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Huang DD, Hu Q, He X, Huang RJ, Ding X, Ma Y, Feng X, Jing S, Li Y, Lu J, Gao Y, Chang Y, Shi X, Qian C, Yan C, Lou S, Wang H, Huang C. Obscured Contribution of Oxygenated Intermediate-Volatility Organic Compounds to Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Gasoline Vehicle Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10652-10663. [PMID: 38829825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from gasoline vehicles spanning a wide range of emission types was investigated using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) by conducting chassis dynamometer tests. Aided by advanced mass spectrometric techniques, SOA precursors, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and intermediate/semivolatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs), were comprehensively characterized. The reconstructed SOA produced from the speciated VOCs and I/SVOCs can explain 69% of the SOA measured downstream of an OFR upon 0.5-3 days' OH exposure. While VOCs can only explain 10% of total SOA production, the contribution from I/SVOCs is 59%, with oxygenated I/SVOCs (O-I/SVOCs) taking up 20% of that contribution. O-I/SVOCs (e.g., benzylic or aliphatic aldehydes and ketones), as an obscured source, account for 16% of total nonmethane organic gas (NMOG) emission. More importantly, with the improvement in emission standards, the NMOG is effectively mitigated by 35% from China 4 to China 6, which is predominantly attributed to the decrease of VOCs. Real-time measurements of different NMOG components as well as SOA production further reveal that the current emission control measures, such as advances in engine and three-way catalytic converter (TWC) techniques, are effective in reducing the "light" SOA precursors (i.e., single-ring aromatics) but not for the I/SVOC emissions. Our results also highlight greater effects of O-I/SVOCs to SOA formation than previously observed and the urgent need for further investigation into their origins, i.e., incomplete combustion, lubricating oil, etc., which requires improvements in real-time molecular-level characterization of I/SVOC molecules and in turn will benefit the future design of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyao Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiao He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xinwei Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yunhua Chang
- KLME & CIC-FEMD, Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xu Shi
- Shanghai Motor Vehicle Inspection Certification & Tech Innovation Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Chunlei Qian
- Shanghai Motor Vehicle Inspection Certification & Tech Innovation Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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2
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Liang C, Feng B, Wang S, Zhao B, Xie J, Huang G, Zhu L, Hao J. Differentiated emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation potential of organic vapor from industrial coatings in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133668. [PMID: 38309167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Organic vapors emitted during solvent use are important precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Industrial coatings are a major class of solvents that emit volatile and intermediate volatile organic compounds (VOCs and IVOCs, respectively). However, the emission factors and source profiles of VOCs and IVOCs from industrial coatings remain unclear. In this study, representative solvent- and water-based industrial paints were evaporated, sampled and tested using online and offline instruments. The VOC and IVOC emission factors for solvent-based paints are 129-254 and 25-80 g/kg, while for water-based paint are 13 and 32 g/kg, respectively. In solvent-based paints, the VOCs are mainly aromatics, while the IVOCs are composed of long-chain alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls and halocarbons. The VOCs and IVOCs in water-based paint are mostly oxygenates, such as ethanol, acetone, ethylene glycol, and Texanol. During the evaporation of solvent-based paints, the fraction of IVOCs increases along with those of alkenes and aldehydes, while the proportion of aromatics decreases. For water-based paint, the fraction of IVOCs slightly decreases with evaporation. The SOA formation potentials of solvent-based paints are 8.6-28.0 g/kg, much higher than that of water-based paint (0.65 g/kg); thus, substituting solvent-based paints with water-based paints may significantly decrease SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrui Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boyang Feng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinzi Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghan Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- TOFWERK China, No. 320, Pubin Road, Pukou, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Humes M, Machesky JE, Kim S, Oladeji OJ, Gentner DR, Donahue NM, Presto AA. Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Asphalt Pavements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20034-20042. [PMID: 37931038 PMCID: PMC10702534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Asphalt is ubiquitous across cities and a source of organic compounds spanning a wide range of volatility and may be an overlooked source of urban organic aerosols. The emission rate and composition depend strongly on temperature, but emissions have been observed at both application temperatures and surface temperatures during warm sunny days. Here we report primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production from asphalt. We reheated real-world asphalt samples to application-relevant temperatures (∼130 °C) and typical summertime road-surface temperatures (∼55 °C) and then flushed the emitted vapors into an environmental oxidation chamber containing ammonium sulfate seed particles. SOA was then formed following the photo-oxidation of emissions under high-NOx conditions typical of urban atmospheres. We find that POA only forms at application temperature as it does not require further oxidation, whereas SOA forms under both conditions; with the resulting POA and SOA both being semi-volatile. While total OA formation rates were substantially greater under the limited time spent under application conditions, SOA formation from passive asphalt heating presents a potential long-term source, as heating continues for the lifetime of the road surface. This suggests that persistent asphalt solar heating is likely a considerable and continued source of summertime SOA in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie
B. Humes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jo E. Machesky
- Department
of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Sunhye Kim
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Oladayo J. Oladeji
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department
of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Albert A. Presto
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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4
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Yu H, Møller KH, Buenconsejo RS, Crounse JD, Kjaergaard HG, Wennberg PO. Atmospheric Photo-Oxidation of 2-Ethoxyethanol: Autoxidation Chemistry of Glycol Ethers. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9564-9579. [PMID: 37934888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the gas-phase photo-oxidation of 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE) initiated by the OH radical with a focus on its autoxidation pathways. Gas-phase autoxidation─intramolecular H-shifts followed by O2 addition─has recently been recognized as a major atmospheric chemical pathway that leads to the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs), which are important precursors for secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Here, we examine the gas-phase oxidation pathways of 2-EE, a model compound for glycol ethers, an important class of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) used in volatile chemical products (VCPs). Both experimental and computational techniques are applied to analyze the photochemistry of the compound. We identify oxidation products from both bimolecular and autoxidation reactions from chamber experiments at varied HO2 levels and provide estimations of rate coefficients and product branching ratios for key reaction pathways. The H-shift processes of 2-EE peroxy radicals (RO2) are found to be sufficiently fast to compete with bimolecular reactions under modest NO/HO2 conditions. More than 30% of the produced RO2 are expected to undergo at least one H-shift for conditions typical of modern summer urban atmosphere, where RO2 bimolecular lifetime is becoming >10 s, which implies the potential for glycol ether oxidation to produce considerable amounts of HOMs at reduced NOx levels and elevated temperature. Understanding the gas-phase autoxidation of glycol ethers can help fill the knowledge gap in the formation of SOA derived from oxygenated VOCs emitted from VCP sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Yu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kristian H Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Reina S Buenconsejo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John D Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Murphy BN, Sonntag D, Seltzer KM, Pye HOT, Allen C, Murray E, Toro C, Gentner DR, Huang C, Jathar S, Li L, May AA, Robinson AL. Reactive organic carbon air emissions from mobile sources in the United States. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2023; 23:13469-13483. [PMID: 38516559 PMCID: PMC10953806 DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-13469-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Mobile sources are responsible for a substantial controllable portion of the reactive organic carbon (ROC) emitted to the atmosphere, especially in urban environments of the United States. We update existing methods for calculating mobile source organic particle and vapor emissions in the United States with over a decade of laboratory data that parameterize the volatility and organic aerosol (OA) potential of emissions from on-road vehicles, nonroad engines, aircraft, marine vessels, and locomotives. We find that existing emission factor information from Teflon filters combined with quartz filters collapses into simple relationships and can be used to reconstruct the complete volatility distribution of ROC emissions. This new approach consists of source-specific filter artifact corrections and state-of-the-science speciation including explicit intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), yielding the first bottom-up volatility-resolved inventory of US mobile source emissions. Using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model, we estimate mobile sources account for 20 %-25 % of the IVOC concentrations and 4.4 %-21.4 % of ambient OA. The updated emissions and air quality model reduce biases in predicting fine-particle organic carbon in winter, spring, and autumn throughout the United States (4.3 %-11.3 % reduction in normalized bias). We identify key uncertain parameters that align with current state-of-the-art research measurement challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Murphy
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Darrell Sonntag
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Karl M. Seltzer
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Christine Allen
- General Dynamics Information Technology, 79 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Evan Murray
- Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Claudia Toro
- Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shantanu Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Andrew A. May
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Allen L. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA15213, United States
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6
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Sasidharan S, He Y, Akherati A, Li Q, Li W, Cocker D, McDonald BC, Coggon MM, Seltzer KM, Pye HOT, Pierce JR, Jathar SH. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Volatile Chemical Product Emissions: Model Parameters and Contributions to Anthropogenic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11891-11902. [PMID: 37527511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCP) are an increasingly important source of hydrocarbon and oxygenated volatile organic compound (OVOC) emissions to the atmosphere, and these emissions are likely to play an important role as anthropogenic precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA). While the SOA from VCP hydrocarbons is often accounted for in models, the formation, evolution, and properties of SOA from VCP OVOCs remain uncertain. We use environmental chamber data and a kinetic model to develop SOA parameters for 10 OVOCs representing glycols, glycol ethers, esters, oxygenated aromatics, and amines. Model simulations suggest that the SOA mass yields for these OVOCs are of the same magnitude as widely studied SOA precursors (e.g., long-chain alkanes, monoterpenes, and single-ring aromatics), and these yields exhibit a linear correlation with the carbon number of the precursor. When combined with emissions inventories for two megacities in the United States (US) and a US-wide inventory, we find that VCP VOCs react with OH to form 0.8-2.5× as much SOA, by mass, as mobile sources. Hydrocarbons (terpenes, branched and cyclic alkanes) and OVOCs (terpenoids, glycols, glycol ethers) make up 60-75 and 25-40% of the SOA arising from VCP use, respectively. This work contributes to the growing body of knowledge focused on studying VCP VOC contributions to urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Sasidharan
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yicong He
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ali Akherati
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Qi Li
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Weihua Li
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David Cocker
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Karl M Seltzer
- Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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7
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Jaoui M, Docherty KS, Lewandowski M, Kleindienst TE. Yields and molecular composition of gas phase and secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of the volatile consumer product benzyl alcohol: formation of highly oxygenated and hydroxy nitroaromatic compounds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2023; 23:4637-4661. [PMID: 38361764 PMCID: PMC10866305 DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-4637-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Recently, volatile chemical products (VCPs) have been increasingly recognized as important precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone in urban areas. However, their atmospheric chemistry, physical transformation, and their impact on climate, environment and human health remain poorly understood. Here, the yields and chemical composition at the molecular level of gas and particle phase products originating from the photooxidation of one of these VCPs, benzyl alcohol (BnOH), is reported. The SOA was generated in the presence of seed aerosol from nebulized ammonium sulfate solution in a 14.5 m3 smog chamber operated in flow mode. More than 50 organic compounds containing nitrogen and/or up to seven oxygen atoms were identified by mass spectrometry. While a detailed non-targeted analysis has been made, our primary focus has been to examine highly oxygenated and nitro-aromatic compounds. The major components include ring-opening products with high oxygen to carbon ratio (e.g., malic acid, tartaric acids, arabic acid, trihydroxy-oxo-pentanoic acids, and pentaric acid), and ring-retaining products (e.g., benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, catechol, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol, 4-nitrocatechol, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2-nitrophloroglucinol, 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl alcohol). The presence of some of these products in the gas and particle phases simultaneously provides evidence of their gas/particle partitioning. These oxygenated oxidation products made dominant contributions to the SOA particle composition in both low and high NOx systems. Yields, organic mass to organic carbon ratio, and proposed reaction schemes for selected compounds are provided. The aerosol yield was 5.2% for BnOH/H2O2 at SOA concentration of 52.9 µg m-3 and ranged between 1.7-8.1 % for BnOH/NOx at SOA concentration of 40.0-119.5 µg m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jaoui
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | | | - Michael Lewandowski
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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8
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Li C, Misovich MV, Pardo M, Fang Z, Laskin A, Chen J, Rudich Y. Secondary organic aerosol formation from atmospheric reactions of anisole and associated health effects. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136421. [PMID: 36108757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anisole (methoxybenzene) represents an important marker compound of lignin pyrolysis and a starting material for many chemical products. In this study, secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed by anisole via various atmospheric processes, including homogeneous photooxidation with varying levels of OH• and NOx and subsequent heterogeneous NO3• dark reactions, were investigated. The yields of anisole SOA, particle-bound organoperoxides, particle-induced oxidative potential (OP), and cytotoxicity were characterized in view of the atmospheric fate of the anisole precursor. Anisole SOA yields ranged between 0.12 and 0.35, depending on the reaction pathways and aging degrees. Chemical analysis of the SOA suggests that cleavage of the benzene ring is the main reaction channel in the photooxidation of anisole to produce low-volatility, highly oxygenated small molecules. Fresh anisole SOA from OH• photooxidation are more light-absorbing and have higher OP and organoperoxide content. The high correlation between SOA OP and organoperoxide content decreases exponentially with the degree of OH• aging. However, the contribution of organoperoxides to OP is minor (<4%), suggesting that other, non-peroxide oxidizers play a central role in anisole SOA OP. The particle-induced OP and particulate organoperoxides yield both reach a maximum value after ∼2 days' of photooxidation, implicating the potential long impact of anisole during atmospheric transport. NOx-involved photooxidation and nighttime NO3• reactions facilitate organic nitrate formation and enhance particle light absorption. High NOx levels suppress anisole SOA formation and organoperoxides yield in photooxidation, with decreased aerosol OP and cellular oxidative stress. In contrast, nighttime aging significantly increases the SOA toxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in lung cells. These dynamic properties and the toxicity of anisole SOA advocate consideration of the complicated and consecutive aging processes in depicting the fate of VOCs and assessing the related effects in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Maria V Misovich
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Zheng Fang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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9
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Khare P, Krechmer JE, Machesky JE, Hass-Mitchell T, Cao C, Wang J, Majluf F, Lopez-Hilfiker F, Malek S, Wang W, Seltzer K, Pye HO, Commane R, McDonald BC, Toledo-Crow R, Mak JE, Gentner DR. Ammonium-adduct chemical ionization to investigate anthropogenic oxygenated gas-phase organic compounds in urban air. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2022; 22:14377-14399. [PMID: 36506646 PMCID: PMC9728622 DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-14377-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) and other non-combustion-related sources have become important for urban air quality, and bottom-up calculations report emissions of a variety of functionalized compounds that remain understudied and uncertain in emissions estimates. Using a new instrumental configuration, we present online measurements of oxygenated organic compounds in a U.S. megacity over a 10-day wintertime sampling period, when biogenic sources and photochemistry were less active. Measurements were conducted at a rooftop observatory in upper Manhattan, New York City, USA using a Vocus chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer with ammonium (NH4 +) as the reagent ion operating at 1 Hz. The range of observations spanned volatile, intermediate-volatility, and semi-volatile organic compounds with targeted analyses of ~150 ions whose likely assignments included a range of functionalized compound classes such as glycols, glycol ethers, acetates, acids, alcohols, acrylates, esters, ethanolamines, and ketones that are found in various consumer, commercial, and industrial products. Their concentrations varied as a function of wind direction with enhancements over the highly-populated areas of the Bronx, Manhattan, and parts of New Jersey, and included abundant concentrations of acetates, acrylates, ethylene glycol, and other commonly-used oxygenated compounds. The results provide top-down constraints on wintertime emissions of these oxygenated/functionalized compounds with ratios to common anthropogenic marker compounds, and comparisons of their relative abundances to two regionally-resolved emissions inventories used in urban air quality models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeyush Khare
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT-06511 USA
| | | | - Jo Ellen Machesky
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT-06511 USA
| | - Tori Hass-Mitchell
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT-06511 USA
| | - Cong Cao
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY-11794 USA
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT-06511 USA
| | | | | | - Sonja Malek
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT-06511 USA
| | - Will Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT-06511 USA
| | - Karl Seltzer
- Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC-27711 USA
| | - Havala O.T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC-27711 USA
| | - Roisin Commane
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY-10027 USA
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder CO- USA
| | - Ricardo Toledo-Crow
- Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY-10031 USA
| | - John E. Mak
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY-11794 USA
| | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT-06511 USA
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven CT-06511 USA
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10
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Kang G, Cho K, Shin J, Lee S, Lee SB, Woo SH, Lee S, Kim C. Real-time detection of vehicle-originated condensable particulate matter through thermodenuder integrated aerosol measurement method at tailpipes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113487. [PMID: 35594957 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Condensable particulate matter (CPM) corresponds to primary particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) obtained through the condensation of gaseous air pollutants caused by temperature drops in the atmosphere. The internal combustion of vehicle engines can produce CPM because of the condensable compounds in the exhaust gas. Conventional CPM measurement methods have been developed for coal-fired power plants with stable emissions through sampling and off-site analyses. They are therefore unsuitable for detecting the rapidly changing vehicle-originated CPM. In addition, the current system for evaluating PM2.5 from vehicles, based on the particle measurement program (PMP) protocol, provides only the emission factors of total PM2.5 (and not CPM separately) at a fixed temperature (∼25 °C) and dilution ratio (∼ × 35). This study reports, for the first time, the development of a real-time detection method for vehicle-originated CPM through a thermodenuder (TD) integrated with real-time aerosol instruments. This method was designed to reduce the loss of CPM due to condensation and diffusion while sampling the exhaust gas. It permits the investigation of the effects of dilution gas temperature (5-45 °C) and dilution ratio (up to × 30) on the formation of CPM. During the feasibility test of this method using a diesel vehicle (Euro-4), the real-time total particle number concentrations (PNs) matched well with those obtained by a PMP protocol-based evaluation system. Moreover, this method detected PNs concentrations ten times higher than the detection limit (4 × 106 particles/cm3) of the PMP-based system. The emission factors of the total PM2.5 with a bulk density (1 g/cm3) measured by this method also showed consistency with the results of the PMP protocol. The mass emission factor of CPM determined by deploying the TD was ∼14.57 mg/km (∼63% contribution to the total PM2.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Kang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungil Cho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Shin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soodong Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bok Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Woo
- Environment System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhwan Lee
- Environment System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyuk Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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