values obtained in implicit n-hexane and water. It is found that implicit solvation can have a substantial effect of several cal mol-1 K-1 on the entropy as a result of large conformational changes in the different phases. We conclude that for flexible molecules chemical accuracy for free energies in solution can only be achieved if solvation effects on the conformational ensemble are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gorges
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Philipp Pracht
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Melatener Str. 20, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Salthammer T, Morrison GC. Temperature and indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13022. [PMID: 35622714 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
From the thermodynamic perspective, the term temperature is clearly defined for ideal physical systems: A unique temperature can be assigned to each black body via its radiation spectrum, and the temperature of an ideal gas is given by the velocity distribution of the molecules. While the indoor environment is not an ideal system, fundamental physical and chemical processes, such as diffusion, partitioning equilibria, and chemical reactions, are predictably temperature-dependent. For example, the logarithm of reaction rate and equilibria constants are proportional to the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. It is therefore possible to have non-linear, very steep changes in chemical phenomena over a relatively small temperature range. On the contrary, transport processes are more influenced by spatial temperature, momentum, and pressure gradients as well as by the density, porosity, and composition of indoor materials. Consequently, emergent phenomena, such as emission rates or dynamic air concentrations, can be the result of complex temperature-dependent relationships that require a more empirical approach. Indoor environmental conditions are further influenced by the thermal comfort needs of occupants. Not only do occupants have to create thermal conditions that serve to maintain their core body temperature, which is usually accomplished by wearing appropriate clothing, but also the surroundings must be adapted so that they feel comfortable. This includes the interaction of the living space with the ambient environment, which can vary greatly by region and season. Design of houses, apartments, commercial buildings, and schools is generally utility and comfort driven, requiring an appropriate energy balance, sometimes considering ventilation but rarely including the impact of temperature on indoor contaminant levels. In our article, we start with a review of fundamental thermodynamic variables and discuss their influence on typical indoor processes. Then, we describe the heat balance of people in their thermal environment. An extensive literature study is devoted to the thermal conditions in buildings, the temperature-dependent release of indoor pollutants from materials and their distribution in the various interior compartments as well as aspects of indoor chemistry. Finally, we assess the need to consider temperature holistically with regard to the changes to be expected as a result of global emergencies such as climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|