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Zhang B, Wang Q, Wang C, Wang C, Shi X, Bo Tang. Effects of solid phase extraction conditions on molecular composition of unknown disinfection byproducts in chlorinated municipal wastewater based on FT-ICR-MS analysis. Talanta 2024; 279:126632. [PMID: 39094529 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been extensively investigated during the chlorination of water and wastewater. Although over 700 DBPs have been identified, more than 50% of the total organic halogen remains unknown. Solid phase extraction (SPE) has been emerged as a popular pretreatment approach for enrichment and desalting of unknown DBPs prior to the mass spectrometry analysis. However, the effects of SPE conditions on unknown DBPs in real wastewater have not yet been reported. Herein, three factors (acid types, pH values, and sorbent types) influencing the composition of DBPs in chlorinated municipal wastewater were systematically investigated by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and statistical analysis. The results indicated that the number of DBPs in different SPE conditions ranged from 280 to 706, and the majority ones were Br-DBPs and CHOX compounds. Compared with H2SO4, more common DBPs were found when using HCl and HCOOH to adjust the pH values of samples. The unique DBPs extracted at pH 1.0 and 2.0 generally owned higher modified aromaticity index (AImod) value and C number than at pH 3.0. The effect of acid types on the extracted DBPs was pH dependent, and the total number of extracted DBPs increased with the increasing of pH value. In terms of sorbent types, the unique DBPs in C18 sorbent possessed low O/C ratios (O/C < 0.6), whereas the unique ones in HLB sorbent owned high O/C ratios (O/C > 0.6). Compared with C18 and HLB sorbents, the unique DBPs extracted in PPL sorbent were characterized by relatively high AImod and DBE values. Based on mass difference analysis, 1496 precursors-DBPs pairs were identified in all extracted samples, with the highest number of bromine substitution reaction. Overall, the effects of SPE conditions on the composition of unknown DBPs should not be overlooked, and the amount and diversity of DBPs may be underestimated under a single SPE condition. This study provides new methodological references for the accurate identification of unknown DBPs with different characteristics in real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Qiyi Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Changmin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Xifeng Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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2
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Cai R, Yao P, Yi Y, Merder J, Li P, He D. The Hunt for Chemical Dark Matter across a River-to-Ocean Continuum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11988-11997. [PMID: 38875444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Thousands of mass peaks emerge during molecular characterization of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. While mass peaks assigned to certain molecular formulas have been extensively studied, the uncharacterized mass peaks that represent a significant fraction of organic matter and convey biogenic elements and energy have been previously ignored. In this study, we introduce the term dark DOM (DDOM) for unassigned mass peaks and have explored its characteristics and environmental behaviors using a data set of 38 DOM extracts covering the Yangtze River-to-ocean continuum. We identified a total of 9141 DDOM molecules, which exhibited higher molecular weight and greater diversity than the DOM subset with assigned DOM formulas. Although DDOM contributed a smaller fraction of relative abundance, it significantly impacted the molecular weight and molecular composition of bulk DOM. A portion of DDOM with higher molecular weight was found to increase molecular abundance across the river-to-ocean continuum. These compounds could contain halogenated organic molecules and might have a high potential to contribute to the refractory organic carbon pool. With this study, we underline the contribution of dark matter to the total DOM pool and emphasize that more DDOM research is needed to understand its contribution to global biogeochemical cycles and carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruanhong Cai
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Piao Yao
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanbi Yi
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julian Merder
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Penghui Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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Wu K, Ouyang M, Luo Y, Xu M, Ren G, An J, Zheng K, Shang Y, Zeng X, Yu Z. Characteristics and potential cytotoxicity of halogenated organic compounds in shale gas wastewater-impacted surface waters in Chongqing area, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169226. [PMID: 38101627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent screening surveys have shown the presence of unknown source halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) in shale gas wastewater. However, their occurrence, profile, transport in surrounding surface water and environmental risk potentials remain unclear. Here, a method for the extraction and quantitative determination of 13 HOCs in water by solid phase extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was established. All of the targeted HOCs were detected and peaked at the outfall, while these contaminants were generally not detected in samples upstream of the outfall, suggesting that these contaminants originated from the discharge of shale gas wastewater; this was further supported by the fact that these pollutants were generally detected in downstream samples, with a tendency for pollutant concentrations to decrease progressively with increasing distance from the outfall. However,different HOCs had different transport potential in water. In addition, the toxicological effects of typical HOCs were evaluated using HepG2 as a model cell. The results indicated that diiodoalkanes suppressed HepG2 cell proliferation and induced ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies showed that diiodoalkanes induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing intercellular ATP and Ca2+ levels. On the other hand, RT-qPCR and Western blot assays revealed that the SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway and HO-1 regulation of ferritin autophagy-dependent degradation (HO-1/FTL) pathway were involved in the ferroptosis pathway induced by diiodoalkane in HepG2 cells. Our study not only elucidates the contamination profiles and transport of HOCs in surface water of typical shale gas extraction areas in China, but also reveals the toxicity mechanism of typical diiodoalkane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangming Wu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Minghui Ouyang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yihao Luo
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Maoyuan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kewen Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Feng H, Zhang Z, Kuang Q, Chen S, Huang D, Zhou X. The transformation of dissolved organic matter and formation of halogenated by-products during electrochemical advanced oxidation pretreatment for shale gas produced water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131614. [PMID: 37201277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have shown great potential for the treatment of shale gas produced water (SGPW). In this study, we investigated the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during EAOPs of SGPW and the formation of toxic halogenated by-products at various current densities, using fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. We found that the priority of DOM removal was terrestrial humic-like > microbial humic-like > protein-like substances. Non-Halogenated organic compounds (non-HOCs) and HOCs were predominantly CHO, and CHOCl/CHOBr compounds in EAOP-treated SGPW, respectively. As applied current density and treatment time increased, the production of oxyhalides increased, with chlorate > bromate > perchlorate. Meanwhile, most DOM was mineralized, resulting in residual products with higher modified aromaticity index (AImod) and nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC). The resistants had lower mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), AImod, NOSC, and double bond equivalent minus oxygen per carbon ((DBE-O)/C). The dominant reactions were the addition of tri-oxygen and deallyl. Bromine addition dominated the reactions of halogenating addition, while chlorine addition took second place. Furthermore, the acute toxicity of SGPW was positively correlated with inorganic halogenated by-products. This study contributes to the understanding and improvement of EAOPs for the treatment of SGPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Zhaoji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China.
| | - Qiyue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Coll Resources & Environment, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Da Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, China Design Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518019, China
| | - Xuewen Zhou
- Hubei Jiangxiao Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430048, China
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5
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Usman M, Kuckelkorn J, Kämpfe A, Zwiener C, Wintgens TA, Linnemann V. Identification of disinfection by-products (DBP) in thermal water swimming pools applying non-target screening by LC-/GC-HRMS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:130981. [PMID: 36801715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new disinfection by-products (DBPs) is still a rarely investigated research area in past studies. In particular, compared to freshwater pools, therapeutic pools with their unique chemical composition have rarely been investigated for novel DBPs. Here we have developed a semi-automated workflow that combines data from target and non-target screening, calculated and measured toxicities into a heat map using hierarchical clustering to assess the pool's overall potential chemical risk. In addition, we used complementary analytical techniques such as positive and negative chemical ionization to demonstrate how novel DBPs can be better identified in future studies. We identified two representatives of the haloketones (pentachloroacetone, and pentabromoacetone) and tribromo furoic acid detected for the first time in swimming pools. Non-target screening combined with target analysis and toxicity assessment may help to define risk-based monitoring strategies in the future, as required by regulatory frameworks for swimming pool operations worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Analytical Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str.1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Kuckelkorn
- German Environment Agency, Toxicology of Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water, Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, 08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - Alexander Kämpfe
- German Environment Agency, Swimming Pool Water, Chemical Analytics, Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, 08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Wintgens
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Analytical Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str.1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Volker Linnemann
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Analytical Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str.1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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6
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Ji X, Tiraferri A, Zhang X, Liu P, Gan Z, Crittenden JC, Ma J, Liu B. Dissolved organic matter in complex shale gas wastewater analyzed with ESI FT-ICR MS: Typical characteristics and potential of biological treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130823. [PMID: 36696774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on the composition and characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in complex shale gas wastewater (SGW) is critical to evaluate environmental risks and to determine effective management strategies. Herein, five SGW samples from four key shale gas blocks in the Sichuan Basin, China, were comprehensively characterized. Specifically, FT-ICR MS was employed to provide insights into the sources, composition, and characteristics of SGW DOM. Organic matter was characterized by low average molecular weight, high saturation degree, and low aromaticity. Notably, the absence of correlations between molecular-level parameters and spectral indexes might be attributed to the high complexity and variability of SGW. The unique distribution depicted in van Krevelen diagrams suggested various sources of DOM in SGW, such as microbially derived organics in shales and biochemical transformations. Moreover, linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, as well as associated biodegraded metabolites and coproducts, were identified in SGW, implying the distinct anthropogenic imprints and abundant microbial activities. Furthermore, high DOC removal rates (31.42-79.23 %) were achieved by biological treatment, fully supporting the inherently labile nature of SGW and the feasibility of biodegradation for SGW management. Therefore, we conclude that DOM in SGW is a complex but mostly labile mixture reflecting both autochthonous and anthropogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610207, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Section 2, Lingang Ave., Cuiping District, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, PR China
| | - Alberto Tiraferri
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology, Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Wuxi 214000, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610207, PR China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Baicang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610207, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Section 2, Lingang Ave., Cuiping District, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, PR China.
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7
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Tang C, Zhu Y, Liang Y, Zeng YH, Peng X, Mai BX, Xu J, Huang Q, Lin H. First Discovery of Iodinated Polyfluoroalkyl Acids by Nontarget Mass-Spectrometric Analysis and Iodine-Specific Screening Algorithm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1378-1390. [PMID: 36622151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) including polyfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids are a large category of crucial environmental pollutants of global concern. Besides known PFAAs, numerous unknown species may exist in the environment, urgently needing discovery and characterization. This study implemented nontarget analysis for a group of novel PFAA pollutants, viz., iodinated PFAAs (I-PFAAs) in wastewater from a fluorochemical manufacturing park by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with an iodine-specific data-processing algorithm. The algorithm took into account the diagnostic fragment iodine ion (I-) together with carbon and sulfur isotopologue distributions. In total, 18 I-PFAA formulas involving 21 congeners were identified. Semiquantification was conducted, and the total concentrations of I-PFAAs were 1.9-274.7 μg/L, indicating severe pollution of I-PFAAs in the wastewater. The determined concentrations along with predicted environmental behaviors and toxicities demonstrate that I-PFAAs merit further in-depth investigation. The analytical method including the instrumental analysis and data-processing algorithm can be extended to screening and identification of I-PFAAs in other matrices. Furthermore, the analysis results for the first time provide recognition on the occurrence, distribution features, and pollution status of I-PFAAs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Yizhe Zhu
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, China
| | - Yutao Liang
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Jiale Xu
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota58102, United States
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia30223, United States
| | - Hui Lin
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, China
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8
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Simon C, Dührkop K, Petras D, Roth VN, Böcker S, Dorrestein PC, Gleixner G. Mass Difference Matching Unfolds Hidden Molecular Structures of Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11027-11040. [PMID: 35834352 PMCID: PMC9352317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) has revealed unprecedented details of natural complex mixtures such as dissolved organic matter (DOM) on a molecular formula level, but we lack approaches to access the underlying structural complexity. We here explore the hypothesis that every DOM precursor ion is potentially linked with all emerging product ions in FTMS2 experiments. The resulting mass difference (Δm) matrix is deconvoluted to isolate individual precursor ion Δm profiles and matched with structural information, which was derived from 42 Δm features from 14 in-house reference compounds and a global set of 11 477 Δm features with assigned structure specificities, using a dataset of ∼18 000 unique structures. We show that Δm matching is highly sensitive in predicting potential precursor ion identities in terms of molecular and structural composition. Additionally, the approach identified unresolved precursor ions and missing elements in molecular formula annotation (P, Cl, F). Our study provides first results on how Δm matching refines structural annotations in van Krevelen space but simultaneously demonstrates the wide overlap between potential structural classes. We show that this effect is likely driven by chemodiversity and offers an explanation for the observed ubiquitous presence of molecules in the center of the van Krevelen space. Our promising first results suggest that Δm matching can both unfold the structural information encrypted in DOM and assess the quality of FTMS-derived molecular formulas of complex mixtures in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Simon
- Molecular
Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Dührkop
- Chair
for Bioinformatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Petras
- Collaborative
Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States of America
- CMFI
Cluster of Excellence, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and
Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vanessa-Nina Roth
- Molecular
Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böcker
- Chair
for Bioinformatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative
Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States of America
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Molecular
Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
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9
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Huang M, Han Y, Xiang W, Wang C, Mao J, Zhou T, Wu X, Yu HQ. Catalytic Oxygen Activation over the Defective CuO Nanoparticles for Ultrafast Dehalogenation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29964-29973. [PMID: 35758015 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nucleophilic superoxide radical (O2•-)-based dehalogenation reaction shows great potential to degrade the toxic halogenated organic compounds (HOCs). But such an O2•--mediated reductive reaction often suffers from the competition of the secondary oxidative species (e.g., •OH), leading to inferior electron efficiency and possible disinfection byproduct formation. Here, an O2•--dominant ultrafast dehalogenation system is developed via molecular O2 activation by the oxygen vacancy (OV)-rich CuO nanoparticles (nCuO). The nCuO delivers a remarkable dechlorination rate constant of 3.92 × 10-2 L min-1 m-2 for 2,4-dichlorophenol, much higher than that of the conventional zerovalent (bi)metals. The absorbed O2 on the nCuO surface is exclusively responsible for O2•- generation, and its reactivity increases with the elevated OV content because of the enhanced orbital hybridization between the O p- and Cu d-orbitals. More importantly, the ubiquitous carbonate species firmly bound to the surface OVs block the formation of the secondary oxidative species via H2O2 activation, assuring the dominant role of the in situ generated O2•- for the selective HOC dehalogenation. The carbonate-deactivated OVs of the nCuO can be feasibly recovered via air annealing for sustainable dehalogenation. This work provides a new opportunity for selective O2•- generation via interfacial defect engineering for dehalogenation and other environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Juan Mao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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10
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Wang K, Zhu X, Liu Z, Wang J, Chen B. Occurrence and transformation of unknown organochlorines in the wastewater treatment plant using specific Fragment-Based method with LC Q-TOF MS. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118372. [PMID: 35378449 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important point sources of organochlorines in surface waters. However, comprehensive molecular-level understanding of the occurrence and transformation of organochlorines in WWTPs remains elusive. In this study, a specific fragment-based screening method with SWATH of LC Q-TOF MS was established to better understand the molecular composition of organochlorines. This method effectively excludes the non-chlorinated signals and provides multi-dimensional information (e.g., retention time, precursor ion mass, product ions, and molecular formula) with one injection to identify the possible structures of organochlorines. Eighty-seven organochlorines were successfully screened in practical wastewater samples, where 8 chlorinated sulfonic acids, 4 chlorophenols, 4 chlorinated benzenediols, and 6 chlorinated benzoic acids were further (tentatively) identified. Relative abundance of organochlorines showed that their occurrence was associated with the treatment units. In particular, anaerobic biological and NaClO treatment units contributed to the formation of chlorinated by-products. Most chlorinated by-products were substituted with more chlorine atoms than organochlorines from the influent. Furthermore, the relative abundance indicated that the fate of organochlorines were related to their structures. Chlorinated benzene sulfonic acids would be removed by adsorption on activated sludge. Most chlorinated benzoic acids were refractory, but some were likely to be chlorinated during the anaerobic process. Chlorophenols and chlorinated benzenediols might undergo chlorination, dealkylation/C-O bond breakage, and bromination. Our study offers a new tool to gain molecular information on organochlorines in complex environmental samples and highlights the importance of molecular structures when evaluating the fate of organochlorines and managing effluent discharge to surrounding waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengzheng Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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11
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High-performance nontarget analysis of halogenated organic compounds in tap water, fly ash, soil and sediment using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry and scripting approaches based on Cl/Br-specific search algorithms. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1204:339618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Lu Y, Liang JK, Wang HY, Wang C, Song ZM, Hu Q, Wu QY. Novel chlorinated disinfection byproducts from tannic acid: nontargeted identification, formation pathways, and computationally predicted toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127827. [PMID: 34894502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tannic acid is ubiquitously present in various simulated and real water sources and in wastewater. Various chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs) are generated via reactions with tannic acid during disinfection with chlorine. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with our self-developed halogen extraction code to selectively identify Cl-DBPs. Our strategy enabled successful detection of 35 Cl-DBP formulas formed by chlorination of tannic acid, and we identified 26 of these structures. The structures of 17 novel Cl-DBPs are firstly reported here. The reaction pathways of these Cl-DBPs were tentatively proposed. These Cl-DBPs are likely to be generated during chlorination at various chlorine doses, from 0.0 to 10.0 mg-Cl2/L, and 14 of the 26 Cl-DBPs were detected in simulated drinking water, which implies a relatively high probability of incidence. Quantitative structure-activity relationship toxicity analyses predicted that most of these Cl-DBPs would exhibit much higher acute toxicity than the common DBPs trichloromethane and monochloroacetic acid and that some of these compounds would induce developmental toxicity and be mutagenic, which further emphasizes that these Cl-DBPs should raise concerns. This study broadens our understanding of the Cl-DBPs formed from tannic acid and should prompt wider application of our analytical strategy in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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13
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Emmons RV, Shyam Sunder GS, Liden T, Schug KA, Asfaha TY, Lawrence JG, Kirchhoff JR, Gionfriddo E. Unraveling the Complex Composition of Produced Water by Specialized Extraction Methodologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2334-2344. [PMID: 35080868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW), a waste byproduct of oil and gas extraction, is a complex mixture containing numerous organic solubles and elemental species; these constituents range from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to naturally occurring radioactive materials. Identification of these compounds is critical in developing reuse and disposal protocols to minimize environmental contamination and health risks. In this study, versatile extraction methodologies were investigated for the untargeted analysis of PW. Thin-film solid-phase microextraction with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance particles was utilized for the extraction of organic solubles from eight PW samples from the Permian Basin and Eagle Ford formation in Texas. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis found a total of 266 different organic constituents including 1,4-dioxane, atrazine, pyridine, and PAHs. The elemental composition of PW was evaluated using dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, utilizing a new coordinating sorbent, poly(pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid). This confirmed the presence of 29 elements including rare earth elements, as well as hazardous metals such as Cr, Cd, Pb, and U. Utilizing chemometric analysis, both approaches facilitated the discrimination of each PW sample based on their geochemical origin with a prediction accuracy above 90% using partial least-squares-discriminant analysis, paving the way for PW origin tracing in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald V Emmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Govind Sharma Shyam Sunder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Tiffany Liden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
- Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Timnit Yosef Asfaha
- Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Joseph G Lawrence
- Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Jon R Kirchhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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14
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Fu QL, Fujii M, Watanabe A, Kwon E. Formula Assignment Algorithm for Deuterium-Labeled Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Implications of the Formation Mechanism of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1717-1725. [PMID: 35019276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) coupled with isotope labeling has attracted significant attention in elucidating the mechanisms of the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Herein, we developed a novel formula assignment algorithm based on deuterium (D)-labeled UHR-MS, namely, FTMSDeu, for the first time. This algorithm was employed to determine the precursor molecules of halogenated disinfection byproducts (Xn-DBPs) and to evaluate the relative contribution of electrophilic addition and substitution reactions in Xn-DBP formation according to the H/D exchange of DOM molecules. Further, tandem mass spectrometry with homologous-based network analysis was used to validate the formula assignment accuracy of FTMSDeu in the identification of iodinated disinfection byproducts. Electrophilic substitution accounted for 82-98, 71-89, and 43-45% of the formation for Cl-, Br-, and I-containing Xn-DBPs, respectively, indicating the dominant role of the electrophilic substitution in chlorinated disinfection byproducts with low Br and I concentrations. The absence of putative precursors in some Xn-DBPs also suggests that Xn-DBP formation includes secondary reactions (e.g., oxidation and hydrolysis) in addition to the electrophilic addition and/or substitution of halogens. These findings highlight the significance of isotopically labeled UHR-MS techniques in revealing the transformation of DOM in natural and engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Akari Watanabe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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15
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Lu Y, Song ZM, Wang C, Liang JK, Hu Q, Wu QY. Combining high resolution mass spectrometry with a halogen extraction code to characterize and identify brominated disinfection byproducts formed during ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:149016. [PMID: 34280624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is widely used during water treatment but can generate a variety of toxic disinfection byproducts, especially in the presence of bromide. In the present study, our halogen extraction code was extended and modified to identify bromine isotopic patterns and combined with the R package MFAssignR in selectively identifying brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) from high resolution mass spectra. In total, 127 Br-DBPs formed from a Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) solution were successfully detected from tens of thousands of mass spectrometry peaks. Kendrick mass defect analysis and structural characterization identified 17 structures, 15 of which were identified as brominated carboxylic acids and firstly reported here. Computational model predictions indicated that these brominated carboxylic acids may possess high toxic potencies and raise valid concerns. The adapted halogen extraction code described in this study is a powerful tool for a wider application of analyzing Br-DBPs in complex water matrices and provides an effective technique to characterize and identify these compounds in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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16
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Lu Y, Song ZM, Wang C, Liang JK, Hu Q, Wu QY. Nontargeted identification of chlorinated disinfection byproducts formed from natural organic matter using Orbitrap mass spectrometry and a halogen extraction code. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126198. [PMID: 34492962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter is a major source of precursors of hazardous chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs) formed during water treatment, but the majority of Cl-DBPs are still unidentified. In this study, we used a self-written halogen extraction code to identify halogen isotopic patterns in combination with the R package MFAssignR, to identify Cl-DBPs from Orbitrap mass spectra. One hundred and eighty-nine Cl-DBPs were detected during chlorination of a Suwannee River natural organic matter solution, and the structures of 20 of these compounds are reported for the first time. Kendrick mass defect analysis and structural identification confirmed that chlorinated carboxylic acids are common and likely to form during chlorination. A toxicity prediction using quantitative structure-activity relationship models indicated that most of the chlorinated carboxylic acids may be highly toxic. Our analytical strategy can identify Cl-DBPs accurately from complex mixtures and may also be applicable to the identification of other halogenated disinfection byproducts formed during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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17
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Ji Y, Zhang Z, Zhuang Y, Liao R, Zhou Z, Chen S. Molecular-level variation of dissolved organic matter and microbial structure of produced water during its early storage in Fuling shale gas field, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38361-38373. [PMID: 33733405 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shale gas-produced water (PW), the waste fluid generated during gas production, contains a large number of organic contaminants and high salinity matrix. Previous studies generally focused on the end-of-pipe treatment of the PW and ignored the early collection process. In this study, the transformation of the molecular composition and microbial community structure of the PW in the transportation and storage process (i.e., from the gas-liquid separator to the storage tank) were investigated. As the PW was transported from the gas-liquid separator to the portable storage tank, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) showed greater saturation, less oxidation, and lower polarity. DOMs with high O/C and low H/C ratios (numbers of oxygen and hydrogen divided by numbers of carbon) were eliminated, which may be due to precipitation or adsorption by the solids suspended in the PW. The values of double-bond equivalent (DBE), DBE/C (DBE divided by the number of carbon), and aromatic index (AI) decreased, likely because of the microbial degradation of aromatic compounds. The PW in the gas-liquid separator presented a lower biodiversity than that in the storage tank. The microbial community in the storage tank showed the coexistence of anaerobes and aerobes. Genera related to biocorrosion and souring were detected in the two facilities, thus indicating the necessity of more efficient anticorrosion strategies. This study helps to enhance the understanding of the environmental behavior of PW during shale gas collection and provides a scientific reference for the design and formulation of efficient transportation and storage strategies to prevent and control the environmental risk of shale gas-derived PW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaoji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Yiling Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rugang Liao
- Sinopec Chongqing Fuling Shale Gas Exploration & Development Co. Ltd., Chongqing, 408014, China
| | - Zejun Zhou
- Sinopec Chongqing Fuling Shale Gas Exploration & Development Co. Ltd., Chongqing, 408014, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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18
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Thermal Desalination of Produced Water—An Analysis of the Partitioning of Constituents into Product Streams and Its Implications for Beneficial Use Outside the O&G Industry. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To understand partitioning of produced water (PW) constituents using thermal desalination, PW from the Delaware Basin was desalinated using a crystallization process and modeled using OLI Systems, Inc. (OLI, Parsippany, NJ, USA) chemistry software. The incorporation of a pretreatment step, steam stripping, prior to desalination was predicted to be effective at removing hydrocarbons (across a range of volatilities). As expected, inorganics were almost completely retained in the residual brine which was confirmed by OLI. As evaporation progressed, sparingly soluble compounds such as gypsum and celestite precipitated first and overall solids production at this stage was low (<1% of total solids). Further evaporation resulted in saturation of the residual brine with respect to NaCl, which started to precipitate in bulk up to a practical desalination limit of approximately 68% by mass (approximately 80% by volume). Beyond this point, the residual brine and solids mixture became too viscous to be pumped. Gravimetrically determined total dissolved solids (TDS) for PW, distillate and residual brine was found to be much higher than prediction, potentially due to the presence of neutral species, unstripped gases and organic (likely hydrophilic) constituents. Although the distillate had low TDS, the presence of unknown constituents including organic compounds in the distillate will likely require polishing treatment to mitigate potential toxicity associated with such compounds or transformation products post-release if discharged to the environment. OLI predicted near-complete retention of acetate in the residual brine. In contrast, laboratory tests showed nearly 50% partitioning of acetate into the distillate. Although not modeled, propionate partitioning was even higher at 94%. The inclusion of ammonia as an input species in OLI greatly improved the match between test data and model prediction. Additionally, it was hypothesized that acetic acid/acetate could have formed a volatile adduct with ammonia that increased its volatility and partitioning into the distillate. The findings of this study inform beneficial use by describing the chemical composition of desalination-derived distillate, brine and salt products. This study also identified alternative approaches, both treatment and non-treatment, for managing PW from unconventional operations.
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19
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Chen M, Rholl CA, He T, Sharma A, Parker KM. Halogen Radicals Contribute to the Halogenation and Degradation of Chemical Additives Used in Hydraulic Fracturing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1545-1554. [PMID: 33449615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In hydraulic fracturing fluids, the oxidant persulfate is used to generate sulfate radical to break down polymer-based gels. However, sulfate radical may be scavenged by high concentrations of halides in hydraulic fracturing fluids, producing halogen radicals (e.g., Cl•, Cl2•-, Br•, Br2•-, and BrCl•-). In this study, we investigated how halogen radicals alter the mechanisms and kinetics of the degradation of organic chemicals in hydraulic fracturing fluids. Using a radical scavenger (i.e., isopropanol), we determined that halogenated products of additives such as cinnamaldehyde (i.e., α-chlorocinnamaldehyde and α-bromocinnamaldehyde) and citrate (i.e., trihalomethanes) were generated via a pathway involving halogen radicals. We next investigated the impact of halogen radicals on cinnamaldehyde degradation rates. The conversion of sulfate radicals to halogen radicals may result in selective degradation of organic compounds. Surprisingly, we found that the addition of halides to convert sulfate radicals to halogen radicals did not result in selective degradation of cinnamaldehyde over other compounds (i.e., benzoate and guar), which may challenge the application of radical selectivity experiments to more complex molecules. Overall, we find that halogen radicals, known to react in advanced oxidative treatment and sunlight photochemistry, also contribute to the unintended degradation and halogenation of additives in hydraulic fracturing fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshan Chen
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Carter A Rholl
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Tianchen He
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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20
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Fu QL, Fujii M, Kwon E. Development and Application of a High-Precision Algorithm for Nontarget Identification of Organohalogens Based on Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13989-13996. [PMID: 32942845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brominated and/or chlorinated organic compounds (referred to as organohalogens) are frequently detected in natural and engineered environments. However, ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS)-based nontargeted identification of organohalogens remains challenging because of the coexistence of a vast number of halogenated and nonhalogenated organic molecules. In this study, a new algorithm, namely, the NOMDBP code, was developed to simultaneously identify organohalogens and non-organohalogens from the UHR-MS spectra of natural and engineered waters. In addition to isotopic patterns, for the first time, three optional filter rules [i.e., selection for minimum nonoxygen heteroatoms, inspection of the presence of newly formed halogenated disinfection byproducts (Xn-DBPs), and of their precursors] were incorporated into our code, which can accurately identify DBP-associated peaks and further elucidate Xn-DBP generation and transformation mechanisms. The formula assignment ratio against 2815 previously reported organohalogens, and their 11,583 isotopologues exceeded 97%. Application of our algorithm to disinfected natural organic matter indicated that oxygen-containing Xn-DBP species accounted for a majority of the Xn-DBPs. Furthermore, brominated Xn-DBPs (Br-DBPs) were characterized by a higher degree of unsaturation compared to chlorinated Xn-DBPs. In addition to electrophilic substitution and electrophilic addition reactions, the decomposition/transformation pathway was found to be another important mechanism in Br-DBP formation. The results of this study highlight the superior potential of our code for the efficient detection of yet unknown organohalogens (including organohalogens bearing nonoxygen heteroatoms) in a nontargeted manner and for the identification of their generation mechanism occurring during the disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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21
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Liberatore HK, Westerman DC, Allen JM, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, McKenna AM, Weisbrod CR, McCord JP, Liberatore RJ, Burnett DB, Cizmas LH, Richardson SD. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Identification of Novel Surfactant-Derived Sulfur-Containing Disinfection Byproducts from Gas Extraction Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9374-9386. [PMID: 32600038 PMCID: PMC7469867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of oil and gas extraction wastewaters (OGWs) to surface water leads to elevated halide levels from geogenic bromide and iodide, as well as enhanced formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) when treated. OGWs contain high levels of chemical additives used to optimize extraction activities, such as surfactants, which have the potential to serve as organic DBP precursors in OGW-impacted water sources. We report the first identification of olefin sulfonate surfactant-derived DBPs from laboratory-disinfected gas extraction wastewater. Over 300 sulfur-containing DBPs, with 43 unique molecular formulas, were found by high-resolution mass spectrometry, following bench-scale chlor(am)ination. DBPs consisted of mostly brominated species, including bromohydrin sulfonates, dihalo-bromosulfonates, and bromosultone sulfonates, with chlorinated/iodinated analogues formed to a lesser extent. Disinfection of a commercial C12-olefin sulfonate surfactant mixture revealed dodecene sulfonate as a likely precursor for most detected DBPs; disulfur-containing DBPs, like bromosultone sulfonate and bromohydrin disulfonate, originated from olefin disulfonate species, present as side-products of olefin sulfonate production. Disinfection of wastewaters increased mammalian cytotoxicity several orders of magnitude, with chloraminated water being more toxic. This finding is important to OGW-impacted source waters because drinking water plants with high-bromide source waters may switch to chloramination to meet DBP regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Danielle C Westerman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - James P McCord
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | | | - David B Burnett
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Leslie H Cizmas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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22
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Sitterley KA, Linden KG, Ferrer I, Thurman EM. Desalting and Concentration of Common Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Additives and their Metabolites with Solid-Phase Extraction. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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23
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Sumner AJ, Plata DL. A geospatially resolved database of hydraulic fracturing wells for chemical transformation assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:945-955. [PMID: 32037427 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00505f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulically fractured wells with horizontal drilling (HDHF) accounted for 69% of all oil and gas wells drilled and 670 000 of the 977 000 producing wells in 2016. However, only 238 flowback and produced water samples have been analyzed to date for specific organic chemicals. To aid the development of predictive tools, we constructed a database combining additive disclosure reports and physicochemical conditions at respective well sites with the goal of making synthesized analyses accessible. As proof-of-concept, we used this database to evaluate transformation pathways through two case studies: (1) a filter-based approach for flagging high-likelihood halogenation sites according to experimental criteria (e.g., for a model compound, cinnamaldehyde) and (2) a semi-quantitative, regionally comparative trihalomethane formation model that leverages an empirically derived equation. Study (1) highlighted 173 wells with high cinnamaldehyde halogenation likelihood based on combined criteria related to subsurface conditions and oxidant additive usage. Study (2) found that trihalomethane formation in certain wells within five specific basins may exceed regulatory limits for drinking water based on reaction-favorable subsurface conditions, albeit with wide uncertainty. While experimentation improves our understanding of subsurface reaction pathways, this database has immediate applications for informing environmental monitors and engineers about potential transformation products in residual fluids, guiding well operators' decisions to avoid unwanted transformations. In the future, we envision more robust components incorporating transformation, transport, toxicity, and other physicochemical parameters to predict subsurface interactions and flowback composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Sumner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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24
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Tian D, Moe B, Huang G, Jiang P, Ling ZC, Li XF. Cytotoxicity of Halogenated Tyrosyl Compounds, an Emerging Class of Disinfection Byproducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1028-1035. [PMID: 32200635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated amino acids and peptides are an emerging class of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), having been detected in drinking water and in washed food products. However, the toxicological significance of these emerging DBPs remains unclear. In this study, the cytotoxicity of eight halogenated tyrosyl compounds was investigated in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using real-time cell analysis (RTCA). Dihalogenated tyrosyl compounds are more cytotoxic than their monohalogenated analogues. The cytotoxicity of the dihalogenated compounds is associated with their ability to induce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that oxidative stress is an important toxicity pathway of these compounds. Pearson correlation analysis of the cytotoxicity (IC50 values) of these compounds with eight physicochemical parameters showed strong associations with their lipophilicity (logP) and reactivity (polarizability, ELUMO). Finally, cytotoxicity testing of the concentrated extracts of a chloraminated mixture of eight dipeptides with bromide or iodide showed the cytotoxicity of these mixtures in the order: iodinated peptides > brominated peptides ≥ chlorinated peptides. These results demonstrate that halogenated peptide DBPs are toxicologically relevant, and further research is needed to understand the implications of long-term exposure for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Tian
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3.,College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Birget Moe
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3.,Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4N1
| | - Guang Huang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Ping Jiang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Zong-Chao Ling
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4N1
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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25
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Emmons RV, Liden T, Schug KA, Gionfriddo E. Optimization of thin film solid phase microextraction and data deconvolution methods for accurate characterization of organic compounds in produced water. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1915-1924. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald V. Emmons
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental AnalysisThe University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA
| | - Tiffany Liden
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas USA
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas USA
- Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and RemediationThe University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas USA
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental AnalysisThe University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA
- School of Green Chemistry and EngineeringThe University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA
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26
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Almaraz N, Regnery J, Vanzin GF, Riley SM, Ahoor DC, Cath TY. Emergence and fate of volatile iodinated organic compounds during biological treatment of oil and gas produced water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134202. [PMID: 33736197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oil and gas (O&G) production in the United States is expected to grow at a substantial rate over the coming decades. Environmental sustainability related to water consumption during O&G extraction can be addressed through treatment and reuse of water returning to the surface after well completion. Water quality is an important factor in reuse applications, and specific treatment technologies must be utilized to remove different contaminants. Among others, biological active filtration can remove dissolved organic matter as a pre-treatment for surface discharge or to facilitate reuse in such applications as hydraulic fracturing, dust suppression, road stabilization, and crop irrigation. Yet, the formation of byproducts during treatment of O&G wastewater remains a concern when evaluating reuse applications. In this study, we investigated the previously unnoticed biotic formation of iodinated organic compounds (IOCs) such as triiodomethane during biological treatment of O&G wastewater for beneficial reuse. Iodide and several IOCs were quantified in O&G produced water before and after treatment in biological active filters filled with different media types over 13 weeks of operation. While iodide and total IOCs were measured at concentrations <53 mg/L and 147 μg/L, respectively, before biological treatment, total IOCs were measured at concentrations close to 4 mg/L after biological treatment. Triiodomethane was the IOC that was predominantly present. IOC formation had a negative strong correlation (r = -0.7 to -0.8, p < 0.05, n = 9) with iodide concentration in the treated O&G wastewater, indicating that iodide introduced to the biological active filter system was utilized in various reactions, including biologically mediated halogenation of organic matter. Additionally, iodide-oxidizing bacteria augmented in the treated produced water pointed towards potential negative environmental implications when releasing biologically treated halide-rich wastewater effluents to the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohemi Almaraz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Julia Regnery
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Gary F Vanzin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie M Riley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA; Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Danika C Ahoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Tzahi Y Cath
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.
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27
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Nürenberg G, Kunkel U, Wick A, Falås P, Joss A, Ternes TA. Nontarget analysis: A new tool for the evaluation of wastewater processes. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114842. [PMID: 31323503 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to determine the removal efficiency of micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are widely discussed. Especially the evaluation of the potential benefit of further advanced treatment steps such as an additional tertiary treatment based on ozonation or activated carbon have come into focus. Such evaluation strategies are often based on the removal behavior of known micropollutants via target or suspected analysis. The utilization of nontarget analysis is considered to lead to a more comprehensive picture as also unknown or not expected micropollutants are analyzed. Here, the results of an evaluation via target and nontarget analysis were compared for biological treatment (BT) processes of eleven full-scale WWTPs and three different post-treatments (PTs): one sand filter (SF) and two granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. The similarity of the determined removals from target and nontarget analysis of the BTs increased significantly by excluding easily degradable "features" from the nontarget evaluation. A similar ranking of the removal trends for the BTs could also be achieved by comparing this new subset of nontarget features with a set of nine readily to moderately biodegradable micropollutants. This observation suggests that a performance ranking of BTs based either on target or nontarget analysis is plausible. In contrast to the BTs, the evaluation of the three PTs revealed that the difference of feature removal between SF and the two GACs was small, but large for the target analytes with substantially higher removal effciencies for the GACs compared to the SF. In addition to the removal behavior, the nontarget analysis provided further information about the number and quantity of transformation products (TPs) in the effluent from the BTs. For all BTs more than half (55-67%) of the features detected in the effluent were not found in the influent. A comparable proportion of TPs was also detected after GAC and sand filtration due to their microbial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Nürenberg
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany; DVGW Water Technology Center Karlsruhe (TZW), D-76139, Karlsruhe, Karlsruher Str. 84, Germany
| | - Uwe Kunkel
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany; Bavarian Environment Agency, D-86179, Augsburg, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Per Falås
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland; Water and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, P.O. Box 124, Sweden
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany.
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28
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Sun C, Zhang Y, Alessi DS, Martin JW. Nontarget profiling of organic compounds in a temporal series of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced waters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104944. [PMID: 31284105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) flowback and produced water (FPW) can be toxic to aquatic life but its chemical content is largely unknown, variable and complex. Seven FPW samples were collected from a HF operation in the Duvernay Formation (Alberta, Canada) over 30 days of flowback and characterized by a nontarget workflow based on high performance liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A modified Kendrick mass defect plot and MS/MS spectral interpretation revealed seven series of homologues composed of ethylene oxide (i.e. -CH2CH2O-), among which a series of aldehydes was proposed as degradation products of polyethylene glycols, and two series of alkyl ethoxylate carboxylates could be proprietary HF additives. Many other ions were confidently assigned a formula by accurate mass measurement and were subsequently prioritized for identification by matching to records in ChemSpider and the US EPA's CompTox Chemistry Dashboard. Quaternary ammonium compounds, amine oxides, organophosphorous compounds, phthalate diesters and hydroxyquinoline were identified with high confidence by MS/MS spectra (Level 3), matching to reference spectra in MassBank (Level 2) or to authentic standards (Level 1). Temporal trends showed that most of the compounds declined in abundance over the first nine days of flowback, except for phthalate diesters and hydroxyquinoline that were still observed on Day 30 and had disappearance half-lives of 61 and 91 days, respectively. All the compounds followed first-order disappearance kinetics in flowback, except for polyoxygenated acids which followed second-order kinetics. This analysis and the workflow, based largely on public on-line databases, enabled profiling of complex organic compounds in HF-FPW, and will likely be useful for further understanding the toxicity and chemical fate of HF-FPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden.
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29
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Sumner AJ, Plata DL. Oxidative Breakers Can Stimulate Halogenation and Competitive Oxidation in Guar-Gelled Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8216-8226. [PMID: 31276388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A number of flowback samples derived from horizontally drilled hydraulic fracturing (HDHF) operations reveal consistent detections of halogenated organic species , yet the source of these compounds remains uncertain. Studies simulating subsurface conditions have found that oxidative "breakers" can halogenate certain additives, but these pathways are unverified in the presence of cross-linked-gels, common features of HDHF operations. Using a high-throughput custom reactor system, we implemented a reaction matrix to test the capacity for halogenation of two frequently disclosed compounds with demonstrated halogenation pathways (cinnamaldehyde and citric acid) across guar gels with varied types and concentrations of cross-linkers and oxidative breakers. Cinnamaldehyde halogenation proceeded most readily in borate cross-linked gels at high ammonium persulfate dosages. Citric acid formed trihalomethanes (THMs) broadly across the matrix, generating brominated THMs at higher levels of hypochlorite breaker. Isolated removals of cross-linker or guar enhanced or diminished certain product formations, highlighting additional capacities for relevant ingredients to influence halogenation. Finally, we analyzed flowback samples from the Denver-Julesberg Basin, finding that additions of oxidant enhanced halogenation. As a more realistic subsurface simulation, this work demonstrates strict criteria for the subsurface halogenation of cinnamaldehyde and the broad capacity for THM formation due to systematic oxidant usage as gel breakers in HDHF operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Sumner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Desiree L Plata
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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30
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Ziegler G, Gonsior M, Fisher DJ, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Tamburri MN. Formation of Brominated Organic Compounds and Molecular Transformations in Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) after Ballast Water Treatment with Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate Dihydrate (DICD). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8006-8016. [PMID: 31194530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine water treated with a ballast water management system (BWMS) using a solution of dissolved dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate (DICD) resulted in the formation of newly described brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). Analysis of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in untreated water with ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) identified 3897 m/z ions and their exact molecular formulas. After DICD treatment, a total of 213 halogenated molecular ions with relative abundance of at least 1% were assigned and confirmed using isotope simulation. Halogenated ions were assigned in four DBP elemental groups including CHOBr (180), CHONBr (13), CHOCl (16), and CHOBrCl (4). Forty-nine of the 197 brominated formulas have not been previously reported. We also were able to tentatively assign possible structures to the formula C3HBr3N2 due to very limited isomeric possibilities. The tentatively assigned compound found at 6.4% relative abundance was identified as either tribromoimidazole or tribromopyrazole. Our results show the formation of complex halogenated DBPs that are formed in the treatment of water with a novel BWMS that employs granular DICD as a biocide. The toxicological and mutagenic properties as well as the fate of these newly identified brominated DBPs are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Ziegler
- University of Maryland , College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center , Queenstown , Maryland 21658 , United States
| | - Michael Gonsior
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science , Chesapeake Biological Laboratory , Solomons , Maryland 20688 , United States
| | - Daniel J Fisher
- University of Maryland , College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center , Queenstown , Maryland 21658 , United States
- University of Maryland , College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Science and Technology , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen , Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry , D-85764 Neuherberg , Germany
- Technische Universität München , Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Mario N Tamburri
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science , Chesapeake Biological Laboratory , Solomons , Maryland 20688 , United States
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31
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Gonsior M, Powers LC, Williams E, Place A, Chen F, Ruf A, Hertkorn N, Schmitt-Kopplin P. The chemodiversity of algal dissolved organic matter from lysed Microcystis aeruginosa cells and its ability to form disinfection by-products during chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:300-309. [PMID: 30852317 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Algal-derived dissolved organic matter (ADOM) originating from lysed Microcystis aeruginosa cells was investigated as precursor material to form disinfection by-products upon disinfection with free chlorine. Non-targeted ultrahigh resolution 12 T negative mode electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) revealed high molecular diversity in solid-phase extracted and ionizable components of Microcystis aeruginosa ADOM. The toxin microcystin LR was effectively degraded by free chlorine, which was expected. However, we found a high diversity of disinfection by-products associated with the addition of free chlorine to the water-soluble and solid-phase extractable fraction of ADOM and of double-bond moieties in abundant and known unsaturated fatty acids. Aromatic DOM precursors were absent from known metabolites of Microcystis aeruginosa and no evidence for aromatic disinfection by-products (DBPs) was found, despite N-containing compounds. A large diversification of N-containing molecular formulas was observed after chlorination, which seems indicative for the breakdown and oxidation of larger peptides. Additionally, a diverse group of N-compounds with presumed chloramine functional groups was observed. This study highlights the importance to evaluate ADOM and its ability to form different DBPs when compared to allochthonous or terrestrially-derived DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gonsior
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, USA.
| | - Leanne C Powers
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, USA
| | - Ernest Williams
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, USA
| | - Allen Place
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alexander Ruf
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Université Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM), UMR CNRS 7345, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Dong H, Qiang Z, Richardson SD. Formation of Iodinated Disinfection Byproducts (I-DBPs) in Drinking Water: Emerging Concerns and Current Issues. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:896-905. [PMID: 30919613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) in drinking water has become an emerging concern. Compared to chlorine- and bromine-containing DBPs, I-DBPs are more toxic, have different precursors and formation mechanisms, and are unregulated. In this Account, we focus on recent research in the formation of known and unknown I-DBPs in drinking water. We present the state-of-the-art understanding of known I-DBPs for the six groups reported to date, including iodinated methanes, acids, acetamides, acetonitriles, acetaldehyde, and phenols. I-DBP concentrations in drinking water generally range from ng L-1 to low-μg L-1. The toxicological effects of I-DBPs are summarized and compared with those of chlorinated and brominated DBPs. I-DBPs are almost always more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated and brominated analogues. Iodoacetic acid is the most genotoxic of all DBPs studied to date, and diiodoacetamide and iodoacetamide are the most cytotoxic. We discuss I-DBP formation mechanisms during oxidation, disinfection, and distribution of drinking water, focusing on inorganic and organic iodine sources, oxidation kinetics of iodide, and formation pathways. Naturally occurring iodide, iodate, and iodinated organic compounds are regarded as important sources of I-DBPs. The apparent second-order rate constant and half-lives for oxidation of iodide or hypoiodous acid by various oxidants are highly variable, which is a key factor governing the iodine fate during drinking water treatment. In distribution systems, residual iodide and disinfectants can participate in reactions involving heterogeneous chemical oxidation, reduction, adsorption, and catalysis, which may eventually affect I-DBP levels in finished drinking water. The identification of unknown I-DBPs and total organic iodine analysis is also summarized in this Account, which provides a more complete picture of I-DBP formation in drinking water. As organic DBP precursors are difficult to completely remove during the drinking water treatment process, the removal of iodide provides a cost-effective solution for the control of I-DBP formation. This Account not only serves as a reference for future epidemiological studies to better assess human health risks due to exposure to I-DBPs in drinking water but also helps drinking water utilities, researchers, regulators, and the general public understand the formed species, levels, and formation mechanisms of I-DBPs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Jiang P, Jmaiff Blackstock LK, Wawryk NJ, Huang G, Li XF. Analytical characterization of N-halogenated peptides produced by disinfection: Formation, degradation, and occurrence in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Akyon B, McLaughlin M, Hernández F, Blotevogel J, Bibby K. Characterization and biological removal of organic compounds from hydraulic fracturing produced water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:279-290. [PMID: 30451271 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00354h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing generates large volumes of produced water, and treatment of produced water may be necessary for disposal or reuse. Biological treatment of produced water is a potential approach to remove organic constituents and reduce fouling, in conjunction with other treatment processes. This study investigates the biological treatability of produced water samples from the Utica and Bakken Shales using engineered biofilms. Observed total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal varied between 1-87% at normalized total dissolved solids concentrations, suggesting that the composition of produced water, including organic constituents and trace elements such as nutrients and metals, is an important driver of biological treatment performance. Mass spectrometric analyses of the DOC composition revealed various alkanes in all samples, but differences in non-ionic surfactant, halogenated, and acidic compound content. Statistical data reduction approaches suggest that the latter two groups are correlated with reduced biodegradation kinetics. These results demonstrate that the combination of biodegradation performance and organic speciation can guide the assessment of the biological treatment of produced water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benay Akyon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Luek JL, Harir M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Mouser PJ, Gonsior M. Organic sulfur fingerprint indicates continued injection fluid signature 10 months after hydraulic fracturing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:206-213. [PMID: 30303509 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing requires the injection of large volumes of fluid to extract oil and gas from low permeability unconventional resources (e.g., shale, coalbed methane), resulting in the production of large volumes of highly complex and variable waste fluids. Shale gas fluid samples were collected from two hydraulically fractured wells in Morgantown, WV, USA at the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL) and analyzed using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry to investigate the dissolved organic sulfur (DOS) pool. Using a non-targeted approach, ions assigned DOS formulas were analyzed to identify dominant DOS classes, describe their temporal trends and their implications, and describe the molecular characteristics of the larger DOS pool. The average molecular weight of organic sulfur compounds in flowback decreased and was lowest in produced waters. The dominant DOS classes were putatively assigned to alcohol sulfate and alcohol ethoxysulfate surfactants, likely injected as fracturing fluid additives, on the basis of exact mass and homolog distribution matching. This DOS signature was identifiable 10 months after the initial injection of hydraulic fracturing fluid, and an absence of genes that code for alcohol ethoxysulfate degrading proteins (e.g., sulfatases) in the shale well genomes and metagenomes support that these additives are not readily degraded biologically and may continue to act as a chemical signature of the injected fluid. Understanding the diversity, lability, and fate of organic sulfur compounds in shale wells is important for engineering productive wells and preventing gas souring as well as understanding the consequences of unintended fluid release to the environment. The diversity of DOS, particularly more polar compounds, needs further investigation to determine if the identified characteristics and temporal patterns are unique to the analyzed wells or represent broader patterns found in other formations and under other operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Luek
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NH 03825, USA.
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McIntosh JC, Hendry MJ, Ballentine C, Haszeldine RS, Mayer B, Etiope G, Elsner M, Darrah TH, Prinzhofer A, Osborn S, Stalker L, Kuloyo O, Lu ZT, Martini A, Lollar BS. A Critical Review of State-of-the-Art and Emerging Approaches to Identify Fracking-Derived Gases and Associated Contaminants in Aquifers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1063-1077. [PMID: 30585065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-volume, hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) is widely applied for natural gas and oil production from shales, coals, or tight sandstone formations in the United States, Canada, and Australia, and is being widely considered by other countries with similar unconventional energy resources. Secure retention of fluids (natural gas, saline formation waters, oil, HVHF fluids) during and after well stimulation is important to prevent unintended environmental contamination, and release of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Here, we critically review state-of-the-art techniques and promising new approaches for identifying oil and gas production from unconventional reservoirs to resolve whether they are the source of fugitive methane and associated contaminants into shallow aquifers. We highlight future research needs and propose a phased program, from generic baseline to highly specific analyses, to inform HVHF and unconventional oil and gas production and impact assessment studies. These approaches may also be applied to broader subsurface exploration and development issues (e.g., groundwater resources), or new frontiers of low-carbon energy alternatives (e.g., subsurface H2 storage, nuclear waste isolation, geologic CO2 sequestration).
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Affiliation(s)
- J C McIntosh
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - M J Hendry
- Department of Geological Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada
| | - C Ballentine
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3AN United Kingdom
| | - R S Haszeldine
- School of GeoSciences , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FE United Kingdom
| | - B Mayer
- Department of Geoscience , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - G Etiope
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma 2, Italy, and Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - M Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - T H Darrah
- Divisions of Solid Earth Dynamics and Water, Climate and the Environment, School of Earth Sciences , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | | | - S Osborn
- Department of Geological Sciences , California State Polytechnic University , Pomona , California 91768 , United States
| | - L Stalker
- CSIRO Energy , Kensington , Western Australia 6151 , Australia
| | - O Kuloyo
- Department of Geoscience , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Z-T Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - A Martini
- Department of Geology , Amherst College , Amherst , Massachusetts 01002 , United States
| | - B Sherwood Lollar
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3B1 , Canada
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Niu XZ, Harir M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Croué JP. Characterisation of dissolved organic matter using Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: Type-specific unique signatures and implications for reactivity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:68-76. [PMID: 29980087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the chemodiversity and unique signatures for dissolved organic matter (DOM) from different types of water using high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). Eight freshwater hydrophobic DOM (HPO) share 10-17% formulas that were mainly lignin-like compounds. Unique signatures were synthesized: unique to the high-humic HPO (Suwannee River and Blavet River) were condensed aromatic and some aliphatic compounds with H/C > 1.5 and O/C < 0.2, which is considered as decisive of these black river water. Medium-humic isolates (Loire River, Seine River, South Platte River, and Ribou Dam) did not show explicit unique signatures. Nonetheless, enhanced chemodiversity was observed for medium-humic isolates extracted from a variety of indigenous environmental conditions. As an example, South Platte River HPO isolated in winter showed signatures similar to low-humic HPO (Colorado River), i.e., predominantly aliphatic CHO (H/C > 1.0). Effluent HPO was mainly aliphatic molecules with 0.2 < O/C < 0.5 and enriched in S-bearing molecules, and molecules unique to glacial DOM (Pony Lake) incorporated N-bearing compounds that were inferiorly oxidized and were considered as microbial-derived. The weight-averaged double bond equivalent and elemental ratio derived from FTICR-MS were compared with SUVA254 and the results from elemental analysis. This acts as the first study to synthesize unique chemical compositions that distinguish different types of DOM and determine certain reactivity. It is also a significant reference for future studies using similar types of DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Zhi Niu
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Mourad Harir
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter landstrasse. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter landstrasse. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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Davarpanah A. Feasible analysis of reusing flowback produced water in the operational performances of oil reservoirs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35387-35395. [PMID: 30343374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water reuse is considered one of the most efficient and optimum ways in petroleum industries to address the water scarcity problem. The effluents which are made by the petroleum operations are supposed to be one of the hazardous materials when they are discharged to the environment. The objective of this study is to measure the volume of the required water for the operational performances of the studied oil field. To do this, the necessary water and the volume of provided treated water for the waterflooding, tertiary flooding, and hydraulic fracturing procedures are appropriately measured and by the utilization of photo-Fenton/flotation are administered to remove the oil droplets. According to the observational measurements, it is clarified that hydraulic fracturing has supplied approximately 93% of its required water by the treatment of flowback water and it virtually eliminated the necessity of fresh water from local or domestic water resources. Moreover, the total freshwater that has been saved in this oil field is investigated about 80% of the total required water for their performances. Consequently, the lower need of fresh water from local resources would reduce the unnecessary expenses to provide this volume of water and would save fresh water for about 2750 inhabitants for 1 year to overcome the issue of water scarcity in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Davarpanah
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
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Santos IC, Hildenbrand ZL, Schug KA. A Review of Analytical Methods for Characterizing the Potential Environmental Impacts of Unconventional Oil and Gas Development. Anal Chem 2018; 91:689-703. [PMID: 30392348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inês C Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Place , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States.,Affiliate of Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States
| | - Zacariah L Hildenbrand
- Affiliate of Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States.,Inform Environmental, LLC , 6060 N. Central Expressway, Suite 500 , Dallas , Texas 75206 , United States
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Place , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States.,Affiliate of Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States
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40
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Riley SM, Ahoor DC, Cath TY. Enhanced biofiltration of O&G produced water comparing granular activated carbon and nutrients. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:419-428. [PMID: 29860011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large volumes of water are required for the development of unconventional oil and gas (O&G) wells. Water scarcity coupled with seismicity induced by deep-well disposal promote new O&G wastewater management strategies, specifically treatment and reuse. One technology that has been proven effective for removal of organic matter and solids is biologically active filtration (BAF) with granular active carbon (GAC); however, further optimization is needed to enhance BAF performance. This study evaluated three GAC media (one spent and two new) and two nutrient-mix supplements for enhanced removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Biofilm development was also monitored and correlated to BAF performance. The spent GAC with extant biofilm quickly acclimated to PW and demonstrated up to 92% DOC removal (81% COD) in 24h, while little impact by nutrient addition was observed. In addition, virgin GAC was slow to establish a biofilm, indicating that appropriate GAC selection and pre-developed biofilm is critical for efficient BAF performance. Furthermore, the production of high quality BAF effluent (less than 20mg/L DOC) presents the opportunity to apply BAF as a pretreatment for subsequent desalination-expanding the potential for reuse applications of PW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Riley
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Danika C Ahoor
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Tzahi Y Cath
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States.
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41
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Zhang K, Parker KM. Halogen Radical Oxidants in Natural and Engineered Aquatic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9579-9594. [PMID: 30080407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions contribute to the transformation of contaminants and biogeochemically important substrates in environmental aquatic systems. Recent research has demonstrated that halogen radicals (e.g., Cl•, Br•, Cl2•-, BrCl•-, Br2•-) impact photochemical processes in sunlit estuarine and coastal waters rich in halides (e.g., chloride, Cl-, and bromide, Br-). In addition, halogen radicals participate in contaminant degradation in some engineered processes, including chlorine photolysis for drinking water treatment and several radical-based processes for brine and wastewater treatment. Halogen radicals react selectively with substrates (with bimolecular rate constants spanning several orders of magnitude) and via several potential chemical mechanisms. Consequently, their role in photochemical processes remains challenging to assess. This review presents an integrative analysis of the chemistry of halogen radicals and their contribution to aquatic photochemistry in sunlit surface waters and engineered treatment systems. We evaluate existing data on the generation, speciation, and reactivity of halogen radicals, as well as experimental and computational approaches used to obtain this data. By evaluating existing data and identifying major uncertainties, this review provides a basis to assess the impact of halogen radicals on photochemical processes in both saline surface waters and engineered treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , Brauer Hall, 1 Brookings Dr. , St Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , Brauer Hall, 1 Brookings Dr. , St Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
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42
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Sitterley KA, Linden KG, Ferrer I, Thurman EM. Identification of Proprietary Amino Ethoxylates in Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater Using Liquid Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with Solid-Phase Extraction. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10927-10934. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurban A. Sitterley
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Karl G. Linden
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Imma Ferrer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - E. Michael Thurman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Sumner AJ, Plata DL. Halogenation Chemistry of Hydraulic Fracturing Additives under Highly Saline Simulated Subsurface Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9097-9107. [PMID: 30059203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional natural gas extraction via hydraulic fracturing coupled with horizontal drilling (HDHF) has generated disruptive growth in the domestic energy sector. Field analyses of residual HDHF fluids have detected halogenated species, potentially the product of unexplored reactions between authigenic halides and HDHF additives. Utilizing a custom high-pressure reactor system, we simultaneously screened 12 frequently disclosed, functionally diverse HDHF additives to uncover transformation chemistry. One emergent pathway, the halogenation of cinnamaldehyde in the presence of ammonium persulfate, demonstrated the potential for oxidative breakers to react with halides to yield reactive halogen species. Halogenated product formation, product distribution, and kinetics were evaluated with respect to shale well subsurface condition, linking transformation risk to measurable well-dependent characteristics (e.g., halide compositions, well temperatures, and pH). In a representative flowback brine, the brominated product dominated on a molar percent basis (6 ± 2%, as normalized by initial cinnamaldehyde loading) over chlorinated (1.4 ± 0.4%) and iodinated forms (2.5 ± 0.9%), reflecting relative halide abundance and propensity for oxidation. This work demonstrates that relevant subsurface reactions between natural brines and hydraulic fracturing additives can result in the unintended formation of halogenated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Sumner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Desiree L Plata
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Piotrowski PK, Weggler BA, Yoxtheimer DA, Kelly CN, Barth-Naftilan E, Saiers JE, Dorman FL. Elucidating Environmental Fingerprinting Mechanisms of Unconventional Gas Development through Hydrocarbon Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5466-5473. [PMID: 29580048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is an increasingly common technique for the extraction of natural gas entrapped in shale formations. This technique has been highly criticized due to the possibility of environmental contamination, underscoring the need for method development to identify chemical factors that could be utilized in point-source identification of environmental contamination events. Here, we utilize comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight (HRT) mass spectrometry, which offers a unique instrumental combination allowing for petroleomics hydrocarbon fingerprinting. Four flowback fluids from Marcellus shale gas wells in geographic proximity were analyzed for differentiating factors that could be exploited in environmental forensics investigations of shale gas impacts. Kendrick mass defect (KMD) plots of these flowback fluids illustrated well-to-well differences in heteroatomic substituted hydrocarbons, while GC × GC separations showed variance in cyclic hydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons among the four wells. Additionally, generating plots that combine GC × GC separation with KMD established a novel data-rich visualization technique that further differentiated the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina K Piotrowski
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Benedikt A Weggler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - David A Yoxtheimer
- Marcellus Center for Outreach and Research , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Christina N Kelly
- Life Science and Chemical Analysis , LECO Corporation , Saint Joseph , Michigan 49085 , United States
| | - Erica Barth-Naftilan
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - James E Saiers
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Frank L Dorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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45
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Ulrich N, Kirchner V, Drucker R, Wright JR, McLimans CJ, Hazen TC, Campa MF, Grant CJ, Lamendella R. Response of Aquatic Bacterial Communities to Hydraulic Fracturing in Northwestern Pennsylvania: A Five-Year Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5683. [PMID: 29632304 PMCID: PMC5890257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing extraction procedures have become increasingly present in Pennsylvania where the Marcellus Shale play is largely located. The potential for long-term environmental impacts to nearby headwater stream ecosystems and aquatic bacterial assemblages is still incompletely understood. Here, we perform high-throughput sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene to characterize the bacterial community structure of water, sediment, and other environmental samples (n = 189) from 31 headwater stream sites exhibiting different histories of fracking activity in northwestern Pennsylvania over five years (2012-2016). Stream pH was identified as a main driver of bacterial changes within the streams and fracking activity acted as an environmental selector for certain members at lower taxonomic levels within stream sediment. Methanotrophic and methanogenic bacteria (i.e. Methylocystaceae, Beijerinckiaceae, and Methanobacterium) were significantly enriched in sites exhibiting Marcellus shale activity (MSA+) compared to MSA- streams. This study highlighted potential sentinel taxa associated with nascent Marcellus shale activity and some of these taxa remained as stable biomarkers across this five-year study. Identifying the presence and functionality of specific microbial consortia within fracking-impacted streams will provide a clearer understanding of the natural microbial community's response to fracking and inform in situ remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikea Ulrich
- Juniata College, Department of Biology, Huntingdon, 16652, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Drucker
- Juniata College, Department of Biology, Huntingdon, 16652, USA
| | | | | | - Terry C Hazen
- University of Tennessee, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Knoxville, 37996, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, 37831, USA
| | - Maria F Campa
- University of Tennessee, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Knoxville, 37996, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, 37831, USA
| | | | - Regina Lamendella
- Juniata College, Department of Biology, Huntingdon, 16652, USA.
- Wright Labs LLC, Huntingdon, 16652, USA.
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Huang G, Jiang P, Jmaiff Blackstock LK, Tian D, Li XF. Formation and Occurrence of Iodinated Tyrosyl Dipeptides in Disinfected Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4218-4226. [PMID: 29489354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) are highly toxic, but few precursors of I-DBPs have been investigated. Tyrosine-containing biomolecules are ubiquitous in surface water. Here we investigated the formation of I-DBPs from the chloramination of seven tyrosyl dipeptides (tyrosylglycine, tyrosylalanine, tyrosylvaline, tyrosylhistidine, tyrosylglutamine, tyrosylglutamic acid, and tyrosylphenylalanine) in the presence of potassium iodide. High resolution mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses of the benchtop reaction solutions found that all seven precursors formed both I- and Cl-substituted tyrosyl dipeptide products. Iodine substitutions occurred on the 3- and 3,5-positions of the tyrosyl-phenol ring while chlorine substituted on the free amino group. To reach the needed sensitivity to detect iodinated tyrosyl dipeptides in authentic waters, we developed a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-MS/MS method with multiple reaction monitoring mode and solid phase extraction. HPLC-MS/MS analysis of tap and corresponding raw water samples, collected from three cities, identified four iodinated peptides, 3-I-/3,5-di-I-Tyr-Ala and 3-I-/3,5-di-I-Tyr-Gly, in the tap waters but not in the raw waters. The corresponding precursors, Tyr-Ala and Tyr-Gly, were also detected in the same tap and raw water samples. This study demonstrates that iodinated dipeptides exist as DBPs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Huang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Ping Jiang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Lindsay K Jmaiff Blackstock
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Dayong Tian
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Anyang Institute of Technology , Anyang 455000 , Henan P. R. China
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
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Oetjen K, Chan KE, Gulmark K, Christensen JH, Blotevogel J, Borch T, Spear JR, Cath TY, Higgins CP. Temporal characterization and statistical analysis of flowback and produced waters and their potential for reuse. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:654-664. [PMID: 29156284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) has allowed for the utilization of previously unattainable shale oil and gas (O&G) resources. After HF is complete, the waters used to increase the facies' permeability return uphole as wastewaters. When these waters return to the surface, they are characterized by complex organic and inorganic chemistry, and can pose a health risk if not handled correctly. Therefore, these waters must be treated or disposed of properly. However, the variability of these waters' chemical composition over time is poorly understood and likely limits the applicability of their reuse. This study examines the water chemistry of a hydraulically fractured site in the Niobrara formation throughout the flowback period. Samples were collected every other day for the first 18days, then on a regular basis for three months. We identified HF fluid additives, including benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), alkyl ethoxylates (AEOs), and polyethylene glycols (PEGs), as well as geogenic components present in flowback and produced waters, their overall temporal pattern, and variables affecting the reuse of these waters. Observations indicate that alkalinity and iron may limit the reuse of these waters in HF, while chloride and alkalinity may limit the use of these waters for well-casing cement. The presence of numerous surfactant homologs, including biocides, was also observed, with the highest levels at the beginning of the flowback period. Principal component analysis identified three unique groupings in the chemical data that correspond to different stages in the flowback period: (1) the flowback stage (days 1-2); (2) the transition stage (days 6-21); and (3) the produced water stage (days 21-87). Results from this study will be important when designing decision frameworks for assessing water treatment options, particularly if onsite treatment is attempted. Successful reclamation of these waters may alleviate stress on water resources that continues to negatively impact the U. S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Oetjen
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Kevin E Chan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Kristoffer Gulmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej, 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej, 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Blotevogel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - John R Spear
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Tzahi Y Cath
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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Kong FX, Sun GD, Chen JF, Han JD, Guo CM, Tong-Zhang, Lin XF, Xie YF. Desalination and fouling of NF/low pressure RO membrane for shale gas fracturing flowback water treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sumner AJ, Plata DL. Exploring the hydraulic fracturing parameter space: a novel high-pressure, high-throughput reactor system for investigating subsurface chemical transformations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:318-331. [PMID: 29313541 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00470b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing coupled with horizontal drilling (HDHF) involves the deep-well injection of a fracturing fluid composed of diverse and numerous chemical additives designed to facilitate the release and collection of natural gas from shale plays. Analyses of flowback wastewaters have revealed organic contamination from both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. The additional detections of undisclosed halogenated chemicals suggest unintended in situ transformation of reactive additives, but the formation pathways for these are unclear in subsurface brines. To develop an efficient experimental framework for investigating the complex shale-well parameter space, we have reviewed and synthesized geospatial well data detailing temperature, pressure, pH, and halide ion values as well as industrial chemical disclosure and concentration data. Our findings showed subsurface conditions can reach pressures up to 4500 psi (310 bars) and temperatures up to 95 °C, while at least 588 unique chemicals have been disclosed by industry, including reactive oxidants and acids. Given the extreme conditions necessary to simulate the subsurface, we briefly highlighted existing geochemical reactor systems rated to the necessary pressures and temperatures, identifying throughput as a key limitation. In response, we designed and developed a custom reactor system capable of achieving 5000 psi (345 bars) and 90 °C at low cost with 15 individual reactors that are readily turned over. To demonstrate the system's throughput, we simultaneously tested 12 disclosed HDHF chemicals against a radical initiator compound in simulated subsurface conditions, ruling out a dozen potential transformation pathways in a single experiment. This review outlines the dynamic and diverse parameter range experienced by HDHF chemical additives and provides an optimized framework and novel reactor system for the methodical study of subsurface transformation pathways. Ultimately, enabling such studies will provide urgently needed clarity for water treatment downstream or releases to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Sumner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Riley SM, Ahoor DC, Regnery J, Cath TY. Tracking oil and gas wastewater-derived organic matter in a hybrid biofilter membrane treatment system: A multi-analytical approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:208-217. [PMID: 28915457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in oil and gas (O&G) produced water and fracturing flowback was characterized and quantified by multiple analytical techniques throughout a hybrid biological-physical treatment process. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of DOM by liquid chromatography - organic carbon detection (LC-OCD), liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy, demonstrated increasing removal of all groups of DOM throughout the treatment train, with most removal occurring during biological pretreatment and some subsequent removal achieved during membrane treatment. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) further validated these results and identified five fluorescent components, including DOM described as humic acids, fulvic acids, proteins, and aromatics. Tryptophan-like compounds bound by complexation to humics/fulvics were most difficult to remove biologically, while aromatics (particularly low molecular weight neutrals) were more challenging to remove with membranes. Strong correlation among PARAFAC, LC-OCD, LC-HRMS, and GC-MS suggests that PARAFAC can be a quick, affordable, and accurate tool for evaluating the presence or removal of specific DOM groups in O&G wastewater.
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