1
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Witter AE. Acute toxicity of petroleum asphalt seal coat leachates to Ceriodaphnia dubia is linked to polymer preservatives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173123. [PMID: 38740202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Low-VOC waterborne asphalt-emulsion (AE) seal coat is considered more sustainable than solvent-based coal-tar emulsion seal coat because asphalt emulsions contain negligible amounts of carcinogenic PAHs and release fewer harmful volatile organic compounds. Yet, many low-VOC coatings leach water-soluble substances under outdoor conditions. To investigate the chemical composition of seal coat leachates, three AE formulations were cured under natural weathering conditions and exposed to simulated runoff over a 10-day field trial. Runoff was collected and concentrated using ion-exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Leached compounds included hydrocarbons, esters, amines, siloxanes, plasticizers, biocides, polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers, urethanes, and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Glycol ethers comprised 29-97 % of the measured leachate mass. Two seal coat formulations contained isothiazolinone biocides, methylchloro- and methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT; 0.5 mg/L in runoff), while a third seal coat formulation continuously leached TDI, a reactive polyurethane (PU) precursor (0.7 mg/L in runoff). Biocide-containing leachates showed acute toxicity to the freshwater water flea, Ceriodaphnia dubia after 48 h, while TDI-containing leachate showed no acute toxicity, suggesting that leachate toxicity was due to in-can polymer preservatives. As biocides are implicated in impaired reproductive signaling, these results support the use of alkaline pH to avoid biofouling and reinforce the goal of reducing and/or avoiding the use of biocides altogether, especially for environmentally friendly products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Witter
- Dickinson College, Department of Chemistry, Carlisle, PA 17013, United States of America.
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2
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Kiefer N, Nichterlein M, Reiß F, Runge M, Biermann U, Wieland T, Noll M, Kalkhof S. Eluates from façades at the beginning of their service time affect aquatic and sediment organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167531. [PMID: 37793451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are used in building materials to prevent microbial growth during storage (in-can preservatives) as well as after application (film preservatives). These compounds can leach out from the material into the environment and harm non-target organisms. In this study, the ecotoxicological effect of leachates at the beginning of a façade lifetime, on sediment and aquatic organisms was examined. For this purpose, leaching tests were carried out in the setting of a natural weathering experiment and a laboratory immersion with façade samples consisting of render/paint systems. The leaching experiments were performed with three different formulations, namely no biocides containing control, a formulation containing only in-can preservatives (benzisothiazolinone (BIT), methylchloroisothiazolinone (CMIT), and methylisothiazolinone (MIT)), and, as is common in organic building materials, containing both in-can and film preservatives (octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and terbutryn (TB)). In order to elucidate the effects of in-can and film preservative-containing eluates the toxicity of the generated leachables was evaluated on the model of several aquatic and sediment organisms, namely luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), green algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus), Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 (umu-test), fish-egg (Danio rerio), Chironomus riparius, and Lumbriculus variegatus. It was demonstrated that in-can preservatives leach out rapidly at the beginning of a façade lifetime and despite the short half-life of these compounds in aqueous solutions, they could be detected at high concentrations in the eluates. Furthermore, eluates from early sampling times, predominantly containing in-can preservatives, were found to cause toxic effects on sediment and aquatic organisms. The results demonstrate that in-can preservatives can impose a significant stress factor on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kiefer
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Moritz Nichterlein
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabienne Reiß
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Wieland
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Noll
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany; Proteomics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Junginger T, Payraudeau S, Imfeld G. Emissions of the Urban Biocide Terbutryn from Facades: The Contribution of Transformation Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14319-14329. [PMID: 37712441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are added to facade paints and renders to prevent algal and fungal growth. The emissions of biocides and their transformation products from building facades during wind-driven rain can contaminate surface waters, soil, and groundwater. Although the emissions of biocide transformation products may be higher than those of the parent biocide, knowledge of the emissions of transformation products over time is scarce. Combining field- and lab-scale experiments, we showed that solar irradiation on facades controls the formation of transformation products and can be used with runoff volume to estimate the long-term emissions of terbutryn transformation products from facades. The slow (t1/2 > 90 d) photodegradation of terbutryn in paint under environmental conditions was associated with insignificant carbon isotope fractionation (Δδ13C < 2 ‰) and caused 20% higher emission of terbutryn-sulfoxide than terbutryn in leachates from facades. This indicated continuous terbutryn diffusion toward the paint surface, which favored terbutryn photodegradation and the concomitant formation of transformation products over time. The emissions of terbutryn transformation products (77 mg m-2) in facade leachates, modeled based on irradiation and facade runoff, were predicted to exceed those of terbutryn (42 mg m-2) by nearly 2-fold after eight years. Overall, this study provides a framework to estimate and account for the long-term emissions of biocide transformation products from building facades to improve the assessment of environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Junginger
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
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4
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Albers CN, Johnsen AR, Bollmann UE. Urban areas as sources of the groundwater contaminants N,N-dimethylsulfamide (N,N-DMS) and 1,2,4-triazole. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163377. [PMID: 37030362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nyrop Albers
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Risbjerg Johnsen
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Elisabeth Bollmann
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Schoknecht U, Mathies H. The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7368. [PMID: 36295433 PMCID: PMC9609615 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Weather conditions affect biocides on exposed outer surfaces on constructions. Contact with water causes hydrolysis and leaching of substances. Ultraviolet radiation may induce photolysis. As a result, a mixture of biocidal active substances and transformation products can be emitted into the environment. In a semi-field study, leaching of the biocidal active substances terbutryn, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, carbendazim, and selected transformation products was observed for two paints containing either a white or a red pigment. Painted test panels were exposed to natural weathering for about 1.5 years. Runoff samples were analyzed during the course of the experiment. At the end of the study, residues of biocidal active substances and transformation products were determined in sections of the test panels. Emissions of substances were mainly observed during the first few months of the experiments. Increased emissions of transformation products were observed during periods of increased global radiation and subsequent periods with relatively high amounts of driving rain. Different patterns of transformation products were observed, especially for terbutryn, both for paints containing different pigments and in experiments that were started in different periods of the year, as well as during different periods of the experiments.
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6
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Junginger T, Payraudeau S, Imfeld G. Transformation and stable isotope fractionation of the urban biocide terbutryn during biodegradation, photodegradation and abiotic hydrolysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135329. [PMID: 35709839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Terbutryn is a widely used biocide in construction materials like paint and render to prevent the growth of microorganisms, algae and fungi. Terbutryn is released from the facades into the environment during rainfall, contaminating surface waters, soil and groundwater. Knowledge of terbutryn dissipation from the facades to aquatic ecosystems is scarce. Here, we examined in laboratory microcosms degradation half-lives, formation of transformation products and carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation during terbutryn direct (UV light with λ = 254 nm and simulated sunlight) and indirect (simulated sunlight with nitrate) photodegradation, abiotic hydrolysis (pH = 1, 7 and 13), and aerobic biodegradation (stormwater pond sediment, soil and activated sludge). Biodegradation half-lives of terbutryn were high (>80 d). Photodegradation under simulated sunlight and hydrolysis at extreme pH values indicated slow degradability and accumulation in the environment. Photodegradation resulted in a variety of transformation products, whereas abiotic hydrolysis lead solely to terbutryn-2-hydroxy in acidic and basic conditions. Biodegradation indicates degradation to terbutryn-2-hydroxy through terbutryn-sulfoxide. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of terbutryn holds potential to differentiate degradation pathways. Carbon isotope fractionation values (εC) ranged from -3.4 ± 0.3‰ (hydrolysis pH 1) to +0.8 ± 0.1‰ (photodegradation under UV light), while nitrogen isotope fractionation values ranged from -1.0 ± 0.4‰ (simulated sunlight photodegradation with nitrate) to +3.4 ± 0.2‰ (hydrolysis at pH 1). In contrast, isotope fractionation during biodegradation was insignificant. ΛN/C values ranged from -1.0 ± 0.1 (hydrolysis at pH 1) to 2.8 ± 0.3 (photodegradation under UV light), allowing to differentiate degradation pathways. Combining the formation of transformation products and stable isotope fractionation enabled identifying distinct degradation pathways. Altogether, this study highlights the potential of CSIA to follow terbutryn degradation in situ and differentiate prevailing degradation pathways, which may help to monitor urban biocide remediation and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Junginger
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/ EOST/ ENGEES, CNRS, UMR 7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/ EOST/ ENGEES, CNRS, UMR 7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/ EOST/ ENGEES, CNRS, UMR 7063, F-67084, Strasbourg, France.
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7
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Baetz N, Schmidt TC, Tuerk J. High-performance thin-layer chromatography in combination with an acetylcholinesterase-inhibition bioassay with pre-oxidation of organothiophosphates to determine neurotoxic effects in storm, waste, and surface water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4167-4178. [PMID: 35583680 PMCID: PMC9124651 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides such as organothiophosphates (OTPs) are neurotoxically active and enter the aquatic environment. Bioassays, using acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a suitable substrate and reactant, can be applied for the photometric detection of AChE-inhibiton (AChE-I) effects. The oxidized forms of OTPs, so-called oxons, have higher inhibition potentials for AChE. Therefore, a higher sensitivity is achieved for application of oxidized samples to the AChE assay. In this study, the oxidation of malathion, parathion, and chlorpyrifos by n-bromosuccinimide (NBS) was investigated in an approach combining high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with an AChE-I assay. Two AChE application approaches, immersion and spraying, were compared regarding sensitivity, precision, and general feasibility of the OTP effect detection. The oxidation by NBS led to an activation of the OTPs and a strong increase in sensitivity similar to the oxons tested. The sensitivity and precision of the two application techniques were similar, although the spray method was slightly more sensitive to the oxidized OTPs. The 10% inhibition concentrations (IC10) for the spray approach were 0.26, 0.75, and 0.35 ng/spot for activated malathion, parathion, and chlorpyrifos, respectively. AChE-I effect recoveries in samples from a stormwater retention basin and receiving stream were between 69 and 92% for malathion, parathion, and chlorpyrifos. The overall workflow, including sample enrichment by solid-phase extraction, HPTLC, oxidation of OTPs, and AChE-I assay, was demonstrated to be suitable for the detection of AChE-I effects in native water samples. An effect of unknown origin was found in a sample from a stormwater retention basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Baetz
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany.
- Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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8
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Abstract
A large variety of substances are used in building materials to improve their properties. In recent years, attention to organic additives used, for example, in renders, façade paints or roof sealing sheets has increased as these compounds have been detected in urban stormwater runoff and surface waters. In this paper, we show the extent of emissions induced by rain events in two study sites in Berlin. For this purpose, stormwater runoff from roofs, façades, and in storm sewers was sampled and analysed over a period of 1.5 years in two residential catchments. Results show that, in particular, the biocides diuron and terbutryn from façades, the root protection agents mecoprop and MCPA in bituminous sheeting, and zinc from roofs and façades reach concentrations in the stormwater sewer that exceed limit values for surface waters. Additionally, transformation products of the biocides were also detected. However, many other analysed substances were below the quantification limit or inconspicuous in their concentration levels. The emissions, modelled with the software COMLEAM, demonstrate that in urban areas the limit values in smaller surface waters are exceeded during wet weather. Furthermore, the orientation of the buildings to wind-driven rain is essential for the emitted load from façades. The calculated mass balances of both catchments show that a major portion of all substances remains on-site and infiltrates diffusely or in swales, while the remaining portion is discharged to stormwater sewers. For example, in one of the two study sites, <5% of diuron emissions are discharged to surface waters. Infiltration, in particular, is therefore a crucial pathway of pollution for soil and groundwater. Measures for source control are proposed to mitigate the leaching of environmentally relevant substances from construction materials.
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9
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Environmental Impact of Construction Products on Aquatic Systems—Principles of an Integrated Source–Path–Target Concept. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Buildings exposed to water can release undesirable substances which, once transported to environmental compartments, may cause unwanted effects. These exposure pathways need to be investigated and included in risk assessments to safeguard water quality and promote the sustainability of construction materials. The applied materials, exposure conditions, distribution routes and resilience of receiving compartments vary considerably. This demonstrates the need for a consistent concept that integrates knowledge of emission sources, leaching processes, transport pathways, and effects on targets. Such a consistent concept can serve as the basis for environmental risk assessment for several scenarios using experimentally determined emissions. Typically, a source–path–target concept integrates data from standardized leaching tests and models to describe leaching processes, the distribution of substances in the environment and the occurrence of substances at different points of compliance. This article presents an integrated concept for assessing the environmental impact of construction products on aquatic systems and unravels currently existing gaps and necessary actions. This manuscript outlines a source–path–target concept applicable to a large variety of construction products. It is intended to highlight key elements of a holistic evaluation concept that could assist authorities in developing procedures for environmental risk assessments and mitigation measures and identifying knowledge gaps.
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10
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Reiß F, Kiefer N, Noll M, Kalkhof S. Application, release, ecotoxicological assessment of biocide in building materials and its soil microbial response. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112707. [PMID: 34461316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are used in building materials to protect the building against microbial colonization and biodeterioration. However, these biocides are introduced by gradual leaching into soils in proximity of the buildings. This review discusses the aspects and characteristics of biocides from building materials in terms of (i) in-situ leaching and simulation thereof in-vitro and in-field tests, (ii) persistence, as well as photolytic and biodegradation, and its influence on toxicological evaluation, and (iii) evaluation of terrestrial toxicity by conventional ecotoxicological tests and novel holistic testing approaches. These aspects are influenced by multiple parameters, out of which water availability, physicochemical properties of microhabitats, combination of biocidal building materials, soil parameters, and composition of the soil microbiome are of utmost relevance. Deeper understanding of this multiparametric system and development of comprehensive characterization methodologies remains crucial, as to facilitate realistic assessment of the environmental impact of biocides used in construction materials and the corresponding degradation byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Reiß
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Kiefer
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Noll
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany; Proteomics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Bork M, Lange J, Graf-Rosenfellner M, Hensen B, Olsson O, Hartung T, Fernández-Pascual E, Lang F. Urban storm water infiltration systems are not reliable sinks for biocides: evidence from column experiments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7242. [PMID: 33790334 PMCID: PMC8012575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater quality in urban catchments is endangered by the input of biocides, such as those used in facade paints to suppress algae and fungal growth and washed off by heavy rainfall. Their retention in storm water infiltration systems (SIS) depends, in addition to their molecular properties, on chemical properties and structure of the integrated soil layer. These soil properties change over time and thus possibly also the relevance of preferential flow paths, e.g. due to ongoing biological activity. To investigate the mobility of biocides in SIS, we analyzed the breakthrough of differently adsorbing tracers (bromide, uranine, sulforhodamine B) and commonly used biocides (diuron, terbutryn, octhilinone) in laboratory column experiments of undisturbed soil cores of SIS, covering ages from 3 to 18 years. Despite similar soil texture and chemical soil properties, retention of tracers and biocides differed distinctly between SIS. Tracer and biocide breakthrough ranged from 54% and 5%, to 96% and 54%, respectively. We related the reduced solute retention to preferential transport in macropores as could be confirmed by brilliant blue staining. Our results suggest an increasing risk of groundwater pollution with increasing number of macropores related to biological activity and the age of SIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bork
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany. .,Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Lange
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graf-Rosenfellner
- Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birte Hensen
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lünbeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lünbeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Fernández-Pascual
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lünbeburg, Germany.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Friederike Lang
- Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
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Paijens C, Bressy A, Frère B, Tedoldi D, Mailler R, Rocher V, Neveu P, Moilleron R. Urban pathways of biocides towards surface waters during dry and wet weathers: Assessment at the Paris conurbation scale. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123765. [PMID: 33254777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen biocides used in building materials and domestic products were monitored in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) during dry weather and in combined sewer overflows (CSOs) during wet weather in the Paris conurbation. The aims of this study were to (i) acquire data on biocides in urban waters, which are very scarce up to now, (ii) identify their origins in CSOs with the perspective of reducing these contaminants at source, and (iii) compare and rank biocide pathways to the river (dry vs. wet weather) at the annual and conurbation scales. The results showed the ubiquity of the 18-targeted biocides in WWTP waters and CSOs. High concentrations of methylisothiazolinone, benzisothiazolinone (0.2-0.9 μg/L) and benzalkonium C12 (0.5-6 μg/L) were measured in wastewater. Poor WWTP removals (< 50 %) were observed for most of the biocides. Both wastewater (mainly domestic uses) and stormwater (leaching from building materials) contributed to the CSO contamination. However, benzisothiazolinone mainly came from wastewater whereas diuron, isoproturon, terbutryn, carbendazim, tebuconazole, and mecoprop mainly came from stormwater. Annual mass loads discharged by WWTPs and CSOs into the Seine River were estimated using a stochastic approach (Monte Carlo simulations) at the conurbation scale and showed that WWTP discharges are the major entry pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Paijens
- Leesu, Ecole des Ponts, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Marne-la-Vallee, France; Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Bressy
- Leesu, Ecole des Ponts, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Marne-la-Vallee, France.
| | - Bertrand Frère
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, Paris, France
| | - Damien Tedoldi
- Leesu, Ecole des Ponts, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Marne-la-Vallee, France
| | | | | | - Pascale Neveu
- Mairie de Paris, Direction de la Propreté et de l'Eau, Service Technique de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement, Paris, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Leesu, Ecole des Ponts, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Marne-la-Vallee, France
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Vega-Garcia P, Schwerd R, Scherer C, Schwitalla C, Johann S, Rommel SH, Helmreich B. Influence of façade orientation on the leaching of biocides from building façades covered with mortars and plasters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139465. [PMID: 32464397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocides used in building façades to prevent potential growth of algae, fungi and bacteria are of major concern regarding the quality of stormwater runoff. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of the façade orientation on the biocide release under real weather conditions to gain information for the development of on-site treatment systems. Field tests with model houses containing two different plaster compositions were carried out over a period of 18 months. The results of the analyzed rain events demonstrate that façade orientation plays an important role in the leaching loads of biocides. Biocide loads in the runoff decreased corresponding to the wind direction. High cumulated active substance discharges of diuron (149 mg/m2), carbendazim (43.5 mg/m2), terbutryn (9.3 mg/m2) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) (31.9 mg/m2) were found in the runoff of the façades facing the predominant weather orientation. Meanwhile, the highest concentrations of diuron (2.8 mg/L) and OIT (0.7 mg/L) were observed in the runoff from façades with smaller runoff volumes. The obtained results demonstrate that treatment facilities have to be installed at all building sides. The hydraulic and the substance load is highest at the weather side, which has a strong influence on the dimension and the lifetime of the treatment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vega-Garcia
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany; Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Regina Schwerd
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Christian Scherer
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Christoph Schwitalla
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Sabine Johann
- Department Environment, Hygiene and Sensor Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
| | - Steffen H Rommel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Brigitte Helmreich
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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14
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Bandow N, Aitken MD, Geburtig A, Kalbe U, Piechotta C, Schoknecht U, Simon FG, Stephan I. Using Environmental Simulations to Test the Release of Hazardous Substances from Polymer-Based Products: Are Realism and Pragmatism Mutually Exclusive Objectives? MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122709. [PMID: 32549187 PMCID: PMC7345583 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential release of hazardous substances from polymer-based products is currently in the focus of environmental policy. Environmental simulations are applied to expose such products to selected aging conditions and to investigate release processes. Commonly applied aging exposure types such as solar and UV radiation in combination with water contact, corrosive gases, and soil contact as well as expected general effects on polymers and additional ingredients of polymer-based products are described. The release of substances is based on mass-transfer processes to the material surfaces. Experimental approaches to investigate transport processes that are caused by water contact are presented. For tailoring the tests, relevant aging exposure types and release quantification methods must be combined appropriately. Several studies on the release of hazardous substances such as metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, antioxidants, and carbon nanotubes from polymers are summarized exemplarily. Differences between natural and artificial exposure tests are discussed and demonstrated for the release of flame retardants from several polymers and for biocides from paints. Requirements and limitations to apply results from short-term artificial environmental exposure tests to predict long-term environmental behavior of polymers are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bandow
- German Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Michael D. Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA;
| | - Anja Geburtig
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ute Kalbe
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Piechotta
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ute Schoknecht
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Franz-Georg Simon
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ina Stephan
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
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15
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Hensen B, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. A strategy for an initial assessment of the ecotoxicological effects of transformation products of pesticides in aquatic systems following a tiered approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105533. [PMID: 32113087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to conduct a fast and comprehensive toxicity screening of pesticide transformation products (TPs), this study used a tiered approach by a combination of in silico and experimental methods to determine the probability to be of relevance for risk assessment. The six pesticides Boscalid, Penconazole, Diuron, Terbutryn, Octhilinone (OIT), and Mecoprop were used as model compounds. Identification of corresponding environmental known and unknown TPs were done by literature analysis and photolysis experiments in combination. Aquatic solutions of the pesticides were photolysed to generate TPs which can be expected in the aquatic environment. The resulting mixtures were screened for TPs by high resolution LC-MS/MS. The herein developed approach was conducted at three different tiers: Literature review and in silico methods were used to predict exemplary the environmental bacterial toxicity and the genotoxicity of every single TP at tier I. In case of indications to be toxic, experiments at tier II were applied. Hereby, the photolytic mixtures containing parent compound and TPs were used for the consecutive toxicity test. Microtox assay for the parent compounds and the photolytic mixture was conducted to determine the acute and chronic toxicity and the growth inhibition of V. fischeri. Umu-tests were conducted to determine primary DNA damage. At tier III, single substance standards were used to conduct toxicity tests in case of toxic indication by previous tiers and availability of analytical standard. Identification of TPs revealed 45 known environmental TPs that originated from the six pesticides. The number of substances that need to be assessed was therefore more than sevenfold. By the tiered approach, it was possible to assess toxicological effects on environmental bacteria of 94% of the selected TPs. For 20% we found strong evidence to be toxic to environmental bacteria, as they were assessed at least at two tiers. For further 44% of the TPs we found slight evidence, as they could be assessed at one tier. Contrary, this approach turned out to be unsuitable to assess genotoxic effects of TPs neither by in silico tools nor by experiments. The number of substances that could probably pose a risk onto environment was quadrupled in comparison to the consideration of solely the parent compounds. Thus, this study demonstrates that the conducted screening approach allows for easy and fast identification of environmental relevant TPs. However, the study presented was a very first screening. Its applicability domain needs to be assessed further. For this purpose as a very next step the approach suggested here should be verified by applying additional endpoints and including additional parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Hensen
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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Paijens C, Bressy A, Frère B, Moilleron R. Biocide emissions from building materials during wet weather: identification of substances, mechanism of release and transfer to the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3768-3791. [PMID: 31656996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are added to or applied on building materials to prevent microorganisms from growing on their surface or to treat them. They are leached into building runoff and contribute to diffuse contamination of receiving waters. This review aimed at summarizing the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of biocides from buildings on the aquatic environment. The objectives were (i) to assess the key parameters influencing the leaching of biocides and to quantify their emission from buildings, (ii) to determine the different pathways from urban sources into receiving waters and (iii) to assess the associated environmental risk. Based on consumption data and leaching studies, a list of substances to monitor in receiving water was established. Literature review of their concentrations in the urban water cycle showed evidences of contamination and risk for aquatic life, which should put them into consideration for inclusion to European or international monitoring programs. However, some biocide concentration data in urban and receiving waters is still missing to fully assess their environmental risk, especially for isothiazolinones, iodopropynyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione and quaternary ammonium compounds, and little is known about their transformation products. Although some models supported by actual data were developed to extrapolate emissions on larger scales (watershed or city scales), they are not sufficient to prioritize the pathways of biocides from urban sources into receiving waters during both dry and wet weathers. Our review highlights the need to reduce emissions and limit their transfer into rivers and reports several solutions to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Paijens
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal - Cité Descartes, 77455, Champs-sur-Marne Cedex 2, France
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Bressy
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal - Cité Descartes, 77455, Champs-sur-Marne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Bertrand Frère
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, AgroParisTech, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
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17
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Jewell KS, Kunkel U, Ehlig B, Thron F, Schlüsener M, Dietrich C, Wick A, Ternes TA. Comparing mass, retention time and tandem mass spectra as criteria for the automated screening of small molecules in aqueous environmental samples analyzed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8541. [PMID: 31364212 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The adoption of database screening using high-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data is promising as a river water monitoring and surveillance tool but depends on the ability to perform reliable data processing on a large number of samples in a unified workflow. Strategies to minimize errors have been proposed but automated procedures are rare. METHODS High-resolution LC/ESI-QTOFMS/MS in data-dependent MS2 acquisition mode was performed for the analysis of surface water samples by direct injection. Data processing was achieved with software tools written in R. A database containing MS2 spectra of 693 compounds formed the basis of the workflow. Standard mixes and a time series of 361 samples of river water were analyzed and processed with the optimized workflow. RESULTS Using the database and a mix of 70 standards for testing, it was found that an identification strategy including (i) mass, (ii) retention time, and (iii) MS2 spectral matching achieved a two- to three-fold improvement in the fraction of false positives compared with using only two criteria, while the number of false negatives remained low. The optimized workflow was applied to the sample series of river water. In total, 135 compounds were identified by a library match. CONCLUSIONS The developed automated database screening approach minimizes the proportion of false positives, while still allowing for the screening of hundreds of water samples for hundreds of compounds in a single run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Uwe Kunkel
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Björn Ehlig
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Franziska Thron
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Michael Schlüsener
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Christian Dietrich
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
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18
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Hensen B, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. The role of irradiation source setups and indirect phototransformation: Kinetic aspects and the formation of transformation products of weakly sunlight-absorbing pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133808. [PMID: 31426002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, emission spectra of three different commonly used xenon irradiation sources were analyzed and compared for the first time to ascertain the most suitable setup to simulate natural solar radiation. In order to demonstrate setup differences, absolute photon fluxes of irradiation sources were received by actinometry. Verification was done by measuring quantum yields of the model compounds Penconazole, Terbutryn, and Mecoprop in every setup. Differences regarding kinetic aspects and the formation of transformation products (TPs) was evaluated by analyzing direct phototransformation and additionally photolysis in presence of Nitrate as a photosensitizer in one irradiation setup (optical bench). Results showed that a precise setup characterization is needed to estimate whether irradiation sources are suitable to simulate terrestrial sunlight. This was found to be especially important for weakly sunlight-absorbing substances. In comparison with direct photolysis, indirect photolysis led to an enhancement of degradation rate constants for all substances and in case of Mecoprop to different types of TPs that were formed during irradiation. This study underlined that there are big knowledge gaps regarding irradiation sources setups and conditions. It is therefore absolutely necessary to consider those factors while simulating substance degradation and the TP formation under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hensen
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - O Olsson
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - K Kümmerer
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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19
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Heye K, Graumnitz S, Rybicki M, Schür C, Völker J, Wick A, Oehlmann J, Jungmann D, Oetken M. Laboratory-to-field extrapolation: Increase in carbamazepine toxicity in a higher tier, multiple-stress experiment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109481. [PMID: 31442800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and environmental risk of chemicals, such as the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ), is commonly assessed using standardized laboratory tests and laboratory-to-field extrapolation. To investigate the toxicity of CBZ to aquatic key organisms in a more complex and environmentally relevant scenario, we conducted a 32-day multiple-stress experiment in artificial indoor streams. We exposed the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius, the blackworm Lumbriculus variegatus, and the New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum to 80 and 400 μg CBZ/L in six artificial indoor streams. In addition to hydraulic stress, species' interaction, and low organic content in the sediment, organisms were co-exposed to the herbicide terbutryn (TBY) as a second chemical stressor at a concentration of 6 μg/L. The exposure to CBZ under multiple stress conditions resulted in a 10- to more than 25-fold higher toxicity in C. riparius and P. antipodarum when compared to a previous, standardized laboratory experiment. The co-exposure to TBY enhanced the adverse effects of CBZ on snails (reduced production of embryos). This effect was additive as the single exposure to TBY also reduced the reproduction of snails, most likely through the reduction of biofilm biomass. The emergence of C. riparius declined at a CBZ concentration of 400 μg/L (without the co-exposure to TBY) and at 80 μg/L in combination with TBY. The difference in sensitivity between laboratory and indoor stream experiments is indicative of a potential underestimation of risk when toxicity data are extrapolated to field conditions. The present results suggest the inclusion of non-chemical and chemical stressors in environmental hazard and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Heye
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Vali Consulting GmbH, Im Technologiepark 5, 69469 Weinheim, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Graumnitz
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Rybicki
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Schür
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Völker
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Norwegien University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Wick
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Jungmann
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zellescher Weg 40, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Oetken
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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20
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Urbanczyk MM, Bester K, Borho N, Schoknecht U, Bollmann UE. Influence of pigments on phototransformation of biocides in paints. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:125-133. [PMID: 30343174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are commonly applied to construction materials such as facade renders and paints in order to protect them from microbial spoilage. These renders and paints are exposed to weathering conditions, e.g., sunlight and rain. Pigments are interacting intensively with the spectrum of the incoming light; thus, an effect of paint pigments on phototransformation rates and reaction pathways of the biocides is hypothesized. In this study, the phototransformation of four commonly used biocides (carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and terbutryn) in four different paint formulations differing solely in pigments (red and black iron oxides, white titanium dioxide, and one pigment-free formulation) were investigated. Paints surfaces were irradiated under controlled conditions. The results show that biocides degrade most rapidly in the pigment-free formulation. The degradation in the pigment-free formulation followed a first-order kinetic model with the respective photolysis rate constants: kp,Diuron = 0.0090 h-1, kp,OIT = 0.1205 h-1, kp,Terbutryn = 0.0079 h-1. Carbendazim concentrations did not change significantly. The degradation was considerably lower in the pigment-containing paints. The determination of several phototransformation products of terbutryn and octylisothiazolinone showed different transformation product ratios dependent on the pigment. Consequently, pigments not only reflect the incoming light, but also interact with the biocide photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Urbanczyk
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nicole Borho
- Dr. Robert-Murjahn-Institut GmbH (RMI), Industriestraße 12, 64372, Ober-Ramstadt, Germany
| | - Ute Schoknecht
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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21
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Kirchgeorg T, Weinberg I, Hörnig M, Baier R, Schmid MJ, Brockmeyer B. Emissions from corrosion protection systems of offshore wind farms: Evaluation of the potential impact on the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:257-268. [PMID: 30509806 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Offshore wind energy is a fast growing sector of renewable energies worldwide. This will change the marine environment and thus, a wide range of environmental impacts of offshore wind farms are subject of current research. Here we present an overview about chemical emissions from corrosion protection systems, discuss their relevance and potential impact to the marine environment, and suggest strategies to reduce their emissions. Corrosion is a general problem for offshore infrastructures and corrosion protection systems are necessary to maintain the structural integrity. These systems are often in direct contact with seawater and have different potentials for emissions, e.g. galvanic anodes emitting substantial amounts of metals. Organic coatings may release organic substances due to weathering and/or leaching. Current assumptions suggesting a low environmental impact, but monitoring data is not sufficient to assess the environmental impact of this new source.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kirchgeorg
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Department of Marine Science, Section of Marine Sediments, Wüstland 2, DE-22589 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - I Weinberg
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Department of Marine Science, Section of Marine Sediments, Wüstland 2, DE-22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Hörnig
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), Department of Structural Engineering, Steel Structures & Corrosion Protection Section, Kußmaulstr. 17, DE-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Baier
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), Department of Structural Engineering, Steel Structures & Corrosion Protection Section, Kußmaulstr. 17, DE-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Schmid
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), Department of Structural Engineering, Steel Structures & Corrosion Protection Section, Kußmaulstr. 17, DE-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Brockmeyer
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Department of Marine Science, Section of Environmentally Hazardous Substances, Wüstland 2, DE-22589 Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Hensen B, Lange J, Jackisch N, Zieger F, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. Entry of biocides and their transformation products into groundwater via urban stormwater infiltration systems. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:413-423. [PMID: 30059904 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are, inter alia, applied as preservatives on facades to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Their incomplete mineralization results in new compounds, so-called transformation products (TPs). Rain causes that both applied biocides and their TPs leach from facades with stormwater into the urban aquatic environment. This study is the first to investigate the introduction of the biocides Diuron, Terbutryn, and Octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and their TPs into the groundwater via urban stormwater infiltration systems. In this study, the TPs of these biocides were created by laboratory photolysis and elucidated using LC-HRMS. The results were then used to analyze TPs by LC-MS/MS in stormwater and groundwater samples, which were taken from an urban swale-trench system and from groundwater wells upgradient and downgradient of the infiltration system. A sprinkling experiment was conducted to evaluate facades as a contamination source. Biodegradation tests were conducted to determine bio-persistence of biocides and their TPs. Fourteen TPs were identified under laboratory photolysis. TP-186, TP-210, and TP-256 of Terbutryn were hitherto unknown. Nine TPs were qualitatively detected in environmental water samples. Parent compounds, TP-219 of Diuron and TP-212, TP-214, and TP-226 of Terbutryn were detected at a maximum concentration of 140 ng L-1 during stormwater events. Concentrations in groundwater were considerably below German drinking water limits, but were higher in groundwater samples downgradient from the investigated swale-trench system than in those collected upgradient. Neither the biocides nor most of their TPs were readily biodegradable under simulated surface water conditions. The results show that entry of biocides and their TPs into groundwater is caused by infiltration of urban stormwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Hensen
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Lange
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Jackisch
- Environmental Agency, The City of Freiburg, Fehrenbachallee 12, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Zieger
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
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Vermeirssen ELM, Campiche S, Dietschweiler C, Werner I, Burkhardt M. Ecotoxicological Assessment of Immersion Samples from Facade Render Containing Free or Encapsulated Biocides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2246-2256. [PMID: 29786148 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To protect house facades from fouling by microorganisms, biocides can be added to a render or paint before it is applied. During driving rain events, these biocides gradually leach out and have the potential to pollute soil or aquatic ecosystems. We studied the leaching behavior of biocides and toxicity of leachates from renders with either free or encapsulated biocides. Both render types contained equal amounts of terbutryn, 2-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolinone (OIT), and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolino-3-one (DCOIT). Nine leachate samples were generated over 9 immersion cycles according to a European standard, and biocides were quantified. The first and ninth leachate samples were tested using bioassays with algae, bacteria, and water fleas, the first sample was also tested with earthworms and springtails. Encapsulation reduced leaching of terbutryn, OIT, and DCOIT by 4-, 17-, and 27-fold. For aquatic organisms, the toxicity of water from render containing encapsulated biocides was always lower than that of render with free biocides. Furthermore, toxicity decreased by 4- to 5-fold over the 9 immersion cycles. Inhibition of photosynthesis was the most sensitive endpoint, followed by algal growth rate, bacterial bioluminescence, and water flea reproduction. Toxicity to algae was due to terbutryn and toxicity to bacteria was due to OIT. None of the samples affected soil organisms. Results demonstrate that combining standardized leaching tests with standardized bioassays is a promising approach to evaluate the ecotoxicity of biocides that leach from facade renders. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2246-2256. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Campiche
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Conrad Dietschweiler
- Institute of Environmental and Process Engineering (UMTEC), University of Applied Sciences, Rapperswil, Switzerland
| | - Inge Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Burkhardt
- Institute of Environmental and Process Engineering (UMTEC), University of Applied Sciences, Rapperswil, Switzerland
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Kresmann S, Arokia AHR, Koch C, Sures B. Ecotoxicological potential of the biocides terbutryn, octhilinone and methylisothiazolinone: Underestimated risk from biocidal pathways? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:900-908. [PMID: 29306832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of biocides by industry, agriculture and households increased throughout the last two decades. Many new applications with known substances enriched the variety of biocidal pollution sources for the aquatic environment. While agriculture was the major source for a long time, leaching from building facades and preservation of personal care and cleaning products was identified as new sources in the last few years. With the different usage forms of biocidal products the complexity of legislative regulation increased as well. The requirements for risk assessment differ from one law to another and the potential risk of substances under different regulations might be underestimated. Still EC50 and predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values gained from testing with different species are the core of environmental risk assessment, but ecotoxicological data is limited or lacking for many biocides. In this study the biocides widely used in facade coatings and household products terbutryn, octhilinone and methylisothiazolinone were tested with the Daphnia magna acute immobilisation assay, the neutral red uptake assay and the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay, performed with rainbow trout liver (RTL-W1) cells. Further, the MTT assay with the ovarian cell line CHO-9 from Chinese hamster was used as mammalian model. Octhilinone induced the strongest effects with EC50 values of 156μg/l in the D. magna assay, while terbutryn showed the weakest effects with 8390μg/l and methylisothiazolinone 513μg/l respectively. All other assays showed higher EC50 values and thus only weak effects. EROD assays did not show any effects. With additional literature and database records PNEC values were calculated: terbutryn reached 0.003μg/l, octhilinone 0.05μg/l and methylisothiazolinone 0.5μg/l. Potential ecotoxicological risks of these biocides are discussed, considering environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kresmann
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Arokia Hansel Rajan Arokia
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; Environmental Resources Management GmbH, Siemensstraße 9, 63263 Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Koch
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool GmbH & Co. KG, 45966 Gladbeck, Germany.
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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Bandow N, Gartiser S, Ilvonen O, Schoknecht U. Evaluation of the impact of construction products on the environment by leaching of possibly hazardous substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:14. [PMID: 29780680 PMCID: PMC5954058 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Construction products are in contact with water (e.g., rain, seepage water) during their service lifetime and may release potentially harmful compounds by leaching processes. Monitoring studies showed that compounds attributed to construction products are found in storm water and the receiving bodies of water and that the release of biocides in urban areas can be comparable to the input of pesticides from agricultural uses. Therefore, a prospective risk assessment of such products is necessary. Laboratory leaching tests have been developed by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 351 and are ready to use. One major task in the future will be the evaluation of the leaching test results, as concentrations found in laboratory experiments are not directly comparable to the field situations. Another task will be the selection of compounds to be considered for construction products, which are often a complex mixture and contain additives, pigments, stabilization agents, etc. The formulations of the products may serve as a starting point, but total content is a poor predictor for leachability, and analysis of the eluates is necessary. In some cases, non-targeted approaches might be required to identify compounds in the eluates. In the identification process, plausibility checks referring to available information should be included. Ecotoxicological tests are a complementary method to test eluates, and the combined effects of all compounds-including degradation products-are included. A bio test battery has been applied in a round robin test and was published in a guidance document. Published studies on the ecotoxicity of construction products show the tests' suitability to distinguish between products with small and larger effects on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bandow
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Outi Ilvonen
- Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Ute Schoknecht
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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Luft A, Bröder K, Kunkel U, Schulz M, Dietrich C, Baier R, Heininger P, Ternes TA. Nontarget Analysis via LC-QTOF-MS to Assess the Release of Organic Substances from Polyurethane Coating. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9979-9988. [PMID: 28792738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach was investigated for the assessment of leaching from a one-component polyurethane (1C-PU) coating used for hydraulic structures using nontarget analysis via LC-QTOF-MS. Leaching behavior of the 1C-PU coating was studied using experiments in which the coating was exposed to water for defined periods (6 h, 24 h, 3 d, 14 d). Three hardening durations for the 1C-PU coating were tested (0 h, 24 h, 14 d) as well as two water matrices (ultrapure water and river water), including a successive water renewal. Dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen bound and nontarget measurements via LC-QTOF-MS showed that under all tested conditions organic substances were leached out of the 1C-PU coating. The shorter the hardening duration and the longer the leaching duration, the higher were the number and quantities of the eluted substances, while the influence of the water matrix was minor with respect to substance elution. Based on the MS2 spectra from the LC-QTOF-MS measurements, 30 substances released from the 1C-PU coating were tentatively identified. These substances belong to five chemical groups: derivatives of (i) N-(tosyl)carbamate, (ii) p-toluenesulfonamide (PTSA), (iii) 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (4,4'-MDI), (iv) toluenediisocyanate (TDI), and (v) oligo(ethylene) ([C2H4O]n) as well as p-toluenesulfonic acid. The identity of seven substances was confirmed by authentic reference standards, all of which exhibited an elevated bacterial toxicity to Aliivibrio fischeri. p-Toluenesulfonic acid was present in a German canal (Teltowkanal) with concentrations of up to 11 μg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnessa Luft
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Kunkel
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Koblenz, Germany
| | - Manoj Schulz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Roland Baier
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute , Karlsruhe, Germany
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Bollmann UE, Fernández-Calviño D, Brandt KK, Storgaard MS, Sanderson H, Bester K. Biocide Runoff from Building Facades: Degradation Kinetics in Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3694-3702. [PMID: 28287716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are common additives in building materials. In-can and film preservatives in polymer-resin render and paint, as well as wood preservatives are used to protect facade materials from microbial spoilage. Biocides leach from the facade material with driving rain, leading to highly polluted runoff water (up to several mg L-1 biocides) being infiltrated into the soil surrounding houses. In the present study the degradation rates in soil of 11 biocides used for the protection of building materials were determined in laboratory microcosms. The results show that some biocides are degraded rapidly in soil (e.g., isothiazolinones: T1/2 < 10 days) while others displayed higher persistence (e.g., terbutryn, triazoles: T1/2 ≫ 120 days). In addition, mass balances of terbutryn and octylisothiazolinone were determined, including nine (terbutryn) and seven (octylisothiazolinone) degradation products, respectively. The terbutryn mass balance could be closed over the entire study period of 120 days and showed that relative persistent metabolites were formed, while the mass balances for octylisothiazolinone could not be closed. Octylisothiazolinone degradation products did not accumulate over time suggesting that the missing fraction was mineralized. Microtox-tests revealed that degradation products were less toxic toward the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri than their parent compounds. Rain is mobilizing these biocides from the facades and transports them to the surrounding soils; thus, rainfall events control how often new input to the soil occurs. Time intervals between rainfall events in Northern Europe are shorter than degradation half-lives even for many rapidly degraded biocides. Consequently, residues of some biocides are likely to be continuously present due to repeated input and most biocides can be considered as "pseudo-persistent"-contaminants in this context. This was verified by (sub)urban soil screening, where concentrations of up to 0.1 μg g-1 were detected for parent compounds as well as terbutryn degradation products in soils below biocide treated facades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla E Bollmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - David Fernández-Calviño
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vigo , As Lagoas 1, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Kristian K Brandt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Morten S Storgaard
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University , C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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28
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Photodegradation of octylisothiazolinone and semi-field emissions from facade coatings. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41501. [PMID: 28128314 PMCID: PMC5269726 DOI: 10.1038/srep41501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst others, 2-octyl-isothiazol-3(2 H)-one (OIT) is used as film preservative in water-based polymer resin paints and renders to prevent the growth of moulds and bacteria. It is known that biocides leach from facades with rainwater and end up in the environment via stormwater runoff. In the present study the leaching and fate of OIT used in facade coatings was determined under natural conditions. Potential phototransformation products were initially identified in laboratory experiments using UV-light. Afterwards, the leaching of OIT and seven degradation products were studied on artificial walls equipped with organic top coatings formulated with OIT. A mass balance, including the leached and remaining amounts of OIT and its seven transformation products, can explain up to 40% of the initial amount of OIT. The OIT remaining in the material after 1.5 yr is by far the largest fraction. The study shows that in the assessment of biocides in coating material, transformation products need to be taken into account both in leachate and remaining in the material. Furthermore, in case of volatile degradation products, the emissions to air might be relevant.
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29
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Urbanczyk MM, Bollmann UE, Bester K. Partition of biocides between water and inorganic phases of renders with organic binder. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:639-644. [PMID: 27585432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of biocides as additives for building materials has gained importance in the recent years. These biocides are applied, e.g., to renders and paints to prevent them from microbial spoilage. However, these biocides can leach out into the environment. In order to better understand this leaching, the partition of biocides between water and inorganic phases of render with organic binder was investigated. The partition constants of carbendazim, diuron, iodocarb, isoproturon, cybutryn (irgarol), octylisothiazolinone, terbutryn, and tebuconazole towards minerals typically used in renders, e.g. barite, calcium carbonate, marble, kaolinite, and talc were determined. Partition constants for calcium carbonate varied between 0.2mLg-1 (diuron) and 5.2mLg-1 (iodocarb), respectively. The results for barite and kaolinite were in a similar range and usually the compounds with high partition constants for one mineral also had high values for the other mineral. No sorption to marble at all was found. From all minerals investigated, only talc showed high partition for all studied biocides. Partition constants for talc varied from 21.3mLg-1 (iodocarb) to 683.7mLg-1 (tebuconazole), respectively. The comparison with render-water distribution constants of two artificially made renders showed that the distribution constants can be estimated based on partition constants of compounds for individual components of the render.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Urbanczyk
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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