1
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French-McCay DP, Robinson HJ, Adams JE, Frediani MA, Murphy MJ, Morse C, Gloekler M, Parkerton TF. Parsing the toxicity paradox: Composition and duration of exposure alter predicted oil spill effects by orders of magnitude. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116285. [PMID: 38555802 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Oil spilled into an aquatic environment produces oil droplet and dissolved component concentrations and compositions that are highly variable in space and time. Toxic effects on aquatic biota vary with sensitivity of the organism, concentration, composition, environmental conditions, and frequency and duration of exposure to the mixture of oil-derived dissolved compounds. For a range of spill (surface, subsea, blowout) and oil types under different environmental conditions, modeling of oil transport, fate, and organism behavior was used to quantify expected exposures over time for planktonic, motile, and stationary organisms. Different toxicity models were applied to these exposure time histories to characterize the influential roles of composition, concentration, and duration of exposure on aquatic toxicity. Misrepresenting these roles and exposures can affect results by orders of magnitude. Well-characterized laboratory studies for <24-hour exposures are needed to improve toxicity predictions of the typically short-term exposures that characterize spills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie E Adams
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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2
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Chakrabarty P, Sheehy AJ, Clute X, Cruz SB, Ballengée B. Ten years later: An update on the status of collections of endemic Gulf of Mexico fishes put at risk by the 2010 Oil Spill. Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e113399. [PMID: 38495309 PMCID: PMC10944561 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e113399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon was the largest oil spill in human history that occurred during a 12-week period in a region less than 100 km from the coast of Louisiana; however, after more than a decade of post-spill research, few definitives can be said to be known about the long-term impacts on the development and distribution of fishes in and around the region of the disaster. Here, we examine endemic Gulf of Mexico fish species that may have been most impacted by noting their past distributions in the region of the spill and examining data of known collecting events and observations over the last twenty years (ten years prior to the spill, ten years post-spill). Five years post-spill, it was reported that 48 of the Gulf's endemic fish species had not been collected and, with expanded methods, we now report that 29 (of the 78 endemic species) have not been reported in collections since 2010 (five of these are only known from observations post-spill). Although the good news that some previously 'missing' species have been found may be cause to celebrate, the lack of information for many species remains a cause for concern given focused sampling efforts post-spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosanta Chakrabarty
- Louisiana State Unviersity, Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of AmericaLouisiana State Unviersity, Museum of Natural ScienceBaton Rouge, LouisianaUnited States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of AmericaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, LouisianaUnited States of America
- Canadian Museum of Nature, Zoology, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaCanadian Museum of Nature, ZoologyOttawa, OntarioCanada
- American Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, New York, New York, United States of AmericaAmerican Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate ZoologyNew York, New YorkUnited States of America
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Washington, D.C., United States of AmericaSmithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate ZoologyWashington, D.C.United States of America
| | - Alec J. Sheehy
- Louisiana State University, Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of AmericaLouisiana State University, Museum of Natural ScienceBaton Rouge, LAUnited States of America
| | - Xavier Clute
- Louisiana State University, Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of AmericaLouisiana State University, Museum of Natural ScienceBaton Rouge, LAUnited States of America
| | - Shannon B. Cruz
- Tulane University Biodiversity Research Institute, Belle Chasse, LA, United States of AmericaTulane University Biodiversity Research InstituteBelle Chasse, LAUnited States of America
| | - Brandon Ballengée
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of AmericaMuseum of Natural Science, Louisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, LAUnited States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University,, New Orleans, LA, United States of AmericaDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University,New Orleans, LAUnited States of America
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3
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Ozhan K. How weathering might intensify the toxicity of spilled crude oil in marine environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:99561-99569. [PMID: 37615916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Crude oils are highly complex mixtures containing many toxic compounds for organisms. While their level of toxicity in a marine environment depends on many parameters, one of the main factors is their composition. After oil spills, their compositions are significantly changed, so it changes the toxicity. In this study, different weathering processes such as evaporation, photooxidation, and biodegradation were applied to crude oil to understand how composition changed over time and how this affects its toxicity on phytoplankton. In laboratory settings, three distinct water-accommodated fraction samples of crude oil were prepared, unweathered, evaporated, and weathered and were exposed to phytoplankton communities at different dilution levels. After 3 days, evaporation reduced the crude oil concentration by 47%, and the concentration of the crude oil affected by photooxidation, biodegradation, and evaporation reduced by 81%. This study also showed that even though the weathering reduced the overall amount of crude oil substantially, its toxicity increased significantly. In the microcosm experiments, 7-day EC50 values of the unweathered oil, the evaporated oil and the weathered oil were 49.07, 21.09, and 7.16 µg/L, respectively. Different processes altered the crude oil composition, and weathered crude oil ended up with a higher fraction of high molecular weight (HMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A promising relation between the increasing toxicity and HMW PAH fraction indicates that increasing the fraction of HMW PAHs might be one of the main reasons for the weathering process to cause higher crude oil toxicity. These results could be used as a diagnostic tool to estimate the extent of weathering and toxicity of crude oil after spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ozhan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey.
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4
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Zavell M, Chung K, Key P, Pennington P, DeLorenzo M. Interactive effects of Louisiana Sweet Crude (LSC) thin oil sheens and ultraviolet light on mortality and swimming behavior of the larval Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 5:100117. [PMID: 37637491 PMCID: PMC10458706 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is an important commercial bivalve species which also has numerous ecological roles including biogeochemical cycling, providing habitat for larval fish and crustaceans, and reducing the impacts of coastal storms. Oil may pose a threat to oyster larvae swimming in the water column, leading to potential negative effects on survival, growth, and development. Oil toxicity may be further enhanced by chemical changes in the presence of sunlight. This study determined the toxicity of thin oil sheens with and without ultraviolet (UV) light, then examined the latent effects of the short term exposure on longer term survival and swimming ability. Larval C. virginica were exposed to four different oil sheen thicknesses for 24 h with either no UV light or 2-h UV light. Following the exposure, larvae were transferred to clean seawater and no UV light for 96 h. The presence of a 2-h UV light exposure significantly increased oyster mortality, indicating photo-enhanced toxicity. The LC50 for a 24-h oil sheen exposure without UV was 7.26 µm (23 µg/L PAH50) while a 2 h-UV exposure lowered the sheen toxicity threshold to 2.67 µm (10 µg/L PAH50). A previous 24-h oil sheen exposure (≥0.5 µm) led to latent effects on larval oyster survival, regardless of previous UV exposure. Sublethal impacts to larval oyster swimming behavior were also observed from the previous oil sheen exposure combined with UV exposure. This study provides new data for the toxicity of thin oil sheens to a sensitive early life stage of estuarine bivalve.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.D. Zavell
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - K.W. Chung
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Sciences, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - P.B. Key
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Sciences, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - P.L. Pennington
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Sciences, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - M.E. DeLorenzo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Sciences, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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5
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Alloy MM, Finch BE, Ward CP, Redman AD, Bejarano AC, Barron MG. Recommendations for advancing test protocols examining the photo-induced toxicity of petroleum and polycyclic aromatic compounds. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 256:106390. [PMID: 36709615 PMCID: PMC10519366 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced toxicity of petroleum products and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is the enhanced toxicity caused by their interaction with ultraviolet radiation and occurs by two distinct mechanisms: photosensitization and photomodification. Laboratory approaches for designing, conducting, and reporting of photo-induced toxicity studies are reviewed and recommended to enhance the original Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Research Forum (CROSERF) protocols which did not address photo-induced toxicity. Guidance is provided on conducting photo-induced toxicity tests, including test species, endpoints, experimental design and dosing, light sources, irradiance measurement, chemical characterization, and data reporting. Because of distinct mechanisms, aspects of photosensitization (change in compound energy state) and photomodification (change in compound structure) are addressed separately, and practical applications in laboratory and field studies and advances in predictive modeling are discussed. One goal for developing standardized testing protocols is to support lab-to-field extrapolations, which in the case of petroleum substances often requires a modeling framework to account for differential physicochemical properties of the constituents. Recommendations are provided to promote greater standardization of laboratory studies on photo-induced toxicity, thus facilitating comparisons across studies and generating data needed to improve models used in oil spill science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Alloy
- Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Bryson E Finch
- Department of Ecology, State of Washington, Lacey, WA, USA
| | - Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mace G Barron
- Office of Research & Development, US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA
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6
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French-McCay DP, Parkerton TF, de Jourdan B. Bridging the lab to field divide: Advancing oil spill biological effects models requires revisiting aquatic toxicity testing. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 256:106389. [PMID: 36702035 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oil fate and exposure modeling addresses the complexities of oil composition, weathering, partitioning in the environment, and the distributions and behaviors of aquatic biota to estimate exposure histories, i.e., oil component concentrations and environmental conditions experienced over time. Several approaches with increasing levels of complexity (i.e., aquatic toxicity model tiers, corresponding to varying purposes and applications) have been and continue to be developed to predict adverse effects resulting from these exposures. At Tiers 1 and 2, toxicity-based screening thresholds for assumed representative oil component compositions are used to inform spill response and risk evaluations, requiring limited toxicity data, analytical oil characterizations, and computer resources. Concentration-response relationships are employed in Tier 3 to quantify effects of assumed oil component mixture compositions. Oil spill modeling capabilities presently allow predictions of spatial and temporal compositional changes during exposure, which support mixture-based modeling frameworks. Such approaches rely on summed effects of components using toxic units to enable more realistic analyses (Tier 4). This review provides guidance for toxicological studies to inform the development of, provide input to, and validate Tier 4 aquatic toxicity models for assessing oil spill effects on aquatic biota. Evaluation of organisms' exposure histories using a toxic unit model reflects the current state-of the-science and provides an improved approach for quantifying effects of oil constituents on aquatic organisms. Since the mixture compositions in toxicity tests are not representative of field exposures, modelers rely on studies using single compounds to build toxicity models accounting for the additive effects of dynamic mixture exposures that occur after spills. Single compound toxicity data are needed to quantify the influence of exposure duration and modifying environmental factors (e.g., temperature, light) on observed effects for advancing use of this framework. Well-characterized whole oil bioassay data should be used to validate and refine these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah P French-McCay
- RPS Ocean Science, 55 Village Square Drive, South Kingstown, Rhode Island 02879, United States.
| | - Thomas F Parkerton
- EnviSci Consulting, LLC, 5900 Balcones Dr, Suite 100, Austin, Texas 77433, United States
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada
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7
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French-McCay DP, Robinson H, Bock M, Crowley D, Schuler P, Rowe JJ. Counter-historical study of alternative dispersant use in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113778. [PMID: 35659664 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent completion of oil fate modeling and a mass budget of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill allows for a counter-historical study using quantitative Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) methodology. Novel application of subsea dispersant injection (SSDI) during the response reduced surfacing oil, volatile organic carbon emissions, and oil on shorelines. The effectiveness of that application, and potential alternatives had dispersant not been used or been used more aggressively, were evaluated by modifying and comparing the validated oil fate model under different SSDI strategies. A comparison of mass balance results, exposure metrics, and CRA scoring for Valued Ecological Components (VECs) shows the value of SSDI in achieving risk reduction and tradeoffs that were made. Actual SSDI applied during the DWH oil spill reduced exposures to varying degrees for different VECs. Exposures and relative risks across the ecosystem would have been substantially reduced with more effective SSDI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Deborah Crowley
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA.
| | - Paul Schuler
- Clean Caribbean & Americas, Oil Spill Response Ltd., Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA.
| | - Jill J Rowe
- RPS Ocean Science, South Kingstown, RI, USA.
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8
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Leads RR, Magnuson JT, Lucero J, Lund AK, Schlenk D, Chavez JR, Roberts AP. Transcriptomic responses and apoptosis in larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) co-exposed to crude oil and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 179:113684. [PMID: 35489094 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can significantly increase the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in crude oil to early life stage (ELS) fishes through photo-induced /photo-enhanced toxicity. However, little is known about the sub-lethal effects and mechanisms of photo-induced PAH toxicity in ELS fishes. The present study investigated apoptosis and global transcriptomic effects in larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) (24-72 h post-fertilization) following co-exposure to oil (0.29-0.30 μg/L ∑PAH50) and UV. Apoptosis was quantified using the TUNEL assay, and transcriptomic effects were assessed using RNA sequencing analysis. Apoptotic fluorescence was greatest in the eyes and skin following 24 and 48 h co-exposure to oil and UV, indicating photo-induced toxicity. Consistent with these phenotypic responses, pathways associated with phototransduction, eye development, and dermatological disease were among the top predicted pathways impacted. The present study is the first to provide global transcriptomic analysis of UV and oil co-exposure in an ELS fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Leads
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - JoAnn Lucero
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Amie K Lund
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - J Ruben Chavez
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Conservation Association, Central Power and Light Marine Development Center, Corpus Christi, TX 78418, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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9
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Woodyard M, Polidoro BA, Matson CW, McManamay RA, Saul S, Carpenter KE, Collier TK, Di Giulio R, Grubbs RD, Linardich C, Moore JA, Romero IC, Schlenk D, Strongin K. A comprehensive petrochemical vulnerability index for marine fishes in the Gulf of Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:152892. [PMID: 35051468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oil and gas extraction activities occur across the globe, yet species-specific toxicological information on the biological and ecological impacts of exposure to petrochemicals is lacking for the vast majority of marine species. To help prioritize species for recovery, mitigation, and conservation in light of significant toxicological data gaps, a trait-based petrochemical vulnerability index was developed and applied to the more than 1700 marine fishes present across the entire Gulf of Mexico, including all known bony fishes, sharks, rays and chimaeras. Using life history and other traits related to likelihood of exposure, physiological sensitivity to exposure, and population resiliency, final calculated petrochemical vulnerability scores can be used to provide information on the relative sensitivity, or resilience, of marine fish populations across the Gulf of Mexico to oil and gas activities. Based on current knowledge of traits, marine fishes with the highest vulnerability scores primarily occur in areas of high petrochemical activity, are found at or near the surface, and have low reproductive turnover rates and/or highly specialized diet and habitat requirements. Relative population vulnerability scores for marine fishes can be improved with additional toxicokinetic studies, including those that account for the synergistic or additive effect of multiple stressors, as well as increased research on ecological and life history traits, especially for deep living species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Woodyard
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Beth A Polidoro
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA.
| | - Cole W Matson
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Ryan A McManamay
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Steven Saul
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Kent E Carpenter
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Tracy K Collier
- Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225-9079, USA
| | - Richard Di Giulio
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - R Dean Grubbs
- Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, 3618 Highway 98, St. Teresa, FL 32358, USA
| | - Christi Linardich
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Jon A Moore
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Dr., Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, 5600 US 1, Ft. Pierce, FL 34964, USA
| | - Isabel C Romero
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Blvd., Riverside, CA 92054, USA
| | - Kyle Strongin
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
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10
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Aranguren-Abadía L, Yadetie F, Donald CE, Sørhus E, Myklatun LE, Zhang X, Lie KK, Perrichon P, Nakken CL, Durif C, Shema S, Browman HI, Skiftesvik AB, Goksøyr A, Meier S, Karlsen OA. Photo-enhanced toxicity of crude oil on early developmental stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150697. [PMID: 34610396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photo-enhanced toxicity of crude oil is produced by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) embryos were exposed to crude oil with and without UV radiation (290-400 nm) from 3 days post fertilization (dpf) until 6 dpf. Embryos from the co-exposure experiment were continually exposed to UV radiation until hatching at 11 dpf. Differences in body burden levels and cyp1a expression in cod embryos were observed between the exposure regimes. High doses of crude oil produced increased mortality in cod co-exposed embryos, as well as craniofacial malformations and heart deformities in larvae from both experiments. A higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways were revealed in the co-exposure experiment, indicating a photo-enhanced effect of crude oil toxicity. Our results provide mechanistic insights into crude oil and photo-enhanced crude oil toxicity, suggesting that UV radiation increases the toxicity of crude oil in early life stages of Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kai K Lie
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Caroline Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Steven Shema
- Grótti ehf., Grundarstíg 4, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Howard I Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | | | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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11
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Takeshita R, Bursian SJ, Colegrove KM, Collier TK, Deak K, Dean KM, De Guise S, DiPinto LM, Elferink CJ, Esbaugh AJ, Griffitt RJ, Grosell M, Harr KE, Incardona JP, Kwok RK, Lipton J, Mitchelmore CL, Morris JM, Peters ES, Roberts AP, Rowles TK, Rusiecki JA, Schwacke LH, Smith CR, Wetzel DL, Ziccardi MH, Hall AJ. A review of the toxicology of oil in vertebrates: what we have learned following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:355-394. [PMID: 34542016 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1975182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, a number of government agencies, academic institutions, consultants, and nonprofit organizations conducted lab- and field-based research to understand the toxic effects of the oil. Lab testing was performed with a variety of fish, birds, turtles, and vertebrate cell lines (as well as invertebrates); field biologists conducted observations on fish, birds, turtles, and marine mammals; and epidemiologists carried out observational studies in humans. Eight years after the spill, scientists and resource managers held a workshop to summarize the similarities and differences in the effects of DWH oil on vertebrate taxa and to identify remaining gaps in our understanding of oil toxicity in wildlife and humans, building upon the cross-taxonomic synthesis initiated during the Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Across the studies, consistency was found in the types of toxic response observed in the different organisms. Impairment of stress responses and adrenal gland function, cardiotoxicity, immune system dysfunction, disruption of blood cells and their function, effects on locomotion, and oxidative damage were observed across taxa. This consistency suggests conservation in the mechanisms of action and disease pathogenesis. From a toxicological perspective, a logical progression of impacts was noted: from molecular and cellular effects that manifest as organ dysfunction, to systemic effects that compromise fitness, growth, reproductive potential, and survival. From a clinical perspective, adverse health effects from DWH oil spill exposure formed a suite of signs/symptomatic responses that at the highest doses/concentrations resulted in multi-organ system failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Takeshita
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Kathleen M Colegrove
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Brookfield, Illinois, United States
| | - Tracy K Collier
- Zoological Pathology Program, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States
| | - Kristina Deak
- College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
| | | | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States
| | - Lisa M DiPinto
- Office of Response and Restoration, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Cornelis J Elferink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Gulfport, Mississippi, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | | | - John P Incardona
- NOAA Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Carys L Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center of Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Morris
- Health and Environment Division, Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Edward S Peters
- Department of Epidemiology, LSU School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States
| | - Teresa K Rowles
- NOAA Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer A Rusiecki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lori H Schwacke
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Cynthia R Smith
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Dana L Wetzel
- Environmental Laboratory of Forensics, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States
| | - Michael H Ziccardi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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12
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Tanabe P, Mitchell CA, Cheng V, Chen Q, Volz DC, Schlenk D. Stage-dependent and regioselective toxicity of 2- and 6-hydroxychrysene during Japanese medaka embryogenesis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 234:105791. [PMID: 33714762 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) at critical developmental time-points in fish models impairs red blood cell concentrations in a regioselective manner, with 2-hydroxychrysene being more potent than 6-hydroxychrysene. To better characterize this phenomenon, embryos of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to 2- or 6-hydroxychrysene (0.5, 2, or 5 μM) from 4 h-post-fertilization (hpf) to 7 d-post-fertilization. Following exposure, hemoglobin concentrations were quantified by staining fixed embryos with o-dianisidine (a hemoglobin-specific dye) and stained embryos were imaged using brightfield microscopy. Exposure to 2-hydroxychrysene resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in hemoglobin relative to vehicle-exposed embryos, while only the highest concentration of 6-hydroxychrysene resulted in a significant decrease in hemoglobin. All tested concentrations of 2-hydroxychrysene also caused significant mortality (12.2 % ± 2.94, 38.9 % ± 14.4, 85.6 % ± 11.3), whereas mortality was not observed following exposure to 6-hydroxychrysene. Therefore, treatment of embryos with 2-hydroxychrysene at various developmental stages and durations was subsequently conducted to identify key developmental landmarks that may be targeted by 2-hydroxychrysene. A sensitive window of developmental toxicity to 2-hydroxychrysene was found between 52-100 hpf, with a 24 h exposure to 10 μM 2-hydroxychrysene resulting in significant anemia and mortality. Since exposure to 2-hydroxychrysene from 52 to 100 hpf, a window that includes liver morphogenesis in medaka, resulted in the highest magnitude of toxicity, liver development and function may have a role in 2-hydroxychrysene developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tanabe
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States.
| | - Constance A Mitchell
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Cheng
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
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13
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Araújo MJ, Quintaneiro C, Soares AMVM, Monteiro MS. Effects of ultraviolet radiation to Solea senegalensis during early development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142899. [PMID: 33127138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the Earth surface is increasing and scarce information is available regarding effects of this stressor to early life stages of marine vertebrates. Therefore, this work aims to study the effects of UVR exposure during early development stages of the flatfish Solea senegalensis. Firstly, fish were exposed to UVR (six daily doses between 3.4 ± 0.08 and 8.6 ± 0.14 kJ m-2) at the following moments: gastrula stage (24 h post fertilization, hpf), 1 and 2 days after hatching (dah, 48 and 72 hpf, respectively). In a second bioassay, fish at the beginning of metamorphosis were exposed to UVR (one or two daily doses of 7.2 ± 0.39 or 11.1 ± 0.49 kJ m-2) and then maintained until the end of metamorphosis. Mortality and effects on development, growth and behaviour were evaluated at the end of both bioassays (3 dah and 18 dah, respectively). Biomarkers of neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), oxidative stress (catalase, CAT) and biotransformation (glutathione S-transferase, GST) were also determined at the end of the early larvae bioassay, and metamorphosis progression was evaluated during the second bioassay. UVR exposure caused distinct effects depending on life stage. Altered pigmentation, decreased growth, impaired fish behaviour and AChE and GST inhibition were observed at the earlier larval phase. Whereas, decrease in growth was the main effect observed at the metamorphosis stage. In summary, the exposure of S. senegalensis early stages to environmentally relevant UVR doses led to adverse responses at different levels of biological organization, which might lead to implications in later life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário J Araújo
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Carla Quintaneiro
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta S Monteiro
- CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Folkerts EJ, Goss GG, Blewett TA. Investigating the Potential Toxicity of Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback and Produced Water Spills to Aquatic Animals in Freshwater Environments: A North American Perspective. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 254:1-56. [PMID: 32318824 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional methods of oil and natural gas extraction have been a growing part of North America's energy sector for the past 20-30 years. Technologies such as horizontal hydraulic fracturing have facilitated the exploitation of geologic reserves that were previously resistant to standard drilling approaches. However, the environmental risks associated with hydraulic fracturing are relatively understudied. One such hazard is the wastewater by-product of hydraulic fracturing processes: flowback and produced water (FPW). During FPW production, transport, and storage, there are many potential pathways for environmental exposure. In the current review, toxicological hazards associated with FPW surface water contamination events and potential effects on freshwater biota are assessed. This review contains an extensive survey of chemicals commonly associated with FPW samples from shale formations across North America and median 50% lethal concentration values (LC50) of corresponding chemicals for many freshwater organisms. We identify the characteristics of FPW which may have the greatest potential to be drivers of toxicity to freshwater organisms. Notably, components associated with salinity, the organic fraction, and metal species are reviewed. Additionally, we examine the current state of FPW production in North America and identify the most significant obstacles impeding proper risk assessment development when environmental contamination events of this wastewater occur. Findings within this study will serve to catalyze further work on areas currently lacking in FPW research, including expanded whole effluent testing, repeated and chronic FPW exposure studies, and toxicity identification evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Folkerts
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Greg G Goss
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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15
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Abstract
Millions of tons of oil are spilled in aquatic environments every decade, and this oil has the potential to greatly impact fish populations. Here, we review available information on the physiological effects of oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on fish. Oil toxicity affects multiple biological systems, including cardiac function, cholesterol biosynthesis, peripheral and central nervous system function, the stress response, and osmoregulatory and acid-base balance processes. We propose that cholesterol depletion may be a significant contributor to impacts on cardiac, neuronal, and synaptic function as well as reduced cortisol production and release. Furthermore, it is possible that intracellular calcium homeostasis-a part of cardiotoxic and neuronal function that is affected by oil exposure-may be related to cholesterol depletion. A detailed understanding of oil impacts and affected physiological processes is emerging, but knowledge of their combined effects on fish in natural habitats is largely lacking. We identify key areas deserving attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grosell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA; ,
| | - Christina Pasparakis
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA; ,
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16
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Bonatesta F, Leads RR, Price ER, Roberts AP, Mager EM. Effects of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Ultraviolet Light and their Co-Exposure on Deepwater Horizon crude oil acute toxicity to larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2509-2515. [PMID: 33006780 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the aquatic environment, ubiquitous natural factors such as ultraviolet light (UV) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are likely to influence crude oil toxicity. The present study examined the interactive effects of DOC, UV, and DOC-UV co-exposure on the acute toxicity of Deepwater Horizon crude oil in larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Although DOC alone did not influence crude oil toxicity, it mildly reduced UV photo-enhanced toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2509-2515. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bonatesta
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel R Leads
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Edwin R Price
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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17
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Key PB, Chung KW, West JB, Pennington PL, DeLorenzo ME. Developmental and reproductive effects in grass shrimp (Palaemon pugio) following acute larval exposure to a thin oil sheen and ultraviolet light. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105651. [PMID: 33049420 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many early stages of estuarine species congregate at the surface or in the upper mixing layer making them prone to UV light exposure and oil sheens. Laboratory testing was used to assess UV-oil sheen interactions with grass shrimp (Palaemon pugio). Newly hatched grass shrimp larvae were exposed to a 1-μm thick oil sheen for 24 h with or without an 8-h pulse of UV light. Grass shrimp were then transferred to clean seawater and non-UV conditions to measure development, growth, and reproductive fitness. Minimal toxicity was observed after the initial exposure but larval development was significantly delayed in shrimp exposed to the UV enhanced sheen. After reaching sexual maturity, shrimp were paired to evaluate effects on reproduction. Shrimp initially exposed to the UV enhanced sheen as larvae had a significant reduction in fecundity compared to controls. This demonstrates the importance of examining interactions between UV light and oil since negative effects to aquatic organisms may be underestimated if based on standard laboratory fluorescent lighting. Acute exposures of early life stages to thin oil sheens and UV light may lead to long-term impacts to individuals and ultimately to grass shrimp populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Key
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Katy W Chung
- JHT, Inc. and CSS, Inc. under contract to National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J Blaine West
- JHT, Inc. and CSS, Inc. under contract to National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Paul L Pennington
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marie E DeLorenzo
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
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18
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Hodson PV, Wallace SJ, de Solla SR, Head SJ, Hepditch SLJ, Parrott JL, Thomas PJ, Berthiaume A, Langlois VS. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: The challenges of ecological risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115165. [PMID: 32827982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessments (ERAs) of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), as single congeners or in mixtures, present technical challenges that raise concerns about their accuracy and validity for Canadian environments. Of more than 100,000 possible PAC structures, the toxicity of fewer than 1% have been tested as individual compounds, limiting the assessment of complex mixtures. Because of the diversity in modes of PAC action, the additivity of mixtures cannot be assumed, and mixture compositions change rapidly with weathering. In vertebrates, PACs are rapidly oxygenated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, often to metabolites that are more toxic than the parent compound. The ability to predict the ecological fate, distribution and effects of PACs is limited by toxicity data derived from tests of a few responses with a limited array of test species, under optimal laboratory conditions. Although several models are available to predict PAC toxicity and rank species sensitivity, they were developed with data biased by test methods, and the reported toxicities of many PACs exceed their solubility limits. As a result, Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for a few individual PACs provide little support for ERAs of complex mixtures in emissions and at contaminated sites. These issues are illustrated by reviews of three case studies of PAC-contaminated sites relevant to Canadian ecosystems. Interactions among ecosystem characteristics, the behaviour, fate and distribution of PACs, and non-chemical stresses on PAC-exposed species prevented clear associations between cause and effect. The uncertainties of ERAs can only be reduced by estimating the toxicity of a wider array of PACs to species typical of Canada's diverse geography and environmental conditions. Improvements are needed to models that predict toxicity, and more field studies of contaminated sites in Canada are needed to understand the ecological effects of PAC mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Hodson
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - S J Wallace
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - S R de Solla
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - S J Head
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S L J Hepditch
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - P J Thomas
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Berthiaume
- Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - V S Langlois
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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19
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Nordborg FM, Jones RJ, Oelgemöller M, Negri AP. The effects of ultraviolet radiation and climate on oil toxicity to coral reef organisms - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137486. [PMID: 32325569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oil pollution remains a significant local threat to shallow tropical coral reef environments, but the environmental conditions typical of coral reefs are rarely considered in oil toxicity testing and risk assessments. Here we review the effects of three environmental co-factors on petroleum oil toxicity towards coral reef organisms, and show that the impacts of oil pollution on coral reef taxa can be exacerbated by environmental conditions commonly encountered in tropical reef environments. Shallow reefs are routinely exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which can substantially increase the toxicity of some oil components through phototoxicity. Exposure to UVR represents the most likely and harmful environmental co-factor reviewed here, leading to an average toxicity increase of 7.2-fold across all tests reviewed. The clear relevance of UVR co-exposure and its strong influence on tropical reef oil toxicity highlights the need to account for UVR as a standard practice in future oil toxicity studies. Indeed, quantifying the influence of UVR on toxic thresholds of oil to coral reef species is essential to develop credible oil spill risk models required for oil extraction developments, shipping management and spill responses in the tropics. The few studies available indicate that co-exposure to elevated temperature and low pH, both within the range of current daily and seasonal fluctuations and/or projected under continued climate change, can increase oil toxicity on average by 3.0- and 1.3-fold, respectively. While all three of the reviewed environmental co-factors have the potential to substantially increase the impacts of oil pollution in shallow reef environments, their simultaneous effects have not been investigated. Assessments of the combined effects of oil pollution, UVR, temperature and low pH will become increasingly important to identify realistic hazard thresholds suitable for future risk assessments over the coming century.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mikaela Nordborg
- James Cook University, College of Science & Engineering, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia; AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ross J Jones
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Oelgemöller
- James Cook University, College of Science & Engineering, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Andrew P Negri
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Nielsen KM, Alloy MM, Damare L, Palmer I, Forth HP, Morris J, Stoeckel JA, Roberts AP. Planktonic Fiddler Crab ( Uca longisignalis) Are Susceptible to Photoinduced Toxicity Following in ovo Exposure in Oiled Mesocosms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6254-6261. [PMID: 32310642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benthic organisms may be exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments as the result of oil spills. PAH photoinduced toxicity, which has been documented in a wide range of early life stage (ELS) aquatic biota, is a phenomenon by which ultraviolet (UV) radiation potentiates the toxicity of photodynamic PAHs (often leading to mortality). Fiddler crabs (Uca longisignalis) are important ecosystem engineers that influence biogeochemical cycles via burrowing. As gravid females burrow, their eggs may bioaccumulate PAHs from contaminated sediments, leading to in ovo exposure. Consequently, free-swimming larvae exposed to intense UV may be at risk for photoinduced toxicity. In the present study, mature fiddler crabs were bred on oiled sediments contaminated via simulated tidal flux. Gravid females were transferred to clean water after 10 days, and larvae were collected at hatch. While in ovo exposures to oil alone did not affect survival, offspring that were subsequently exposed to full spectrum sunlight in clean water experienced significant mortality that corresponded with in ovo exposures to sediments containing ≥1455 μg/kg tPAH50. Results presented here provide evidence for the potential of photoinduced toxicity to occur in benthic organisms with free-swimming early life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Nielsen
- Dept. of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Matthew M Alloy
- Dept. of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Leigh Damare
- Dept. of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Ian Palmer
- Dept. of Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | | | | | - James A Stoeckel
- Dept. of Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Dept. of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
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21
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May LA, Burnett AR, Miller CV, Pisarski E, Webster LF, Moffitt ZJ, Pennington P, Wirth E, Baker G, Ricker R, Woodley CM. Effect of Louisiana sweet crude oil on a Pacific coral, Pocillopora damicornis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 222:105454. [PMID: 32179335 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent oil spill responses such as the Deepwater Horizon event have underscored the need for crude oil ecotoxicological threshold data for shallow water corals to assist in natural resource damage assessments. We determined the toxicity of a mechanically agitated oil-seawater mixture (high-energy water-accommodated fraction, HEWAF) of a sweet crude oil on a branched stony coral, Pocillopora damicornis. We report the results of two experiments: a 96 h static renewal exposure experiment and a "pulse-chase" experiment of three short-term exposure durations followed by a recovery period in artificial seawater. Five endpoints were used to determine ecotoxicological values: 1) algal symbiont chlorophyll fluorescence, 2) a tissue regeneration assay and a visual health metric with three endpoints: 3) tissue integrity, 4) tissue color, and 5) polyp behavior. The sum of 50 entrained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (tPAH50) was used as a proxy for oil exposure. For the 96 h exposure dose response experiment, dark-adapted maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of the dinoflagellate symbionts was least affected by crude oil (EC50 = 913 μg/L tPAH50); light-adapted effective quantum yield (EQY) was more sensitive (EC50 = 428 μg/L tPAH50). In the health assessment, polyp behavior (EC50 = 27 μg/L tPAH50) was more sensitive than tissue integrity (EC50 = 806 μg/L tPAH50) or tissue color (EC50 = 926 μg/L tPAH50). Tissue regeneration proved to be a particularly sensitive measurement for toxicity effects (EC50 = 10 μg/L tPAH50). Short duration (6-24 h) exposures using 503 μg/L tPAH50 (average concentration) resulted in negative impacts to P. damicornis and its symbionts. Recovery of chlorophyll a fluorescence levels for 6-24 h oil exposures was observed in a few hours (Fv/Fm) to several days (EQY) following recovery in fresh seawater. The coral health assessments for tissue integrity and tissue color were not affected following short-term oil exposure durations, but the 96 h treatment duration resulted in significant decreases for both. A reduction in polyp behavior (extension) was observed for all treatment durations, with recovery observed for the short-term (6-24 h) exposures within 1-2 days following placement in fresh seawater. Wounded and intact fragments exposed to oil treatments were particularly sensitive, with significant delays observed in tissue regeneration. Estimating ecotoxicological values for P. damicornis exposed to crude oil HEWAFs provides a basis for natural resource damage assessments for oil spills in reef ecosystems. These data, when combined with ecotoxicological values for other coral reef species, will contribute to the development of species sensitivity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A May
- Consolidated Safety Services, Inc. contractor for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.
| | - Athena R Burnett
- Consolidated Safety Services, Inc. contractor for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Carl V Miller
- Consolidated Safety Services, Inc. contractor for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Emily Pisarski
- Consolidated Safety Services, Inc. contractor for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Laura F Webster
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Zachary J Moffitt
- Consolidated Safety Services, Inc. contractor for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Paul Pennington
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, 219 Ft. Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Edward Wirth
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Greg Baker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Office of Response and Restoration, 1305 East West Highway, Room 10317, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Robert Ricker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Office of Response and Restoration, Assessment and Restoration Division, 1410 Neotomas Ave., Suite 110, Santa Rosa, CA, 95405, USA
| | - Cheryl M Woodley
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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22
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Berenshtein I, Paris CB, Perlin N, Alloy MM, Joye SB, Murawski S. Invisible oil beyond the Deepwater Horizon satellite footprint. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaw8863. [PMID: 32095516 PMCID: PMC7015680 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Major oil spills are catastrophic events that immensely affect the environment and society, yet determining their spatial extent is a highly complex task. During the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout, ~149,000 km2 of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) was covered by oil slicks and vast areas of the Gulf were closed for fishing. Yet, the satellite footprint does not necessarily capture the entire oil spill extent. Here, we use in situ observations and oil spill transport modeling to examine the full extent of the DWH spill, focusing on toxic-to-biota (i.e., marine organisms) oil concentration ranges. We demonstrate that large areas of the GoM were exposed to invisible and toxic oil that extended beyond the boundaries of the satellite footprint and the fishery closures. With a global increase in petroleum production-related activities, a careful assessment of oil spills' full extent is necessary to maximize environmental and public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Berenshtein
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Corresponding author. (I.B.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Claire B. Paris
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Corresponding author. (I.B.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Natalie Perlin
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Matthew M. Alloy
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Samantha B. Joye
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steve Murawski
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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23
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Rohal M, Barrera N, Van Eenennaam JS, Foekema EM, Montagna PA, Murk AJ, Pryor M, Romero IC. The effects of experimental oil-contaminated marine snow on meiofauna in a microcosm. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110656. [PMID: 31678679 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During an oil spill, a marine oil snow sedimentation and flocculent accumulation (MOSSFA) event can transport oil residue to the seafloor. Microcosm experiments were used to test the effects of oil residues on meiofaunal abundance and the nematode:copepod ratio under different oil concentrations and in the presence and absence of marine snow. Total meiofaunal abundance was 1.7 times higher in the presence of snow regardless of oil concentration. The nematode:copepod ratio was 13.9 times lower in the snow treatment regardless of the oil concentration. Copepod abundance was 24.3 times higher in marine snow treatments and 4.3 times higher at the highest oil concentration. Nematode abundance was 1.7 times lower at the highest oil concentration. The result of the experiment was an enrichment effect. The lack of a toxic response in the experiments may be attributable to relatively low oil concentrations, weathering processes, and the absence of chemically dispersed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rohal
- Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Unit 5869, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA.
| | - Noe Barrera
- Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Unit 5869, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Justine S Van Eenennaam
- Wageningen University & Research, Marine Animal Ecology Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin M Foekema
- Wageningen University & Research, Marine Animal Ecology Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 57, 1780 AB, Den Helder, the Netherlands
| | - Paul A Montagna
- Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Unit 5869, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Albertinka J Murk
- Wageningen University & Research, Marine Animal Ecology Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marissa Pryor
- Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Unit 5869, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Isabel C Romero
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
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24
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Pasparakis C, Esbaugh AJ, Burggren W, Grosell M. Impacts of deepwater horizon oil on fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 224:108558. [PMID: 31202903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An explosion on the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil rig in 2010 lead to the largest marine oil spill to occur in US history, resulting in significant impacts to the ecosystems and organisms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The present review sought to summarize and discuss findings from the 50+ peer-reviewed publications reporting effects of DWH oil exposure on teleost fish, and concludes that oil toxicity is a multi-target, multi-organ syndrome with substantial species-specific sensitivity differences. Of the 15 species tested with characterized exposures, 20% show effects at concentrations <1 μg l-1 while 50% display effects at <8.6 μg l-1 ΣPAH50, concentrations well within the range of reported environmental levels during the spill. Cardiotoxic effects are among the most frequently reported endpoints in DWH oil exposure studies and are thought to have significant downstream effects on fitness and survival. However, additional and possibly cardio-toxic independent impacts on sensory function and behavior are reported at very low exposure concentrations (< 1 μg l-1 ∑PAH50) and are clearly deserving of further study. Available information about modes of action leading to different categories of effects are summarized in the present review. An overview of the literature illustrates that early life stages (ELS) are approximately 1-order of magnitude more sensitive than corresponding later life stages, but also illustrates that adults can be impacted at concentrations as low as 4 μg l-1 ΣPAH50. The majority of studies exploring DWH oil toxicity in fish are performed using acute exposures (1-2 days), mid-range test temperatures (26-28 °C) and measure effects at the molecular to organismal levels, leaving a pressing need for more long-term exposures, exposures at the upper and lower levels of GoM relevant temperatures, and studies investigating population level impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pasparakis
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Fl, USA.
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Warren Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Fl, USA
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25
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Pasparakis C, Wang Y, Stieglitz JD, Benetti DD, Grosell M. Embryonic buoyancy control as a mechanism of ultraviolet radiation avoidance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:3070-3078. [PMID: 30463157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pelagic fish have long been presumed to produce buoyant embryos which float and hatch at or near surface waters. Due to their transparency and rapid development, mahi embryos are thought to be especially vulnerable to stressors occurring in surface waters, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and increased temperatures. In the present study, we suggest a possibly critical mechanism of UVR avoidance by pelagic fish embryos. Specifically, we provide evidence that mahi embryos are able to sense UVR and may alter buoyancy as a means of reducing exposure to the most harmful stressors occurring in the upper layers of the water column. Further, once the UVR exposure was terminated, embryos displayed fast recovery of positive buoyancy indicating this response is rapidly dynamic and not pathological. The mechanism behind buoyancy control is not known, but evidence from the current study suggests that ammonia sequestration, as seen in multiple other fish species, is not the primary control mechanism employed by embryonic mahi. Finally, expression of antioxidant and UV repair enzymes were investigated to elucidate possible involvement in observed buoyancy changes and to explore alternative methods of repairing UVR damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pasparakis
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel D Benetti
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA
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26
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Vignier J, Volety A, Soudant P, Chu FL, Loh AN, Boulais M, Robert R, Morris J, Lay C, Krasnec M. Evaluation of the Toxicity of the Deepwater Horizon Oil and Associated Dispersant on Early Life Stages of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815730-5.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Williamson CE, Neale PJ, Hylander S, Rose KC, Figueroa FL, Robinson SA, Häder DP, Wängberg SÅ, Worrest RC. The interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change on aquatic ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:717-746. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Summary of current knowledge about effects of UV radiation in inland and oceanic waters related to stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems
- Linnaeus Univ
- Kalmar
- Sweden
| | - Kevin C. Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | | | - Sharon A. Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions
- School of Earth
- Atmosphere and Life Sciences and Global Challenges Program
- University of Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Donat-P. Häder
- Department of Biology
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität
- Möhrendorf
- Germany
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28
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Magnuson JT, Khursigara AJ, Allmon EB, Esbaugh AJ, Roberts AP. Effects of Deepwater Horizon crude oil on ocular development in two estuarine fish species, red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:186-191. [PMID: 30269013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in crude oil have been shown to cause the dysregulation of genes important in eye development and function, as well as morphological abnormalities of the eye. However, it is not currently understood how these changes in gene expression are manifested as deficits in visual function. Embryonic red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) were exposed to water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of weathered crude oil and assessed for visual function using an optomotor response assay in early life-stage larvae, with subsequent samples taken for histological analysis of the eyes. Larvae of both species exposed to increasing concentrations of oil exhibited a reduced optomotor response. The mean diameters of retinal layers, which play an important role in visual function and image processing, were significantly reduced in oil-exposed sheepshead larvae, though not in red drum larvae. The present study provides evidence that weathered crude oil has a significant effect on visual function in early life-stage fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Magnuson
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
| | - Alexis J Khursigara
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States
| | - Elizabeth B Allmon
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, United States
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29
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Loh A, Yim UH, Ha SY, An JG. A preliminary study on the role of suspended particulate matter in the bioavailability of oil-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to oysters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1084-1090. [PMID: 30189525 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) refers to fine-grained materials that are suspended in water columns. By providing a surface for the adsorption of non-polar organic compounds, SPM is a carrier for persistent and toxic contaminants. A wide range of organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can be adsorbed onto SPM. The formation of particle-associated PAHs can sequentially increase the potential for exposure to and bioaccumulation by organisms. Until recently, most oil exposure studies were performed using freely dissolved and dispersed forms, and therefore the role of SPM in influencing the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of PAHs has not been considered. This study found that SPM influences the bioavailability of petrogenic PAHs in the water column and their potential for accumulation in oysters. SPM significantly enhanced the water column entrainment of petrogenic PAHs, thus increasing the potentials for uptake by exposed organisms. PAHs in the water column was highest from mechanically dispersed oil (MDO; 2.27 μg/mL) ≥ oil-SPM aggregate (OSA; 1.96 μg/mL) > water accommodated fraction (WAF; 0.19 μg/mL) but the percentage of PAHs accumulated in oysters were highest from WAF (18.3%) > MDO (14.2%) > OSA (9.62%). Despite the high water column available PAHs, oysters exposed to SPM-associated oil accumulated PAHs at half the accumulation efficiency compared with those exposed to PAHs without SPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Loh
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Marine Environmental Science Major, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Marine Environmental Science Major, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Geon An
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
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30
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Xu W, Vebrosky EN, Armbrust KL. Potential risk to human skin cells from exposure to dicloran photodegradation products in water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:861-870. [PMID: 30343185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to sunlight and certain pesticides can induce phototoxic responses. Long- and short-term exposure to the photoactivated pesticides can cause a variety of skin diseases. However, assessment of pesticide phototoxicity on human skin is difficult. In the present study, human skin keratinocytes were cultured in several forms: monolayer cell sheet, three-dimensional culture, and keratinocyte-fibroblast co-culture. A common fungicide, dicloran (DC, 2,6‑dichloro‑4‑nitroaniline), was irradiated with simulated sunlight for 2 (DC-PD-2h) and 4 (DC-PD-4h) hours. Dicloran, and two purified intermediate photodegradation products, 2‑chloro‑1,4‑benzoquinone (CBQ) and 1,4‑benzoquinone (BQ), were applied in toxicity tests independently with the keratinocyte culture models. The cell migration, cell differentiation, pro-inflammatory molecule production, and dermal fibroblast cell activation were all measured in the keratinocytes treated with the chemicals described above. These parameters were used as references for dicloran phototoxicity assessment. Among all tested chemicals, the DC-PD-4h and BQ demonstrated elevated toxicities to the keratinocytes compared to dicloran based on our results. The application of DC-PD-4h or BQ significantly delayed the migration of keratinocytes in monolayer cell sheets, inhibited the keratinocyte differentiation, increased the production of pro-inflammatory molecules by 3D keratinocyte culture, and enhanced the ability of 3D cultured keratinocytes in the activation of co-cultured dermal fibroblast cells. In contrast, dicloran, DC-PD-2h, and CBQ showed minimal effects on the keratinocytes in all assays. The results suggested that the four-hour photodegraded dicloran was likely to induce inflammatory skin diseases in the natural human skin. The 1,4‑benzoquinone, which is the predominant degradation product detected following 4 h of irradiation, was the main factor for this response. Photoactivation increased the risk of skin exposed to dicloran in nature. Our models provided an efficient tool in the assessment of toxicity changes in pesticide following normal use practices under typical environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA.
| | - Emily N Vebrosky
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kevin L Armbrust
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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31
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Perrichon P, Mager EM, Pasparakis C, Stieglitz JD, Benetti DD, Grosell M, Burggren WW. Combined effects of elevated temperature and Deepwater Horizon oil exposure on the cardiac performance of larval mahi-mahi, Coryphaena hippurus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203949. [PMID: 30332409 PMCID: PMC6192557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill coincided with the spawning season of many pelagic fish species in the Gulf of Mexico. Yet, few studies have investigated physiological responses of larval fish to interactions between anthropogenic crude oil exposure and natural factors (e.g. temperature, oxygen levels). Consequently, mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) embryos were exposed for 24 hours to combinations of two temperatures (26 and 30°C) and six concentrations of oiled fractions of weathered oil (from 0 to 44.1 μg ∑50PAHs·L-1). In 56 hours post-fertilization larvae, heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were measured as indicators of functional cardiac phenotypes. Fluid accumulation and incidence of edema and hematomas were quantified as indicators of morphological impairments. At both 26 and 30°C, oil-exposed larvae suffered dose-dependent morphological impairments and functional heart failure. Elevation of temperature to 30°C appeared to induce greater physiological responses (bradycardia) at PAH concentrations in the range of 3.0–14.9 μg·L-1. Conversely, elevated temperature in oil-exposed larvae reduced edema severity and hematoma incidence. However, the apparent protective role of warmer temperature does not appear to protect against enhanced mortality. Collectively, our findings show that elevated temperature may slightly decrease larval resilience to concurrent oil exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prescilla Perrichon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Edward M. Mager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christina Pasparakis
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - John D. Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel D. Benetti
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Warren W. Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
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32
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Bridges KN, Krasnec MO, Magnuson JT, Morris JM, Gielazyn ML, Chavez JR, Roberts AP. Influence of variable ultraviolet radiation and oil exposure duration on survival of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2372-2379. [PMID: 29856086 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increases with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The intensity of UV radiation varies within aquatic ecosystems, potentially providing reprieves during which tissue repair may occur. Transient/short-term PAH exposure prior to UV exposure may initiate metabolism/clearance, potentially affecting outcomes. Larval Sciaenops ocellatus were exposed to oil and UV radiation, using either variable photoperiods or pre-UV oil exposure durations. Shorter PAH exposures exhibited greater toxicity, as did exposure to shorter photoperiods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2372-2379. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Bridges
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | | | - Michel L Gielazyn
- National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Assessment & Restoration Division, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - J Ruben Chavez
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Division, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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33
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Finch BE, Stefansson ES, Langdon CJ, Pargee SM, Stubblefield WA. Photo-enhanced toxicity of undispersed and dispersed weathered Macondo crude oil to Pacific (Crassostrea gigas) and eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) larvae. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:828-834. [PMID: 30041383 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During the Deepwater Horizon oil spill rapid natural weathering of Macondo crude oil occurred during the transport of oil to coastal areas. In response to the DWH incident, dispersant was applied to Macondo crude oil to reduce the movement of oil to coastal regions. This study aimed to assess the narcotic and phototoxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of weathered Macondo crude oil, and chemically-enhanced WAFs of Corexit 9500 to Pacific (Crassostrea gigas) and eastern (Crassostrea virginica) oyster larvae. Phototoxic effects were observed for larval Pacific oysters exposed to combinations of oil and dispersant, but not for oil alone. Phototoxic effects were observed for larval eastern oysters exposed to oil alone and combinations of oil and dispersant. Corexit 9500 did not exhibit phototoxicity but resulted in significant narcotic toxicity for Pacific oysters. Oyster larvae may have experienced reduced survival and/or abnormal development if reproduction coincided with exposures to oil or dispersant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryson E Finch
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Emily S Stefansson
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Chris J Langdon
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Suzanne M Pargee
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - William A Stubblefield
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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34
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Bridges KN, Lay CR, Alloy MM, Gielazyn ML, Morris JM, Forth HP, Takeshita R, Travers CL, Oris JT, Roberts AP. Estimating incident ultraviolet radiation exposure in the northern Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1679-1687. [PMID: 29473712 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Millions of barrels of oil were released into the Gulf of Mexico following the 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic components of crude oil, which may become more toxic in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a phenomenon known as photo-induced toxicity. The Deepwater Horizon spill impacted offshore and estuarine sites, where biota may be co-exposed to UV and PAHs. Penetration of UV into the water column is affected by site-specific factors. Therefore, measurements and/or estimations of UV are necessary when one is assessing the risk to biota posed by photo-induced toxicity. We describe how estimates of incident UV were determined for the area impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, using monitoring data from radiometers near the spill, in conjunction with reference spectra characterizing the composition of solar radiation. Furthermore, we provide UV attenuation coefficients for both near- and offshore sites in the Gulf of Mexico. These estimates are specific to the time and location of the spill, and fall within the range of intensities utilized during photo-induced toxicity tests performed in support of the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). These data further validate the methodologies and findings of phototoxicity tests included in the Deepwater Horizon NRDA, while underscoring the importance of considering UV exposure when assessing possible risks following oil spills. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1679-1687. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Bridges
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | | | - Matthew M Alloy
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Michel L Gielazyn
- Assessment and Restoration Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James T Oris
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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35
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Sweet LE, Revill AT, Strzelecki J, Hook SE, Morris JM, Roberts AP. Photo-induced toxicity following exposure to crude oil and ultraviolet radiation in 2 Australian fishes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1359-1366. [PMID: 29323733 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), components of crude oil, are known to cause increased toxicity when organisms are co-exposed with ultraviolet radiation, resulting in photo-induced toxicity. The photodynamic characteristics of some PAHs are of particular concern to places like Australia with high ultraviolet radiation levels. The objective of the present study was to characterize the photo-induced toxicity of an Australian North West Shelf oil to early life stage yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) and black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri). The fish were exposed to high-energy water accommodated fractions for 24 to 36 h. During the exposure, the fish were either co-exposed to full-intensity or filtered natural sunlight and then transferred to clean water. At 48 h, survival, cardiac effects, and spinal deformities were assessed. Yellowtail kingfish embryos co-exposed to oil and full-spectrum sunlight exhibited decreased hatching success and a higher incidence of cardiac arrhythmias, compared with filtered sunlight. A significant increase in the incidence of pericardial edema occurred in black bream embryos co-exposed to full-spectrum sunlight. These results highlight the need for more studies investigating the effects of PAHs and photo-induced toxicity under environmental conditions relevant to Australia. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1359-1366. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Sweet
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew T Revill
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joanna Strzelecki
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon E Hook
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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36
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Damare LM, Bridges KN, Alloy MM, Curran TE, Soulen BK, Forth HP, Lay CR, Morris JM, Stoeckel JA, Roberts AP. Photo-induced toxicity in early life stage fiddler crab (Uca longisignalis) following exposure to Deepwater Horizon oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:440-447. [PMID: 29464533 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil rig led to the release of millions of barrels of oil in the Gulf of Mexico. Oil in aquatic ecosystems exerts toxicity through multiple mechanisms, including photo-induced toxicity following co-exposure with UV radiation. The timing and location of the spill coincided with both fiddler crab reproduction and peak yearly UV intensities, putting early life stage fiddler crabs at risk of injury due to photo-induced toxicity. The present study assessed sensitivity of fiddler crab larvae to photo-induced toxicity during co-exposure to a range of environmentally relevant dilutions of high-energy water accommodated fractions of DWH oil, and either <10, 50, or 100% ambient sunlight, achieved with filters that allowed for variable UV penetration. Solar exposures (duration: 7-h per day) were conducted for two consecutive days, with a dark recovery period (duration: 17-h) in between. Survival was significantly decreased in treatments the presence of >10% UV and relatively low concentrations of oil. Results of the present study indicate fiddler crab larvae are sensitive to photo-induced toxicity in the presence of DWH oil. These results are of concern, as fiddler crabs play an important role as ecosystem engineers, modulating sediment biogeochemical processes via burrowing action. Furthermore, they occupy an important place in the food web in the Gulf of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M Damare
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kristin N Bridges
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Matthew M Alloy
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Thomas E Curran
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brianne K Soulen
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - James A Stoeckel
- School of Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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37
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Vebrosky EN, Saranjampour P, Crosby DG, Armbrust KL. Photodegradation of Dicloran in Freshwater and Seawater. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2654-2659. [PMID: 29474091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dicloran appears to be a model pesticide for investigating photodegradation processes in surface waters. Photodegradation processes are particularly relevant to this compound as it is applied to crops grown in proximity to freshwater and marine ecosystems. The photodegradation of dicloran under simulated sunlight was measured in distilled water, artificial seawater, phosphate buffer, and filter-sterilized estuarine water to determine its half-life, degradation rate, and photodegradation products. The half-life was approximately 7.5 h in all media. There was no significant difference in the rate of degradation between distilled water and artificial seawater for dicloran. For the intermediate products, a higher concentration of 2-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone was measured in artificial seawater versus distilled water, while a slightly higher concentration of 1,4-benzoquinone was measured in distilled water versus artificial seawater. The detection of chloride and nitrate ions after 2 h of light exposure suggests photonucleophilic substitution contributes to the degradation process. Differences in product distributions between water types suggest that salinity impacts on chemical degradation may need to be addressed in chemical exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Vebrosky
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Parichehr Saranjampour
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Donald G Crosby
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California at Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Kevin L Armbrust
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
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38
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Evaluation of the Ability of Spectral Indices of Hydrocarbons and Seawater for Identifying Oil Slicks Utilizing Hyperspectral Images. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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O'Shaughnessy KA, Forth H, Takeshita R, Chesney EJ. Toxicity of weathered Deepwater Horizon oil to bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:473-479. [PMID: 29112918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The BP-contracted Deepwater Horizon Macondo well blowout occurred on 20 April 2010 and lasted nearly three months. The well released millions of barrels of crude oil into the northern Gulf of Mexico, causing extensive impacts on pelagic, benthic, and estuarine fish species. The bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) is an important zooplanktivore in the Gulf, serving as an ecological link between lower trophic levels and pelagic predatory fish species. Bay anchovy spawn from May through November in shallow inshore and estuarine waters throughout the Gulf. Because their buoyant embryos are a dominant part of the inshore ichthyoplankton throughout the summer, it is likely bay anchovy embryos encountered oil in coastal estuaries during the summer and fall of 2010. Bay anchovy embryos were exposed to a range of concentrations of two field-collected Deepwater Horizon oils as high-energy and low-energy water accommodated fractions (HEWAFs and LEWAFs, respectively) for 48h. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) were lower in exposures with the more weathered oil (HEWAF, 1.48µg/L TPAH50; LEWAF, 1.58µg/L TPAH50) compared to the less weathered oil (HEWAF, 3.87µg/L TPAH50; LEWAF, 4.28µg/L TPAH50). To measure delayed mortality and life stage sensitivity between embryos and larvae, an additional 24h acute HEWAF exposure using the more weathered oil was run followed by a 24h grow-out period. Here the LC50 was 9.71µg/L TPAH50 after the grow-out phase, suggesting a toxic effect of oil at the embryonic or hatching stage. We also found that exposures prepared with the more weathered Slick B oil produced lower LC50 values compared to the exposures prepared with Slick A oil. Our results demonstrate that even relatively acute environmental exposure times can have a detrimental effect on bay anchovy embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Forth
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Ryan Takeshita
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Edward J Chesney
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Hwy 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
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40
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Pasparakis C, Sweet LE, Stieglitz JD, Benetti D, Casente CT, Roberts AP, Grosell M. Combined effects of oil exposure, temperature and ultraviolet radiation on buoyancy and oxygen consumption of embryonic mahi-mahi, Coryphaena hippurus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 191:113-121. [PMID: 28818643 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred in the summer of 2010 and coincided with the spawning window of the ecologically and economically important pelagic fish mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). During summer months, early life stage mahi-mahi were likely also exposed to other naturally occurring stressors such as increased temperature and ultraviolet radiation (UV). Previous research has shown that co-exposure to oil and additional natural stressors can affect the timing and duration of negative buoyancy in mahi-mahi embryos. The current study aimed to elucidate the factors affecting the onset of negative buoyancy and to also explore possible mechanisms behind buoyancy change. Embryos co-exposed to oil and/or increased temperature and UV radiation displayed early onset of negative buoyancy with concurrent increases in oxygen consumption and sinking rates, which are normally only seen during the period directly preceding hatch. Results also suggest a behavioral response in which embryos avoid UV radiation by sinking down the water column but reestablish positive buoyancy once the UV radiation is removed. These findings imply that embryos can dynamically change their position in the water column in response to external cues and thus may have much greater control over buoyancy than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pasparakis
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Lauren E Sweet
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Benetti
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Conrad T Casente
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA
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41
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Finch BE, Marzooghi S, Di Toro DM, Stubblefield WA. Phototoxic potential of undispersed and dispersed fresh and weathered Macondo crude oils to Gulf of Mexico Marine Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2640-2650. [PMID: 28418080 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crude oils contain a mixture of hydrocarbons, including phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that have the ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. Absorption of UV light by PAHs can substantially increase their toxicity to marine organisms. The objective of the present study was to examine the potential for phototoxicity of fresh and naturally weathered Macondo crude oils alone and in combination with the dispersant Corexit 9500 to mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia), inland silverside (Menidia beryllina), sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis). Acute toxicity tests were conducted using combinations of natural or artificial sunlight and low-energy water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of fresh and weathered Macondo crude oils collected from the Gulf of Mexico. Studies were also conducted to compare the phototoxicity resulting from natural and artificial sunlight. Fresh Macondo crude oil was more phototoxic than weathered crude oils, both in the presence and in the absence of UV light. Differences in toxicity between fresh and weathered crude oils were likely attributed to lighter-ringed PAHs in fresh crude oils. Phototoxic PAHs were relatively resistant to weathering compared with lighter-ringed PAHs. The addition of Corexit 9500 to crude oil increased toxicity compared with tests with crude oil alone, by increasing phototoxic PAH concentrations in WAFs. Macondo crude oils had the potential to be phototoxic to Gulf of Mexico marine organisms if specific light conditions and PAH concentrations were present during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2640-2650. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryson E Finch
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Solmaz Marzooghi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - William A Stubblefield
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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42
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Diamante G, do Amaral E Silva Müller G, Menjivar-Cervantes N, Xu EG, Volz DC, Dias Bainy AC, Schlenk D. Developmental toxicity of hydroxylated chrysene metabolites in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 189:77-86. [PMID: 28601011 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine environments is oil. Photochemical oxidation and microbial transformation of PAH-containing oils can result in the formation of oxygenated products. Among the PAHs in crude oil, chrysene is one of the most persistent within the water column and may be transformed to 2- and 6-hydroxychrysene (OHCHR). Both of these compounds have been shown to activate (2-OHCHR) and antagonize (6-OHCHR) the estrogen receptor (ER). Previous studies in our lab have shown that estrogen can significantly alter zebrafish development. However, little is known about the developmental toxicity of hydroxylated PAHs. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.5-10μM of 2- or 6-OHCHR from 2h post-fertilization (hpf) until 76hpf. A significant decrease in survival was observed following exposure to 6-OHCHR - but not 2-OHCHR. Both OHCHRs significantly increased the percentage of overall deformities after treatment. In addition to cardiac malformations, ocular and circulatory defects were also observed in embryos exposed to both compounds, while 2-OHCHR generally resulted in a higher prevalence of effect. Moreover, treatment with 2-OHCHR resulted in a significant decrease in hemoglobin levels. ER nor G-Protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) antagonists and agonists did not rescue the observed defects. We also analyzed the expression of cardiac-, eye- and circulation-related genes previously shown to be affected by oil. Rhodopsin mRNA expresssion was significantly decreased by both compounds equally. However, exposure to 2-OHCHR significantly increased the expression of the hematopoietic regulator, runx1 (runt related transcription factor 1). These results indicate the toxicity of oxygenated photoproducts of PAHs and suggest that other targets and signaling pathways may contribute to developmental toxicity of weathered oil. Our findings also demonstrate the regio-selective toxicity of hydroxy-PAHs in the effects on eye and circulatory development and raise the need to identify mechanisms and ecological risks of oxy-PAHs to fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciel Diamante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - Norma Menjivar-Cervantes
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Afonso Celso Dias Bainy
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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43
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Barron MG. Photoenhanced Toxicity of Petroleum to Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:40-46. [PMID: 28695259 PMCID: PMC6016383 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoenhanced toxicity is a distinct mechanism of petroleum toxicity that is mediated by the interaction of solar radiation with specific polycyclic aromatic compounds in oil. Phototoxicity is observed as a twofold to greater than 1000-fold increase in chemical toxicity to aquatic organisms that also have been exposed to light sources containing sufficient quantity and quality of ultraviolet radiation (UV). When tested under natural sunlight or laboratory sources of UV, fresh, and weathered middle distillates, crudes and heavy oils can exhibit photoenhanced toxicity. These same products do not exhibit phototoxicity in standard test protocols because of low UV irradiance in laboratory lighting. Fresh, estuarine, and marine waters have been shown to have sufficient solar radiation exposure to elicit photoenhanced toxicity, and a diversity of aquatic invertebrate and fish species can exhibit photoenhanced toxicity when exposed to combinations of oil and UV. Risks of photoenhanced toxicity will be greatest to early life stages of aquatic organisms that are translucent to UV and that inhabit the photic zone of the water column and intertidal areas exposed to oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mace G Barron
- Gulf Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA.
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44
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Sweet LE, Magnuson J, Garner TR, Alloy MM, Stieglitz JD, Benetti D, Grosell M, Roberts AP. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation late in development increases the toxicity of oil to mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1592-1598. [PMID: 27859534 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 overlapped with the spawning of many pelagic fish species in the Gulf of Mexico, including mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released during the spill have been shown to cause photo-induced toxicity under ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In the present study, mahi-mahi embryos were exposed to high-energy water accommodated fractions of source and naturally weathered oils for up to 48 h. The timing of co-exposure with UV radiation varied between an early development exposure for 8 h or a late development exposure for 8 h. The UV co-exposure had a photo-induced toxic effect on hatching success for all oil types and exposure scenarios. A more sensitive developmental window to photo-induced toxicity was observed when UV exposure occurred late in development. Source Oil B was over 6-fold more toxic, and Massachusetts source oil was 1.6-fold more toxic when the embryos were co-exposed to UV light late in development. Furthermore, weathered oil from the surface co-exposure with UV late in development resulted in bradycardia in the mahi-mahi. The present study provides evidence that the developmental window when UV co-exposure occurs has a significant effect on the degree of photo-induced toxicity of oil and that UV co-exposure may exacerbate long-term cardiac effects in developing fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1592-1598. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Sweet
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Jason Magnuson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - T Ross Garner
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew M Alloy
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel Benetti
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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45
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Alloy M, Garner TR, Bridges K, Mansfield C, Carney M, Forth H, Krasnec M, Lay C, Takeshita R, Morris J, Bonnot S, Oris J, Roberts A. Co-exposure to sunlight enhances the toxicity of naturally weathered Deepwater Horizon oil to early lifestage red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and speckled seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:780-785. [PMID: 27868239 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill resulted in the accidental release of millions of barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Photo-induced toxicity following co-exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is 1 mechanism by which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from oil spills may exert toxicity. Red drum and speckled seatrout are both important fishery resources in the Gulf of Mexico. They spawn near-shore and produce positively buoyant embryos that hatch into larvae in approximately 24 h. The goal of the present study was to determine whether exposure to UV as natural sunlight enhances the toxicity of crude oil to early lifestage red drum and speckled seatrout. Larval fish were exposed to several dilutions of high-energy water-accommodated fractions (HEWAFs) from 2 different oils collected in the field under chain of custody during the 2010 spill and 3 gradations of natural sunlight in a factorial design. Co-exposure to natural sunlight and oil significantly reduced larval survival compared with exposure to oil alone. Although both species were sensitive at PAH concentrations reported during the Deepwater Horizon spill, speckled seatrout demonstrated a greater sensitivity to photo-induced toxicity than red drum. These data demonstrate that even advanced weathering of slicks does not ameliorate the potential for photo-induced toxicity of oil to these species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:780-785. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Alloy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Ross Garner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Kristin Bridges
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shane Bonnot
- Sea Center Texas, Texas Parks and Wildlife, Lake Jackson, Texas, USA
| | - James Oris
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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46
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Roberts AP, Alloy MM, Oris JT. Review of the photo-induced toxicity of environmental contaminants. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 191:160-167. [PMID: 27756692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Solar radiation is a vital component of ecosystem function. However, sunlight can also interact with certain xenobiotic compounds in a phenomenon known as photo-induced, photo-enhanced, photo-activated, or photo-toxicity. This phenomenon broadly refers to an interaction between a chemical and sunlight resulting in increased toxicity. Because most aquatic ecosystems receive some amount of sunlight, co-exposure to xenobiotic chemicals and solar radiation is likely to occur in the environment, and photo-induced toxicity may be an important factor impacting aquatic ecosystems. However, photo-induced toxicity is not likely to be relevant in all aquatic systems or exposure scenarios due to variation in important ecological factors as well as physiological adaptations of the species that reside there. Here, we provide an updated review of the state of the science of photo-induced toxicity in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Matthew M Alloy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X3V9, Canada.
| | - James T Oris
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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47
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Stieglitz JD, Mager EM, Hoenig RH, Alloy M, Esbaugh AJ, Bodinier C, Benetti DD, Roberts AP, Grosell M. A novel system for embryo-larval toxicity testing of pelagic fish: Applications for impact assessment of Deepwater Horizon crude oil. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 162:261-268. [PMID: 27505137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Key differences in the developmental process of pelagic fish embryos, in comparison to embryos of standard test fish species, present challenges to obtaining sufficient control survival needed to successfully perform traditional toxicity testing bioassays. Many of these challenges relate to the change in buoyancy, from positive to negative, of pelagic fish embryos that occurs just prior to hatch. A novel exposure system, the pelagic embryo-larval exposure chamber (PELEC), has been developed to conduct successful bioassays on the early life stages (ELSs; embryos/larvae) of pelagic fish. Using this unique recirculating upwelling system, it was possible to significantly improve control survival in pelagic fish ELS bioassays compared to commonly used static exposure methods. Results demonstrate that control performance of mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) embryos in the PELEC system, measured as percent survival after 96-hrs, significantly outperformed agitated static exposure and static exposure systems. Similar significant improvements in 72-hr control survival were obtained with yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). The PELEC system was subsequently used to test the effects of photo-induced toxicity of crude oil to mahi-mahi ELSs over the course of 96-hrs. Results indicate a greater than 9-fold increase in toxicity of Deepwater Horizon (DWH) crude oil during co-exposure to ambient sunlight compared to filtered ambient sunlight, revealing the importance of including natural sunlight in 96-hr DWH crude oil bioassays as well as the PELEC system's potential application in ecotoxicological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Stieglitz
- University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA.
| | - Edward M Mager
- University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
| | - Ronald H Hoenig
- University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
| | - Matthew Alloy
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #310559, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- University of Texas, Marine Science Institute, Department of Marine Science, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Charlotte Bodinier
- University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
| | - Daniel D Benetti
- University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #310559, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
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48
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Stieglitz JD, Mager EM, Hoenig RH, Benetti DD, Grosell M. Impacts of Deepwater Horizon crude oil exposure on adult mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) swim performance. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2613-2622. [PMID: 27018209 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The temporal and geographic attributes of the Deepwater Horizon incident in 2010 likely exposed pelagic game fish species, such as mahi-mahi, to crude oil. Although much of the research assessing the effects of the spill has focused on early life stages of fish, studies examining whole-animal physiological responses of adult marine fish species are lacking. Using swim chamber respirometry, the present study demonstrates that acute exposure to a sublethal concentration of the water accommodated fraction of Deepwater Horizon crude oil results in significant swim performance impacts on young adult mahi-mahi, representing the first report of acute sublethal toxicity on adult pelagic fish in the Gulf of Mexico following the spill. At an exposure concentration of 8.4 ± 0.6 µg L-1 sum of 50 selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; mean of geometric means ± standard error of the mean), significant decreases in the critical and optimal swimming speeds of 14% and 10%, respectively (p < 0.05), were observed. In addition, a 20% reduction in the maximum metabolic rate and a 29% reduction in aerobic scope resulted from exposure to this level of ΣPAHs. Using environmentally relevant crude oil exposure concentrations and a commercially and ecologically valuable Gulf of Mexico fish species, the present results provide insight into the effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on adult pelagic fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2613-2622. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Stieglitz
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Edward M Mager
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ronald H Hoenig
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel D Benetti
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Chakrabarty P, O'Neill GA, Hardy B, Ballengee B. Five Years Later: An Update on the Status of Collections of Endemic Gulf of Mexico Fishes Put at Risk by the 2010 Oil Spill. Biodivers Data J 2016:e8728. [PMID: 27660530 PMCID: PMC5018106 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.4.e8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill took place over 180,000 square kilometers during a 12-week period over five years ago; however, this event continues to influence the development and distribution of organisms in and around the region of the disaster. Here we examine fish species that may have been most affected by noting their past distribution in the region of the spill and examining data of known collecting events over the last 10 years (five years prior to the spill, five years post spill). New information We found that more than half of the endemic fish species of the Gulf (45 of 77)
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosanta Chakrabarty
- Louisiana State Unviersity Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America; National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Glynn A O'Neill
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States of America
| | - Brannon Hardy
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States of America
| | - Brandon Ballengee
- Louisiana State Unviersity Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, United States of America
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